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Fair Value (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Recurring Changes in Fair Value The following tables display our assets and liabilities measured in our consolidated balance sheets at fair value on a
recurring basis subsequent to initial recognition, including instruments for which we have elected the fair value option.
Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2024
Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Netting
Adjustment(1)
Estimated Fair
Value
Recurring fair value measurements:
(Dollars in millions)
Assets:
Trading securities:
Mortgage-related
$
$1,070
$28
$
$1,098
Non-mortgage-related(2)
77,610
20
77,630
Total trading securities
77,610
1,090
28
78,728
Available-for-sale securities:
Agency(3)
38
301
339
Other mortgage-related
4
126
130
Total available-for-sale securities
42
427
469
Mortgage loans
3,345
399
3,744
Derivative assets
487
54
(362)
179
Total assets at fair value
$77,610
$4,964
$908
$(362)
$83,120
Liabilities:
Long-term debt:
Of Fannie Mae
$
$136
$249
$
$385
Of consolidated trusts
13,188
104
13,292
Total long-term debt
13,324
353
13,677
Derivative liabilities
2,506
15
(2,367)
154
Total liabilities at fair value
$
$15,830
$368
$(2,367)
$13,831
Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2023
Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Netting
Adjustment(1)
Estimated Fair
Value
Recurring fair value measurements:
(Dollars in millions)
Assets:
Trading securities:
Mortgage-related
$
$4,744
$26
$
$4,770
Non-mortgage-related(2)
47,764
18
47,782
Total trading securities
47,764
4,762
26
52,552
Available-for-sale securities:
Agency(3)
46
331
377
Other mortgage-related
4
183
187
Total available-for-sale securities
50
514
564
Mortgage loans
2,838
477
3,315
Derivative assets
395
90
(283)
202
Total assets at fair value
$47,764
$8,045
$1,107
$(283)
$56,633
Liabilities:
Long-term debt:
Of Fannie Mae
$
$493
$268
$
$761
Of consolidated trusts
14,226
117
14,343
Total long-term debt
14,719
385
15,104
Derivative liabilities
3,327
13
(3,200)
140
Total liabilities at fair value
$
$18,046
$398
$(3,200)
$15,244
(1)Derivative contracts are reported on a gross basis by level. The netting adjustment represents the effect of the legal right to offset under
legally enforceable master netting arrangements to settle with the same counterparty on a net basis, including cash collateral posted and
received.
(2)Primarily includes U.S. Treasury securities.
(3)Agency securities consist of securities issued by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Ginnie Mae.
Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Input (Level 3) The following tables display a reconciliation of all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using
significant unobservable inputs (Level 3).
Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Trading
Securities
Available-for-
Sale
Securities
Mortgage
Loans
Net
Derivatives
Long-term
Debt
(Dollars in millions)
Balance as of December 31, 2021
$57
$753
$755
$131
$(468)
Purchases
Sales
(4)
Issuances
(86)
Settlements
(1)
(90)
(135)
36
39
Net transfers
(1)
(1)
(6)
Total gains (losses) realized & unrealized(1)
(8)
(28)
(67)
(204)
137
Balance as of December 31, 2022
47
634
543
(37)
(378)
Purchases
Sales
(1)
Issuances
Settlements
(1)
(124)
(79)
36
17
Net transfers
(11)
2
1
Total gains (losses) realized & unrealized(1)
(9)
4
12
78
(25)
Balance as of December 31, 2023
26
514
477
77
(385)
Purchases
Sales
(14)
Issuances
Settlements
(1)
(92)
(63)
54
16
Net transfers
3
(1)
(9)
Total gains (losses) realized & unrealized(1)
6
8
(92)
16
Balance as of December 31, 2024
$28
$427
$399
$39
$(353)
(1)We had no significant unrealized gains or losses related to assets and liabilities still held in either “Net income or “Other comprehensive
income (loss) at December 31, 2024, 2023, or 2022.
