10-K

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 24, 2023

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D. C. 20549

_________________________________

FORM 10-K

(MARK ONE)

☒ Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022

OR

☐ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from                  to                 

Commission File No. 1-6571

Merck & Co., Inc.

126 East Lincoln Avenue
Rahway	New Jersey	07065

(908) 740-4000

New Jersey	22-1918501
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation)	(I.R.S Employer Identification No.)

Securities Registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on which Registered
Common Stock ($0.50 par value)	MRK	New York Stock Exchange
0.500% Notes due 2024	MRK 24	New York Stock Exchange
1.875% Notes due 2026	MRK/26	New York Stock Exchange
2.500% Notes due 2034	MRK/34	New York Stock Exchange
1.375% Notes due 2036	MRK 36A	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.     Yes ☒    No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes ☐    No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒ No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒ No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check One):

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐  No  ☒

Number of shares of Common Stock ($0.50 par value) outstanding as of January 31, 2023: 2,538,592,467.

Aggregate market value of Common Stock ($0.50 par value) held by non-affiliates on June 30, 2022 based on the closing price on June 30, 2022: $230,820,000,000.

Documents Incorporated by Reference:
Document	Part of Form 10-K
Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 23, 2023, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year covered by this report	Part III

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

			Page
Part I
Item 1.	Business		1
Item 1A.	Risk Factors		24
	Cautionary Factors that May Affect Future Results		38
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments		39
Item 2.	Properties		39
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings		39
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures		39
	Executive Officers of the Registrant		40
Part II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities		41
Item 6.	[Reserved]		42
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		43
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk		70
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data		71
	(a)	Financial Statements	71
		Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	75
		Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	128
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure		130
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures		130
	Management’s Report		130
Item 9B.	Other Information		131
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections		131
Part III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance		132
Item 11.	Executive Compensation		132
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters		133
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence		133
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services		133
Part IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules		134
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary		138
	Signatures		139

Table of Contents

PART I

Item 1.Business.

Merck & Co., Inc. (Merck or the Company) is a global health care company that delivers innovative health solutions through its prescription medicines, including biologic therapies, vaccines and animal health products. The Company’s operations are principally managed on a product basis and include two operating segments, Pharmaceutical and Animal Health, both of which are reportable segments.

The Pharmaceutical segment includes human health pharmaceutical and vaccine products. Human health pharmaceutical products consist of therapeutic and preventive agents, generally sold by prescription, for the treatment of human disorders. The Company sells these human health pharmaceutical products primarily to drug wholesalers and retailers, hospitals, government agencies and managed health care providers such as health maintenance organizations, pharmacy benefit managers and other institutions. Human health vaccine products consist of preventive pediatric, adolescent and adult vaccines. The Company sells these human health vaccines primarily to physicians, wholesalers, physician distributors and government entities.

The Animal Health segment discovers, develops, manufactures and markets a wide range of veterinary pharmaceutical and vaccine products, as well as health management solutions and services, for the prevention, treatment and control of disease in all major livestock and companion animal species. The Company also offers an extensive suite of digitally connected identification, traceability and monitoring products. The Company sells its products to veterinarians, distributors, animal producers, farmers and pet owners.

On June 2, 2021, Merck completed the spin-off (the Spin-Off) of products from its women’s health, biosimilars and established brands businesses into a new, independent, publicly traded company named Organon & Co. (Organon) through a distribution of Organon’s publicly traded stock to Company shareholders. The established brands included in the transaction consisted of dermatology, non-opioid pain management, respiratory, select cardiovascular products, as well as the rest of Merck’s diversified brands franchise. Merck’s existing research pipeline programs continue to be owned and developed within Merck as planned.

All product or service marks appearing in type form different from that of the surrounding text are trademarks or service marks owned, licensed to, promoted or distributed by Merck, its subsidiaries or affiliates, except as noted. All other trademarks or services marks are those of their respective owners.

Product Sales

Total Company sales, including sales of the Company’s top pharmaceutical products, as well as sales of animal health products, were as follows:

($ in millions)	2022		2021		2020
Total Sales	$	59,283	$	48,704	$	41,518
Pharmaceutical	52,005		42,754		36,610
Keytruda	20,937		17,186		14,380
Gardasil/Gardasil 9	6,897		5,673		3,938
Lagevrio	5,684		952		—
Januvia/Janumet	4,513		5,288		5,276
ProQuad/M-M-R II/Varivax	2,241		2,135		1,878
Bridion	1,685		1,532		1,198
Alliance revenue - Lynparza(1)	1,116		989		725
Alliance revenue - Lenvima(1)	876		704		580
RotaTeq	783		807		797
Simponi	706		825		838
Animal Health	5,550		5,568		4,703
Livestock	3,300		3,295		2,939
Companion Animals	2,250		2,273		1,764
Other Revenues(2)	1,728		382		205

(1)Alliance revenue represents Merck’s share of profits, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs.

(2)Other revenues are primarily comprised of miscellaneous corporate revenues, including revenue hedging activities, as well as revenue from third-party manufacturing arrangements.

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Pharmaceutical

The Pharmaceutical segment includes human health pharmaceutical and vaccine products. Human health pharmaceutical products consist of therapeutic and preventive agents, generally sold by prescription, for the treatment of human disorders. Human health vaccine products consist of preventive pediatric, adolescent and adult vaccines. Certain of the products within the Company’s franchises are as follows:

Oncology

Keytruda (pembrolizumab), the Company’s anti-PD-1 (programmed death receptor-1) therapy, as monotherapy for the treatment of certain patients with cervical cancer, classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), esophageal or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) cancer (solid tumors), including MSI-H/dMMR colorectal cancer (CRC), MSI-H/dMMR advanced endometrial carcinoma, primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL), tumor mutational burden-high (TMB-H) cancer (solid tumors), and urothelial carcinoma, including non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Keytruda is also approved for the treatment of certain patients in combination with chemotherapy for metastatic squamous and non-squamous NSCLC, in combination with chemotherapy for HNSCC, in combination with trastuzumab, fluoropyrimidine- and platinum-containing chemotherapy for human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)-positive gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma, in combination with platinum-and fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy for esophageal or GEJ carcinoma, in combination with chemotherapy, with or without bevacizumab, for advanced cervical cancer, in combination with chemotherapy for locally recurrent unresectable or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), and in combination with axitinib for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Keytruda is also approved for certain patients with high-risk early-stage TNBC in combination with chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment, and then continued as a single agent as adjuvant treatment after surgery. Keytruda is also approved as a monotherapy for the adjuvant treatment of certain patients with RCC, for certain patients with completely resected stage IIB, IIC or III melanoma, and for adjuvant treatment following resection and platinum-based chemotherapy for adult patients with stage IB (T2a ≥4 cm), II, or IIIA NSCLC. In addition, the Company recognizes alliance revenue related to sales of Lynparza (olaparib), an oral poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, for certain types of advanced or recurrent ovarian, early or metastatic breast, metastatic pancreatic, and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers; alliance revenue related to sales of Lenvima (lenvatinib), an oral receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, for certain types of thyroid cancer, RCC, HCC, in combination with everolimus for certain patients with advanced RCC, and in combination with Keytruda for certain patients with advanced endometrial carcinoma or advanced RCC; and alliance revenue related to Reblozyl (luspatercept-aamt) for the treatment of certain types of anemia.

Vaccines

Gardasil (Human Papillomavirus Quadrivalent [Types 6, 11, 16 and 18] Vaccine, Recombinant)/Gardasil 9 (Human Papillomavirus 9-valent Vaccine, Recombinant), vaccines to help prevent certain diseases caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV); ProQuad (Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Varicella Virus Vaccine Live), a pediatric combination vaccine to help protect against measles, mumps, rubella and varicella; M−M−R II (Measles, Mumps and Rubella Virus Vaccine Live), a vaccine to help prevent measles, mumps and rubella; Varivax (Varicella Virus Vaccine Live), a vaccine to help prevent chickenpox (varicella); RotaTeq (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live Oral, Pentavalent), a vaccine to help protect against rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants and children; Pneumovax 23 (pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent), a vaccine to help prevent pneumococcal disease; and Vaqta (hepatitis A vaccine, inactivated) indicated for the prevention of disease caused by hepatitis A virus in persons 12 months of age and older.

Hospital Acute Care

Bridion (sugammadex) Injection, a medication for the reversal of two types of neuromuscular blocking agents used during surgery; Prevymis (letermovir) for the prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation and disease in adult CMV-seropositive recipients [R+] of an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant; Dificid (fidaxomicin) for the treatment of C. difficile-associated diarrhea; Primaxin (imipenem and cilastatin) for injection, an antibiotic for the treatment of certain bacterial infections; Noxafil (posaconazole), an antifungal agent for the prevention of certain invasive fungal infections; Invanz (ertapenem) for injection, an antibiotic for the treatment of certain bacterial infections; Cancidas (caspofungin acetate) for injection, an anti-fungal agent for the treatment of certain fungal infections; and Zerbaxa (ceftolozane and tazobactam) for injection, a combination antibacterial and beta-lactamase inhibitor for the treatment of certain bacterial infections.

Cardiovascular

Adempas (riociguat), a cardiovascular drug for the treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary arterial hypertension in certain patients; Verquvo (vericiguat), a medicine to reduce the

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risk of cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalization following a hospitalization for heart failure or need for outpatient intravenous diuretics in certain adults with symptomatic chronic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction.

Virology

Lagevrio, an investigational oral antiviral COVID-19 medicine available in the U.S. under Emergency Use Authorization (EUA); Isentress/Isentress HD (raltegravir), an HIV integrase inhibitor for use in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.

Neuroscience

Belsomra (suvorexant), an orexin receptor antagonist, indicated for the treatment of insomnia, characterized by difficulties with sleep onset and/or sleep maintenance.

Immunology

Simponi (golimumab), a once-monthly subcutaneous treatment for certain inflammatory diseases; and Remicade (infliximab), a treatment for inflammatory diseases, both of which the Company markets in Europe, Russia and Türkiye.

Diabetes

Januvia (sitagliptin) and Janumet (sitagliptin/metformin HCl) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Animal Health

The Animal Health segment discovers, develops, manufactures and markets a wide range of veterinary pharmaceuticals, vaccines and health management solutions and services, as well as an extensive suite of digitally connected identification, traceability and monitoring products. Principal products in this segment include:

Livestock Products

Nuflor (Florfenicol) antibiotic range for use in cattle and swine; Bovilis/Vista vaccine lines for infectious diseases in cattle; Banamine (Flunixin meglumine) bovine and swine anti-inflammatory; Estrumate (cloprostenol sodium) for the treatment of fertility disorders in cattle; Matrix (altrenogest) fertility management for swine; Resflor (florfenicol and flunixin meglumine), a combination broad-spectrum antibiotic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for bovine respiratory disease; Zuprevo (Tildipirosin) for bovine respiratory disease; Zilmax (zilpaterol hydrochloride) and Revalor (trenbolone acetate and estradiol) to improve production efficiencies in beef cattle; Safe-Guard (fenbendazole) de-wormer for cattle; M+Pac (Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae Bacterin) swine pneumonia vaccine; Porcilis (Lawsonia intracellularis baterin) and Circumvent (Porcine Circovirus Vaccine, Type 2, Killed Baculovirus Vector) vaccine lines for infectious diseases in swine; Nobilis/Innovax (Live Marek’s Disease Vector), vaccine lines for poultry; Paracox and Coccivac coccidiosis vaccines; Exzolt, a systemic treatment for poultry red mite infestations; Slice (Emamectin benzoate) parasiticide for sea lice in salmon; Aquavac (Avirulent Live Culture)/Norvax vaccines against bacterial and viral disease in fish; Compact PD vaccine for salmon; Aquaflor (Florfenicol) antibiotic for farm-raised fish; and Allflex Livestock Intelligence solutions for animal identification, monitoring and traceability.

Companion Animal Products

Bravecto, a line of oral and topical parasitic control products, including the original Bravecto (fluralaner) products for dogs and cats that last up to 12 weeks; Bravecto (fluralaner) One-Month, a monthly product for dogs, and Bravecto Plus (fluralaner/moxidectin), a two-month product for cats; Sentinel, a line of oral parasitic products for dogs including Sentinel Spectrum (milbemycin oxime, lufenuron, and praziquantel) and Sentinel Flavor Tabs (milbemycin oxime, lufenuron); Optimmune (cyclosporine), an ophthalmic ointment; Nobivac vaccine lines for flexible dog and cat vaccination; Otomax (Gentamicin sulfate, USP; Betamethasone valerate USP; and Clotrimazole USP ointment)/Mometamax (Gentamicin sulfate, USP, Mometasone Furoate Monohydrate and Clotrimazole, USP, Otic Suspension)/Posatex (Orbifloxacin, Mometasone Furoate Monohydrate and Posaconazole, Suspension) ear ointments for acute and chronic otitis; Caninsulin/Vetsulin (porcine insulin zinc suspension) diabetes mellitus treatment for dogs and cats; Panacur (fenbendazole)/Safeguard (fenbendazole) broad-spectrum anthelmintic (de-wormer) for use in many animals; Regumate (altrenogest) fertility management for horses; Prestige vaccine line for horses; Scalibor (Deltamethrin)/Exspot for protecting against bites from fleas, ticks, mosquitoes and sandflies; and Sure Petcare products for companion animal identification and well-being, including the microchip and pet recovery system Home Again.

For a further discussion of sales of the Company’s products, see Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” below.

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2022 Product Approvals

Set forth below is a summary of significant product approvals received by the Company in 2022.

Product	Date	Approval
Keytruda	January 2022	European Commission (EC) approved Keytruda as monotherapy for the adjuvant treatment of adults with RCC at increased risk of recurrence following nephrectomy, or following nephrectomy and resection of metastatic lesions.
	February 2022	Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) approved Keytruda plus Lenvima for radically unresectable or metastatic RCC.
	February 2022	MHLW approved Keytruda for the treatment of adult patients with advanced or recurrent TMB-H solid tumors that have progressed after chemotherapy (limited to use when difficult to treat with standard of care).
	March 2022	U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Keytruda as a single agent for the treatment of patients with advanced endometrial carcinoma that is MSI-H or dMMR who have disease progression following prior systemic therapy in any setting and are not candidates for curative surgery or radiation.
	April 2022	EC approved Keytruda in combination with chemotherapy, with or without bevacizumab, for the treatment of persistent, recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer in certain adults whose tumors express PD-L1.
	April 2022	EC approved Keytruda as monotherapy for the treatment of certain patients with unresectable or metastatic MSI-H/dMMR colorectal, gastric, small intestine or biliary cancer, as well as advanced or recurrent MSI-H/dMMR endometrial carcinoma.
	May 2022	EC approved Keytruda in combination with chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment, and then continued as monotherapy as adjuvant treatment after surgery for adults with locally advanced or early-stage TNBC at high risk of recurrence.
Keytruda	June 2022	EC approved Keytruda as monotherapy for the adjuvant treatment of adults and adolescents aged 12 years and older with stage IIB or IIC melanoma and who have undergone complete resection. Additionally, EC approved expanded indications in advanced (unresectable or metastatic) melanoma and stage III melanoma with lymph node involvement (as adjuvant treatment following complete resection) to include adolescent patients aged 12 years and older.
	August 2022	MHLW approved Keytruda as monotherapy for the adjuvant treatment of certain patients with RCC at increased risk of recurrence following nephrectomy, or following nephrectomy and resection of metastatic lesions.
	September 2022	MHLW approved Keytruda in combination with chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment, and then continued as monotherapy as adjuvant treatment after surgery for patients with hormone receptor-negative and HER2-negative breast cancer at high risk of recurrence.
	September 2022	MHLW approved Keytruda in combination with chemotherapy, with or without bevacizumab, for the treatment of patients with advanced or recurrent cervical cancer with no prior chemotherapy who are not amenable to curative treatment.
	September 2022	MHLW approved Keytruda as monotherapy for the adjuvant treatment of patients with stage IIB or IIC melanoma after complete resection.
	October 2022	China’s National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) approved Keytruda as monotherapy for the treatment of patients with HCC who have been previously treated with sorafenib or oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy.
	November 2022	NMPA approved Keytruda for the treatment of patients with high-risk early-stage TNBC whose tumors express PD-L1, in combination with chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment, and then continued as a monotherapy as adjuvant treatment after surgery.

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Lagevrio(1)	December 2022	NMPA granted emergency conditional approval for Lagevrio for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in adults who are at risk for progressing to severe COVID-19.
Lynparza(2)	March 2022	FDA approved Lynparza for the adjuvant treatment of adult patients with deleterious or suspected deleterious germline BRCA-mutated, HER2-negative high-risk early breast cancer who have been treated with neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
	August 2022	MHLW approved Lynparza for the adjuvant treatment for patients with BRCA-mutated, HER2-negative high recurrent risk breast cancer.
	August 2022	EC approved Lynparza as monotherapy or in combination with endocrine therapy for the adjuvant treatment of adult patients with germline BRCA1/2-mutations who have HER2-negative, high-risk early breast cancer previously treated with neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
	September 2022	NMPA approved Lynparza as first-line maintenance treatment for adult patients with advanced epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer who are in complete or partial response to first-line platinum-based chemotherapy in combination with bevacizumab and whose cancer is associated with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD)-positive status.
	December 2022	EC approved Lynparza in combination with abiraterone and prednisone or prednisolone for the treatment of adult patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) in whom chemotherapy is not clinically indicated.
Vaxneuvance	June 2022	FDA approved an expanded indication for Vaxneuvance (Pneumococcal 15-valent Conjugate Vaccine) to include children 6 weeks through 17 years of age. Vaxneuvance is now indicated for active immunization for the prevention of invasive disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F and 33F in individuals 6 weeks of age and older.
	September 2022	MHLW approved Vaxneuvance for prevention of infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in the elderly or adults who are considered at increased risk for disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
	October 2022	EC approved an expanded indication for Vaxneuvance to include active immunization for the prevention of invasive disease, pneumonia and acute otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in infants, children and adolescents from 6 weeks to less than 18 years of age.

(1)    Being jointly developed in collaboration with Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP.

(2)    Being jointly developed and commercialized in a worldwide collaboration with AstraZeneca.

Competition and the Health Care Environment

Competition

The markets in which the Company conducts its business and the pharmaceutical industry in general are highly competitive and highly regulated. The Company’s competitors include other worldwide research-based pharmaceutical companies, smaller research companies with more limited therapeutic focus, generic drug manufacturers, and animal health care companies. The Company’s operations may be adversely affected by generic and biosimilar competition as the Company’s products mature, as well as technological advances of competitors, industry consolidation, patents granted to competitors, competitive combination products, new products of competitors, the generic availability of competitors’ branded products, and new information from clinical trials of marketed products or post-marketing surveillance. In addition, patent rights are increasingly being challenged by competitors, and the outcome can be highly uncertain. An adverse result in a patent dispute can preclude commercialization of products or negatively affect sales of existing products and could result in the payment of royalties or in the recognition of an impairment charge with respect to intangible assets associated with certain products.

Pharmaceutical competition involves a rigorous search for technological innovations and the ability to market these innovations effectively. With its long-standing emphasis on research and development, the Company is well-positioned to compete in the search for technological innovations. The Company is active in acquiring and

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marketing products through external alliances, such as licensing arrangements and collaborations and has been refining its sales and marketing efforts to address changing industry conditions. However, the introduction of new products and processes by competitors may result in price reductions and product displacements, even for products protected by patents. For example, the number of compounds available to treat a particular disease typically increases over time and can result in slowed sales growth or reduced sales for the Company’s products in that therapeutic category.

The highly competitive animal health business is affected by several factors including regulatory and legislative issues, scientific and technological advances, product innovation, the quality and price of the Company’s products as well as competitors’ products, effective promotional efforts and the frequent introduction of generic products by competitors.

Health Care Environment and Government Regulation

Global efforts toward health care cost containment continue to exert pressure on product pricing and market access. Changes to the U.S. health care system as part of health care reform enacted in prior years, as well as increased purchasing power of entities that negotiate on behalf of Medicare, Medicaid, and private sector beneficiaries, have contributed to pricing pressure. In several international markets, government-mandated pricing actions have reduced prices of generic and patented drugs. In addition, the Company’s sales performance in 2022 was negatively affected by other cost-reduction measures taken by governments and other third parties to lower health care costs. In the U.S., the Biden Administration and Congress continue to discuss legislation designed to control health care costs, including the cost of drugs. The Company anticipates all of these actions and additional actions in the future will continue to negatively affect sales and profits.

