6. Stock-based Compensation

(a) Valuation of Options, SARs, and RSUs Granted

The Company has elected to use the BSM option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock options and SARs that it grants. The BSM model incorporates various assumptions including volatility, expected term of the option from the date of grant to the time of exercise, risk-free interest rates, and dividend yields. The weighted average fair value of options and SARs granted during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012, and 2011, was $1.39, $1.85, and $4.05, respectively, and was determined using the following weighted average assumptions:



	Year ended 31 December
	2013	2012	2011
Expected dividend yield	—%	—%	—%
Risk-free interest rate	1.6%	0.9%	1.2%
Expected volatility	64.8%	63.9%	64.2%
Expected term (in years)	6.16	6.10	4.10

The expected dividend yield reflects the fact that the Company has not paid any dividends in the past and does not currently intend to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. The risk-free interest rate assumption is based on U.S. Treasury yields in effect at the time of grant for the expected term of the option. The expected volatility is based on both the historical volatility of the Company's common stock over the most recent period commensurate with the expected life of the option as well as on implied volatility calculated from the market traded options on the Company's stock. The expected term has been calculated by applying the simplified method calculation to the new 10-year term option grants made during 2013, as the Company does not have relevant and adequate exercise history for such options. Prior to this, the expected term has been calculated by applying a Monte Carlo simulation model that incorporates the Company's historical data on post-vest exercise activity and employee termination behavior.

The grant date fair value of RSUs and RSAs granted to employees is determined by multiplying the fair market value of the Company's stock on the grant date times the number of RSUs and RSAs awarded. During 2011, the Company issued a limited number of RSUs to non-employee consultants. The final measurement date for these awards is determined at the earlier of the date at which a commitment for performance by the consultant to earn the RSUs is reached, or the date at which the consultant's performance necessary for the RSUs to vest has been completed. Between the date of issuance and the final measurement date, which is expected to be the date the consultants' performance is complete and the awards vest, the awards are remeasured based on the fair market value of the Company's stock at each reporting date. During the year ended December 31, 2013, awards granted to non-employee consultants and the related share-based payment expense was not significant.

(b) Equity Compensation Expense for RSUs and RSAs with Financial or other Performance-Based Vesting Requirements

As of December 31, 2013, there were 195,000 non-vested RSUs and RSAs that were subject to service-based vesting conditions as well as certain financial or other performance-based vesting requirements that must be achieved before vesting can occur. The following table contains pertinent information regarding these outstanding awards as of December 31, 2013 (in thousands except for number of awards granted):



Grant Date	# of Awards Granted	Fair Value on Grant Date		Cumulative Expense Recognized		Unearned Compensation Expense		Latest Date Performance Condition Could be Met
August 2010	125,000	$	929	$	—	$	929	April 2015
May 2011	20,000	212		—		212		April 2015
November 2011	50,000	277		—		277		April 2015
Total	195,000	$	1,418	$	—	$	1,418

Through June 30, 2012, cumulative compensation expense of $375,000 associated with these 195,000 unvested RSUs and RSAs had been recognized. From the date of grant through June 30, 2012, the Company had believed it was probable that the associated performance requirements would be achieved and therefore recognized expense on these awards. During the third quarter of 2012, the Company believed that the performance condition was no longer probable of achievement, however the Company had also not yet determined that the performance condition was improbable of achievement. Hence, expense recognition was discontinued beginning in the third quarter of 2012. As of December 31, 2013, the Company determined that the performance condition is improbable of achievement and therefore the cumulative compensation expense of $375,000 associated with these awards has been reversed in the quarter ended December 31, 2013.

c) Expense Allocation

Compensation expense for all share-based payment awards has been recognized using the accelerated multiple-option approach. As stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012, and 2011 is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, it has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. Forfeitures are required to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Forfeitures have been estimated based on historical experience.

As of December 31, 2013, total compensation cost related to non-vested stock options and other equity based awards not yet recognized was $4.8 million, which is expected to be recognized over the next 1.6 years on a weighted-average basis.

The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012, and 2011 and its allocation within the consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):



	Year ended 31 December,
	2013		2012		2011
Cost of product	$	193	$	567	$	864
Cost of service	47		111		112
Stock based compensation expense included in cost of revenues	240		678		976
Product development	696		2,304		3,891
Sales and marketing	635		1,896		2,251
General and administrative	967		2,098		2,531
Stock based compensation expense included in operating expenses	$	2,298	$	6,298	$	8,673
Total stock based compensation expense related to stock options and share awards	$	2,538	$	6,976	$	9,649
Tax benefit	$	—	$	—	$	—
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options and share awards, net of tax	$	2,538	$	6,976	$	9,649

As of December 31, 2013, approximately $42,000 and $8,000 of stock-based compensation expense was capitalized as part of the cost of inventory and deferred cost of goods sold, respectively. As of December 31, 2012, approximately $38,000 and $3,000 of stock-based compensation expense was capitalized as part of the cost of inventory and deferred cost of goods sold, respectively.