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques The following tables display valuation techniques and the range and the weighted average of significant unobservable
inputs for our Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, excluding instruments for which
we have elected the fair value option. Changes in these unobservable inputs can result in significantly higher or lower
fair value measurements of these assets and liabilities as of the reporting date.
Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2024
Fair Value
Significant Valuation Techniques
(Dollars in millions)
Recurring fair value measurements:
Trading securities:
Mortgage-related(1)
$28
Primarily Consensus
Available-for-sale securities:
Agency(1)
$301
Consensus
Other mortgage-related
126
Primarily Discounted Cash Flow, Single Vendor, and Consensus
Total available-for-sale securities
$427
Net derivatives
$39
Dealer Mark and Discounted Cash Flow
Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2023
Fair Value
Significant Valuation Techniques
(Dollars in millions)
Recurring fair value measurements:
Trading securities:
Mortgage-related(1)
$26
Primarily Consensus
Available-for-sale securities:
Agency(1)
$331
Consensus
Other mortgage-related
183
Primarily Discounted Cash Flow, Single Vendor, and Consensus
Total available-for-sale securities
$514
Net derivatives
$77
Dealer Mark and Discounted Cash Flow
(1)Includes Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac securities.
Our nonrecurring fair value measures consist primarily of Level 3 assets, for which the valuation techniques are
displayed in the following table.
Fair Value
Measurements as of
December 31,
Valuation Techniques
2024
2023
(Dollars in millions)
Nonrecurring fair value measurements:
Mortgage loans:(1)
Mortgage loans held for sale, at lower of cost or fair value
Consensus
$113
$1,994
Single-family mortgage loans held for investment, at amortized
cost
Internal Model
267
407
Multifamily mortgage loans held for investment, at amortized cost
Appraisal
448
33
Broker Price Opinion
851
769
Internal Model
172
218
Total multifamily mortgage loans held for investment, at
amortized cost
1,471
1,020
Acquired property, net:
Single-family
Accepted Offer and Appraisal
74
66
Internal Model and Walk Forward
294
324
Total single-family
368
390
Multifamily
Broker Price Opinion
278
182
Total nonrecurring assets at fair value
$2,497
$3,993
(1)When we measure impairment, including recoveries, based on the fair value of the loan or the underlying collateral and impairment is
recorded on any component of the mortgage loan, including accrued interest receivable and amounts due from the borrower for advances
of taxes and insurance, we present the entire fair value measurement amount with the corresponding mortgage loan.
The following is a description of the valuation techniques we use for fair value measurement and disclosure as well as
our basis for classifying these measurements as Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy in more specific
situations.
Instruments
Valuation Techniques
Classification
U.S Treasury
Securities and Futures
We classify securities whose values are based on quoted market prices in active markets for
identical assets as Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. These are comprised of US Treasury
securities and futures which are classified as trading securities.
Level 1
Other Trading
Securities and
Available-for-Sale
Securities
We classify securities in active markets as Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy if quoted market
prices in active markets for identical assets are not available. For all valuation techniques used for
securities where there is limited activity or less transparency around these inputs to the valuation,
these securities are classified as Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.
Single Vendor: Uses a single vendor price that represents estimated fair value.
Consensus: Uses an average of two or more vendor prices or dealer marks that represents
estimated fair value.
Level 2 and 3
Discounted Cash Flow: In the absence of prices provided by third-party pricing services supported
by observable market data, we estimate the fair value of a portion of our securities using a
discounted cash flow technique that uses inputs such as default rates, prepayment speeds, loss
severity and spreads based on market assumptions where available.
For private-label securities, an increase in unobservable prepayment speeds in isolation would
generally result in an increase in fair value, and an increase in unobservable spreads, severity
rates or default rates in isolation would generally result in a decrease in fair value. For mortgage
revenue bonds classified as Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy, an increase in unobservable
spreads would result in a decrease in fair value. Although we have disclosed unobservable inputs
for the fair value of our recurring Level 3 securities above, interrelationships exist among these
inputs such that a change in one unobservable input typically results in a change to one or more of
the other inputs.
