The Company has intangible assets of substantial value on its consolidated balance sheet. These intangible assets are generally related to intangible assets with a useful life, indefinite-lived trade names and goodwill. The Company determines whether an intangible asset (other than goodwill) has a useful life based on multiple factors, including how long the Company intends to generate cash flows from the asset. These intangible assets are more fully explained in the following sections.

The following table provides information related to the carrying value of amortizable intangible assets:


	December 31, 2023											December 31, 2022
	Gross										Amortization	Gross
	Carrying		Accumulated								Period	Carrying		Accumulated
	Amount(1)		Amortization(1)			Impairments			Net		(Years)	Amount		Amortization			Impairments			Net
Amortizable intangible assets:
Trade names	$	1,385.5	$	(403.5	)	$	0.0		$	982.0	3-20	$	1,785.8	$	(406.2	)	$	(319.0	)	$	1,060.6
Customer Relationships		644.9		(373.3	)		(3.5	)		268.1	15-20		723.4		(358.9	)		(59.3	)		305.2
Patents/Formulas		208.3		(116.1	)		(1.9	)		90.3	4-20		251.7		(114.6	)		(32.7	)		104.4
Total	$	2,238.7	$	(892.9	)	$	(5.4	)	$	1,340.4		$	2,760.9	$	(879.7	)	$	(411.0	)	$	1,470.2

(1) The gross carrying value of the Flawless intangible assets was reduced by impairment charges and accumulated amortization as of December 31, 2022.

Intangible amortization expense amounted to $124.3 for 2023, $122.4 for 2022 and $120.3 for 2021, respectively. The Company estimates that intangible amortization expense will be approximately $123.0 in 2024 and approximately $122.0 to $92.0 annually over the next five years.

In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company determined that a review of our ability to recover the carrying values of the global FINISHING TOUCH FLAWLESS intangible assets was necessary based on the discontinuance of certain products at a major retailer. The FINISHING TOUCH FLAWLESS assets consist of the definite-lived trade name, customer relationships and technology assets recorded at acquisition. The Company evaluated our ability to recover the intangible assets by comparing the carrying amount to the future undiscounted cash flows and determined that the cash flows would not be sufficient to recover the carrying value of the assets. After determining the estimated fair value of the assets, which included a reduction in cash flows due to the loss of distribution mentioned above along with an expected continued decline in discretionary consumption and higher interest rates, a non-cash impairment charge of $411.0 was recorded in the fourth quarter of 2022. The impairment charge is included in SG&A with $349.3 recorded in the Consumer Domestic segment and $61.7 recorded in the Consumer International segment. The impairment charge was applied as a full impairment of the customer relationship and technology assets and a partial impairment of the trade name. The remaining net book value of the trade name as of December 31, 2023 is $30.9 and will be amortized over a remaining useful life of two years. The estimated fair value of the intangible assets was determined using the income approach with Level 3 inputs. The Level 3 inputs include the discount rate of 8.5% applied to management’s estimates of future cash flows based on projections of revenue, gross margin, marketing expense and tax rates considering the loss of product distribution and the reduction in customer demand that FINISHING TOUCH FLAWLESS had been experiencing through December 31, 2022. The Company has implemented strategies to address the decline in profitability. However, if unsuccessful, a further decline could trigger a future impairment charge.

The Company’s Passport Food Safety business has experienced sales and profit declines primarily due to decreased demand driven by the COVID-19 pandemic and pressures from new competitive activities resulting from the loss of exclusivity on a key product line. In the fourth quarter of 2021, management’s review of the outlook for the Passport business indicated an assessment of our ability to recover the carrying values of the long-lived assets associated with the business was necessary. That review determined that the estimated future cash flows would not be sufficient to recover the carrying value of the assets resulting in an impairment of the associated trade name and other intangible assets of $11.3 in the fourth quarter of 2021. The charge was recorded in SG&A. In the fourth quarter of 2023, management re-evaluated the outlook for this business and recorded an additional impairment charge of $3.5. The assets have a current net book value of

$3.3 and are being amortized over their remaining weighted average life of 2 years. The Company is implementing strategies to address the decline in profitability. However, if unsuccessful, a further decline could trigger a future impairment charge.

The following table presents the carrying value of indefinite-lived intangible assets:

The Company’s indefinite-lived intangible impairment review is completed in the fourth quarter of each year.