United States

The Company faces increasing pricing pressure from managed care organizations, government agencies and programs that could negatively affect the Company’s sales and profit margins, including, through (i) practices of managed care organizations, federal and state exchanges, and institutional and governmental purchasers, and (ii) federal laws and regulations related to Medicare and Medicaid, including the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA), the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (American Rescue Plan Act), and the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (Inflation Reduction Act).

In the U.S., federal and state governments for many years have pursued methods to reduce the cost of drugs and vaccines for which they pay. For example, federal and state laws require the Company to pay specified rebates for medicines reimbursed by Medicaid and to provide discounts for medicines purchased by certain state and federal entities such as the Department of Defense, Veterans Affairs, Public Health Service entities and hospitals serving a disproportionate share of low income or uninsured patients.

Additionally in the U.S., consolidation and integration among health care providers is a major factor in the competitive marketplace for pharmaceutical products. Health plans and pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) have been consolidating into fewer, larger entities, thus enhancing their purchasing strength and importance. Private third-party insurers, as well as governments, employ formularies to control costs by negotiating discounted prices in exchange for formulary inclusion. Failure to obtain timely or adequate pricing or formulary placement for Merck’s products or obtaining such placement at unfavorable pricing could adversely affect revenue. In addition to formulary tier co-pay differentials, private health insurance companies and self-insured employers have been increasing the cost-sharing required from beneficiaries, particularly for branded pharmaceuticals and biotechnology products. Private health insurance companies also are increasingly imposing utilization management tools, such as clinical protocols, requiring prior authorization for a branded product or requiring the patient to first fail on one or more generic products before permitting access to a branded medicine. These same management tools are also used in treatment areas in which the payor has taken the position that multiple branded products are therapeutically comparable. As the U.S. payor market concentrates further, the Company may face greater pricing pressure from private third-party payors.

In order to provide information about the Company’s pricing practices, the Company annually posts on its website its Pricing Transparency Report for the U.S. The report provides the Company’s average annual list price, net price increases, and average discounts across the Company’s U.S. portfolio dating back to 2010. In 2022, the Company’s gross U.S. sales were reduced by 39.7% as a result of rebates, discounts and returns.

Legislative Changes

In 2022, Congress passed the Inflation Reduction Act, which makes significant changes to how drugs are covered and paid for under the Medicare program, including the creation of financial penalties for drugs whose prices rise faster than the rate of inflation, redesign of the Medicare Part D program to require manufacturers to bear more of

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the liability for certain drug benefits, and government price-setting for certain Medicare Part D drugs, starting in 2026, and Medicare Part B drugs starting in 2028.

The long-term implications of the Inflation Reduction Act remain uncertain and subject to various factors, including the manner in which U.S. Department of Health and Human Services decides to implement the statute. Many experts and analysts, both within the industry and outside, have predicted that the law will harm innovation in the pharmaceutical industry and result in fewer new treatments being developed and approved over time. Merck is working to mitigate the potentially harmful effects that the law could have on innovation.

In addition, in 2021, Congress passed the American Rescue Plan Act, which included a provision that eliminates the statutory cap on rebates drug manufacturers pay to Medicaid beginning in January 2024. These rebates act as a discount off the list price and eliminating the cap means that manufacturer discounts paid to Medicaid can increase. Prior to this change, manufacturers have not been required to pay more than 100% of the Average Manufacturer Price (AMP) in rebates to state Medicaid programs for Medicaid-covered drugs. As a result of this provision, beginning in 2024, it is possible that manufacturers may have to pay state Medicaid programs more in rebates than they received on sales of particular products. This change could present a risk to Merck in the future for drugs that have high Medicaid utilization and rebate exposure that is more than 100% of the AMP.

The Company also faces increasing pricing pressure in the states, which are looking to exert greater influence over the price of prescription drugs. A number of states have passed pharmaceutical price and cost transparency laws. These laws typically require manufacturers to report certain product price information or other financial data to the state. Some laws also require manufacturers to provide advance notification of price increases. The Company expects that states will continue their focus on pharmaceutical pricing and will increasingly shift to more aggressive price control tools such as Prescription Drug Affordability Boards that have the authority to conduct affordability reviews and establish upper payment limits.

Regulatory Changes

In November 2020, the Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General issued a Final Rule that would have, effective January 1, 2023, eliminated the Anti-Kickback Statute safe harbor for rebates paid to Medicare Part D plans or to PBMs on behalf of such plans. Congress has delayed implementation of this Final Rule until January 1, 2026 and pending federal legislation would repeal it entirely. While the Company cannot anticipate the effects of this change to the way it currently contracts, this new framework could significantly alter the way it does business with Part D Plan Sponsors and PBMs on behalf of such plans. This rulemaking also established, effective January 1, 2021, a new safe harbor for point of sale discounts at the pharmacy counter and a new safe harbor for certain service arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers and PBMs.

The pharmaceutical industry also could be considered a potential source of savings via other legislative and administrative proposals that have been debated but not enacted. These types of revenue generating or cost saving proposals include additional direct price controls.

European Union

Efforts toward health care cost containment remain intense in the European Union (EU). The Company faces competitive pricing pressure resulting from generic and biosimilar drugs. In addition, a majority of countries in the EU attempt to contain drug costs by engaging in reference pricing in which authorities examine pre-determined markets for published prices of drugs. Reference pricing may either compare a product’s prices in other markets (external reference pricing), or compare a product’s price with those of other products in a national class (internal reference pricing). The authorities then use the price data to set new local prices for brand-name drugs, including the Company’s drugs. Guidelines for examining reference pricing are usually set in local markets and can be changed pursuant to local regulations. Some EU Member States have established free-pricing systems, but regulate the pricing for drugs through profit control plans. Others seek to negotiate or set prices based on the cost-effectiveness of a product or an assessment of whether it offers a therapeutic benefit over other products in the relevant class. The downward pressure on health care costs in general, particularly prescription drugs, has become intense. As a result, increasingly high barriers are being erected to the entry of new products. In some EU Member States, cross-border imports from low-priced markets also exert competitive pressure that may reduce pricing within an EU Member State.

Additionally, EU Member States have the power to restrict the range of pharmaceutical products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement. In the EU, pricing and reimbursement plans vary widely from Member State to Member State. Some EU Member States provide that drug products may be marketed only after a reimbursement price has been agreed. Some EU Member States may require the completion of additional studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of a particular product candidate to already available therapies or so-called health technology assessments (HTA), in order to obtain reimbursement or pricing approval. The HTA of pharmaceutical products is becoming an increasingly common part of the pricing and reimbursement procedures in

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most EU Member States. The HTA process, which is governed by the national laws of these countries, involves the assessment of the cost-effectiveness, public health impact, therapeutic impact and/or the economic and social impact of use of a given pharmaceutical product in the national health care system of the individual country in which it is conducted. Ultimately, HTA measures the added value of a new health technology compared to existing ones. The outcome of HTAs regarding specific pharmaceutical products will often influence the pricing and reimbursement status granted to these pharmaceutical products by the regulatory authorities of individual EU Member States. A negative HTA of one of the Company’s products may mean that the product is not reimbursable or may force the Company to reduce its reimbursement price or offer discounts or rebates.

A negative HTA by a leading and recognized HTA body could also undermine the Company’s ability to obtain reimbursement for the relevant product outside a jurisdiction. For example, EU Member States that have not yet developed HTA mechanisms may rely to some extent on the HTA performed in other countries with a developed HTA framework, to inform their pricing and reimbursement decisions. HTA procedures require additional data, reviews and administrative processes, all of which increase the complexity, timing and costs of obtaining product reimbursement and exert downward pressure on available reimbursement.

To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some EU Member States, the Company may be required to conduct studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of the Company’s product candidates to other therapies that are considered the local standard of care. There can be no assurance that any EU Member State will allow favorable pricing, reimbursement and market access conditions for any of the Company’s products, or that it will be feasible to conduct additional cost-effectiveness studies, if required.

Japan

In Japan, the pharmaceutical industry is subject to government-mandated annual price reductions of pharmaceutical products and certain vaccines. Furthermore, the government can order re-pricings for specific products if it determines that use of such product will exceed certain thresholds defined under applicable re-pricing rules. In addition, if a Merck product has the same medical action or composition of another product that is subject to market expansion re-pricing, the Merck product could also be subject to re-pricing unless it meets exception criteria. The next government-mandated price reduction will occur in April 2023.

China

The Company’s business in China has grown rapidly in the past few years, and the importance of China to the Company’s overall pharmaceutical and vaccines business has increased accordingly. Continued growth of the Company’s business in China is dependent upon ongoing development of a favorable environment for innovative pharmaceutical products and vaccines, sustained access for the Company’s current in-line products, and the absence of trade impediments or adverse pricing controls. In recent years, the Chinese government has introduced and implemented a number of structural reforms to accelerate the shift to innovative products and reduce costs. Since 2017, there have been multiple new policies introduced by the government to improve access to new innovation, reduce the complexity of regulatory filings, and accelerate the review and approval process. This has led to a significant increase in the number of new products being approved each year. While the mechanism for drugs being added to the government’s National Reimbursement Drug List (NRDL) evolves, inclusion may require a price negotiation which could impact the outlook in the market for selected brands. In 2021, drugs were added to the NRDL with an average of more than 60% price reductions. A new NRDL was recently completed in which new entries averaged 60% price reductions. While pricing pressure has always existed in China, health care reform has increased this pressure in part due to the acceleration of generic substitution through volume based procurement (VBP). In 2019, the government implemented the VBP program through a tendering process for mature products which have generic substitutes with a Generic Quality Consistency Evaluation approval. Mature products that have entered into the last five rounds of VBP had, on average, a price reduction of more than 50%. The Company expects VBP to be a semi-annual process that will have a significant impact on mature products moving forward.

Emerging Markets

The Company’s focus on emerging markets, in addition to China, has continued. Governments in many emerging markets are also focused on constraining health care costs and have enacted price controls and measures impacting intellectual property, including in exceptional cases, threats of compulsory licenses, that aim to put pressure on the price of innovative pharmaceuticals or result in constrained market access to innovative medicine. The Company anticipates that pricing pressures and market access challenges will continue in the future to varying degrees in the emerging markets.

Beyond pricing and market access challenges, other conditions in emerging market countries can affect the Company’s efforts to continue to grow in these markets, including potential political instability, changes in trade sanctions and embargoes, significant currency fluctuation and controls, financial crises, limited or changing availability of funding for health care, credit worthiness of health care partners, such as hospitals, and other

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developments that may adversely impact the business environment for the Company. Further, the Company may engage third-party agents to assist in operating in emerging market countries, which may affect its ability to realize continued growth and may also increase the Company’s risk exposure.

In addressing global cost containment pressures, the Company engages in public policy advocacy with policymakers and continues to work to demonstrate that its medicines provide value to patients and to those who pay for health care. The Company advocates with government policymakers to encourage a long-term approach to sustainable health care financing that ensures access to innovative medicines and does not disproportionately target pharmaceuticals as a source of budget savings. In markets with historically low rates of health care spending, the Company encourages those governments to increase their investments and adopt market reforms in order to improve their citizens’ access to appropriate health care, including medicines.

Operating conditions have become more challenging under the global pressures of competition, industry regulation and cost containment efforts. Although no one can predict the effect of these and other factors on the Company’s business, the Company continually takes measures to evaluate, adapt and improve the organization and its business practices to better meet customer needs and believes that it is well-positioned to respond to the evolving health care environment and market forces.

Regulation

The pharmaceutical industry is also subject to regulation by regional, country, state and local agencies around the world focused on standards and processes for determining drug safety and effectiveness, as well as conditions for sale or reimbursement.

Of particular importance is the FDA in the U.S., which administers requirements covering the testing, approval, safety, effectiveness, manufacturing, labeling, and marketing of prescription pharmaceuticals. In some cases, the FDA requirements and practices have increased the amount of time and resources necessary to develop new products and bring them to market in the U.S. At the same time, the FDA has committed to expediting the development and review of products bearing the “breakthrough therapy” designation, which has accelerated the regulatory review process for medicines with this designation. The FDA has also undertaken efforts to bring generic competition to market more efficiently and in a more timely manner.

The EU has adopted directives and other legislation concerning the classification, approval for marketing, labeling, advertising, manufacturing, wholesale distribution, integrity of the supply chain, pharmacovigilance and safety monitoring of medicinal products for human use. These provide mandatory standards throughout the EU, which may be supplemented or implemented with additional regulations by the EU Member States. In particular, EU regulators may approve products subject to a number of post-authorization conditions. Examples of typical post-authorization commitments include additional pharmacovigilance, the conduct of clinical trials, the establishment of patient registries, physician or patient education and controlled distribution and prescribing arrangements. Non-compliance with post-authorization conditions, pharmacovigilance and other obligations can lead to regulatory action, including the variation, suspension or withdrawal of the marketing authorizations, or other enforcement or regulatory actions, including the imposition of financial penalties. The Company’s policies and procedures are already consistent with the substance of these directives; consequently, it is believed that they will not have any material effect on the Company’s business.

The Company believes that it will continue to be able to conduct its operations, including launching new drugs, in this regulatory environment. (See “Research and Development” below for a discussion of the regulatory approval process.)

Access to Medicines

As a global health care company, Merck’s primary role is to discover and develop innovative medicines and vaccines. The Company also recognizes that, in collaboration with key stakeholders, it has a role to play in helping to ensure that its science advances health care, and its products are accessible and affordable. The Company is committed to ensuring a reliable, safe global supply of its quality medicines and vaccines, and to developing, testing and implementing innovative solutions that address barriers to access and affordability of its medicines and vaccines. The Company’s approach is designed to enable it to serve the greatest number of patients today, while meeting the needs of patients in the future. The Company’s efforts in this regard are wide-ranging and include a set of principles that the Company strives to embed into its operations and business strategies to guide the Company’s worldwide approach to expanding access to health care. The Company systematically evaluates its pipeline candidates to identify potential to address significant public health burden and unmet medical needs in underserved health care settings. Products continue to be evaluated for their potential throughout their life cycle to account for changes in the external environment. The Company also collaborates with different stakeholders,

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including private, governmental, multilateral and non-profit organizations, to design and deliver sustainable solutions to help address access challenges at the payer, provider and patient levels.

In addition, through innovative social investments, including philanthropic programs and impact investing, Merck is helping to strengthen health systems and build capacity, particularly in under-resourced communities. The Merck Patient Assistance Program provides certain medicines and adult vaccines for free to people in the U.S. who do not have prescription drug or health insurance coverage and who, without the Company’s assistance, cannot afford their Merck medicines and vaccines. Globally, Merck has made substantial contributions to access to health through key initiatives, including product donations for humanitarian assistance in low-income countries through the Medical Outreach Program. The Mectizan Donation Program, the longest running disease-specific drug donation program of its kind, supports the elimination of two neglected tropical diseases – onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. Additionally, through Merck for Mothers the Company provides funding, and scientific and business acumen to help global health partners end preventable deaths from complications of pregnancy and childbirth. Merck has also provided funds to the Merck Foundation, an independent grantmaking organization, which supports a variety of organizations dedicated to addressing systemic barriers to health equity.

Privacy and Data Protection

The Company is subject to a significant number of privacy and data protection laws and regulations globally, many of which place restrictions on the Company’s ability to transfer, access and use personal data across its business. The legislative and regulatory landscape for privacy and data protection continues to evolve. There has been increased attention to privacy and data protection issues in both developed and emerging markets with the potential to affect directly the Company’s business, including the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which imposes penalties of up to 4% of global revenue.

The GDPR and related implementing laws in individual EU Member States govern the collection and use of personal health data and other personal data in the EU. The GDPR increased responsibility and liability in relation to personal data that the Company processes. It also imposes a number of strict obligations and restrictions on the ability to process (which includes collection, analysis and transfer of) personal data, including health data from clinical trials and adverse event reporting. The GDPR also includes requirements relating to the consent of the individuals to whom the personal data relates, the information provided to the individuals prior to processing their personal data or personal health data, notification of data processing obligations to the national data protection authorities, and the security and confidentiality of the personal data. Further, the GDPR prohibits the transfer of personal data to countries outside of the EU that are not considered by the EC to provide an adequate level of data protection, including to the U.S., except if the data controller meets very specific requirements. Following the Schrems II decision of the Court of Justice of the EU in 2020, there is considerable uncertainty as to the permissibility of international data transfers under the GDPR. In light of the implications of this decision, the Company may face difficulties regarding the transfer of personal data from the EU to third countries. Since then, the Company diligently entered into the EU-approved Standard Contractual Clauses with its vendors, suppliers, collaboration partners and clinical trial sites in order to facilitate the lawful transfer of personal data from the EU to the U.S. In addition, President Biden issued an Executive Order on October 7, 2022 to address the data privacy concerns raised in the Schrems II decision through introducing, among other measures, further safeguards and oversight of personal data collection by U.S. signals intelligence activities and providing individuals with a redress mechanism in the U.S. for their data protection concerns. Further certainty for the international transfer of personal data from the EU via the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework (successor to the invalidated EU-U.S. Privacy Shield) may come by way of a new EU Adequacy Decision, issued in draft form by the EU Commission on December 13, 2022 and expected to come into force in mid-2023. However, it remains likely that such a new Adequacy Decision will be contested by privacy advocates and be subject to legal review.

Failure to comply with the requirements of the GDPR and the related national data protection laws of the EU Member States may result in significant monetary fines and other administrative penalties as well as civil liability claims from individuals whose personal data was processed. Data protection authorities from the different EU Member States may still implement certain variations, enforce the GDPR and national data protection laws differently, and introduce additional national regulations and guidelines, which adds to the complexity of processing personal data in the EU. Guidance developed at both the EU level and at the national level in individual EU Member States concerning implementation and compliance practices is often updated or otherwise revised.

There is, moreover, a growing trend towards required public disclosure of clinical trial data in the EU which adds to the complexity of obligations relating to processing health data from clinical trials. Failing to comply with these obligations could lead to government enforcement actions and significant penalties against the Company, harm to its reputation, and adversely impact its business and operating results. The uncertainty regarding the interplay between

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different regulatory frameworks further adds to the complexity that the Company faces with regard to data protection regulation.

In August 2021, China passed the Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) that aims to standardize the handling of personal information in China which became effective in November 2021. The PIPL currently applies to the processing of personal information of natural persons in China, the processing of personal information outside China where the purpose is to provide products and services in China, and to analyze the activities of individuals in China. While similar to the GDPR, the PIPL contains unique requirements not found in the GDPR.

The Company has developed and implemented comprehensive plans to ensure compliance with the PIPL, with those relating to data localization and cross-border transfers yet to be completed pending forthcoming guidance from the Cyberspace Administration of China.

Additional laws and regulations enacted in the U.S. (such as comprehensive data protection acts in California, Virginia, Colorado, Utah and Connecticut), Canada, Europe, Asia, and Latin America, have increased enforcement and litigation activity in the U.S. and other developed markets, as well as increased regulatory cooperation among privacy authorities globally. The Company has adopted a comprehensive global privacy program to manage these evolving requirements and risks and to facilitate the transfer of personal information across international borders.

Distribution

The Company sells its human health pharmaceutical products primarily to drug wholesalers and retailers, hospitals, government agencies and managed health care providers, such as health maintenance organizations, PBMs and other institutions. Human health vaccines are sold primarily to physicians, wholesalers, physician distributors and government entities. The Company’s professional representatives communicate the effectiveness, safety and value of the Company’s pharmaceutical and vaccine products to health care professionals in private practice, group practices, hospitals and managed care organizations. The Company sells its animal health products to veterinarians, distributors, animal producers, farmers and pet owners.

Patents, Trademarks and Licenses

Patent protection is considered, in the aggregate, to be of material importance to the Company’s marketing of its products in the U.S. and in most major foreign markets. Patents may cover products per se, pharmaceutical formulations, processes for, or intermediates useful in, the manufacture of products, or the uses of products. Protection for individual products extends for varying periods in accordance with the legal life of patents in the various countries. The protection afforded, which may also vary from country to country, depends upon the type of patent and its scope of coverage.

The Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act includes a Pediatric Exclusivity Provision that may provide an additional six months of market exclusivity in the U.S. for indications of new or currently marketed drugs if certain agreed upon pediatric studies are completed by the applicant. Current U.S. patent law provides additional patent term for periods when the patented product was under regulatory review by the FDA. The EU also provides an additional six months of pediatric market exclusivity attached to a product’s Supplementary Protection Certificate (SPC). Japan provides the additional term for pediatric studies attached to market exclusivity unrelated to patent term.