Mortgage Loans Held
for Investment
Build-up: We derive the fair value of performing mortgage loans using a build-up valuation
technique starting with the base value for our Fannie Mae MBS with similar characteristics and
then add or subtract the fair value of the associated guaranty asset, guaranty obligation (“GO”) and
master servicing arrangement. We set the GO equal to the estimated fair value we would receive if
we were to issue our guaranty to an unrelated party in a stand-alone arm’s length transaction at the
measurement date. The fair value of the GO is estimated based on our current guaranty pricing for
loans underwritten after 2008 and our internal valuation models considering management’s best
estimate of key loan characteristics for loans underwritten before 2008. Our performing loans are
generally classified as Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy to the extent that significant inputs are
observable. To the extent that unobservable inputs are significant, the loans are classified as Level
3 of the valuation hierarchy.
Level 2 and 3
Consensus: Calculated through the extrapolation of indicative sample bids obtained from multiple
active market participants plus the estimated value of any applicable mortgage insurance, the
estimated fair value using the Consensus method represents an estimate of the prices we would
receive if we were to sell these single-family nonperforming and certain reperforming loans in the
whole loan market. The fair value of any mortgage insurance on a nonperforming or reperforming
loan is estimated using product-specific pricing grids that have been derived from loan-level bids on
whole loan transactions. These loans are generally classified as Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy
because significant inputs are unobservable. To the extent that significant inputs are observable,
the loans are classified as Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.
We estimate the fair value for a portion of our senior-subordinated trust structures using the prices
at the security level as a proxy for estimating loan fair value. These loans are classified as Level 3
of the valuation hierarchy because significant inputs are unobservable.
Single Vendor: We estimate the fair value of our reverse mortgages using the single vendor
valuation technique.
Internal Model: The internal model used to value collateral contains four sub-component models: 1)
Location Model, 2) Neighborhood Model, 3) Automated Valuation Model (“AVM”) Imputation Model
and 4) Final Valuation Model. These models consider characteristics of the property, neighborhood,
local housing markets, underlying loan and home price growth to derive a final estimated value.
These loans are classified as Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy because significant inputs are
unobservable.
Instruments
Valuation Techniques
Classification
Mortgage Loans Held
for Investment
Appraisal: We use appraisals to estimate the fair value for a portion of our multifamily loans based
on either estimated replacement cost, the present value of future cash flows, or sales of similar
properties. Significant unobservable inputs include estimated replacement or construction costs,
property net operating income, capitalization rates, and adjustments made to sales of comparable
properties based on characteristics such as financing, conditions of sale, and physical
characteristics of the property.
Broker Price Opinion: We use broker price opinions to estimate the fair value for a portion of our
multifamily loans. This technique uses both current property value and the property value adjusted
for stabilization and market conditions. The unobservable inputs used in this technique are property
net operating income and market capitalization rates to estimate property value.
Asset Manager Estimate: This technique uses the net operating income and tax assessments of
the specific property as well as Metropolitan Statistical Area-specific market capitalization rates and
average per unit sales values to estimate property fair value.
Level 2 and 3
An increase in prepayment speeds in isolation would generally result in an increase in the fair value
of our mortgage loans classified as Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy, and an increase in severity
rates, default rates or spreads in isolation would generally result in a decrease in fair value.
Although we have disclosed unobservable inputs for the fair value of the mortgage loans classified
as Level 3 above, interrelationships exist among these inputs such that a change in one
unobservable input typically results in a change to one or more of the other inputs.
Mortgage Loans Held
for Sale
Loans are reported at the lower of cost or fair value in our consolidated balance sheets. The
valuation methodology and inputs used in estimating the fair value of HFS loans are the same as
our HFI loans and are described above in “Mortgage Loans Held for Investment.” To the extent that
significant inputs are unobservable, the loans are classified within level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.