Fair value for indefinite-lived intangible assets was estimated based on a “relief from royalty” or “excess earnings” discounted cash flow method, which contains numerous variables that are subject to change as business conditions change, and therefore could impact fair values in the future. The key assumptions used in determining fair value are sales growth, profitability margins, tax rates, discount rates and royalty rates. The Company determined that the fair value of all indefinite-lived intangible assets for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023 exceeded their respective carrying values based upon the forecasted cash flows and profitability.

Recently, the Company’s global TROJAN® business has benefited from the successful introduction of new products, such as TROJAN BARESKIN RAW®, which has contributed to expanded distribution resulting in sales growth in 2023 and an improvement in the expected sales growth outlook for this business. While the Company cannot predict future changes in economic or competitive factors that may adversely impact the underlying cash flows used to estimate fair value of the trade name, it believes that the improved growth and profitability outlook for this business has reduced the near-term risk of impairment of the TROJAN trade name. The carrying value of the TROJAN trade name is $176.4 and fair value represented 162% of the carrying value as of October 1, 2023. The key assumptions used in the projections from the Company’s October 1, 2023 impairment analysis include discount rates of 8.5% in the U.S. and 10.0% internationally, revenue assumptions including management’s estimates of the success of new product launches, and an average royalty rate of approximately 10%.

The Company’s global WATERPIK business has continued to experience a significant decline in customer demand for many of its products, primarily due to lower consumer spending for discretionary products from inflation and a growing number of water flosser consumers switching to more value-branded products. Waterpik's profitability has also been impacted by tariffs imposed on its products imported into the United States that were manufactured in China. As a result, the WATERPIK business has experienced declining sales and profits resulting in a reduction in expected future cash flows which have eroded a substantial portion of the excess between the fair and carrying value of the trade name. This indefinite-lived intangible asset may be susceptible to impairment and a continued decline in fair value could trigger a future impairment charge of the WATERPIK trade name. The carrying value of the WATERPIK trade name is $644.7 and fair value represented 109% of the carrying value as of October 1, 2023. The key assumptions used in the projections from the Company’s October 1, 2023 impairment analysis include a discount rate of 8.8%, revenue growth rates between 0% and 4.5% and EBITA margins between 19% and 26%. These assumptions are based on current market conditions, recent trends and management’s expectation of the success of initiatives to lower costs and to develop lower-cost water flosser alternatives as well as improvement in the supply chain. While management has implemented strategies to address the risk, significant changes in operating plans or adverse changes in the future could reduce the underlying cash flows used to estimate fair value.

The vitamin category continues to experience a softening of growth from record high levels during the COVID-19 pandemic and significant product competition coming from new category entrants. The category has grown from about 6 competitors a decade ago to more than 60 of significance in recent years. In addition, residual impacts from previous vitamin-specific supply chain challenges have resulted in reduced shelf space for VITAFUSION and LIL' CRITTERS at certain retailers and consumers switching to competitor’s brands. These factors along with higher interest rates have resulted in a reduction in the expected future cash flows which have eroded a substantial portion of the excess between the fair and carrying value of the trade name. This indefinite-lived intangible asset may be susceptible to impairment and a continued decline in fair value could trigger a future impairment charge of the VITAFUSION and LIL' CRITTERS trade name. The carrying value of the VITAFUSION and LIL' CRITTERS trade name is $281.3 and fair value represented 154% of the carrying value as of October 1, 2023. The key assumptions used in the projections from the Company’s October 1, 2023 impairment analysis include a discount rate of 8.6%, revenue growth rates between 3% and 5% and EBITA margins between 12% and 15%. These assumptions are based on current market conditions, recent trends and management’s expectation of the success of growth initiatives primarily from higher promotional and marketing spend, new product introductions as well as e-Commerce and international expansion. While management has implemented strategies to address the risk, significant changes in operating plans or adverse changes in the future could reduce the underlying cash flows used to estimate fair value.

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:


	Consumer		Consumer			Specialty
	Domestic		International			Products		Total
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	1,899.8	$	238.7		$	136.0	$	2,274.5
TheraBreath adjustment		0.5		(4.3	)		0.0		(3.8	)
Hero acquired goodwill		156.1		0.0			0.0		156.1
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	2,056.4	$	234.4		$	136.0	$	2,426.8
Hero Acquisition adjustments		4.7		0.0			0.0		4.7
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	2,061.1	$	234.4		$	136.0	$	2,431.5

The result of the Company’s annual goodwill impairment test, performed in the beginning of the second quarter of 2023, determined that the estimated fair value substantially exceeded the carrying values of all reporting units. The determination of fair value contains numerous variables that are subject to change as business conditions change and therefore could impact fair value in the future.