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Patent portfolios developed for products introduced by the Company normally provide market exclusivity. The Company has the following key patent protection in the U.S., the EU, Japan and China (including the potential for patent term extensions (PTE) and SPCs where indicated) for the following marketed products:

Product	Year of Expiration (U.S.)	Year of Expiration (EU)(1)	Year of Expiration (Japan)(2)	Year of Expiration (China)
Januvia	Expired(3)	Expired	2025-2026	Expired
Janumet	Expired(3)	Expired	N/A	Expired
Janumet XR	Expired(3)	N/A	N/A	Expired
Isentress	2024	2023	2023-2026(4)	Expired
Simponi	N/A(5)	2024(6)	N/A(5)	N/A(5)
Lenvima(7)	2025(8)	2026(8) (SPCs)	2026	Expired
Bridion	2026(8)	2023	2024	Expired
Bravecto	2026 (with pending PTE)	2025 (patents), 2029 (SPCs)	2029	2025
Gardasil	2028	Expired	Expired	N/A
Gardasil 9	2028	2025 (patents), 2030(8) (SPCs)	N/A	2025
Keytruda	2028	2031	2032-2033	2028
Lynparza(9)	2028(8) (with pending PTE)	2024 (patents), 2029(8) (SPCs)	2028-2029	2024
Zerbaxa	2028(8)	2023 (patents), 2028(8) (SPCs)	2028	N/A
Adempas(10)	N/A(11)	2028(8)	2027-2028	2023
Belsomra	2029	N/A	2031	N/A
Prevymis	2029(8) (with pending PTE)	2024 (patents), 2029(8) (SPCs)	2029	2024
Verquvo(10)	2035 (with pending PTE)	N/A(12)	N/A(12)	N/A(12)
Vaxneuvance	2031 (with pending PTE)	No Patent	No Patent	N/A
Delstrigo	2032 (with pending PTE)	2031 (patents), 2033 (SPCs)	N/A	2031
Pifeltro	2032 (with pending PTE)	2031 (patents), 2033 (SPCs)	2036	2031
Recarbrio	2033(8) (with pending PTE)	2029 (patents), 2034 (SPCs)	2034 (with pending PTE)	N/A
Welireg	2035 (with pending PTE)	N/A	N/A	N/A

Note:    Compound patent unless otherwise noted. Certain of the products listed may be the subject of patent litigation. See Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” Note 11. “Contingencies and Environmental Liabilities” below.

N/A:    Currently no marketing approval.

(1)The EU date represents the expiration date for the following four countries: France, Germany, Italy, and Spain (Major EU Markets). If SPC applications have been filed but have not been granted in all Major EU Markets, both the patent expiry date and the SPC expiry date are listed.

(2)The PTE system in Japan allows for a patent to be extended more than once provided the later approval is directed to a different indication from that of the previous approval. This may result in multiple PTE approvals for a given patent, each with its own expiration date.

(3)As a result of favorable court rulings and settlement agreements related to a later expiring patent directed to the specific sitagliptin salt form of the products, the Company expects that these products will not lose market exclusivity in the U.S. before the end of 2023, and it is likely that exclusivity will extend through May 2026.

(4)Expiry date reflects the approved product and includes granted PTE for the 600 mg tablet in Japan.

(5)The Company has no marketing rights in the U.S., Japan or China.

(6)The distribution agreement with Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. expires on October 1, 2024.

(7)Part of a global strategic oncology collaboration with Eisai Co., Ltd.

(8)Eligible for 6 months Pediatric Exclusivity.

(9)Part of a global strategic oncology collaboration with AstraZeneca.

(10)Being commercialized in a worldwide collaboration with Bayer AG.

(11)The Company has no marketing rights in the U.S.

(12)The Company has no marketing rights in the EU, Japan or China.

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The Company has the following key U.S. patent protection for drug candidates under review in the U.S. by the FDA. Additional patent term may be provided for these pipeline candidates based on Patent Term Restoration and Pediatric Exclusivity.

Under Review in the U.S.	Currently Anticipated Year of Expiration (in the U.S.)
MK-7264 (gefapixant)	2027

The Company also has the following key U.S. patent protection for drug candidates in Phase 3 development: 

Phase 3 Drug Candidate	Currently Anticipated Year of Expiration (in the U.S.)
MK-7962 (sotatercept)(1)	2027
MK-8591A (doravirine + islatravir)	2032 (pending PTE for doravirine)
MK-1308A (quavonlimab + pembrolizumab)	2035
MK-7684A (vibostolimab + pembrolizumab)	2035
MK-4280A (favezelimab + pembrolizumab)	2035
MK-1654 (clesrovimab)	2036
MK-4482 Lagevrio(2)	2038
V-116 (pneumococcal vaccine)	2038
MK-3475A (pembrolizumab + hyaluronidase subcutaneous)	2039

(1)As a biologic product, sotatercept will be eligible for 12 years of data exclusivity upon approval in the U.S.

(2)Received Emergency Use Authorization from the FDA for the treatment of high-risk adults with mild to moderate COVID-19.

Unless otherwise noted, the patents in the above charts are compound patents. Each patent may be subject to a future patent term restoration of up to five years and six month pediatric market exclusivity, either or both of which may be available. In addition, depending on the circumstances surrounding any final regulatory approval of the compound, there may be other listed patents or patent applications pending that could have relevance to the product as finally approved; the relevance of any such application would depend upon the claims that ultimately may be granted and the nature of the final regulatory approval of the product. Also, regulatory exclusivity tied to the protection of clinical data is complementary to patent protection and, in some cases, may provide more effective or longer lasting marketing exclusivity than a compound’s patent estate. In the U.S., the data protection generally runs five years from first marketing approval of a new chemical entity, extended to seven years for an orphan drug indication and 12 years from first marketing approval of a biological product.

While the expiration of a compound patent normally results in a loss of market exclusivity for the covered pharmaceutical product, commercial benefits may continue to be derived from: (i) later-expiring patents on processes and intermediates related to the most economical method of manufacture of the active ingredient of such product; (ii) patents relating to the use of such product; (iii) patents relating to novel compositions and formulations; and (iv) in the U.S. and certain other countries, market exclusivity that may be available under relevant law. The effect of product patent expiration on pharmaceutical products also depends upon many other factors such as the nature of the market and the position of the product in it, the growth of the market, the complexities and economics of the process for manufacture of the active ingredient of the product and the requirements of new drug provisions of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act or similar laws and regulations in other countries.

Additions to market exclusivity are sought in the U.S. and other countries through all relevant laws, including laws increasing patent life. Some of the benefits of increases in patent life have been partially offset by an increase in the number of incentives for and use of generic products. Additionally, improvements in intellectual property laws are sought in the U.S. and other countries through reform of patent and other relevant laws and implementation of international treaties.

For further information with respect to the Company’s patents, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” Note 11. “Contingencies and Environmental Liabilities” below.

Worldwide, all of the Company’s important products are sold under trademarks that are considered in the aggregate to be of material importance. Trademark protection continues in some countries as long as used; in other countries, as long as registered. Registration is for fixed terms and can be renewed indefinitely.

Royalty income in 2022 on patent and know-how licenses and other rights amounted to $537 million. Merck also incurred royalty expenses amounting to $3.0 billion in 2022 under patent and know-how licenses it holds.

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Research and Development

The Company’s business is characterized by the introduction of new products or new uses for existing products through a strong research and development program. At December 31, 2022, approximately 19,200 people were employed in the Company’s research activities. The Company prioritizes its research and development efforts and focuses on candidates that it believes represent breakthrough science for unmet medical needs that will make a difference for patients and payers.

The Company maintains a number of long-term exploratory and fundamental research programs in biology and chemistry as well as research programs directed toward product development. The Company’s research and development model is designed to increase productivity and improve the probability of success by prioritizing the Company’s research and development resources on candidates the Company believes are capable of providing unambiguous, promotable advantages to patients and payers and delivering the maximum value of its approved medicines and vaccines through new indications and new formulations. Merck is pursuing emerging product opportunities independent of therapeutic area or modality (small molecule, biologics and vaccines) and is building its biologics capabilities. The Company is committed to ensuring that externally sourced programs remain an important component of its pipeline strategy, with a focus on supplementing its internal research through acquisitions as well as a licensing and external alliance strategy focused on the entire spectrum of collaborations from early research to late-stage compounds, as well as access to new technologies.

The Company’s clinical pipeline includes candidates in multiple disease areas, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, infectious diseases, neurosciences, respiratory diseases, and vaccines.

In the development of human health products, industry practice and government regulations in the U.S. and most foreign countries provide for the determination of effectiveness and safety of new chemical compounds through preclinical tests and controlled clinical evaluation. Before a new drug or vaccine may be marketed in the U.S., recorded data on preclinical and clinical experience are included in the New Drug Application (NDA) for a drug or the Biologics License Application (BLA) for a vaccine or biologic submitted to the FDA for the required approval.

Once the Company’s scientists discover a new small molecule compound or biologic that they believe has promise to treat a medical condition, the Company commences preclinical testing with that compound. Preclinical testing includes laboratory testing and animal safety studies to gather data on chemistry, pharmacology, immunogenicity and toxicology. Pending acceptable preclinical data, the Company will initiate clinical testing in accordance with established regulatory requirements. The clinical testing begins with Phase 1 studies, which are designed to assess safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary pharmacodynamic activity of the compound in humans. If favorable, additional, larger Phase 2 studies are initiated to determine the efficacy of the compound in the affected population, define appropriate dosing for the compound, as well as identify any adverse effects that could limit the compound’s usefulness. In some situations, the clinical program incorporates adaptive design methodology to use accumulating data to decide how to modify aspects of the ongoing clinical study as it continues, without undermining the validity and integrity of the trial. One type of adaptive clinical trial is an adaptive Phase 2a/2b trial design, a two-stage trial design consisting of a Phase 2a proof-of-concept stage and a Phase 2b dose-optimization finding stage. If data from the Phase 2 trials are satisfactory, the Company commences large-scale Phase 3 trials to confirm the compound’s efficacy and safety. Another type of adaptive clinical trial is an adaptive Phase 2/3 trial design, a study that includes an interim analysis and an adaptation that changes the trial from having features common in a Phase 2 study (e.g., multiple dose groups) to a design similar to a Phase 3 trial. An adaptive Phase 2/3 trial design reduces timelines by eliminating activities which would be required to start a separate study. Upon completion of Phase 3 trials, if satisfactory, the Company submits regulatory filings with the appropriate regulatory agencies around the world to have the product candidate approved for marketing. There can be no assurance that a compound that is the result of any particular program will obtain the regulatory approvals necessary for it to be marketed.

Vaccine development follows the same general pathway as for drugs. Preclinical testing focuses on the vaccine’s safety and ability to elicit a protective immune response (immunogenicity). Pre-marketing vaccine clinical trials are typically done in three phases. Initial Phase 1 clinical studies are conducted in normal subjects to evaluate the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of the vaccine candidate. Phase 2 studies are dose-ranging studies and provide additional data on safety, immunogenicity and/or effectiveness. Finally, Phase 3 trials are conducted in the intended population for licensure and provide data on immunogenicity and/or effectiveness, as well as safety, to support applications for regulatory approvals. If successful, the Company submits regulatory filings with the appropriate regulatory agencies.

In the U.S., the FDA review process begins once a complete NDA or BLA is submitted, received and accepted for review by the agency. Within 60 days after receipt, the FDA determines if the application is sufficiently complete to permit a substantive review. The FDA also assesses, at that time, whether the application will be granted

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a priority review or standard review. Pursuant to the Prescription Drug User Fee Act V (PDUFA), the FDA review period target for NDAs or original BLAs is either six months, for priority review, or ten months, for a standard review, from the time the application is deemed sufficiently complete. Once the review timelines are determined, the FDA will generally act upon the application within those timelines, unless a major amendment has been submitted (either at the Company’s own initiative or the FDA’s request) to the pending application. If this occurs, the FDA may extend the review period to allow for review of the new information, but by no more than three months. Extensions to the review period are communicated to the Company. The FDA can act on an application either by issuing an approval letter or by issuing a Complete Response Letter (CRL) stating that the application will not be approved in its present form and describing all deficiencies that the FDA has identified. Should the Company wish to pursue an application after receiving a CRL, it can resubmit the application with information that addresses the questions or issues identified by the FDA in order to support approval. Resubmissions are subject to review period targets, which vary depending on the underlying submission type and the content of the resubmission.

The FDA has four program designations — Fast Track, Breakthrough Therapy, Accelerated Approval, and Priority Review — to facilitate and expedite development and review of new drugs to address unmet medical needs in the treatment of serious or life-threatening conditions. The Fast Track designation provides pharmaceutical manufacturers with opportunities for frequent interactions with FDA reviewers during the product’s development and the ability for the manufacturer to do a rolling submission of the NDA/BLA. A rolling submission allows completed portions of the application to be submitted and reviewed by the FDA on an ongoing basis. The Breakthrough Therapy designation provides manufacturers with all of the features of the Fast Track designation as well as intensive guidance on implementing an efficient development program for the product and a commitment by the FDA to involve senior managers and experienced staff in the review. The Accelerated Approval designation allows the FDA to approve a product based on an effect on a surrogate or intermediate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict a product’s clinical benefit and generally requires the manufacturer to conduct required post-approval confirmatory trials to verify the clinical benefit. The Priority Review designation means that the FDA’s goal is to take action on the NDA/BLA within six months, compared to ten months under standard review. More than one of these special designations can be granted for a given application (i.e., a product designated as a Breakthrough Therapy may also be eligible for Priority Review).

Due to the COVID-19 public health crisis, the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services has exercised statutory authority to determine that a public health emergency exists, and declared these circumstances justify the emergency use of drugs and biological products as authorized by the FDA. While in effect, this declaration enables the FDA to issue Emergency Use Authorizations (EUAs) permitting distribution and use of specific medical products absent NDA/BLA submission or approval, including products to treat or prevent diseases or conditions caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, subject to the terms of any such EUAs. The FDA must make certain findings to grant an EUA, including that it is reasonable to believe based on the totality of evidence that the drug or biologic may be effective, and that known or potential benefits when used under the terms of the EUA outweigh known or potential risks. Additionally, the FDA must find that there is no adequate, approved and available alternative to the emergency use of the authorized drug or biologic. The FDA may revise or revoke an EUA if the circumstances justifying its issuance no longer exist, the criteria for its issuance are no longer met, or other circumstances make a revision or revocation appropriate to protect the public health or safety.

The primary method the Company uses to obtain marketing authorization of pharmaceutical products in the EU is through the “centralized procedure.” This procedure is compulsory for certain pharmaceutical products, in particular those using biotechnological processes, and is also available for certain new chemical compounds and products. A company seeking to market an innovative pharmaceutical product through the centralized procedure must file a complete set of safety data and efficacy data as part of a Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) with the European Medicines Agency (EMA). After the EMA evaluates the MAA, it provides a recommendation to the EC and the EC then approves or denies the MAA. It is also possible for new chemical products to obtain marketing authorization in the EU through a “mutual recognition procedure” in which an application is made to a single member state and, if the member state approves the pharmaceutical product under a national procedure, the applicant may submit that approval to the mutual recognition procedure of some or all other EU Member States.

Outside of the U.S. and the EU, the Company submits marketing applications to national regulatory authorities. Examples of such are the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in Japan, the National Medical Products Administration in China, Health Canada, Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanatária in Brazil, Korea Food and Drug Administration in South Korea, and the Therapeutic Goods Administration in Australia. Each country has a separate and independent review process and timeline. In many markets, approval times can be longer as the regulatory authority requires approval in a major market, such as the U.S. or the EU, and issuance of a Certificate of Pharmaceutical Product from that market before initiating their local review process.

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Research and Development Update

The Company currently has several candidates under regulatory review in the U.S. and internationally or in late-stage clinical development.

MK-4482, Lagevrio, is an investigational oral antiviral medicine for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in adults who are at risk for progressing to severe disease. Merck is developing Lagevrio in collaboration with Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP (Ridgeback). The FDA granted Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for Lagevrio in December 2021; last issued in February 2023, to authorize Lagevrio for the treatment of adults with a current diagnosis of mild-to-moderate COVID-19, and who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death, and for whom alternative COVID-19 treatment options approved or authorized by the FDA are not accessible or clinically appropriate. The authorization is based on the Phase 3 MOVe-OUT trial. Lagevrio is not approved for any use in the U.S. and is authorized only for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of its emergency use under the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, unless the authorization is terminated or revoked sooner. In November 2021, the EMA issued a positive scientific opinion for Lagevrio, which is intended to support national decision-making on the possible use of Lagevrio prior to marketing authorization. In October 2021, the EMA initiated a rolling review for Lagevrio for the treatment of COVID-19 in adults. On February 24, 2023, Merck and Ridgeback announced that the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the EMA has recommended the refusal of the marketing authorization for Lagevrio. Merck and Ridgeback will appeal the decision and request a re-examination of the CHMP’s opinion. Applications to other regulatory bodies worldwide are underway.

In October 2022, Merck provided an update on new clinical and non-clinical studies of Lagevrio. A preliminary analysis of the University of Oxford’s PANORAMIC study, conducted in the UK in highly-vaccinated adults mostly over 65 years of age, showed no evidence of a difference between Lagevrio added to usual care compared to usual care alone for the reduction of hospitalizations and deaths through Day 28 (primary endpoint was not met); the incidence of hospitalizations and death through Day 28 was very low overall. The main secondary endpoint (time to first self-reported recovery) in the PANORAMIC study was 6 days shorter with the Lagevrio group compared to the usual care group; in addition, the use of Lagevrio also was associated with earlier recovery across a wide range of other symptom measures, as compared to the usual care group. Additionally, an analysis of real-world data from a separate study conducted by investigators in Israel (known as the Clalit study) showed that in a cohort of non-hospitalized, high-risk patients, Lagevrio reduced hospitalizations and mortality due to COVID-19 in patients 65 years and above; no evidence of benefit was found in younger adults ages 40 to 64 years. Also, Merck reported results from a separate, non-clinical 6-month carcinogenicity study in transgenic mice, which demonstrated that Lagevrio was not carcinogenic at any dose tested.

MK-7264, gefapixant, is an investigational, orally administered, selective P2X3 receptor antagonist, for the treatment of refractory chronic cough or unexplained chronic cough in adults under review by the FDA and the EMA. The marketing applications for gefapixant are based on results from the COUGH-1 and COUGH-2 clinical trials. In January 2022, the FDA issued a Complete Response Letter (CRL) regarding Merck’s NDA for gefapixant. In the CRL, the FDA requested additional information related to the cough counting system that was used to assess efficacy. The CRL was not related to the safety of gefapixant. The Company is performing additional analyses and anticipates submitting this information to the FDA in the first half of 2023 in response to the CRL. The review period in the EU has been extended pending the receipt of additional information from the Company. Merck plans to submit the information to the EMA in the first half of 2023.

MK-3475, Keytruda, is an anti-PD-1 therapy approved for the treatment of many cancers that is in clinical development for expanded indications. These approvals were the result of a broad clinical development program that currently consists of more than 1,650 clinical trials, including more than 1,200 trials that combine Keytruda with other cancer treatments. These studies encompass more than 30 cancer types including: biliary, estrogen receptor positive breast cancer, cervical, colorectal, cutaneous squamous cell, endometrial, esophageal, gastric, glioblastoma, head and neck, hepatocellular, Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, non-small-cell lung, small-cell lung, melanoma, mesothelioma, ovarian, prostate, renal, triple-negative breast, and urothelial, many of which are currently in Phase 3 clinical development. Further trials are being planned for other cancers.

Keytruda is under review by the FDA for the treatment of patients with previously treated advanced HCC. This submission is based on data from the Phase 3 KEYNOTE-394 trial along with supportive data from the KEYNOTE-240 and KEYNOTE-224 trials. Keytruda is approved for this indication in the U.S. under the FDA’s accelerated approval process. This submission is to convert the accelerated approval to full (regular) approval.

Keytruda is under priority review by the FDA for use in combination with Padcev (enfortumab vedotin-ejfv) for the treatment of certain patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer who are not eligible to receive cisplatin-containing chemotherapy. The FDA set a PDUFA date of April 21, 2023 for the supplemental BLAs

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for Keytruda and Pedcev. The combination regimen was granted Breakthrough Therapy designation by the FDA in February 2020. The applications are supported by efficacy and safety data from the Phase 1b/2 EV-103 trial (also known as KEYNOTE-869) Dose Escalation/Cohort A and Cohort K. Results from Dose Escalation/Cohort A were published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology. Results from Cohort K were presented in a late-breaking session at the 2022 European Society for Medical Oncology Congress.

Keytruda is also under review by the FDA for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with recurrent locally advanced or metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma. This submission is based on data from the Phase 3 KEYNOTE-913 trial. Keytruda is approved for this indication in the U.S. under the FDA’s accelerated approval process. This submission is to convert the accelerated approval to full (regular) approval.