Level 2 and 3
Acquired Property, Net
and Other Assets
Single-family acquired property valuation techniques
Accepted Offer: An Offer to Purchase Real Estate that has been submitted by a potential purchaser
of an acquired property and accepted by Fannie Mae in a pending sale.
Appraisal: An appraisal is an estimate based on recent historical data of the value of a specific
property by a certified or licensed appraiser. Adjustments are made for differences between
comparable properties for unobservable inputs such as square footage, location, and condition of
the property. At times, we may use similar valuation techniques to appraisals, such as Broker Price
Opinion, Evaluation, and Property Inspection Report with Value. These additional techniques are
included in the ‘Appraisal’ category within the table above.
Broker Price Opinion: This technique provides an estimate of what the property is worth based
upon a real estate broker’s use of specific market research and a sales comparison approach that
is similar to the appraisal process. This information, all of which is unobservable, is used along with
recent and pending sales and current listings of similar properties to arrive at an estimate of value.
Property Inspection Report with Value: This technique provides an estimate of what the property is
worth based upon a third party model that is adjusted for condition of the property and/or any other
factors impacting the marketability.
Evaluation: This technique provides an estimate of what the property is worth based upon a
valuation professional’s use of data gathered during an inspection, market research and a sales
comparison approach that is similar to the appraisal process. This information is used along with
recent and pending sales and current listings of similar properties to arrive at an estimate of value.
Level 3
Walk Forward: A walk forward is a technique to adjust an existing valuation or sales price for
changing market conditions by applying a walk forward factor based on local price movements.
Internal Model: We use an internal model to estimate fair value for distressed properties. The
valuation methodology and inputs used are described under “Mortgage Loans Held for Investment.”
Multifamily acquired property valuation techniques
Broker Price Opinion: We use this method to estimate property values for distressed properties.
The valuation methodology and inputs used are described under “Mortgage Loans Held for
Investment.”
Instruments
Valuation Techniques
Classification
Asset and Liability
Derivative Instruments
(collectively
“Derivatives”)
The valuation process for the majority of our risk management derivatives uses observable market
data provided by third-party sources, resulting in Level 2 classification of the valuation hierarchy.
Single Vendor: We use one vendor price to estimate fair value. We generally validate these
observations of fair value through the use of a discounted cash flow technique.
Clearing House: We use the clearing house-provided value for interest-rate derivatives which are
transacted through a clearing house.
Internal Model: We use internal models to value interest-rate derivatives which are valued by
referencing yield curves derived from observable interest rates and spreads to project and discount
cash flows to present value.
Discounted Cash Flow: We use discounted cash flow to estimate fair value for credit enhancement
derivatives related to credit risk transfer transactions.
Dealer Mark: Certain highly complex structured swaps primarily use a single dealer mark due to
lack of transparency in the market and may be modeled using observable interest rates and
volatility levels as well as significant unobservable assumptions, resulting in Level 3 classification of
the valuation hierarchy. Mortgage commitment derivatives that use observable market data, quotes
and actual transaction price levels adjusted for market movement are typically classified as Level 2
of the valuation hierarchy. To the extent mortgage commitment derivatives include adjustments for
market movement that cannot be corroborated by observable market data, we classify them as
Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.
Level 2 and 3
Debt of Fannie Mae
and Consolidated
Trusts
We classify debt instruments that have quoted market prices in active markets for similar liabilities
when traded as assets as Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. For all valuation techniques used for
debt instruments where there is limited activity or less transparency around these inputs to the
valuation, these debt instruments are classified as Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.
Consensus: Uses an average of two or more vendor prices or dealer marks that represents
estimated fair value for similar liabilities when traded as assets.
Single Vendor: Uses a single vendor price that represents estimated fair value for these liabilities
when traded as assets.
Discounted Cash Flow: Uses spreads based on market assumptions where available.
The valuation methodology and inputs used in estimating the fair value of MBS assets are
described under “Trading Securities and Available-for-Sale Securities.”
Level 2 and 3
The following is a description of the valuation techniques we use for fair value measurement of our financial instruments
as well as our basis for classifying these measurements as Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy in
certain specific situations.
