INCOME TAXES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

INCOME TAXES

INCOME TAXESSouthern Company files a consolidated federal income tax return and the Registrants file various state income tax returns, some of which are combined or unitary. Under a joint consolidated income tax allocation agreement, each Southern Company subsidiary's current and deferred tax expense is computed on a stand-alone basis, and each subsidiary is allocated an amount of tax similar to that which would be paid if it filed a separate income tax return. In accordance with IRS regulations, each company is jointly and severally liable for the federal tax liability.

Current and Deferred Income Taxes

Details of income tax provisions are as follows:

	2022
	Southern Company		Alabama Power		Georgia Power		Mississippi Power		Southern Power		Southern Company Gas
	(in millions)
Federal —
Current	$	10	$	54	$	38	$	42	$	(43)	$	122
Deferred	455		259		152		(16)		56		(3)
	465		313		190		26		13		119
State —
Current	27		14		(21)		—		2		42
Deferred	303		96		201		11		5		19
	330		110		180		11		7		61
Total	$	795	$	423	$	370	$	37	$	20	$	180

	2021
	Southern Company		Alabama Power		Georgia Power		Mississippi Power		Southern Power		Southern Company Gas
	(in millions)
Federal —
Current	$	50	$	104	$	311	$	25	$	(340)	$	85
Deferred	36		172		(449)		(15)		343		35
	86		276		(138)		10		3		120
State —
Current	(25)		23		71		—		(16)		(68)
Deferred	206		73		(101)		11		—		223
	181		96		(30)		11		(16)		155
Total	$	267	$	372	$	(168)	$	21	$	(13)	$	275

	2020
	Southern Company		Alabama Power		Georgia Power		Mississippi Power		Southern Power		Southern Company Gas
	(in millions)
Federal —
Current	$	199	$	198	$	365	$	18	$	(303)	$	82
Deferred	70		44		(224)		(14)		299		53
	269		242		141		4		(4)		135
State —
Current	100		61		60		—		(4)		35
Deferred	24		34		(49)		10		11		3
	124		95		11		10		7		38
Total	$	393	$	337	$	152	$	14	$	3	$	173

Southern Company's and Southern Power's ITCs and PTCs generated in the current tax year and carried forward from prior tax years that cannot be utilized in the current tax year are reclassified from current to deferred taxes in federal income tax expense in the tables above. Southern Power's ITCs and PTCs reclassified in this manner include $17 million for 2022, $6 million for 2021, and $5 million for 2020. Southern Power received $49 million, $289 million, and $340 million of cash related to federal ITCs

under renewable energy initiatives in 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. See "Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities" herein for additional information.

In accordance with regulatory requirements, deferred federal ITCs for the traditional electric operating companies are amortized over the average life of the related property, with such amortization normally applied as a credit to reduce depreciation and amortization in the statements of income. Southern Power's and the natural gas distribution utilities' deferred federal ITCs, as well as certain state ITCs for Nicor Gas, are amortized to income tax expense over the life of the respective asset. ITCs amortized in 2022, 2021, and 2020 were immaterial for the traditional electric operating companies and Southern Company Gas and were as follows for Southern Company and Southern Power:

	Southern Company		Southern Power
	(in millions)
2022	$	83	$	58
2021	84		58
2020	84		59

When Southern Power recognizes tax credits, the tax basis of the asset is reduced by 50% of the ITCs received, resulting in a net deferred tax asset. Southern Power has elected to recognize the tax benefit of this basis difference as a reduction to income tax expense in the year in which the plant reaches commercial operation.

State ITCs and other state credits, which are recognized in the period in which the credits are generated, reduced Georgia Power's income tax expense by $53 million in 2022, $66 million in 2021, and $67 million in 2020.

Southern Power's federal and state PTCs, which are recognized in the period in which the credits are generated, reduced Southern Power's income tax expense by $27 million in 2022, $16 million in 2021, and $15 million in 2020.

Effective Tax Rate

Southern Company's effective tax rate is typically lower than the statutory rate due to employee stock plans' dividend deduction, non-taxable AFUDC equity at the traditional electric operating companies, flowback of excess deferred income taxes at the regulated utilities, and federal income tax benefits from ITCs and PTCs primarily at Southern Power.

In July 2021, Southern Company Gas affiliates completed the sale of Sequent. As a result of the sale, changes in state apportionment rates resulted in $85 million of additional net state tax expense. See Note 15 under "Southern Company Gas" for additional information.