Additionally, Keytruda is under review by the FDA for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with unresectable or metastatic microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) solid tumors, as determined by an FDA-approved test, that have progressed following prior treatment and who have no satisfactory alternative treatment options. This submission is based on data from the Phase 2 KEYNOTE-158 trial along with supportive data from the KEYNOTE-164 and KEYNOTE-051 trials. Keytruda is approved for this indication in the U.S. under the FDA’s accelerated approval process. This submission is to convert the accelerated approval to full (regular) approval.

Keytruda is under review in the EU for the adjuvant treatment of patients with stage IB (≥4 cm), II or IIIA NSCLC following complete surgical resection. The submission is based on data from the pivotal Phase 3 KEYNOTE-091 trial, also known as EORTC-1416-LCG/ETOP-8-15 – PEARLS.

Keytruda is under review in Japan for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory PMBLC. This submission is based on data from the Phase 2 KEYNOTE-170 study and the Phase 1 KEYNOTE-A33 study.

In January 2023, Merck announced that it will stop the Phase 3 KEYNOTE-991 trial investigating Keytruda in combination with enzalutamide and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for the treatment of patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Merck is discontinuing the study based on the recommendation of an independent Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) which reviewed data from a planned interim analysis. At the interim analysis, Keytruda in combination with enzalutamide and ADT did not demonstrate an improvement in overall survival or radiographic progression-free survival, the trial’s dual primary endpoints, compared to placebo plus enzalutamide and ADT. Data from this study will be presented at an upcoming medical meeting.

MK-7339, Lynparza, is an oral PARP inhibitor currently approved for certain types of advanced or recurrent ovarian, early or metastatic breast, metastatic pancreatic and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers being co-developed for multiple cancer types as part of a collaboration with AstraZeneca PLC.

In August 2022, the FDA granted priority review for a supplemental NDA for Lynparza in combination with abiraterone and prednisone or prednisolone for the treatment of adult patients with mCRPC. The supplemental NDA was based on results from the Phase 3 PROpel trial, which were presented at the 2022 American Society of Clinical Oncology Genitourinary Cancers Symposium and later published in NEJM Evidence. The FDA initially set a PDUFA date in the fourth quarter of 2022, but in December 2022 the FDA extended the PDUFA date by three months to provide further time for the full review of the submission. Lynparza is also under review in Japan for the treatment of certain patients with mCRPC based on the PROpel trial.

MK-7902, Lenvima, is an oral receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor being developed as part of a collaboration with Eisai Co., Ltd. (Eisai). Merck and Eisai are studying the Keytruda plus Lenvima combination through the LEAP (LEnvatinib And Pembrolizumab) clinical program that includes studies across 13 different tumor types (biliary cancer, CRC, endometrial carcinoma, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, HCC, HNSCC, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, NSCLC, small-cell-lung cancer (SCLC) and RCC).

The Company also has several other programs in Phase 3 clinical development.

MK-1308A is the coformulation of quavonlimab, Merck’s novel investigational anti-CTLA-4 antibody, with pembrolizumab being evaluated for the treatment of RCC.

Subcutaneous MK-3475, pembrolizumab, is being evaluated for comparability with the intravenous formulation of pembrolizumab in NSCLC.

Subcutaneous MK-3475A, the coformulation of pembrolizumab with hyaluronidase, is being evaluated for comparability with the intravenous formulation of pembrolizumab in NSCLC.

MK-4280A is the coformulation of favezelimab, Merck’s novel investigational anti-LAG3 therapy, with pembrolizumab, being evaluated for the treatment of CRC and hematological malignancies.

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MK-6482, Welireg (belzutifan), is a hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) inhibitor being evaluated for a supplemental indication for the treatment of patients with RCC.

MK-7119, Tukysa (tucatinib), is a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, for the treatment of HER2-positive cancers in development for the treatment of breast cancer and colorectal cancer. In September 2020, Seagen granted Merck an exclusive license and entered into a co-development agreement with Merck to accelerate the global reach of Tukysa.

MK-7684A is the coformulation of vibostolimab, an anti-TIGIT therapy, with pembrolizumab being evaluated for the treatment of melanoma, NSCLC and SCLC.

In December 2021, Merck announced that the FDA had placed clinical holds on the investigational new drug applications for islatravir (MK-8591) programs that were in development for the treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infection. The FDA’s clinical hold was based on observations of decreases in total lymphocyte and CD4+ T-cell counts in some participants receiving islatravir in clinical studies. In September 2022, Merck announced it will initiate a new doravirine/islatravir (MK-8591A) Phase 3 clinical program for the treatment of people with HIV-1 infection. These new Phase 3 studies will evaluate a once-daily oral combination of doravirine 100 mg and a lower dose of islatravir in previously untreated adults and as a switch in antiretroviral therapy in virologically suppressed adults with HIV-1 infection. The Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating an investigational oral once-weekly combination treatment regimen of islatravir and Gilead Sciences’ lenacapavir in adults with HIV-1 infection who are virologically suppressed will resume under an amended protocol with a lower dose of islatravir. The investigational NDA for the islatravir + lenacapavir once-weekly treatment regimen remains under a partial clinical hold for any studies that would use weekly oral islatravir doses higher than the doses considered for the revised clinical program. Additionally, Merck announced it will discontinue the development of once-monthly oral islatravir for PrEP. The Company remains committed to developing compounds for long-acting HIV prevention and believes in the potential of the nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor (NRTTI) mechanism. A Phase 1b study in adults with HIV-1 infection assessing MK-8527, a novel NRTTI candidate, will commence shortly.

V116 is an investigational 21-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) for treatment of pneumococcal infection in adults. In June 2022, Merck announced the presentation of positive results from a Phase 1/2 study evaluating the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of V116 in pneumococcal vaccine-naïve adults 18-49 years of age (Phase 1) and 50 years of age and older (Phase 2). In both populations, V116 met the primary immunogenicity objectives and was well-tolerated with an overall safety profile generally comparable to Pneumovax 23 across age groups. In April 2022, Merck announced that V116 received Breakthrough Therapy designation from the FDA for the prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumococcal pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 3, 6A/C, 7F, 8, 9N, 10A, 11A, 12F, 15A, 15B/C, 16F, 17F, 19A, 20, 22F, 23A, 23B, 24F, 31, 33F, 35B in adults 18 years of age and older. Phase 3 trials evaluating V116 are ongoing.

MK-7962, sotatercept, is an investigational activin receptor type IIA-Fc fusion protein being evaluated as an add-on to stable background therapy for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Sotatercept was obtained in connection with Merck’s acquisition of Acceleron Pharma Inc. in 2021. In October 2022, Merck announced positive top-line results from the pivotal Phase 3 STELLAR trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of sotatercept for the treatment of PAH (World Health Organization [WHO] Group 1). The trial met its primary efficacy outcome measure, demonstrating a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in 6-minute walk distance (6MWD, which measures how far patients can walk in 6 minutes). Eight of nine secondary efficacy outcome measures achieved statistical significance, including the outcome measure of proportion of participants achieving multicomponent improvement (defined as improvement in 6MWD, improvement in N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide level, and either improvement in WHO Functional Class [FC] or maintenance of WHO FC II), and the outcome measure of time to death or the first occurrence of a clinical worsening event. The Cognitive/Emotional Impacts domain score of PAH-SYMPACT, which was assessed as the ninth and final secondary outcome measure, did not achieve statistical significance. Results will be presented at the upcoming American College of Cardiology Annual Scientific Session. The Company anticipates filing sotatercept with regulatory authorities in 2023.

MK-1654, clesrovimab, is a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) monoclonal antibody that is being evaluated for the prevention of RSV medically attended lower respiratory tract infection in infants and certain children over 1 year of age. Two Phase 3 trials are currently enrolling.

In October 2022, Merck and Royalty Pharma plc (Royalty Pharma) entered into a funding arrangement under which Royalty Pharma paid Merck $50 million to co-fund Merck’s development costs for a Phase 2b trial of MK-8189, an investigational oral phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitor, which is being evaluated for the treatment of schizophrenia. Under the agreement, Royalty Pharma has no rights to MK-8189 and has no decision-making authority over the program. If Merck elects to advance MK-8189 into a Phase 3 study, Royalty Pharma has the option to provide additional funding of 50% of the development costs up to $375 million for the Phase 3 trial. If

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such additional funding is provided, Royalty Pharma becomes eligible to receive future regulatory milestone payments contingent upon certain marketing approvals, as well as royalties.

The charts below reflect the Company’s research pipeline as of February 17, 2023. Candidates shown in Phase 3 include the date such candidate entered into Phase 3 development. Candidates shown in Phase 2 include the most advanced compound with a specific mechanism or, if listed compounds have the same mechanism, they are each currently intended for commercialization in a given therapeutic area. Small molecules and biologics are given MK-number designations and vaccine candidates are given V-number designations. Except as otherwise noted, candidates in Phase 1, additional indications in the same therapeutic area (other than with respect to cancer) and additional claims, line extensions or formulations for in-line products are not shown.

Phase 2
Cancer MK-0482(2)      Non-Small-Cell Lung MK-1026 (nemtabrutinib)      Hematological Malignancies MK-1308 (quavonlimab)(2) Non-Small-Cell Lung MK-1308A (quavonlimab+pembrolizumab) Colorectal Hepatocellular Melanoma Small-Cell Lung MK-2140 (zilovertamab vedotin) Bladder Breast Gastric Hematological Malignancies Non-Small-Cell Lung Ovarian Pancreatic MK-2870(1)(3) Neoplasm Malignant MK-3475 Keytruda Advanced Solid Tumors MK-3543 (bomedemstat) Myeloproliferative Disorders MK-4280 (favezelimab)(2)     Non-Small-Cell Lung MK-4280A (favezelimab+pembrolizumab)      Esophageal      Melanoma Renal Cell      Small-Cell Lung MK-4830(2)         Colorectal      Esophageal      Melanoma Non-Small-Cell Lung Ovarian Renal Cell      Small-Cell Lung MK-5684(1) Prostate MK-5890 (boserolimab)(2)      Non-Small-Cell Lung      Small-Cell Lung	Cancer MK-6440 (ladiratuzumab vedotin)(1)(3) Breast Esophageal Gastric Head and Neck Melanoma Non-Small-Cell Lung Prostate Small-Cell Lung MK-6482 Welireg(3) Biliary Colorectal Endometrial Esophageal Hepatocellular Pancreatic Rare cancers Von Hippel-Lindau Disease-Associated Tumors (EU) MK-7119 Tukysa(1) Advanced Solid Tumors Biliary Bladder Cervical Endometrial Gastric Non-Small-Cell Lung MK-7339 Lynparza(1)(3) Advanced Solid Tumors MK-7684A (vibostolimab+pembrolizumab) Biliary Bladder Breast Cervical Colorectal Endometrial Esophageal Gastric Head and Neck Hematological Malignancies Hepatocellular Ovarian Prostate	Cancer MK-7902 Lenvima(1)(2) Biliary Pancreatic Prostate Small-Cell Lung V940(1)(2) Melanoma Dengue Fever Virus Vaccine V181 HIV-1 Infection MK-8591B (islatravir+MK-8507)(4) MK-8591D (islatravir+lenacapavir)(1)(5) Hypercholesterolemia MK-0616 Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) MK-6024 (efinopegdutide) Overgrowth Syndrome MK-7075 (miransertib) Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension MK-5475 Pulmonary Hypertension Due To Left Heart Disease MK-7962 (sotatercept) Schizophrenia MK-8189(6) Thrombosis MK-2060 Treatment Resistant Depression MK-1942

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Phase 3 (Phase 3 entry date)	Under Review
Antiviral COVID-19      MK-4482 Lagevrio (U.S.) (May 2021)(1)(7) Cancer MK-1308A (quavonlimab+pembrolizumab) Renal Cell (April 2021) MK-3475 Keytruda Biliary (September 2019) Cutaneous Squamous Cell (August 2019) (EU) Gastric (May 2015) (EU) Hepatocellular (May 2016) (EU) Mesothelioma (May 2018) Ovarian (December 2018) Prostate (May 2019) Small-Cell Lung (May 2017) MK-3475 (pembrolizumab subcutaneous) Non-Small-Cell Lung (August 2021) MK-3475A (pembrolizumab+hyaluronidase subcutaneous) Non-Small-Cell Lung (February 2023) MK-4280A (favezelimab+pembrolizumab) Colorectal (November 2021) Hematological Malignancies (October 2022) MK-6482 Welireg(3) Renal Cell (February 2020) MK-7119 Tukysa(1) Breast (October 2019) Colorectal (August 2022) MK-7339 Lynparza(1)(2) Non-Small-Cell Lung (June 2019) Small-Cell Lung (December 2020) MK-7684A (vibostolimab+pembrolizumab) Melanoma (January 2023) Non-Small-Cell Lung (April 2021) Small-Cell Lung (March 2022) MK-7902 Lenvima(1)(2) Colorectal (April 2021) Esophageal (July 2021) Gastric (December 2020) Head and Neck (February 2020) Melanoma (March 2019) Non-Small-Cell Lung (March 2019) HIV-1 Infection      MK-8591A (doravirine+islatravir) (February 2020)(5) Pneumococcal Vaccine Adult V116 (July 2022) Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension MK-7962 (sotatercept) (January 2021) Respiratory Syncytial Virus MK-1654 (clesrovimab) (November 2021)	New Molecular Entities Antiviral COVID-19 MK-4482 Lagevrio (EU)(1) Cough MK-7264 (gefapixant) (U.S.)(8) (EU)	Certain Supplemental Filings Cancer MK-3475 Keytruda • Second-Line Hepatocellular Cancer (KEYNOTE-394) (U.S.) • First-Line Locally Advanced Or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma (KEYNOTE-869) (U.S.) • Locally Advanced Or Metastatic Merkel Cell Carcinoma (KEYNOTE-913) (U.S.) • Adjuvant Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (KEYNOTE-091) (EU) • Relapsed Or Refractory Primary Mediastinal B-Cell Lymphoma (KEYNOTE-170/KEYNOTE-A33) (JPN) MK-7339 Lynparza(1) • First-Line Metastatic Prostate Cancer (PROpel) (U.S.) (JPN)
	Footnotes: (1) Being developed in a collaboration. (2) Being developed in combination with Keytruda. (3) Being developed as monotherapy and/or in combination with Keytruda. (4) On FDA clinical hold. (5) On FDA partial clinical hold for higher doses than those used in current clinical trials. (6) Phase 2b development costs are being co-funded. (7) Available in the U.S. under Emergency Use Authorization. (8) In response to the CRL received from the FDA for this application in January 2022, Merck is performing additional analyses and anticipates submitting this information to the FDA in the first half of 2023.

Human Capital

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had approximately 69,000 employees worldwide, with approximately 28,000 employed in the U.S., including Puerto Rico, and, additionally, approximately 15,000 third-party contractors globally.(1) Approximately 67,000 of the Company’s employees are full-time employees. Globally, women comprise 50% of employees, and in the U.S. individuals from underrepresented ethnic groups comprise 34% of its workforce (the Company defines workforce as its employees). Women comprise 46% of the members of the Board of Directors. Additionally, the Company’s senior management team is made up of 34% women. Approximately 22% of the Company’s employees are represented by various collective bargaining groups. The Company’s voluntary turnover rate was approximately 8.5% and 8.8%, respectively, in 2022 and 2021.

The Company recognizes that its employees are critical to meet the needs of its patients and customers and that its ability to excel depends on the integrity, skill, and diversity of its employees.

(1) Third party contractors include the Company’s temporary workers, independent contractors, and freelancers who are viewed as full-time equivalent employees. They exclude outsourced service providers.

Talent Acquisition

The Company uses a comprehensive approach to ensure recruiting, retention and leadership development goals are systematically executed throughout the Company and that it hires talented leaders to achieve improved gender parity and representation across all dimensions of diversity. The Company provides training to its

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managers and external recruiting organizations on strategies to mitigate unconscious bias in the candidate selection and hiring process. In addition, the Company utilizes a comprehensive communications strategy, employee branding and marketing outreach, social media and strategic alliance partnerships to reach a broad pool of talent in its critical business areas. In 2022, the Company hired approximately 8,900 employees across the globe through various channels including the Company’s external career site, direct passive candidate sourcing, diversity partnerships, employee referrals, universities and other external sources.

Global Diversity and Inclusion

Diversity and inclusion are fundamental to the Company’s success and core to future innovation. The Company fosters a globally diverse and inclusive workforce for its employees by creating an environment of belonging, engagement, equity, and empowerment. The Company is proactive and intentional about diversity hiring and development programs to advance talent. The Company creates competitive advantages by leveraging diversity and inclusion to accelerate business performance. This includes fostering global supplier diversity, integrating diversity and inclusion into the Company’s commercialization strategies and leveraging employee insights to improve performance. In addition to these efforts, the Company has ten Employee Business Resource Groups that provide opportunities for employees to take an active part in contributing to the Company’s inclusive culture through their work in talent acquisition and development, business and customer insights and social and community outreach.

The Company’s diversity goals include increasing representation in senior management roles (defined as an individual holding either a Vice President or Senior Vice President title) by 2024 of (i) women globally to 40%, up from 31% in 2020, (ii) Black/African Americans in the U.S. to 10%, up from 3% in 2020, and (iii) Hispanics/Latinos in the U.S. to 10%, up from 5% in 2020. As of December 31, 2022, representation in senior management roles at the Company for (i) women globally was 34%, (ii) Black/African Americans in the U.S. was 6%, and (iii) Hispanics/Latinos in the U.S. was 8%. In addition, by 2025, the Company seeks to maintain or exceed both its current inclusion index score and its current employee engagement index score based on employee surveys.

Gender and Ethnicity Data(1)(2)	2022	2021	2020
Women on the Board of Directors	46%	46%	46%
Women in senior management roles(3)	34%	36%	31%
Women in management roles(4)	45%	44%	42%
Women in the workforce	50%	50%	50%
New hires that were women	52%	53%	50%
Members of underrepresented ethnic groups on the Board of Directors	15%	23%	23%
Members of underrepresented ethnic groups in senior management roles (U.S.)(3)	28%	25%	20%
Members of underrepresented ethnic groups in management roles (U.S.)(4)	27%	26%	25%
Members of underrepresented ethnic groups in the workforce (U.S.)	34%	32%	30%
New hires that were members of underrepresented ethnic groups (U.S.)	47%	46%	40%

(1)    As of 12/31. As self-identified to the Company.

(2)    2020 data has not been restated to adjust for the Organon Spin-Off in 2021.

(3)    “Senior management role” is defined as an individual holding either a Vice President or Senior Vice President title.

(4)    “Management role” is defined as all managers with direct reports other than individuals holding an Executive Vice President title.

Compensation and Benefits

The Company provides a valuable suite of compensation and benefits programs that reflect its commitment to attract, retain and motivate its talent, and support its employees and their families in every stage of life. The Company continuously monitors and adjusts its compensation and benefit programs to ensure they are competitive, contemporary, helpful and engaging, and that they support strategic imperatives such as diversity and inclusion, equity, flexibility, quality, security and affordability. For example, the Company regularly monitors and evaluates its pay practices and policies to ensure that it is paying employees equitably across all genders, races and ethnicities. The Company offers a personal health care concierge service to assist U.S. employees participating in the Company medical plan with their health care needs. Aligned with its business and in support of its cancer care strategy, the Company provides enhanced cancer screening benefits with cash incentives, immediate access to a leading cancer center of excellence for U.S. employees and high value cancer support resources (e.g., caregiving and mental health) for employees and their families. Globally, the Company implemented a minimum standard of 12 weeks of paid parental leave, which inclusively applies to all parents. In the U.S., the Company’s benefits rank in the top quartile of Fortune 100 companies under the Aon 2022 Benefits Index. The Company has been included in the

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Seramount (previously the Working Mother) 100 Best Companies ranking for 36 consecutive years and was named a top ten Best Company for Moms in 2022.

Employee Well-being

The Company is committed to helping its employees and their families improve their own health and well-being, whether physical, mental, financial, or social. The Company’s programs ensure quality, competitive value, protection from significant financial hardship and access to tools and resources to support employees and their families in all stages of their career and their lives, winning the Company awards such as the Best Employers Excellence in Health & Well-being from the Business Group on Health 2022. The Company fosters an array of flexible work arrangements that includes flextime, summer hours, remote work, telework, job sharing and part-time work to help employees succeed personally as well as professionally. As part of the Company’s overall culture of well-being, it also offers onsite services so employees can thrive. For example, in the U.S., these include onsite health care professionals at many major sites, cafeterias committed to healthy menu offerings, onsite childcare, onsite gyms, and the convenient option to bank through its two employee credit unions.