Instruments
Description
Classification
Financial Instruments
for which Fair Value
Approximates Carrying
Value
We hold certain financial instruments that are not carried at fair value but for which the carrying
value approximates fair value due to the short-term nature and negligible credit risk inherent in
them. These financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, the majority of advances to
lenders, and securities sold/purchased under agreements to repurchase/resell.
Level 1 and 2
Securities Sold/
Purchased Under
Agreements to
Repurchase/Resell
The carrying value for the majority of these specific instruments approximates the fair value due to
the short-term nature and the negligible inherent credit risk, as they involve the exchange of
collateral that is easily traded. Were we to calculate the fair value of these instruments, we would
use observable inputs.
Level 2
Mortgage Loans Held
for Sale
Loans are reported at the lower of cost or fair value in our consolidated balance sheets. The
valuation methodology and inputs used in estimating the fair value of HFS loans are the same as
for our HFI loans and are described under “Fair Value Measurement—Mortgage Loans Held for
Investment” in the valuation techniques for assets and liabilities held at fair value table. To the
extent that significant inputs are unobservable, the loans are classified within Level 3 of the
valuation hierarchy.
Level 2 and 3
Mortgage Loans Held
for Investment
For a description of loan valuation techniques, refer to “Fair Value Measurement—Mortgage Loans
Held for Investment” in the valuation techniques for assets and liabilities held at fair value table. We
measure the fair value of certain loans that are delivered under the Home Affordable Refinance
Program (“HARP”) using a modified build-up approach while the loan is performing. Under this
modified approach, we set the credit component of the consolidated loans (that is, the guaranty
obligation) equal to the compensation we would currently receive for a loan delivered to us under
the program because the total compensation for these loans is equal to their current exit price in
the government-sponsored enterprise securitization market. If, subsequent to delivery, the
refinanced loan becomes past due or is modified, the fair value of the guaranty obligation is then
measured consistent with other loans that have similar characteristics.
Level 2 and 3
Advances to Lenders
The carrying value for the majority of our advances to lenders approximates the fair value due to
the short-term nature and the negligible inherent credit risk. If we were to calculate the fair value of
these instruments, we would use discounted cash flow models that use observable inputs such as
spreads based on market assumptions, resulting in Level 2 classification. Advances to lenders also
include loans that do not qualify for Fannie Mae MBS securitization and are valued using a
discounted cash flow technique that uses estimated credit spreads of similar collateral and
prepayment speeds that consider recent prepayment activity. We classify these valuations as Level
3 given that significant inputs are not observable or are determined by extrapolation of observable
inputs.
Level 2 and 3
Guaranty Assets and
Buy-ups
Guaranty assets related to our portfolio securitizations are recorded in our consolidated balance
sheets at fair value on a recurring basis and are classified as Level 3. Guaranty assets in lender
swap transactions are recorded in our consolidated balance sheets at the lower of cost or fair
value. These assets, which are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, are also classified
as Level 3.
We estimate the fair value of guaranty assets by using proprietary models to project cash flows
based on management’s best estimate of key assumptions such as prepayment speeds and
forward yield curves. Because guaranty assets are similar to an interest-only income stream, the
projected cash flows are discounted at rates that consider the current spreads on interest-only
swaps that reference Fannie Mae MBS and also liquidity considerations of the guaranty assets.
The fair value of guaranty assets includes the fair value of any associated buy-ups.
Level 3
Guaranty Obligations
The fair value of all guaranty obligations, measured subsequent to their initial recognition, is our
estimate of a hypothetical transaction price we would receive if we were to issue our guaranty to an
unrelated party in a standalone arm’s-length transaction at the measurement date. The valuation
methodology and inputs used in estimating the fair value of the guaranty obligations are described
under “Fair Value Measurement—Mortgage loans held for investment—build-up” in the valuation
techniques for assets and liabilities held at fair value.