A reconciliation of the federal statutory income tax rate to the effective income tax rate is as follows:

	2022
	Southern Company		Alabama Power		Georgia Power		Mississippi Power		Southern Power		Southern Company Gas
Federal statutory rate	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%
State income tax, net of federal deduction	6.2		4.8		6.5		4.4		1.9		6.4
Employee stock plans' dividend deduction	(0.5)		—		—		—		—		—
Non-deductible book depreciation	0.6		0.5		0.6		0.3		—		—
Flowback of excess deferred income taxes	(6.6)		(1.9)		(9.6)		(7.8)		—		(2.5)
AFUDC-Equity	(1.1)		(0.8)		(1.5)		—		—		—
Federal PTCs	—		—		—		—		(6.6)		—
ITC amortization	(1.3)		(0.1)		(0.1)		—		(17.2)		(0.1)
Noncontrolling interests	0.5		—		—		—		8.4		—
Other	—		0.3		—		0.3		(0.1)		(0.9)
Effective income tax (benefit) rate	18.8	%	23.8	%	16.9	%	18.2	%	7.4	%	23.9	%

	2021
	Southern Company		Alabama Power		Georgia Power		Mississippi Power		Southern Power		Southern Company Gas
Federal statutory rate	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%
State income tax, net of federal deduction	5.5		4.6		(5.7)		4.9		(8.0)		15.1
Employee stock plans' dividend deduction	(0.9)		—		—		—		—		—
Non-deductible book depreciation	0.9		0.5		3.1		0.4		—		—
Flowback of excess deferred income taxes	(11.7)		(2.6)		(49.9)		(15.2)		—		(2.8)
AFUDC-Equity	(1.5)		(0.7)		(6.4)		—		—		—
Federal PTCs	—		—		—		—		(4.6)		—
ITC amortization	(2.2)		(0.1)		(0.4)		—		(29.7)		(0.1)
Noncontrolling interests	0.8		—		—		—		13.4		—
Leveraged lease impairments and dispositions	(1.4)		—		—		—		—		—
Other	(0.1)		0.2		(1.9)		0.6		(0.4)		0.6
Effective income tax (benefit) rate	10.4	%	22.9	%	(40.2)	%	11.7	%	(8.3)	%	33.8	%

	2020
	Southern Company		Alabama Power		Georgia Power		Mississippi Power		Southern Power		Southern Company Gas
Federal statutory rate	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%
State income tax, net of federal deduction	2.8		5.0		0.5		4.8		2.7		4.0
Employee stock plans' dividend deduction	(0.7)		—		—		—		—		—
Non-deductible book depreciation	0.7		0.6		0.8		0.5		—		—
Flowback of excess deferred income taxes	(8.8)		(3.1)		(12.0)		(18.5)		—		(2.7)
AFUDC-Equity	(0.8)		(0.6)		(1.1)		(0.1)		—		—
Federal PTCs	—		—		—		—		(2.5)		—
ITC amortization	(1.6)		(0.1)		(0.1)		(0.1)		(22.1)		(0.1)
Noncontrolling interests	—		—		—		—		3.1		—
Leveraged lease impairments	(1.6)		—		—		—		—		—
Other	0.2		(0.3)		(0.3)		0.9		(0.9)		0.5
Effective income tax (benefit) rate	11.2	%	22.5	%	8.8	%	8.5	%	1.3	%	22.7	%

Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

The tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements of the Registrants and their respective tax bases, which give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities, are as follows:

