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Income Taxes (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2025
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Schedule of Earnings From Continuing Operations Before Income Taxes
Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes for the years ended December 31 were as follows ($ in millions):
202520242023
U.S.$971 $1,002 $1,310 
Non-U.S.3,262 3,644 3,734 
Total$4,233 $4,646 $5,044 
Schedule of Provision for Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes from continuing operations for the years ended December 31 were as follows ($ in millions):
202520242023
Current:
Federal U.S.$207 $239 $559 
Non-U.S.775 929 1,271 
State and local91 62 197 
Deferred:
Federal U.S.(289)(300)(737)
Non-U.S.(133)(141)(338)
State and local(18)(42)(129)
Income tax provision$633 $747 $823 
Schedule of Deferred Income Tax Deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31 were as follows ($ in millions):
20252024
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for doubtful accounts$20 $20 
Inventories107 114 
Environmental and regulatory compliance36 38 
Other accruals and prepayments908 631 
Stock-based compensation expense132 122 
Operating lease liabilities285 255 
R&D expense679 584 
Tax credit and loss carryforwards678 760 
Valuation allowances(315)(232)
Total deferred tax asset2,530 2,292 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Pension and postretirement benefits(58)(9)
Property, plant and equipment(100)(136)
Insurance, including self-insurance(304)(400)
Operating lease ROU assets(265)(238)
Goodwill and other intangibles(3,269)(3,300)
Total deferred tax liability(3,996)(4,083)
Net deferred tax liability$(1,466)$(1,791)
Reconciliation of the Statutory Federal Income Tax Rate to the Effective Tax Rate
The effective income tax rate from continuing operations for the years ended December 31 varies from the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate as follows ($ in millions):
 2025
 Income TaxesPercent of Pretax Earnings
Income tax at U.S. statutory federal income tax rate$889 21.0 %
State and local income taxes net of federal income tax effects(a)
58 1.4 %
Foreign tax effects:
Other foreign jurisdictions(21)(0.5)%
Effect of cross-border tax laws:
Foreign-derived intangible income ("FDII")(49)(1.2)%
Subpart F income, net of foreign tax credits(46)(1.1)%
Other21 0.5 %
Tax credits:
R&D tax credits(52)(1.2)%
Foreign tax credits(141)(3.3)%
Nontaxable or nondeductible items(40)(0.9)%
Changes in unrecognized tax benefits (worldwide)14 0.3 %
Income taxes and effective income tax rate$633 15.0 %
(a) State taxes in Massachusetts, California, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Florida and New Jersey made up the majority (greater than 50%) of the tax effect in this category.
 Percentage of Pretax Earnings
 20242023
Statutory federal income tax rate21.0 %21.0 %
Increase (decrease) in tax rate resulting from:
State income taxes (net of federal income tax benefit)0.8 %1.2 %
Non-U.S. rate differential(2.9)%(3.4)%
Resolution and expiration of statutes of limitation of uncertain tax positions(0.6)%(0.4)%
Realignment of businesses— %0.6 %
Research credits(1.5)%(1.6)%
FDII, uncertain tax positions and other0.3 %(0.8)%
Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation(1.0)%(0.3)%
Effective income tax rate16.1 %16.3 %
Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding amounts accrued for potential interest and penalties related to both continuing and discontinued operations, for the years ended December 31 is as follows ($ in millions):
202520242023
Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of year$1,229 $1,214 $1,139 
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year71 64 72 
Additions for tax positions of prior years21 21 41 
Reductions for tax positions of prior years(6)(14)(15)
Acquisitions, divestitures and other3 (12)(14)
Lapse of statute of limitations(58)(14)(11)
Settlements(19)(9)(8)
Effect of foreign currency translation40 (21)10 
Unrecognized tax benefits, end of year$1,281 $1,229 $1,214