Level 3
Fair Value of Financial Instruments The following table displays the carrying value and estimated fair value of our financial instruments. The fair value of
financial instruments we disclose includes commitments to purchase multifamily and single-family mortgage loans that
we do not record in our consolidated balance sheets. The fair values of these commitments are included as “Mortgage
loans held for investment, net of allowance for loan losses.” The disclosure excludes all non-financial instruments;
therefore, the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities does not represent the underlying fair value of our total
consolidated assets and liabilities.
As of December 31, 2024
Carrying
Value
Quoted
Prices in
Active
Markets for
Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Netting
Adjustment
Estimated
Fair Value
(Dollars in millions)
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents, including
restricted cash and cash equivalents
$78,811
$38,536
$40,275
$
$
$78,811
Securities purchased under agreements
to resell
15,975
15,975
15,975
Trading securities
78,728
77,610
1,090
28
78,728
Available-for-sale securities
469
42
427
469
Mortgage loans held for sale
373
130
258
388
Mortgage loans held for investment, net
of allowance for loan losses
4,137,633
3,496,803
127,763
3,624,566
Advances to lenders
1,825
1,825
1,825
Derivative assets at fair value
179
487
54
(362)
179
Guaranty assets and buy-ups
64
160
160
Total financial assets
$4,314,057
$116,146
$3,556,627
$128,690
$(362)
$3,801,101
Financial liabilities:
Short-term debt:
Of Fannie Mae
$11,188
$
$11,193
$
$
$11,193
Long-term debt:
Of Fannie Mae
128,234
129,152
567
129,719
Of consolidated trusts
4,088,675
3,557,237
274
3,557,511
Derivative liabilities at fair value
154
2,506
15
(2,367)
154
Guaranty obligations
69
60
60
Total financial liabilities
$4,228,320
$
$3,700,088
$916
$(2,367)
$3,698,637
As of December 31, 2023
Carrying
Value
Quoted
Prices in
Active
Markets for
Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Netting
Adjustment
Estimated
Fair Value
(Dollars in millions)
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents, including
restricted cash and cash equivalents
$68,706
$33,981
$34,725
$
$
$68,706
Securities purchased under agreements
to resell
30,700
30,700
30,700
Trading securities
52,552
47,764
4,762
26
52,552
Available-for-sale securities
564
50
514
564
Mortgage loans held for sale
2,149
93
2,196
2,289
Mortgage loans held for investment, net
of allowance for loan losses
4,133,482
3,571,555
130,022
3,701,577
Advances to lenders
1,389
1,389
1,389
Derivative assets at fair value
202
395
90
(283)
202
Guaranty assets and buy-ups
73
155
155
Total financial assets
$4,289,817
$81,745
$3,643,669
$133,003
$(283)
$3,858,134
Financial liabilities:
Short-term debt:
Of Fannie Mae
$17,314
$
$17,317
$
$
$17,317
Long-term debt:
Of Fannie Mae
106,751
106,701
605
107,306
Of consolidated trusts
4,098,653
3,633,157
293
3,633,450
Derivative liabilities at fair value
140
3,327
13
(3,200)
140
Guaranty obligations
79
65
65
Total financial liabilities
$4,222,937
$
$3,760,502
$976
$(3,200)
$3,758,278
Fair Value Option The following table displays the fair value and unpaid principal balance of the financial instruments for which we have
made fair value elections.
As of December 31,
2024
2023
Loans(1)
Long-Term
Debt of
Fannie Mae
Long-Term
Debt of
Consolidated
Trusts
Loans(1)
Long-Term
Debt of
Fannie Mae
Long-Term
Debt of
Consolidated
Trusts
(Dollars in millions)
Fair value
$3,744
$385
$13,292
$3,315
$761
$14,343
Unpaid principal balance
4,079
383
13,766
3,442
731
14,383
(1)Includes nonaccrual loans with a fair value of $31 million and $32 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Includes loans
that are 90 days or more past due with a fair value of $25 million and $31 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.