COVID-19 Response

The Company recognizes that it has a unique responsibility to help in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and is committed to supporting and protecting its employees and their families, ensuring that its supply of medicines and vaccines reaches its patients, contributing its scientific expertise to the development of antiviral approaches and supporting its health care providers and the communities in which they serve. The Company continues to provide employees with easy and regular access to information, including guidance around hygiene measures and travel and how to best collaborate via the Company’s hybrid work model. Examples of pandemic support resources and programs available to the Company’s employees include pay continuation for workers who have been sick or exposed, an updated policy that enables employees with medical backgrounds to volunteer in SARS-CoV-2-related activities, resources to prioritize physical and mental wellness, adjustments to medical plans to cover 100% of a COVID-19-related diagnosis, testing and treatment, childcare resources and more.

Engaging Employees

The Company strives to foster employee engagement by promoting a safe, positive, diverse, and inclusive work environment that provides numerous opportunities for two-way communication with employees. Some of the Company’s key programs and initiatives include promoting global employee engagement surveys, ongoing pulse checks to the organization for interim feedback on specific topics, fostering professional networking and collaboration, identifying and providing opportunities for volunteering and establishing positive, cooperative business relations with designated employee representatives.

Talent Management and Development

As the Company pursues its goal of becoming the world’s premier research-based biopharmaceutical company, there is a consistent focus on the importance of continuously developing its diverse and talented people. The Company is committed to talent growth for all, allowing its employees to move more fluidly across the organization, unlocking an environment that allows them to shape their career pathways via non-linear and inclusive opportunities and experience. Merck’s current talent management system supports company-wide performance management, leadership development, talent reviews and succession planning. Annual performance reviews help further the professional development of the Company’s employees and ensure that the Company’s workforce is aligned with the Company’s objectives. The Company seeks to continuously build the skills and capabilities of its workforce to accelerate talent, improve performance and mitigate risk through relevant continuous learning experiences. This includes, but is not limited to, building leadership and management skills, as well as providing technical and functional training to all employees.

Environmental Matters

Environmental Sustainability

The Company strives to be a strong environmental steward, and realizes that its strategy and efforts need to continuously evolve in the face of a changing climate. The Company’s environmental sustainability strategy has three focus areas:

•Driving operational efficiency;

•Designing new products to minimize environmental impact; and

•Reducing any impacts in the Company’s upstream and downstream value chain.

A primary focus of the Company in each of these areas is on climate action. Merck believes that climate change could present risks to its business, as discussed in further detail in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” under the

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headings “Climate change or legal, regulatory or market measures to address climate change may negatively affect the Company’s business, results of operations, cash flows and prospects” and “Environmental, social and governance (ESG) matters may impact the Company’s business and reputation.” Some of the potential impacts of climate change to the Company’s business include increased operating costs due to additional regulatory requirements, physical risks to the Company’s facilities, water limitations and disruptions to its supply chain. These potential risks are integrated into the Company’s business planning, including investment in reducing energy usage, water use and greenhouse gas emissions.

In 2021, the Company’s Scope 1, 2 and 3, reduction targets were verified by the Science-Based Targets initiative (SBTi). The Company has made progress toward its climate goals and aspires to meet and exceed the evolving expectations of its stakeholders and employees. These goals include achieving carbon neutrality for greenhouse gas emissions across operations (Scopes 1 and 2) by 2025, reducing Scope 1 and 2 operational greenhouse gas emissions 46% by 2030 (from a 2019 baseline), reducing Scope 3 greenhouse gas emissions by 30% by 2030 (from a 2019 baseline), and sourcing 100% of its purchased electricity from renewables by 2025. Other environmental sustainability initiatives of the Company include:

•Low Carbon Transition Playbook. In 2021, the Company launched its Low Carbon Transition Playbook, a tool intended to help create a site strategy by identifying gaps, uncovering opportunities and creating a common platform for assessment of levers and resource deployment across a range of sustainability initiatives. It also details how employees and stakeholders can accelerate the Company’s environmental work, along with explanations of the collective benefits of these actions for the business and for stakeholders. Functions across the Company are expected to take advantage of this document to strategize and develop new ways to meet many of the Company’s broader sustainability goals and streamline the Company’s tracking and reporting of specific metrics and categories.

•Waste Diversion Playbook. In 2022, the Company created its Waste Diversion Playbook, which is a tool, similar to the Low Carbon Transition Playbook, to help sites self-assess and develop their waste diversion strategies to achieve the Company’s corporate waste goals. The objectives are to identify and prioritize the most effective and least resource intensive actions, improve tracking and reporting and generate knowledge sharing between sites.

•Partnering for progress across the Company’s value chain. The Company is a signatory to Schneider Electric’s Energize program, a pioneering collaboration to help pharmaceutical and health care suppliers address their own operational Scope 2 greenhouse gas emissions through green power procurement, which in turn is intended to help the signatories reduce their Scope 3 emissions.

•Product stewardship and green and sustainable science. The Company’s product stewardship program focuses on identifying and either preventing or minimizing potential safety and environmental hazards throughout a product’s life cycle. The Company is also committed to understanding, managing and reducing the environmental impacts of its products and the materials associated with discovering and producing them. The Company’s green and sustainable science program uses a “green-by-design” approach. By using more efficient and innovative processing methods and technologies, the Company is reducing the amount of energy, water and raw materials the Company uses to make the Company’s products, thereby reducing the amount of waste the Company generates and lowering the Company’s production costs.

Management does not believe that expenditures related to these initiatives should have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or capital resources for any year.

Environmental Regulation and Remediation

The Company believes that there are no compliance issues associated with applicable environmental laws and regulations that would have a material adverse effect on the Company. The Company is also remediating environmental contamination resulting from past industrial activity at certain of its sites. Expenditures for remediation and environmental liabilities were $4 million in 2022 and are estimated to be $23 million in the aggregate for the years 2023 through 2027. These amounts do not consider potential recoveries from other parties. The Company has taken an active role in identifying and accruing for these costs and, in management’s opinion, the liabilities for all environmental matters that are probable and reasonably estimable have been accrued and totaled $39 million and $40 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these matters, or the ultimate costs of remediation, management does not believe that any reasonably possible expenditures that may be incurred in excess of the liabilities accrued should exceed approximately $35 million in the aggregate. Management also does not believe that these expenditures should have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or capital resources for any year.

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Geographic Area Information

The Company’s operations outside the U.S. are conducted primarily through subsidiaries. Sales worldwide by subsidiaries outside the U.S. as a percentage of total Company sales was 54% in both 2022 and 2021 and 53% in 2020.

The Company’s worldwide business is subject to risks of currency fluctuations, governmental actions and other governmental proceedings abroad. The Company does not regard these risks as a deterrent to further expansion of its operations abroad. However, the Company closely reviews its methods of operations and adopts strategies responsive to changing economic and political conditions.

Merck has operations in countries located in Latin America, the Middle East, Africa, Eastern Europe and Asia Pacific. Business in these developing areas, while sometimes less stable, offers important opportunities for growth over time.

Available Information

The Company’s Internet website address is merck.com. The Company will make available, free of charge at the “Investors” portion of its website, its Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The address of that website is sec.gov. In addition, the Company will provide without charge a copy of its Annual Report on Form 10-K, including financial statements and schedules, upon the written request of any shareholder to the Office of the Secretary, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065 U.S.A.

The Company’s corporate governance guidelines and the charters of the Board of Directors’ four standing committees are available on the Company’s website at https://www.merck.com/company-overview/leadership/board-of-directors/ and all such information is available in print to any shareholder who requests it from the Company.

The Company’s 2021/2022 Environmental, Social & Governance (ESG) Progress Report, which provides enhanced ESG disclosures, is available on the Company’s website at https://www.merck.com/company-overview/esg/esg-resources/. Information in the Company’s ESG Progress Report is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.

Item 1A.Risk Factors.

Summary Risk Factors

The Company is subject to a number of risks that if realized could materially adversely affect its business, results of operations, cash flow, financial condition or prospects. The following is a summary of the principal risk factors facing the Company:

•The Company is dependent on its patent rights, and if its patent rights are invalidated or circumvented, its business could be materially adversely affected.

•As the Company’s products lose market exclusivity, the Company generally experiences a significant and rapid loss of sales from those products.

•Key products generate a significant amount of the Company’s profits and cash flows, and any events that adversely affect the markets for its leading products could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition. The Company expects that sales of Lagevrio, which were $5.7 billion in 2022, will decline significantly to approximately $1.0 billion in 2023.

•The Company’s research and development efforts may not succeed in developing commercially successful products and the Company may not be able to acquire commercially successful products in other ways; in consequence, the Company may not be able to replace sales of successful products that lose patent protection.

•The Company’s success is dependent on the successful development and marketing of new products, which are subject to substantial risks.

•The Company faces continued pricing pressure with respect to its products.

•Unfavorable or uncertain economic conditions, together with cost-reduction measures being taken by certain governments, could negatively affect the Company’s operating results.

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•The Company faces intense competition from lower cost generic products.

•The Company faces intense competition from competitors’ products.

•COVID-19-related disruptions have had an adverse impact on the Company’s business, operations and financial performance. The Company is unable to predict the full extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic or any future pandemic, epidemic or similar public health threat will adversely impact its business, operations, financial performance, results of operations, and financial condition.

•The Company has significant global operations, which expose it to additional risks, and any adverse event could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.

•Climate change or legal, regulatory or market measures to address climate change may negatively affect the Company’s business, results of operations, cash flows and prospects.

•Environmental, social and governance (ESG) matters may impact the Company’s business and reputation.

•Failure to attract and retain highly qualified personnel could affect the Company’s ability to successfully develop and commercialize products.

•The Company may experience difficulties and delays in manufacturing certain of its products, including vaccines.

•The Company may not be able to realize the expected benefits of its investments in emerging markets.

•The ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine and related global disruptions could adversely affect the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

•The Company is exposed to market risk from fluctuations in currency exchange rates and interest rates.

•Pharmaceutical products can develop unexpected safety or efficacy concerns.

•Reliance on third-party relationships and outsourcing arrangements could materially adversely affect the Company’s business.

•Negative events in the animal health industry could have a material adverse effect on future results of operations and financial condition.

•Biologics and vaccines carry unique risks and uncertainties, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s future results of operations and financial condition.

•The health care industry in the U.S. has been, and will continue to be, subject to increasing regulation and political action.

•The Company’s products, including products in development, cannot be marketed unless the Company obtains and maintains regulatory approval.

•Developments following regulatory approval may adversely affect sales of the Company’s products.

•The Company is subject to a variety of U.S. and international laws and regulations.

•The Company is subject to evolving and complex tax laws, which may result in additional liabilities that may affect results of operations and financial condition.

•Adverse outcomes in current or future legal matters could negatively affect Merck’s business.

•Product liability insurance for products may be limited, cost prohibitive or unavailable.

•The Company is increasingly dependent on sophisticated software applications and computing infrastructure. The Company could be a target of future cyber-attacks that could lead to a disruption of its worldwide operations, including manufacturing, research and sales operations.

•Social media and mobile messaging platforms present risks and challenges.

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The above list is not exhaustive, and the Company faces additional challenges and risks. Investors should carefully consider all of the information set forth in this Form 10-K, including the following risk factors, before deciding to invest in any of the Company’s securities.

Risk Factors

The risks below are not the only ones the Company faces. Additional risks not currently known to the Company or that the Company presently deems immaterial may also impair its business operations. The Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flow or prospects could be materially adversely affected by any of these risks. This Form 10-K also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. The Company’s results could materially differ from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including the risks it faces described below and elsewhere. See “Cautionary Factors that May Affect Future Results” below.

Risks Related to the Company’s Business

The Company is dependent on its patent rights, and if its patent rights are invalidated or circumvented, its business could be materially adversely affected.

Patent protection is considered, in the aggregate, to be of material importance to the Company’s marketing of human health and animal health products in the U.S. and in most major foreign markets. Patents covering products that it has introduced normally provide market exclusivity, which is important for the successful marketing and sale of its products. The Company seeks patents covering each of its products in each of the markets where it intends to sell the products and where meaningful patent protection is available.

Even if the Company succeeds in obtaining patents covering its products, third parties or government authorities may challenge or seek to invalidate or circumvent its patents and patent applications. It is important for the Company’s business to successfully assert and defend the patent rights that provide market exclusivity for its products. The Company is often involved in patent disputes relating to challenges to its patents or claims by third parties of infringement against the Company. The Company asserts and defends its patents both within and outside the U.S., including by filing claims of infringement against other parties. See Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” Note 11. “Contingencies and Environmental Liabilities” below. In particular, manufacturers of generic or biosimilar pharmaceutical products from time to time file abbreviated NDAs or BLAs with the FDA seeking to market generic/biosimilar forms of the Company’s products prior to the expiration of relevant patents owned or licensed by the Company. The Company normally responds by asserting one or more of its patents with a lawsuit alleging patent infringement. Patent litigation and other challenges to the Company’s patents are costly and unpredictable and may deprive the Company of market exclusivity for a patented product or, in some cases, third-party patents may prevent the Company from marketing and selling a product in a particular geographic area.

Additionally, certain foreign governments have indicated that compulsory licenses to patents may be granted in the case of national emergencies or in other circumstances, which could diminish or eliminate sales and profits from those regions and negatively affect the Company’s results of operations. Further, court decisions relating to other companies’ patents, potential legislation in both the U.S. and certain foreign markets relating to patents, as well as regulatory initiatives may result in a more general weakening of intellectual property protection.

If one or more important products lose patent protection in profitable markets, sales of those products are likely to decline significantly as a result of generic versions of those products becoming available. The Company’s results of operations may be adversely affected by the lost sales unless and until the Company has launched commercially successful products that replace the lost sales. In addition, if products that were measured at fair value and capitalized in connection with acquisitions experience difficulties in the market that negatively affect product cash flows, the Company may recognize material non-cash impairment charges with respect to the value of those products.

A chart listing the patent protection for certain of the Company’s marketed products, and U.S. patent protection for candidates in Phase 3 clinical development is set forth above in Item 1. “Business — Patents, Trademarks and Licenses.”

As the Company’s products lose market exclusivity, the Company generally experiences a significant and rapid loss of sales from those products.

The Company depends upon patents to provide it with exclusive marketing rights for its products for some period of time. Loss of patent protection for one of the Company’s products typically leads to a significant and rapid loss of sales for that product as lower priced generic versions of that drug become available. In the case of products that contribute significantly to the Company’s sales, the loss of market exclusivity can have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, cash flow, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. While the key U.S.

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patent for Januvia and Janumet claiming the sitagliptin compound expired in January 2023, as a result of favorable court rulings and settlement agreements related to a later expiring patent directed to the specific sitagliptin salt form of the products, the Company expects that these products will not lose market exclusivity in the U.S. until May 2026. However, certain of the rulings are currently being appealed, and an unfavorable court decision would likely cause the products to lose exclusivity in the U.S. toward the end of 2023. The Company lost market exclusivity for Januvia in all of the EU and for Janumet in some European countries in September 2022. Merck expects that exclusivity for Janumet will be lost in other European countries in April 2023. While the Company lost market exclusivity for Januvia in China in 2022 with the approval of a generic equivalent product, the impact on sales in 2023 is expected to be modest. It is anticipated that a generic equivalent of Janumet will be approved in China in the first quarter of 2023, but the impact to sales in 2023 is also expected to be modest. As these products lose exclusivity, the Company anticipates that sales of Januvia and Janumet will decline substantially.

Key products generate a significant amount of the Company’s profits and cash flows, and any events that adversely affect the markets for its leading products could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition. The Company expects that sales of Lagevrio, which were $5.7 billion in 2022, will decline significantly to approximately $1.0 billion in 2023.

The Company’s ability to generate profits and operating cash flow depends largely upon the continued profitability of the Company’s key products, such as Keytruda, Gardasil/Gardasil 9, Lynparza, Bravecto, and Bridion. As a result of the Company’s dependence on key products, any event that adversely affects any of these products or the markets for any of these products could have a significant adverse impact on results of operations and financial condition. These events could include loss of patent protection, increased costs associated with manufacturing, generic or over-the-counter availability of the Company’s product or a competitive product, the discovery of previously unknown side effects, results of post-approval trials, increased competition from the introduction of new, more effective treatments and discontinuation or removal from the market of the product for any reason. Such events could have a material adverse effect on the sales of any such products.

In particular, in 2022, sales of Lagevrio, which were $5.7 billion, represented a substantial portion of the Company’s revenue and profit growth. The Company expects that sales of Lagevrio will decline significantly to approximately $1.0 billion in 2023.

The Company’s research and development efforts may not succeed in developing commercially successful products and the Company may not be able to acquire commercially successful products in other ways; in consequence, the Company may not be able to replace sales of successful products that lose patent protection.

In order to remain competitive, the Company, like other major pharmaceutical companies, must continue to launch new products. Expected declines in sales of products after the loss of market exclusivity mean that the Company’s future success is dependent on its pipeline of new products, including new products that it may develop through collaborations and joint ventures and products that it is able to obtain through license or acquisition. To accomplish this, the Company commits substantial effort, funds and other resources to research and development, both through its own dedicated resources and through various collaborations with third parties. There is a high rate of failure inherent in the research and development process for new drugs and vaccines. As a result, there is a high risk that funds invested by the Company in research programs will not generate financial returns. This risk profile is compounded by the fact that this research has a long investment cycle. To bring a pharmaceutical compound from the discovery phase to market may take a decade or more and failure can occur at any point in the process, including later in the process after significant funds have been invested.

For a description of the research and development process, see Item 1. “Business — Research and Development” above. Each phase of testing is highly regulated and during each phase there is a substantial risk that the Company will encounter serious obstacles or will not achieve its goals. Therefore, the Company may abandon a product in which it has invested substantial amounts of time and resources. Some of the risks encountered in the research and development process include the following: preclinical testing of a new compound may yield disappointing results; competing products from other manufacturers may reach the market first; clinical trials of a new drug may not be successful; a new drug may not be effective or may have harmful side effects; a new drug may not be approved by the regulators for its intended use; it may not be possible to obtain a patent for a new drug; payers may refuse to cover or reimburse the new product; or sales of a new product may be disappointing.

The Company cannot state with certainty when or whether any of its products now under development will be approved or launched; whether it will be able to develop, license or otherwise acquire compounds, product candidates or products; or whether any products, once launched, will be commercially successful. The Company must maintain a continuous flow of successful new products and successful new indications for existing products

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sufficient both to cover its substantial research and development costs and to replace sales that are lost as profitable products lose market exclusivity or are displaced by competing products or therapies. Failure to do so in the short term or long term would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations, cash flow, financial condition and prospects.

The Company’s success is dependent on the successful development and marketing of new products, which are subject to substantial risks.

Products that appear promising in development may fail to reach the market or fail to succeed for numerous reasons, including the following:

•findings of ineffectiveness, superior safety or efficacy of competing products, or harmful side effects in clinical or preclinical testing;

•failure to receive the necessary regulatory approvals, including delays in the approval of new products and new indications, or the anticipated labeling, and uncertainties about the time required to obtain regulatory approvals and the benefit/risk standards applied by regulatory agencies in determining whether to grant approvals;

•failure in certain markets to obtain reimbursement commensurate with the level of innovation and clinical benefit presented by the product;

•lack of economic feasibility due to manufacturing costs or other factors; and

•preclusion from commercialization by the proprietary rights of others.

In the future, if certain pipeline programs are cancelled or if the Company believes that their commercial prospects have been reduced, the Company may recognize material non-cash impairment charges for those programs that were measured at fair value and capitalized in connection with acquisitions or certain collaborations.

Failure to successfully develop and market new products in the short term or long term would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations, cash flow, financial condition and prospects.

The Company faces continued pricing pressure with respect to its products.

The Company faces continued pricing pressure globally and, particularly in mature markets, from managed care organizations, government agencies and programs that could negatively affect the Company’s sales and profit margins. In the U.S., these include (i) practices of managed care groups and institutional and governmental purchasers, (ii) U.S. federal laws and regulations related to Medicare and Medicaid, including the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003, the ACA, the Inflation Reduction Act, and (iii) state activities aimed at increasing price transparency, including new laws as noted above in Item 1. “Competition and the Health Care Environment.” Changes to the health care system enacted as part of health care reform in the U.S., as well as increased purchasing power of entities that negotiate on behalf of Medicare, Medicaid, and private sector beneficiaries, could result in further pricing pressures. In addition, in the U.S., larger customers have received higher rebates on drugs in certain highly competitive categories. The Company must also compete to be placed on formularies of managed care organizations. Exclusion of a product from a formulary can lead to reduced usage in the managed care organization.