	December 31, 2022
	Southern Company		Alabama Power		Georgia Power		Mississippi Power		Southern Power		Southern Company Gas
	(in millions)
Deferred tax liabilities —
Accelerated depreciation	$	9,443	$	2,564	$	3,447	$	338	$	1,351	$	1,505
Property basis differences	2,350		1,303		693		179		—		150
Employee benefit obligations	888		284		412		43		11		68
AROs	876		499		324		—		—		—
Under recovered fuel and natural gas costs	805		185		548		40		—		32
Regulatory assets –
AROs	2,006		679		1,285		42		—		—
Employee benefit obligations	677		180		226		30		—		15
Remaining book value of retired assets	400		142		253		5		—		—
Premium on reacquired debt	66		9		57		—		—		—
Other	555		179		181		40		14		82
Total deferred income tax liabilities	18,066		6,024		7,426		717		1,376		1,852
Deferred tax assets —
AROs	2,882		1,178		1,609		42		—		—
ITC and PTC carryforwards	1,685		12		673		—		794		—
Employee benefit obligations	890		198		304		47		9		89
Estimated loss on plants under construction	888		—		888		—		—		—
Other state deferred tax attributes	388		—		12		239		51		7
Federal effect of net state deferred tax liabilities	365		175		88		—		28		92
Other property basis differences	207		—		79		—		109		—
State effect of federal deferred taxes	136		136		—		—		—		—
Other partnership basis differences	111		—		—		—		111		—
Regulatory liability associated with the Tax Reform Legislation (not subject to normalization)	137		127		—		9		—		—
Long-term debt fair value adjustment	85		—		—		—		—		85
Other comprehensive losses	72		4		5		—		5		—
Other	552		213		186		62		17		28
Total deferred income tax assets	8,398		2,043		3,844		399		1,124		301
Valuation allowance	(257)		—		(125)		(41)		(27)		(9)
Net deferred income tax assets	8,141		2,043		3,719		358		1,097		292
Net deferred income taxes (assets)/liabilities	$	9,925	$	3,981	$	3,707	$	359	$	279	$	1,560
Recognized in the balance sheets:
Accumulated deferred income taxes – assets	$	(111)	$	—	$	—	$	(107)	$	—	$	—
Accumulated deferred income taxes – liabilities	$	10,036	$	3,981	$	3,707	$	466	$	279	$	1,560

	December 31, 2021
	Southern Company		Alabama Power		Georgia Power		Mississippi Power		Southern Power		Southern Company Gas
	(in millions)
Deferred tax liabilities —
Accelerated depreciation	$	9,300	$	2,541	$	3,340	$	330	$	1,421	$	1,428
Property basis differences	2,301		1,182		781		169		—		148
Federal effect of net state deferred tax assets	—		—		—		22		—		—
Leveraged lease basis differences	61		—		—		—		—		—
Employee benefit obligations	820		268		382		41		11		57
AROs	868		329		494		—		—		—
Under recovered fuel and natural gas costs	315		47		109		15		—		144
Regulatory assets –
AROs	2,232		863		1,325		44		—		—
Storm damage reserves	18		—		18		—		—		—
Employee benefit obligations	825		205		256		38		—		15
Remaining book value of retired assets	271		145		121		5		—		—
Premium on reacquired debt	72		10		62		—		—		—
Other	368		147		77		34		14		82
Total deferred income tax liabilities	17,451		5,737		6,965		698		1,446		1,874
Deferred tax assets —
AROs	3,100		1,192		1,819		44		—		—
ITC and PTC carryforwards	1,750		12		704		—		827		—
Employee benefit obligations	1,035		225		342		57		7		77
Estimated loss on plants under construction	825		—		825		—		—		—
Other state deferred tax attributes	361		—		11		246		52		5
Federal effect of net state deferred tax liabilities	305		165		41		—		27		93
Other property basis differences	231		—		90		—		121		—
State effect of federal deferred taxes	135		135		—		—		—		—
Other partnership basis differences	160		—		—		—		160		—
Regulatory liability associated with the Tax Reform Legislation (not subject to normalization)	268		237		19		12		—		—
Long-term debt fair value adjustment	91		—		—		—		—		91
Other comprehensive losses	92		5		15		—		11		—
Other	561		193		153		34		53		62
Total deferred income tax assets	8,914		2,164		4,019		393		1,258		328
Valuation allowance	(207)		—		(73)		(41)		(27)		(9)
Net deferred income tax assets	8,707		2,164		3,946		352		1,231		319
Net deferred income taxes (assets)/liabilities	$	8,744	$	3,573	$	3,019	$	346	$	215	$	1,555
Recognized in the balance sheets:
Accumulated deferred income taxes – assets	$	(118)	$	—	$	—	$	(118)	$	—	$	—
Accumulated deferred income taxes – liabilities	$	8,862	$	3,573	$	3,019	$	464	$	215	$	1,555

The traditional electric operating companies and the natural gas distribution utilities have tax-related regulatory assets (deferred income tax charges) and regulatory liabilities (deferred income tax credits). The regulatory assets are primarily attributable to tax benefits flowed through to customers in prior years, deferred taxes previously recognized at rates lower than the current enacted tax law, and taxes applicable to capitalized interest. The regulatory liabilities are primarily attributable to deferred taxes previously recognized at rates higher than the current enacted tax law and to unamortized ITCs. See Note 2 for each Registrant's related balances at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Tax Credit Carryforwards

