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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES  
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES

14. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES

Research expenditures that relate to the development of new products and processes, including significant improvements and refinements to existing products, are expensed as incurred. Such costs were $207 million in 2024, $192 million in 2023 and $190 million in 2022. The Company did not participate in any material customer sponsored research during any of the years.