In order to provide information about the Company’s pricing practices, the Company annually posts on its website its Pricing Transparency Report for the U.S. The report provides the Company’s average annual list price and net price increases across the Company’s U.S. portfolio dating back to 2010. In 2022, the Company’s gross U.S. sales were reduced by 39.7% as a result of rebates, discounts and returns.

Outside the U.S., numerous major markets, including the EU, Japan and China have pervasive government involvement in funding health care and, in that regard, fix the pricing and reimbursement of pharmaceutical and vaccine products. Consequently, in those markets, the Company is subject to government decision making and budgetary actions with respect to its products. In Japan, the pharmaceutical industry is subject to government-mandated annual price reductions of pharmaceutical products and certain vaccines. Furthermore, the government can order re-pricing for specific products if it determines that use of such product will exceed certain thresholds defined under applicable re-pricing rules.

The Company expects pricing pressures to continue in the future.

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Unfavorable or uncertain economic conditions, together with cost-reduction measures being taken by certain governments, could negatively affect the Company’s operating results.

The Company’s business may be adversely affected by local and global economic conditions, including with respect to inflation, interest rates, and costs of raw materials and packaging. Uncertainty in global economic and geopolitical conditions may result in a slowdown to the global economy that could affect the Company’s business by reducing the prices that drug wholesalers and retailers, hospitals, government agencies and managed health care providers may be able or willing to pay for the Company’s products or by reducing the demand for the Company’s products, which could in turn negatively impact the Company’s sales and result in a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, cash flow, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

As discussed above in “Competition and the Health Care Environment,” global efforts toward health care cost containment continue to exert pressure on product pricing and market access worldwide. Changes to the U.S. health care system as part of health care reform, as well as increased purchasing power of entities that negotiate on behalf of Medicare, Medicaid, and private sector beneficiaries, have contributed to pricing pressure. In several international markets, government-mandated pricing actions have reduced prices of generic and patented drugs. In addition, the Company’s sales performance in 2022 was negatively affected by other cost-reduction measures taken by governments and other third parties to lower health care costs. The Company anticipates all of these actions, and additional actions in the future, will negatively affect sales and profits.

If credit and economic conditions worsen, the resulting economic and currency impacts in the affected markets and globally could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results.

As a result of global macroeconomic conditions, the Company is experiencing some minor disruption and volatility in its global supply chain network. These disruptions could increase in the future and cause delays in shipments of raw materials and packaging, as well as related cost inflation. Any such disruptions, delays or costs may result in the Company’s inability to meet demand for the Company’s products.

The Company faces intense competition from lower cost generic products.

In general, the Company faces increasing competition from lower-cost generic products. The patent rights that protect its products are of varying strengths and durations. In addition, in some countries, patent protection is significantly weaker than in the U.S. or in the EU. In the U.S. and the EU, political pressure to reduce spending on prescription drugs has led to legislation and other measures that encourage the use of generic and biosimilar products. Although it is the Company’s policy to actively protect its patent rights, generic challenges to the Company’s products can arise at any time, and the Company’s patents may not prevent the emergence of generic competition for its products.

Loss of patent protection for a product typically is followed promptly by generic substitutes, reducing the Company’s sales of that product. Availability of generic substitutes for the Company’s drugs may adversely affect its results of operations and cash flow. In addition, proposals emerge from time to time in the U.S. and other countries for legislation to further encourage the early and rapid approval of generic drugs. Any such proposal that is enacted into law could worsen this substantial negative effect on the Company’s sales, business, cash flow, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

The Company faces intense competition from competitors’ products.

The Company’s products face intense competition from competitors’ products. This competition may increase as new products enter the market. In such an event, the competitors’ products may be safer or more effective, more convenient to use, have better insurance coverage or reimbursement levels or be more effectively marketed and sold than the Company’s products. Alternatively, in the case of generic competition, including the generic availability of competitors’ branded products, they may be equally safe and effective products that are sold at a substantially lower price than the Company’s products. As a result, if the Company fails to maintain its competitive position, this could have a material adverse effect on its business, cash flow, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. In addition, if products that were measured at fair value and capitalized in connection with acquisitions experience difficulties in the market that negatively impact product cash flows, the Company may recognize material non-cash impairment charges with respect to the value of those products.

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COVID-19-related disruptions have had an adverse impact on the Company’s business, operations and financial performance. The Company is unable to predict the full extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic or any future pandemic, epidemic or similar public health threat will adversely impact its business, operations, financial performance, results of operations, and financial condition.

The Company’s business and financial results have been negatively impacted by COVID-19-related disruptions since the start of the pandemic. Merck believes that global health systems and patients have largely adapted to the impacts of COVID-19, however, a substantial portion of Merck’s Pharmaceutical segment revenue is comprised of physician-administered products which could be adversely affected by the pandemic if it continues. The continued duration and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic is uncertain and difficult to predict. The degree to which COVID-19-related disruptions impact the Company’s results in 2023 will depend on future developments, beyond the Company’s knowledge or control, including governmental and third-party actions taken to contain or prevent the spread and treatment of the virus and mitigate its public health and economic effects. In addition, any future pandemic, epidemic or similar public health threat could present similar risks to the Company’s business, cash flow, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

The Company has significant global operations, which expose it to additional risks, and any adverse event could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.

The extent of the Company’s operations outside the U.S. is significant. Risks inherent in conducting a global business include:

•changes in medical reimbursement policies and programs and pricing restrictions in key markets;

•multiple regulatory requirements that could restrict the Company’s ability to manufacture and sell its products in key markets;

•trade protection measures and import or export licensing requirements, including the imposition of trade sanctions or similar restrictions by the U.S. or other governments;

•foreign exchange fluctuations;

•diminished protection of intellectual property in some countries; and

•possible nationalization and expropriation.

In addition, there may be changes to the Company’s business and political position if there is instability, disruption or destruction in a significant geographic region, regardless of cause, including war, terrorism, riot, civil insurrection or social unrest; and natural or man-made disasters, including famine, flood, fire, earthquake, storm or disease. Events like these could result in material adverse effects on macroeconomic conditions, currency exchange rates and financial markets.

Climate change or legal, regulatory or market measures to address climate change may negatively affect the Company’s business, results of operations, cash flows and prospects.

The Company believes that climate change has the potential to negatively affect its business and results of operations, cash flows and prospects. The Company is exposed to physical risks (such as extreme weather conditions or rising sea levels), risks in transitioning to a low-carbon economy (such as additional legal or regulatory requirements, changes in technology, market risk and reputational risk) and social and human effects (such as population dislocations and harm to health and well-being) associated with climate change. These risks can be either acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term).

The adverse impacts of climate change include increased frequency and severity of natural disasters and extreme weather events such as hurricanes, tornados, wildfires (exacerbated by drought), flooding, and extreme heat. Extreme weather and sea-level rise pose physical risks to the Company’s facilities as well as those of its suppliers. Such risks include losses incurred as a result of physical damage to facilities, loss or spoilage of inventory, and business interruption caused by such natural disasters and extreme weather events. Other potential physical impacts due to climate change include reduced access to high-quality water in certain regions and the loss of biodiversity, which could impact future product development. These risks could disrupt the Company’s operations and its supply chain, which may result in increased costs.

New legal or regulatory requirements may be enacted to prevent, mitigate, or adapt to the implications of a changing climate and its effects on the environment. These regulations, which may differ across jurisdictions, could result in the Company being subject to new or expanded carbon pricing or taxes, increased compliance costs,

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restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions, investment in new technologies, increased carbon disclosure and transparency, investments in data gathering and reporting systems, upgrades of facilities to meet new building codes, and the redesign of utility systems, which could increase the Company’s operating costs, including the cost of electricity and energy used by the Company. The Company’s supply chain would likely be subject to these same transitional risks and would likely pass along any increased costs to the Company, all of which may affect the Company’s ability to procure raw materials or other supplies required for the operation of the Company’s business at the quantities and levels we require.

Environmental, social and governance (ESG) matters may impact the Company’s business and reputation.

Governmental authorities, non-governmental organizations, customers, investors, external stakeholders and employees are increasingly sensitive to ESG concerns, such as diversity and inclusion, climate change, water use, recyclability or recoverability of packaging, and plastic waste. This focus on ESG concerns may lead to new requirements that could result in increased costs associated with developing, manufacturing and distributing the Company’s products. The Company’s ability to compete could also be affected by changing customer preferences and requirements, such as growing demand for more environmentally friendly products, packaging or supplier practices, or by failure to meet such customer expectations or demand. While the Company strives to improve its ESG performance and has set certain ESG goals and initiatives, the Company risks negative stockholder reaction, including from proxy advisory services, as well as damage to its brand and reputation, if the Company fails to meet its goals and initiatives or otherwise does not act responsibly, or if the Company is perceived to not be acting responsibly, in key ESG areas, including equitable access to medicines and vaccines, product quality and safety, diversity and inclusion, environmental stewardship, support for local communities, corporate governance and transparency, and addressing human capital factors in the Company’s operations. Responding to these ESG considerations and implementation of the Company’s ESG goals and initiatives involves risks and uncertainties, requires investments, and depends in part on third-party performance or data that is outside of the Company’s control. In addition, some stakeholders may disagree with the Company’s ESG goals and initiatives. If the Company does not meet the evolving and varied ESG expectations of its investors, customers and other stakeholders, the Company could experience reduced demand for its products, loss of customers, and other negative impacts on the Company’s business and results of operations.

Failure to attract and retain highly qualified personnel could affect the Company’s ability to successfully develop and commercialize products.

The Company’s success is largely dependent on its continued ability to attract and retain highly qualified scientific, technical and management personnel, as well as personnel with expertise in clinical research and development, governmental regulation and commercialization. Competition for qualified personnel in the pharmaceutical industry, both in the U.S. and internationally, is intense. The Company cannot be sure that it will be able to attract and retain quality personnel or that the costs of doing so will not materially increase.

The Company may experience difficulties and delays in manufacturing certain of its products, including vaccines.

Merck has, in the past, experienced difficulties in manufacturing certain of its products, including vaccines. For example, in 2020 the Company issued a product recall for Zerbaxa following the identification of product sterility issues. The Company may, in the future, experience other difficulties and delays in manufacturing its products, such as (i) failure of the Company or any of its vendors or suppliers to comply with Current Good Manufacturing Practices and other applicable regulations and quality assurance guidelines that could lead to manufacturing shutdowns, product shortages and delays in product manufacturing; (ii) delays related to the construction of new facilities or the expansion of existing facilities, including those intended to support future demand for the Company’s products; and (iii) other manufacturing or distribution problems including supply chain delays, shortages in raw materials, changes in manufacturing production sites and limits to manufacturing capacity due to regulatory requirements, changes in types of products produced, or physical limitations that could impact continuous supply. As previously disclosed, the Company is working to reduce the level of nitrosamines in its sitagliptin-containing medicines such as Januvia. Difficulties in reducing those levels, or achieving timely regulatory approvals for required changes, could result in product shortages. In addition, the Company could experience difficulties or delays in manufacturing its products caused by natural disasters, such as hurricanes. Manufacturing difficulties can result in product shortages, leading to lost sales and reputational harm to the Company.

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The Company may not be able to realize the expected benefits of its investments in emerging markets.

The Company has been taking steps to increase its sales in emerging markets. However, there is no guarantee that the Company’s efforts to expand sales in these markets will succeed. Some countries within emerging markets may be especially vulnerable to periods of global financial instability or may have very limited resources to spend on health care. In order for the Company to successfully implement its emerging markets strategy, it must attract and retain qualified personnel. The Company may also be required to increase its reliance on third-party agents within less developed markets, which may affect its ability to realize continued growth and may also increase the Company’s risk exposure. In addition, many of these countries have currencies that fluctuate substantially and, if such currencies devalue and the Company cannot offset the devaluations, the Company’s financial performance within such countries could be adversely affected.

The Company’s business in China has grown rapidly in the past few years, and the importance of China to the Company’s overall pharmaceutical and vaccines business outside the U.S. has increased accordingly. In addition to its commercial operations, the Company has significant research and manufacturing operations in China. If geopolitical tensions were to increase and disrupt the Company’s operations in China, such disruption could result in a material adverse effect on the Company’s product development, sales, business, cash flow, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Also, continued growth of the Company’s business in China is dependent upon ongoing development of a favorable environment for innovative pharmaceutical products and vaccines, sustained access for the Company’s currently marketed products, and the absence of trade impediments or adverse pricing controls. As noted above in “Competition and the Health Care Environment,” pricing pressure in China has increased as the Chinese government has been taking steps to reduce costs, including implementing health care reform that has led to the acceleration of generic substitution, where available. While the mechanism for drugs being added to the NRDL evolves, inclusion may require a price negotiation which could impact the outlook in the market for selected brands. In 2021, drugs were added to the NRDL with an average of more than 60% price reductions. A new NRDL was recently completed in which new entries averaged 60% price reductions. While pricing pressure has always existed in China, health care reform has increased this pressure in part due to the acceleration of generic substitution through the government’s VBP program. In 2019, the government implemented the VBP program through a tendering process for mature products which have generic substitutes with a Generic Quality Consistency Evaluation approval. Mature products that have entered into the last five rounds of VBP had, on average, a price reduction of more than 50%. The Company expects VBP to be a semi-annual process that will have a significant impact on mature products moving forward.

For all these reasons, sales within emerging markets carry significant risks. However, at the same time, macro economic growth of selected emerging markets is expected to outpace Europe and even the U.S., leading to significant increased health care spending in those countries and access to innovative medicines for patients. A failure to maintain the Company’s presence in emerging markets could therefore have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, cash flow, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

The ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine and related global disruptions could adversely affect the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

The ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine, and the financial and economic sanctions imposed by the U.S., the EU and other countries in response, are having pervasive direct and indirect effects on the global economy, and may adversely affect the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition. The Company is working cross-functionally across the globe to monitor and mitigate interruptions to business continuity resulting from the war, including its impact on Merck’s supply chain, operations and clinical trials.

For humanitarian reasons, the Company is continuing to supply essential medicines and vaccines in Russia while working to maintain compliance with international sanctions. Merck is donating profits resulting from its operations in Russia to humanitarian causes. The Company does not have research or manufacturing facilities in Russia, currently does not plan to make further investments in Russia, and has suspended screening and enrollment in ongoing clinical trials as well as planning for new studies in Russia, although the Company continues to treat patients already enrolled in existing clinical trials and collect data from these studies.

The financial impacts of the war between Russia and Ukraine were immaterial to the Company’s consolidated financial statements in 2022. However, the degree to which the war and related disruptions will impact the Company’s results in the future is difficult to predict and will depend on developments outside of the Company’s control, including, but not limited to, the duration and severity of the war, ongoing and additional financial and economic sanctions imposed by governments in response, restrictions on travel, regional instability, geopolitical

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shifts, and adverse effects on fuel and energy costs, supply chains, macroeconomic conditions, currency exchange rates and financial markets. Such developments may negatively impact the Company directly or indirectly as well as the parties with which the Company conducts business. In addition, the effects of the war between Russia and Ukraine could heighten other risks disclosed herein, which could materially adversely affect the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

The Company is exposed to market risk from fluctuations in currency exchange rates and interest rates.

The Company operates in multiple jurisdictions and virtually all sales are denominated in currencies of the local jurisdiction. Additionally, the Company has entered and will enter into business development transactions, borrowings or other financial transactions that may give rise to currency and interest rate exposure.

Since the Company cannot, with certainty, foresee and mitigate against such adverse fluctuations, fluctuations in currency exchange rates, interest rates and inflation could negatively affect the Company’s business, cash flow, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

In order to mitigate against the adverse impact of these market fluctuations, the Company will from time to time enter into hedging agreements. While hedging agreements, such as currency options and forwards and interest rate swaps, may limit some of the exposure to exchange rate and interest rate fluctuations, such attempts to mitigate these risks may be costly and not always successful.

A portion of Merck’s indebtedness bears interest at variable interest rates, primarily based on the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). LIBOR is the subject of national, international and other regulatory guidance and proposals for reform, which will cause LIBOR to cease to exist entirely in the future. While the Company has begun to implement alternative reference rates as alternatives to LIBOR, the Company cannot predict the consequences and timing of any additional or unexpected developments, which could include an increase in interest expense.

Pharmaceutical products can develop unexpected safety or efficacy concerns.

Unexpected safety or efficacy concerns can arise with respect to marketed products, whether or not scientifically justified, leading to product recalls, withdrawals, or declining sales, as well as product liability, consumer fraud and/or other claims, including potential civil or criminal governmental actions.

Reliance on third-party relationships and outsourcing arrangements could materially adversely affect the Company’s business.

The Company depends on third parties, including suppliers, alliances with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, and third-party service providers, for key aspects of its business including development, manufacture and commercialization of its products and support for its information technology (IT) systems. Failure of these third parties to meet their contractual, regulatory and other obligations to the Company or the development of factors that materially disrupt the relationships between the Company and these third parties could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business.

Negative events in the animal health industry could have a material adverse effect on future results of operations and financial condition.

Future sales of key animal health products could be adversely affected by a number of risk factors including certain risks that are specific to the animal health business. For example, the outbreak of disease carried by animals, such as African Swine Fever, could lead to their widespread death and precautionary destruction as well as the reduced consumption and demand for animals, which could adversely affect the Company’s results of operations. Also, the outbreak of any highly contagious diseases near the Company’s main production sites could require the Company to immediately halt the manufacture of its animal health products at such sites or force the Company to incur substantial expenses in procuring raw materials or products elsewhere. Other risks specific to animal health include epidemics and pandemics, government procurement and pricing practices, weather and global agribusiness economic events. In addition, in 2022, sales of Bravecto were $1.0 billion, which represented approximately 19% of the Company’s Animal Health segment sales. Any negative event with respect to Bravecto could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s Animal Health sales. If the Animal Health segment of the Company’s business becomes more significant, the impact of any such events on future results of operations could also become more significant.

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Biologics and vaccines carry unique risks and uncertainties, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s future results of operations and financial condition.

The successful development, testing, manufacturing and commercialization of biologics and vaccines, particularly human and animal health vaccines, is a long, complex, expensive and uncertain process. There are unique risks and uncertainties related to biologics and vaccines, including:

•There may be limited access to, and supply of, normal and diseased tissue samples, cell lines, pathogens, bacteria, viral strains and other biological materials. In addition, government regulations in multiple jurisdictions, such as the U.S. and the EU, could result in restricted access to, or transport or use of, such materials. If the Company loses access to sufficient sources of such materials, or if tighter restrictions are imposed on the use of such materials, the Company may not be able to conduct research activities as planned and may incur additional development costs.

•The development, manufacturing and marketing of biologics and vaccines are subject to regulation by the FDA, the EMA and other regulatory bodies. These regulations are often more complex and extensive than the regulations applicable to other pharmaceutical products. For example, in the U.S., a BLA, including both preclinical and clinical trial data and extensive data regarding the manufacturing procedures, is required for human vaccine candidates, and FDA approval is generally required for the release of each manufactured commercial human vaccine lot.

•Manufacturing biologics and vaccines, especially in large quantities, is often complex and may require the use of innovative technologies to handle living micro-organisms. Each lot of an approved biologic and vaccine must undergo thorough testing for identity, strength, quality, purity and potency. Manufacturing biologics requires facilities specifically designed for and validated for this purpose, and sophisticated quality assurance and quality control procedures are necessary. Slight deviations anywhere in the manufacturing process, including filling, labeling, packaging, storage and shipping and quality control and testing, may result in lot failures, product recalls or spoilage. When changes are made to the manufacturing process, the Company may be required to provide preclinical and clinical data showing the comparable identity, strength, quality, purity or potency of the products before and after such changes.

•Biologics and vaccines are frequently costly to manufacture because production ingredients are derived from living animal or plant material, and most biologics and vaccines cannot be made synthetically. In particular, keeping up with the demand for vaccines may be difficult due to the complexity of producing vaccines.

•The use of biologically derived ingredients can lead to variability in the manufacturing process and could lead to allegations of harm, including infections or allergic reactions, which allegations would be reviewed through a standard investigation process that could lead to closure of product facilities due to possible contamination. Any of these events could result in substantial costs.

Risks Relating to Government Regulation and Legal Proceedings

The health care industry in the U.S. has been, and will continue to be, subject to increasing regulation and political action.

As discussed above in “Competition and the Health Care Environment,” the Company believes that the health care industry will continue to be subject to increasing regulation as well as political and legal action, as future proposals to reform the health care system are considered by the Executive branch, Congress and state legislatures.