Federal ITC/PTC carryforwards at December 31, 2022 were as follows:

	Southern Company		Alabama Power		Georgia Power		Southern Power
	(in millions)
Federal ITC/PTC carryforwards	$	1,148	$	12	$	135	$	794
Tax year in which federal ITC/PTC carryforwards begin expiring	2031		2032		2031		2035
Year by which federal ITC/PTC carryforwards are expected to be utilized	2026		2025		2025		2026

The estimated tax credit utilization reflects the various sale transactions described in Note 15 and could be further delayed by numerous factors, including the acquisition of additional renewable projects, the purchase of rights to additional PTCs of Plant Vogtle Units 3 and 4 pursuant to certain joint ownership agreements, an increase in Georgia Power's ownership interest percentage in Plant Vogtle Units 3 and 4, changes in taxable income projections, and potential income tax rate changes. See Note 2 under "Georgia Power – Nuclear Construction" for additional information on Plant Vogtle Units 3 and 4.

At December 31, 2022, Georgia Power also had approximately $434 million in net state investment and other net state tax credit carryforwards for the State of Georgia that will expire between tax years 2022 and 2031 and are not expected to be fully utilized. Georgia Power has a net state valuation allowance of $98 million associated with these carryforwards.

The ultimate outcome of these matters cannot be determined at this time.

Net Operating Loss Carryforwards

At December 31, 2022, the net state income tax benefit of state and local NOL carryforwards for Southern Company's subsidiaries were as follows:

Company/Jurisdiction	Approximate Net State Income Tax Benefit of NOL Carryforwards		Tax Year NOL Begins Expiring
	(in millions)
Mississippi Power
Mississippi	$	189	2031
Southern Power
Oklahoma	27		2035
Florida	10		2034
Other states	3		Various
Southern Power Total	$	40
Other(*)
Georgia	23		2042
New York	11		2036
New York City	14		2036
Other states	21		Various
Southern Company Total	$	298

(*)Represents other non-registrant Southern Company subsidiaries. Alabama Power, Georgia Power, and Southern Company Gas did not have material state or local NOL carryforwards at December 31, 2022.

State NOLs for Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Florida are not expected to be fully utilized prior to expiration. At December 31, 2022, Mississippi Power had a net state valuation allowance of $32 million for the Mississippi NOL, Southern Power had net state valuation allowances of $11 million for the Oklahoma NOL and $10 million for the Florida NOL, and Southern Company had a net valuation allowance of $25 million for the New York and New York City NOLs.

The ultimate outcome of these matters cannot be determined at this time.

Unrecognized Tax Benefits

Changes in unrecognized tax benefits for the periods presented were as follows:

	Southern Company		Southern Company Gas
	(in millions)
Unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2019	$	—	$	—
Tax positions changes – increase from prior periods	44		—
Unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2020	$	44	$	—
Tax positions changes – increase from prior periods	3		—
Unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2021	$	47	$	—
Tax positions changes – increase from prior periods	33		32
Unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2022	$	80	$	32

The unrecognized tax positions increase from prior periods for 2020 primarily relates to a 2019 state tax filing position to exclude certain gains from 2019 dispositions from taxation in a certain unitary state. It is possible that this position will be resolved in the next 12 months, and if accepted by the state, this position would decrease Southern Company's annual effective tax rate.

The unrecognized tax positions increase from prior periods for 2022 is primarily related to the amendment of certain 2018 state tax filing positions related to Southern Company Gas dispositions. If accepted by the states, these positions would decrease Southern Company's and Southern Company Gas' annual effective tax rates. The ultimate outcome of these unrecognized tax benefits is dependent on acceptance by each state and is not expected to be resolved within the next 12 months.

All of the Registrants classify interest on tax uncertainties as interest expense. Accrued interest for all tax positions was immaterial for all years presented. None of the Registrants accrued any penalties on uncertain tax positions.

The IRS has finalized its audits of Southern Company's consolidated federal income tax returns through 2021. Southern Company is a participant in the Compliance Assurance Process of the IRS. The audits for the Registrants' state income tax returns have either been concluded, or the statute of limitations has expired, for years prior to 2015.