Charges for restructuring activities are recorded in the period in which Kodak commits to a formalized restructuring plan, or executes the specific actions contemplated by the plan, and all criteria for liability recognition under the applicable accounting guidance have been met. Restructuring actions taken in the first three months of 2019 were initiated to reduce Kodak’s cost structure as part of its commitment to drive sustainable profitability and included various targeted reductions in manufacturing, service, sales and other administrative functions.

The activity in the accrued balances and the non-cash charges and credits incurred in relation to restructuring activities for the three months ended March 31, 2019 were as follows:

(in millions)	Severance Reserve ⁽¹⁾			Exit Costs Reserve ⁽¹⁾		Long-lived Asset Impairments and Inventory Write-downs ⁽¹⁾		Total
Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	6		$	2	$	—	$	8
Q1 charges		2			—		—		2
Q1 utilization/cash payments		(2	)		—		—		(2	)
Q1 other adjustments and reclasses ⁽²⁾		(1	)		—		—		(1	)
Balance as of March 31, 2019	$	5		$	2	$	—	$	7

⁽²⁾Represents severance charges funded from pension plan assets, which were reclassified to Pension and other postretirement liabilities.

For the three months ended March 31, 2019 the $2 million of charges were reported as Restructuring costs and other.

The severance costs for the three months ended March 31, 2019 related to the elimination of approximately 40 positions including approximately 15 manufacturing/service positions, and 25 administrative and sales positions. The geographic composition of these positions includes approximately 20 in the United States and Canada and 20 throughout the rest of the world.

As a result of these initiatives, the majority of the severance will be paid during periods through the end of 2019.