In 2022, Congress passed the Inflation Reduction Act, which makes significant changes to how drugs are covered and paid for under the Medicare program, including the creation of financial penalties for drugs whose prices rise faster than the rate of inflation, redesign of the Medicare Part D program to require manufacturers to bear more of the liability for certain drug benefits, and government price-setting for certain Medicare Part D drugs, starting in 2026, and Medicare Part B drugs starting in 2028.

In addition, in 2021, Congress passed the American Rescue Plan Act, which included a provision that eliminates the statutory cap on rebates drug manufacturers pay to Medicaid beginning in January 2024. These rebates act as a discount off the list price and eliminating the cap means that manufacturer discounts paid to Medicaid can increase. Prior to this change, manufacturers have not been required to pay more than 100% of the Average Manufacturer Price (AMP) in rebates to state Medicaid programs for Medicaid-covered drugs. As a result of this provision, beginning in 2024, it is possible that manufacturers may have to pay state Medicaid programs more in rebates than they received on sales of particular products. This change could present a risk to Merck in the future for drugs that have high Medicaid utilization and rebate exposure that is more than 100% of the AMP.

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In the U.S., the Biden Administration and Congress continue to discuss legislation designed to control health care costs, including the cost of drugs. The Company cannot predict what additional future changes in the health care industry in general, or the pharmaceutical industry in particular, will occur; however, any changes could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, cash flow, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

The Company’s products, including products in development, cannot be marketed unless the Company obtains and maintains regulatory approval.

The Company’s activities, including research, preclinical testing, clinical trials and the manufacturing and marketing of its products, are subject to extensive regulation by numerous federal, state and local governmental authorities in the U.S., including the FDA, and by foreign regulatory authorities, including in the EU, Japan and China. In the U.S., the FDA administers requirements covering the testing, approval, safety, effectiveness, manufacturing, labeling and marketing of prescription pharmaceuticals and vaccines. In some cases, the FDA requirements have increased the amount of time and resources necessary to develop new products and bring them to market in the U.S. Regulation outside the U.S. also is primarily focused on drug safety and effectiveness and, in many cases, reduction in the cost of drugs. The FDA and foreign regulatory authorities, including in the EU, Japan and China, have substantial discretion to require additional testing, to delay or withhold registration and marketing approval and to otherwise preclude distribution and sale of a product.

Even if the Company is successful in developing new products, it will not be able to market any of those products unless and until it has obtained all required regulatory approvals in each jurisdiction where it proposes to market the new products. Once obtained, the Company must maintain approval as long as it plans to market its new products in each jurisdiction where approval is required. The Company’s failure to obtain approval, significant delays in the approval process, or its failure to maintain approval in any jurisdiction will prevent it from selling the products in that jurisdiction. The Company would not be able to realize revenues for those new products in any jurisdiction where it does not have approval.

Developments following regulatory approval may adversely affect sales of the Company’s products.

Even after a product reaches the market, certain developments following regulatory approval may decrease demand for the Company’s products, including the following:

•results in post-approval Phase 4 trials or other studies;

•the re-review of products that are already marketed;

•the recall or loss of marketing approval of products that are already marketed;

•changing government standards or public expectations regarding safety, efficacy, quality or labeling changes;

•scrutiny of advertising and promotion; and

•the withdrawal of indications granted pursuant to accelerated approvals.

In the past, clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance of certain marketed drugs of the Company and of competitors within the industry have raised concerns that have led to recalls, withdrawals or adverse labeling of marketed products. Clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance of certain marketed drugs also have raised concerns among some prescribers and patients relating to the safety or efficacy of pharmaceutical products in general that have negatively affected the sales of such products. In addition, increased scrutiny of the outcomes of clinical trials has led to increased volatility in market reaction. Further, these matters often attract litigation and, even where the basis for the litigation is groundless, considerable resources may be needed to respond.

In addition, following in the wake of product withdrawals and other significant safety issues, health authorities such as the FDA, the EMA, Japan’s PMDA and China’s NMPA have increased their focus on safety when assessing the benefit/risk balance of drugs. Some health authorities appear to have become more cautious when making decisions about approvability of new products or indications.

If previously unknown side effects are discovered or if there is an increase in negative publicity regarding known side effects of any of the Company’s products, it could significantly reduce demand for the product or require the Company to take actions that could negatively affect sales, including removing the product from the market, restricting its distribution or applying for labeling changes. Further, in the current environment in which all pharmaceutical companies operate, the Company is at risk for product liability and consumer protection claims and

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civil and criminal governmental actions related to its products, research and/or marketing activities. In addition, dissemination of promotional materials through evolving digital channels serves to increase visibility and scrutiny in the marketplace.

The Company is subject to a variety of U.S. and international laws and regulations.

The Company is currently subject to a number of government laws and regulations and, in the future, could become subject to new government laws and regulations. The costs of compliance with such laws and regulations, or the negative results of non-compliance, could adversely affect the business, cash flow, results of operations, financial condition and prospects of the Company; these laws and regulations include (i) additional health care reform initiatives in the U.S. or in other countries, including additional mandatory discounts or fees; (ii) the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) or other anti-bribery and corruption laws; (iii) new laws, regulations and judicial or other governmental decisions affecting pricing, drug reimbursement, and access or marketing within or across jurisdictions; (iv) changes in intellectual property laws; (v) changes in accounting standards; (vi) new and increasing data privacy regulations and enforcement, particularly in the EU, the U.S., and China; (vii) legislative mandates or preferences for local manufacturing of pharmaceutical or vaccine products; (viii) emerging and new global regulatory requirements for reporting payments and other value transfers to health care professionals; (ix) environmental regulations; and (x) the potential impact of importation restrictions, embargoes, trade sanctions and legislative and/or other regulatory changes.

The Company is subject to evolving and complex tax laws, which may result in additional liabilities that may affect results of operations and financial condition.

The Company is subject to evolving and complex tax laws in the jurisdictions in which it operates. Significant judgment is required for determining the Company’s tax liabilities, and the Company’s tax returns are routinely examined by various tax authorities. In connection with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Base Erosion and Profit Shifting project, companies are required to disclose more information to tax authorities on operations around the world, which may lead to greater audit scrutiny of profits earned in other countries. The Company believes that its accrual for tax contingencies is adequate for all open years based on past experience, interpretations of tax law, and judgments about potential actions by tax authorities; however, due to the complexity of tax contingencies, the ultimate resolution of any tax matters may result in payments greater or less than amounts accrued. In addition, the Company may be negatively affected by changes in tax laws, or new tax laws, affecting, for example, tax rates, and/or revised tax law interpretations in domestic or foreign jurisdictions, including, among others, any potential changes to the existing U.S. tax law by the current U.S. Presidential administration and Congress, as well as any changes in tax law resulting from the implementation of the OECD’s two-pillar solution to reform the international tax landscape.

The Company has taken the position, based on the opinions of tax counsel, that its distribution of Organon common stock in connection with the 2021 Spin-Off qualifies as a transaction that is tax-free for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If any facts, assumptions, representations, and undertakings from the Company and Organon regarding the past and future conduct of their respective businesses and other matters are incorrect or not otherwise satisfied, the Spin-Off may not qualify for tax-free treatment, which could result in significant U.S. federal income tax liabilities for the Company and its shareholders.

Adverse outcomes in current or future legal matters could negatively affect Merck’s business.

Current or future litigation, claims, proceedings and government investigations could preclude or delay the commercialization of Merck’s products or could adversely affect Merck’s business, results of operations, cash flow, prospects and financial condition. Such legal matters may include, but are not limited to: (i) intellectual property disputes; (ii) adverse decisions in litigation, including product safety and liability, consumer protection and commercial cases; (iii) anti-bribery regulations, such as the FCPA, including compliance with ongoing reporting obligations to the government resulting from any settlements; (iv) recalls or withdrawals of pharmaceutical products or forced closings of manufacturing plants; (v) product pricing and promotional matters; (vi) lawsuits, claims and administrative proceedings asserting, or investigations into, violations of securities, antitrust, Federal and state pricing, consumer protection, data privacy and other laws and regulations; (vii) environmental, health, safety and sustainability matters, including regulatory actions in response to climate change; and (viii) tax liabilities resulting from assessments from tax authorities.

As previously disclosed, Merck, along with certain subsidiaries, are defendants in a number of lawsuits filed starting in 2018 on behalf of direct and indirect purchasers of Zetia (ezetimibe) alleging violations of federal and state antitrust laws, as well as other state statutory and common law causes of action. The lawsuits filed on behalf of

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twenty-five direct purchasers, eight retailers, and a class of indirect purchasers are scheduled to proceed to trial on April 17, 2023. In these cases, plaintiffs seek up to a maximum of $12.7 billion in damages after trebling.

See Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” Note 11, “Contingencies and Environmental Liabilities” for more information on the Company’s legal matters.

Product liability insurance for products may be limited, cost prohibitive or unavailable.

As a result of a number of factors, product liability insurance has become less available while the cost of such insurance has increased significantly. The Company is subject to a substantial number of product liability claims. See Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” Note 11. “Contingencies and Environmental Liabilities” below for more information on the Company’s current product liability litigation. With respect to product liability, the Company self-insures substantially all of its risk, as the availability of commercial insurance has become more restrictive. The Company has evaluated its risks and has determined that the cost of obtaining product liability insurance outweighs the likely benefits of the coverage that is available and, as such, has no insurance for most product liabilities. The Company will continually assess the most efficient means to address its risk; however, there can be no guarantee that insurance coverage will be obtained or, if obtained, will be sufficient to fully cover product liabilities that may arise.

Risks Related to Technology

The Company is increasingly dependent on sophisticated software applications and computing infrastructure. The Company could be a target of future cyber-attacks that could lead to a disruption of its worldwide operations, including manufacturing, research and sales operations.

The Company is increasingly dependent on sophisticated software applications, complex information technology systems, computing infrastructure, and cloud service providers (collectively, IT systems) to conduct critical operations. Certain of these systems are managed, hosted, provided or used by third parties to assist in conducting the Company’s business. Disruption, degradation, or manipulation of these IT systems through intentional or accidental means by the Company’s employees, third parties with authorized access or unauthorized third parties could adversely affect key business processes. Cyber-attacks against the Company’s IT systems or third-party providers’ IT systems, such as cloud-based systems, could result in exposure of confidential information, the modification of critical data, and/or the failure of critical operations. Misuse of any of these IT systems could result in the disclosure of sensitive personal information or the theft of trade secrets, intellectual property, or other confidential business information. The Company continues to leverage new and innovative technologies across the enterprise to replace outmoded technology and improve the efficacy and efficiency of its business processes, including data acquisition; the use of which can create new risks.

Although the aggregate impact of cyber-attacks and network disruptions on the Company’s operations and financial condition has not been material to date, the Company continues to be a target of events of this nature and expects them to continue. The Company monitors its data, information technology and personnel usage of Company IT systems to reduce these risks and continues to do so on an ongoing basis for any current or potential threats. There can be no assurance that the Company’s efforts to protect its data and IT systems or the efforts of third-party providers to protect their IT systems will be successful in preventing disruptions to the Company’s operations, including its manufacturing, research and sales operations. Such disruptions have in the past and could in the future result in loss of revenue, or the loss of critical or sensitive information from the Company’s or the Company’s third-party providers’ databases or IT systems and have in the past and could in the future also result in financial, legal, business or reputational harm to the Company and substantial remediation costs.

Social media and mobile messaging platforms present risks and challenges.

The inappropriate and/or unauthorized use of certain social media and mobile messaging channels could cause brand damage or information leakage or could lead to legal implications, including from the improper collection and/or dissemination of personally identifiable information. In addition, negative or inaccurate posts or comments about the Company or its products on any social networking platforms could damage the Company’s reputation, brand image and goodwill. Further, the disclosure of non-public Company-sensitive information by the Company’s workforce or others through external media channels could lead to information loss. Although there are internal Company Social Media and Mobile Messaging Policies that guide employees on appropriate personal and professional use of these platforms for communication about the Company, the processes in place may not completely secure and protect information. Identifying new points of entry as new communication tools expand also presents new challenges.

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Cautionary Factors that May Affect Future Results

(Cautionary Statements Under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995)

This report and other written reports and oral statements made from time to time by the Company may contain so-called “forward-looking statements,” all of which are based on management’s current expectations and are subject to risks and uncertainties which may cause results to differ materially from those set forth in the statements. One can identify these forward-looking statements by their use of words such as “anticipates,” “expects,” “plans,” “will,” “estimates,” “forecasts,” “projects” and other words of similar meaning, or negative variations of any of the foregoing. One can also identify them by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. These statements are likely to address the Company’s growth strategy, financial results, product approvals, product potential, development programs, environmental or other sustainability initiatives, and may include statements related to the expected impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. One must carefully consider any such statement and should understand that many factors could cause actual results to differ materially from the Company’s forward-looking statements. These factors include inaccurate assumptions and a broad variety of other risks and uncertainties, including some that are known and some that are not. No forward-looking statement can be guaranteed and actual future results may vary materially. The Company does not assume the obligation to update any forward-looking statement. The Company cautions you not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Although it is not possible to predict or identify all such factors, they may include the following:

•Competition from generic and/or biosimilar products as the Company’s products lose patent protection.

•Increased “brand” competition in therapeutic areas important to the Company’s long-term business performance.

•The difficulties and uncertainties inherent in new product development. The outcome of the lengthy and complex process of new product development is inherently uncertain. A drug candidate can fail at any stage of the process and one or more late-stage product candidates could fail to receive regulatory approval. New product candidates may appear promising in development but fail to reach the market because of efficacy or safety concerns, the inability to obtain necessary regulatory approvals, the difficulty or excessive cost to manufacture and/or the infringement of patents or intellectual property rights of others. Furthermore, the sales of new products may prove to be disappointing and fail to reach anticipated levels.

•Pricing pressures, both in the U.S. and abroad, including rules and practices of managed care groups, judicial decisions and governmental laws and regulations related to Medicare, Medicaid and health care reform, pharmaceutical reimbursement and pricing in general.

•The impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic and any future pandemic, epidemic, or similar public health threat, on the Company’s business, operations, financial performance and prospects.

•Changes in government laws and regulations, including laws governing intellectual property, and the enforcement thereof affecting the Company’s business.

•Efficacy or safety concerns with respect to marketed products, whether or not scientifically justified, leading to product recalls, withdrawals or declining sales.

•Significant changes in customer relationships or changes in the behavior and spending patterns of purchasers of health care products and services, including delaying medical procedures, rationing prescription medications, reducing the frequency of physician visits and foregoing health care insurance coverage.

•Legal factors, including product liability claims, antitrust litigation and governmental investigations, including tax disputes, environmental concerns and patent disputes with branded and generic competitors, any of which could preclude commercialization of products or negatively affect the profitability of existing products.

•Cyber-attacks on the Company’s or third-party providers’ information technology systems, which could disrupt the Company’s operations.

•Lost market opportunity resulting from delays and uncertainties in the approval process of the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities.

•Increased focus on privacy issues in countries around the world, including the U.S., the EU, and China. The legislative and regulatory landscape for privacy and data protection continues to evolve, and there has been an increasing amount of focus on privacy and data protection issues with the potential to affect directly the Company’s business, including laws in a majority of states in the U.S. requiring security breach notification.

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•Changes in tax laws including changes related to the taxation of foreign earnings.

•Changes in accounting pronouncements promulgated by standard-setting or regulatory bodies, including the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the SEC, that are adverse to the Company.

•Economic factors over which the Company has no control, including changes in inflation, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates.

This list should not be considered an exhaustive statement of all potential risks and uncertainties. See “Risk Factors” above.

Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 2.Properties.

The Company’s corporate headquarters is currently located in Kenilworth, New Jersey. The Company has previously announced that it intends to consolidate its New Jersey campuses into a single corporate headquarters location in Rahway, New Jersey by the end of 2023. The Company also maintains operational or divisional headquarters in Kenilworth, New Jersey; Madison, New Jersey and Upper Gwynedd, Pennsylvania. Principal U.S. research facilities are located in Rahway and Kenilworth, New Jersey; West Point, Pennsylvania; Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts; South San Francisco, California; and Elkhorn, Nebraska (Animal Health). Principal research facilities outside the U.S. are located in the United Kingdom, Switzerland and China. Merck’s manufacturing operations are currently headquartered in Rahway, New Jersey. The Company also has production facilities for human health products at seven locations in the U.S. and Puerto Rico. Outside the U.S., through subsidiaries, the Company owns or has an interest in manufacturing plants or other properties in Japan, Singapore, South Africa, and other countries in Western Europe, Central and South America, and Asia.

The Company and its subsidiaries own their principal facilities and manufacturing plants under titles that they consider to be satisfactory. The Company believes that its properties are in good operating condition and that its machinery and equipment have been well maintained. The Company believes that its plants for the manufacture of products are suitable for their intended purposes and have capacities and projected capacities, including previously disclosed capital expansion projects, that will be adequate for current and projected needs for existing Company products. Some capacity of the plants is being converted, with any needed modification, to the requirements of newly introduced and future products.

Item 3.Legal Proceedings.

The information called for by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” Note 11. “Contingencies and Environmental Liabilities”.

Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not Applicable.

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Executive Officers of the Registrant (ages as of February 1, 2023)

All officers listed below serve at the pleasure of the Board of Directors. None of these officers was elected pursuant to any arrangement or understanding between the officer and any other person(s).

Name	Age	Offices and Business Experience
Robert M. Davis	56	Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer (since December 2022); Chief Executive Officer and President (July 2021-December 2022); Executive Vice President, Global Services, and Chief Financial Officer (April 2016-July 2021)
Sanat Chattopadhyay	63	Executive Vice President and President, Merck Manufacturing Division (since March 2016)
Richard R. DeLuca, Jr.	60	Executive Vice President and President, Merck Animal Health (since September 2011)
Cristal Downing	54	Executive Vice President and Chief Communications & Public Affairs Officer (since August 2021); Vice President Medical Devices, Global Communications and Public Affairs Johnson & Johnson (December 2020-August 2021); Vice President Financial Communication, Johnson & Johnson (January 2018-December 2020); Prior to that, Senior Director Communications at Johnson & Johnson
Chirfi Guindo	57	Senior Vice President, Chief Marketing Officer, Human Health (since July 2022); Prior to that, Executive Vice President, Head of Global Product Strategy and Commercialization, Biogen Inc. (July 2018-July 2022); Executive Vice President, Head of Global Marketing, Market Access and Customer Innovation, Biogen Inc. (November 2017-June 2018)
Rita A. Karachun	59	Senior Vice President Finance - Global Controller (since March 2014)
Michael A. Klobuchar	47	Executive Vice President, Chief Strategy Officer (since July 2021); Senior Vice President, CFO of Merck R&D and Head of Global Portfolio and Alliance Management (January 2019-June 2021); Senior Vice President of Corporate Strategy and Planning and President of Emerging Businesses (December 2017-January 2019)
Lisa LeCointe-Cephas	41	Senior Vice President, Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer (since April 2021); Executive Director, Head of Global Investigations (February 2018-April 2021); Prior to that, Senior Counsel, Litigation and Government Investigations, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Dean Li	60	Executive Vice President, President, Merck Research Laboratories (since January 2021); Senior Vice President, Discovery Sciences and Translational Medicine, Merck Research Laboratories (November 2017-January 2021); Vice President, Translational Medicine (March 2017-November 2017)
Caroline Litchfield	54	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (since April 2021); Senior Vice President, Corporate Treasurer (January 2018-March 2021)
Steven C. Mizell	62	Executive Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer (since October 2018); Prior to that, Executive Vice President, Human Resources, Monsanto Company
Johannes J. Oosthuizen	55	Senior Vice President and President Merck U.S. Human Health (since January 2022); Senior Vice President and Head of Global Oncology Commercial (January 2021-December 2021); Senior Vice President and President of MSD K.K. (July 2016-December 2020)
Joseph Romanelli	49	Senior Vice President and President MSD International Human Health (since July 2022); Chief Executive Officer JiXing Pharmaceuticals (July 2021-July 2022); President MSD China (December 2016-July 2021)
David M. Williams	54	Executive Vice President, Chief Information and Digital Officer (since August 2020); Acting Chief Information and Digital Officer (December 2019-August 2020); Vice President and Chief Information Officer, Merck Animal Health (May 2017-December 2019)
Jennifer Zachary	45	Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary (since January 2020); Executive Vice President and General Counsel (April 2018-January 2020); Prior to that, Partner, Covington & Burling LLP

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PART II

Item 5.Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

The principal market for trading of the Company’s Common Stock is the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol MRK.

As of January 31, 2023, there were approximately 95,850 shareholders of record of the Company’s Common Stock.

Issuer purchases of equity securities for the three months ended December 31, 2022 were as follows:

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

			Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	($ in millions)
Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased(1)	Average Price Paid Per Share		Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(1)
October 1 — October 31	—	—	—	$5,047
November 1 — November 30	—	—	—	$5,047
December 1 — December 31	—	—	—	$5,047
Total	—	—	—

(1)    The Company did not purchase any shares during the three months ended December 31, 2022 under the plan approved by the Board of Directors in October 2018 to purchase up to $10 billion in Merck shares for its treasury.

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Performance Graph

The following graph assumes a $100 investment on December 31, 2017, and reinvestment of all dividends, in each of the Company’s Common Stock, the S&P 500 Index, and a composite peer group of major U.S. and European-based pharmaceutical companies, which are: AbbVie Inc., Amgen Inc., AstraZeneca plc, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Johnson & Johnson, Eli Lilly and Company, Gilead Sciences Inc., GlaxoSmithKline plc, Novartis AG, Pfizer Inc., Roche Holding AG, and Sanofi SA.

Comparison of Five-Year Cumulative Total Return

Merck & Co., Inc., Composite Peer Group and S&P 500 Index

	End of Period Value	2022/2017 CAGR*
MERCK	$242	19%
PEER GROUP**	175	12%
S&P 500	157	9%

	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
MERCK	100.0	140.0	171.2	158.8	161.7	241.5
PEER GROUP	100.0	106.1	125.7	134.2	164.8	174.8
S&P 500	100.0	95.6	125.7	148.8	191.5	156.8

*    Compound Annual Growth Rate

**    Peer group average was calculated on a market cap weighted basis as of December 31, 2017.

This Performance Graph will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, except to the extent that the Company specifically incorporates it by reference. In addition, the Performance Graph will not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C, other than as provided in Regulation S-K, or to the liabilities of section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, except to the extent that the Company specifically requests that such information be treated as soliciting material or specifically incorporates it by reference into a filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

Item 6.     [Reserved]

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Item 7.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2022 and 2021 results and year-to-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021. Discussion of 2020 results and year-to-year comparisons between 2021 and 2020 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 filed on February 25, 2022.

Description of Merck’s Business

Merck & Co., Inc. (Merck or the Company) is a global health care company that delivers innovative health solutions through its prescription medicines, including biologic therapies, vaccines and animal health products. The Company’s operations are principally managed on a product basis and include two operating segments, Pharmaceutical and Animal Health, both of which are reportable segments.

The Pharmaceutical segment includes human health pharmaceutical and vaccine products. Human health pharmaceutical products consist of therapeutic and preventive agents, generally sold by prescription, for the treatment of human disorders. The Company sells these human health pharmaceutical products primarily to drug wholesalers and retailers, hospitals, government agencies and managed health care providers such as health maintenance organizations, pharmacy benefit managers and other institutions. Human health vaccine products consist of preventive pediatric, adolescent and adult vaccines. The Company sells these human health vaccines primarily to physicians, wholesalers, physician distributors and government entities.

The Animal Health segment discovers, develops, manufactures and markets a wide range of veterinary pharmaceutical and vaccine products, as well as health management solutions and services, for the prevention, treatment and control of disease in all major livestock and companion animal species. The Company also offers an extensive suite of digitally connected identification, traceability and monitoring products. The Company sells its products to veterinarians, distributors, animal producers, farmers and pet owners.

Spin-Off of Organon & Co.

On June 2, 2021, Merck completed the spin-off of products from its women’s health, biosimilars and established brands businesses into a new, independent, publicly traded company named Organon & Co. (Organon) through a distribution of Organon’s publicly traded stock to Company shareholders. The distribution is expected to qualify and has been treated as tax-free to the Company and its shareholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The established brands included in the transaction consisted of dermatology, non-opioid pain management, respiratory, select cardiovascular products, as well as the rest of Merck’s diversified brands franchise. Merck’s existing research pipeline programs continue to be owned and developed within Merck as planned. The historical results of the businesses that were contributed to Organon in the spin-off have been reflected as discontinued operations in the Company’s consolidated financial statements through the date of the spin-off (see Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements).

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Overview

Financial Highlights

($ in millions except per share amounts)	2022		% Change		% Change Excluding Foreign Exchange		2021		% Change		% Change Excluding Foreign Exchange		2020
Sales	$	59,283	22	%	26	%	$	48,704	17	%	16	%	$	41,518
Net Income from Continuing Operations Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.:
GAAP	$	14,519	18	%	21	%	$	12,345	*		*		$	4,519
Non-GAAP (1)	$	19,005	40	%	43	%	$	13,623	81	%	98	%	$	7,545
Earnings per Common Share Assuming Dilution from Continuing Operations Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders:
GAAP	$	5.71	17	%	21	%	$	4.86	*		*		$	1.78
Non-GAAP (1)	$	7.48	39	%	43	%	$	5.37	81	%	98	%	$	2.97

* > 100%

(1) Non-GAAP net income and non-GAAP earnings per share (EPS) exclude acquisition and divestiture-related costs, restructuring costs, gains and losses from investments in equity securities, and certain other items from Merck’s results prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (GAAP). In 2022, the Company changed the treatment of certain items for purposes of its non-GAAP reporting. Prior periods have been recast to conform to the current presentation. For further discussion and a reconciliation of GAAP to non-GAAP net income and EPS, see “Non-GAAP Income and Non-GAAP EPS from Continuing Operations” below.

Executive Summary

Merck’s 2022 results reflect sustained strong demand for the Company’s innovative product portfolio benefiting patients globally, enabled by strong operational and commercial execution, the completion of business development transactions to support its science-led strategy, as well as progress in its pipeline across therapeutic areas, modalities and stage of development.

Worldwide sales were $59.3 billion in 2022, an increase of 22% compared with 2021, or 26% excluding the unfavorable effect of foreign exchange. The sales increase was primarily due to growth in virology (driven by the benefit of Lagevrio sales), oncology, vaccines and hospital acute care. Sales within the Animal Health business were consistent with prior year. As discussed below, COVID-19-related disruptions negatively affected sales in 2022, but to a lesser extent than in 2021, which benefited year-over-year sales growth.

Merck continues to execute strategic business development opportunities to augment its robust internal pipeline with compelling external science. Highlights of 2022 activity include the following:

•Exercised an option to jointly develop and commercialize personalized therapeutic cancer vaccine mRNA-4157/V940 under an existing collaboration and license agreement with Moderna, Inc. (Moderna).

•Entered into a collaboration with Orna Therapeutics (Orna), a company pioneering a new investigational class of engineered circular RNA therapies, to discover, develop, and commercialize multiple programs, including vaccines and therapeutics in the areas of infectious disease and oncology.

•Entered into a global co-development and co-commercialization agreement for Orion Corporation’s (Orion) investigational candidate ODM-208 (MK-5684) currently being evaluated for the treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).

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•Entered into a license and collaboration agreement with Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Kelun-Biotech) for the development, manufacture and commercialization of an investigational antibody drug conjugate (ADC) (MK-1200) for the treatment of solid tumors.

•Exercised an option to obtain an exclusive license (outside of Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan) for the development, manufacture and commercialization of Kelun-Biotech’s trophoblast antigen 2 (TROP2)-targeting ADC programs, including its lead compound SKB-264 (MK-2870).

•Entered into a license and collaboration agreement expanding the Company’s relationship with Kelun-Biotech pursuant to which Merck gained exclusive rights for the research, development, manufacture and commercialization of up to seven investigational preclinical ADCs for the treatment of cancer (Kelun-Biotech retained rights for certain licensed and option ADCs for Chinese mainland, Hong Kong and Macau); the transaction closed in February 2023.

•Entered into agreement to acquire Imago BioSciences, Inc. (Imago), a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company developing new medicines for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms and other bone marrow diseases; the acquisition closed in January 2023.

During 2022, the Company received numerous regulatory approvals within oncology. Keytruda received approval for additional indications in the U.S. and/or internationally as monotherapy in the therapeutic areas of biliary, colorectal, endometrial, gastric, melanoma, small intestine and renal cell cancers, as well as in combination with chemotherapy in the therapeutic areas of breast and cervical cancers. Keytruda was also approved in combination with Lenvima in Japan for the treatment of certain adult patients with radically unresectable or metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Lenvima is being developed in collaboration with Eisai Co., Ltd. (Eisai). Lynparza, which is being developed in collaboration with AstraZeneca PLC (AstraZeneca), received approval in the U.S., the European Union (EU) and Japan for the adjuvant treatment of certain adult patients with high-risk early breast cancer and in the EU for the treatment of certain patients with mCRPC.

Also in 2022, Vaxneuvance, a vaccine to help prevent pneumococcal disease, was approved for expanded indications in the U.S. and the EU to include use in infants, adolescents and children. Additionally in 2022, Lyfnua (gefapixant) was approved in Japan for adults with refractory or unexplained chronic cough. In addition, in 2022, Lagevrio, which is being developed in a collaboration with Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP (Ridgeback), received emergency conditional approval in China for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in adults who are at risk for progressing to severe COVID-19.

In addition to the recent regulatory approvals discussed above, the Company advanced its late-stage pipeline with several regulatory submissions.

Keytruda is under review in the U.S. and/or internationally for supplemental indications for the treatment of certain patients with hepatocellular, Merkel cell, non-small-cell lung and urothelial cancers, as well as primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL). Lynparza is under review for supplemental indications in the U.S. and Japan for the treatment of certain patients with mCRPC. MK-4482, Lagevrio, an investigational oral antiviral COVID-19 medicine, is under a rolling review by the European Medicines Agency (EMA); the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the EMA has recommended the refusal of the marketing authorization, which Merck and Ridgeback intend to appeal. MK-7264, gefapixant, a selective, non-narcotic, orally-administered, investigational P2X3-receptor antagonist being developed for the treatment of refractory, chronic cough is under review in the U.S. and the EU.

The Company’s Phase 3 oncology programs include:

•Keytruda in the therapeutic areas of biliary, cutaneous squamous cell, gastric, hepatocellular, mesothelioma, ovarian, prostate and small-cell lung cancers;

•Lynparza in combination with Keytruda for non-small-cell lung and small-cell lung cancers;

•Lenvima in combination with Keytruda for colorectal, esophageal, gastric, head and neck, melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancers;

•MK-1308A, the coformulation of quavonlimab, Merck’s novel investigational anti-CTLA-4 antibody, and pembrolizumab for RCC;

•MK-3475, subcutaneous pembrolizumab for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC);

•MK-3475A, the subcutaneous coformulation of pembrolizumab with hyaluronidase, for NSCLC;

•MK-4280A, the coformulation of favezelimab, Merck’s novel investigational anti-LAG3 therapy, and pembrolizumab for colorectal cancer and hematological malignancies;

•Welireg for RCC;

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•MK-7119, Tukysa (tucatinib), which is being developed in collaboration with Seagen Inc. (Seagen), for breast and colorectal cancers; and

•MK-7684A, the coformulation of vibostolimab, an anti-TIGIT therapy, and pembrolizumab for melanoma, non-small-cell and small-cell lung cancers.

Additionally, the Company currently has candidates in Phase 3 clinical development in several other therapeutic areas including:

•V116, an investigational 21-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for the prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumococcal pneumonia in adults;

•MK-7962, sotatercept, for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH);

•MK-1654, clesrovimab, for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus;

•MK-8591A, islatravir in combination with doravirine for the treatment of HIV-1 infection (which is on partial clinical hold for higher doses than those used in current clinical trials); and

•MK-4482, Lagevrio, which is reflected in Phase 3 development in the U.S. as it remains investigational following Emergency Use Authorization in 2021.

Merck’s capital allocation priorities are to make investments in its business to drive near- and long-term growth, including investing in opportunities to address important unmet medical needs and supporting the Company’s commercial opportunities. In addition, Merck remains committed to its dividend and will continue to pursue the most compelling external science through value-enhancing business development transactions. Research and development expenses in 2022 reflect higher clinical development spending particularly in the therapeutic areas of oncology, cardiovascular, infectious diseases and vaccines.

In November 2022, Merck’s Board of Directors approved an increase to the Company’s quarterly dividend, raising it to $0.73 per share from $0.69 per share on the Company’s outstanding common stock. During 2022, the Company returned $7.0 billion to shareholders through dividends.

GAAP and Non-GAAP EPS were negatively affected in 2022, 2021 and 2020 by $0.22, $0.65, and $1.56, respectively, of charges for certain upfront and pre-approval milestone payments related to collaborations and licensing agreements, as well as charges related to pre-approval assets obtained in transactions accounted for as asset acquisitions.

War in Ukraine

In February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine. The Company’s primary concerns are the safety and well-being of its employees and ensuring patients and customers have continued access to medicines and vaccines needed for patient and public health. The Company is working cross-functionally across the globe to monitor and mitigate interruptions to business continuity resulting from the war, including its impact on Merck’s supply chain, operations and clinical trials. For humanitarian reasons, the Company is continuing to supply essential medicines and vaccines in Russia while working to maintain compliance with international sanctions. Merck is donating profits

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resulting from its operations in Russia to humanitarian causes. The Company does not have research or manufacturing facilities in Russia, currently does not plan to make further investments in Russia, and has suspended screening and enrollment in ongoing clinical trials as well as planning for new studies in Russia, although the Company continues to treat patients already enrolled in existing clinical trials and collect data from these studies. The Company is also using its resources to help alleviate the humanitarian crisis in Ukraine, including through donations of funds and products. The financial impacts of the war were immaterial to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for 2022. Sales to Russia were approximately 1% of total Merck consolidated sales for 2022 and are expected to decline in future periods. The Company is unable to determine at this time the future direct or indirect impacts of this war on the Company’s business.

COVID-19

Although COVID-19-related disruptions had some negative effect on sales in 2022, Merck continues to believe that global health systems and patients have largely adapted to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Merck’s revenue in 2022 benefited from sales of Lagevrio, which were $5.7 billion. Merck expects sales of Lagevrio will decline significantly in 2023 to approximately $1.0 billion.

In 2021, COVID-19-related disruptions resulted in an estimated negative impact to Pharmaceutical segment sales of approximately $1.3 billion because a substantial portion of Pharmaceutical segment revenue is comprised of physician-administered products, which were unfavorably affected by social distancing measures and fewer well visits. Sales in 2021 benefited from $952 million of Lagevrio sales.

In April 2021, Merck announced it was discontinuing the development of MK-7110 for the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19, which was obtained as part of Merck’s acquisition of OncoImmune (see Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements). This decision resulted in charges of $207 million to Cost of sales in 2021.

Operating expenses in 2021 reflect a minor positive effect as investments in COVID-19-related research largely offset the favorable impact of lower spending in other areas due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In March 2021, Merck announced it had entered into multiple agreements to support efforts to expand manufacturing capacity and supply of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 medicines and vaccines. The Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), a division of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, provided Merck with $102 million of funding in the first quarter of 2022 to adapt and make available a number of existing manufacturing facilities for the production of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 vaccines and medicines. The funding was recognized as a reduction to Cost of sales over the expected production period, offsetting the depreciation expense related to the amounts that were capitalized in connection with the modification of the manufacturing facilities. Merck and Johnson & Johnson have commenced an arbitration regarding a dispute concerning two agreements pursuant to which Merck was supporting the manufacturing and supply of Johnson & Johnson’s SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 vaccine and vaccine drug product. The amounts included in the consolidated financial statements for these agreements were immaterial in 2022. Merck does not believe the outcome of the arbitration will have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

Pricing

Global efforts toward health care cost containment continue to exert pressure on product pricing and market access worldwide. Changes to the U.S. health care system enacted in prior years as part of health care reform, as well as increased purchasing power of entities that negotiate on behalf of Medicare, Medicaid, and private sector beneficiaries, have contributed to pricing pressure. In several international markets, government-mandated pricing actions have reduced prices of generic and patented drugs. In addition, the Company’s sales performance in 2022 was negatively affected by other cost-reduction measures taken by governments and other third parties to lower health care costs. In 2022, the U.S. Congress passed the Inflation Reduction Act, which makes significant changes to how drugs are covered and paid for under the Medicare program, including the creation of financial penalties for drugs whose prices rise faster than the rate of inflation, redesign of the Medicare Part D program to require manufacturers to bear more of the liability for certain drug benefits, and government price-setting for certain Medicare Part D drugs (starting in 2026) and Medicare Part B drugs (starting in 2028). In the U.S., the Biden Administration and Congress continue to discuss legislation designed to control health care costs, including the cost of drugs. The Company anticipates all of these actions and additional actions in the future will negatively affect sales and profits.

Supply Chain

As a result of global macroeconomic conditions, the Company is experiencing some minor disruption and volatility in its global supply chain network. These disruptions could increase in the future and cause delays in shipments of raw materials and packaging, as well as related cost inflation.

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Operating Results

Sales

($ in millions)	2022		% Change		% Change Excluding Foreign Exchange		2021		% Change		% Change Excluding Foreign Exchange		2020
United States	$	27,206	21	%	21	%	$	22,425	14	%	14	%	$	19,588
International	32,077		22	%	29	%	26,279		20	%	17	%	21,930
Total	$	59,283	22	%	26	%	$	48,704	17	%	16	%	$	41,518

Worldwide sales grew 22% in 2022 attributable in part to higher sales in the virology franchise driven by Lagevrio. Also contributing to revenue growth were higher sales in the oncology franchise largely due to strong growth of Keytruda and increased alliance revenue from Lenvima and Lynparza, as well as higher sales in the vaccines franchise, primarily attributable to growth in Gardasil/Gardasil 9 and the launch of Vaxneuvance for pediatric use. Higher sales of hospital acute care products, including Bridion, Zerbaxa, Dificid and Prevymis, as well as higher revenue related to third-party manufacturing arrangements also drove revenue growth in 2022. As discussed above, COVID-19-related disruptions had some negative effects on sales in 2022, but to a lesser extent than in 2021, which benefited year-over-year sales growth. Sales growth in 2022 was partially offset by lower sales of diabetes products Januvia and Janumet, the Pneumovax 23 vaccine, and virology products Isentress/Isentress HD.

Sales in the U.S. grew 21% in 2022 primarily driven by higher sales of Keytruda, Lagevrio, Gardasil 9, as well as increased alliance revenue from Lenvima and Reblozyl (obtained as part of the Acceleron Pharma Inc. (Acceleron) acquisition in November 2021), and the launch of Vaxneuvance for pediatric use. Higher sales of Bridion, Welireg, Zerbaxa and Dificid, as well as increased revenue from third-party manufacturing arrangements also contributed to U.S. sales growth in 2022. Lower sales of Pneumovax 23 and Januvia partially offset revenue growth in the U.S. in 2022.

International sales grew 22% in 2022 primarily due to higher sales of Lagevrio, Gardasil/Gardasil 9, Keytruda, and Zerbaxa, as well as increased revenue from third-party manufacturing arrangements, partially offset by lower sales of Januvia/Janumet, Simponi, Isentress/Isentress HD, Remicade, and Pneumovax 23. International sales represented 54% of total sales in both 2022 and 2021.

See Note 19 to the consolidated financial statements for details on sales of the Company’s products. A discussion of performance for select products in the franchises follows.

Pharmaceutical Segment

Oncology

($ in millions)	2022		% Change		% Change Excluding Foreign Exchange		2021		% Change		% Change Excluding Foreign Exchange		2020
Keytruda	$	20,937	22	%	27	%	$	17,186	20	%	18	%	$	14,380
Alliance Revenue - Lynparza (1)	1,116		13	%	18	%	989		36	%	35	%	725
Alliance Revenue - Lenvima (1)	876		24	%	28	%	704		21	%	20	%	580
Alliance Revenue - Reblozyl (2)	166		*		*		17		—		—		—

* > 100%

(1)    Alliance revenue represents Merck’s share of profits, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements).

(2) Alliance revenue represents royalties and, for 2022, also includes a payment received related to the achievement of a regulatory approval milestone (see Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements).

Keytruda is an anti-PD-1 (programmed death receptor-1) therapy that has been approved as monotherapy for the treatment of certain patients with cervical cancer, classical Hodgkin lymphoma, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), NSCLC, melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) cancer (solid tumors) including MSI-H/dMMR colorectal cancer, MSI-H/dMMR advanced endometrial carcinoma, PMBCL, tumor mutational burden-high (TMB-H) cancer (solid tumors), and urothelial carcinoma, including non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Additionally, Keytruda is approved as monotherapy for the adjuvant treatment of certain patients with RCC at intermediate-high or high risk of recurrence and for certain patients with completely resected stage IIB, IIC or III melanoma, and for adjuvant treatment following resection and platinum-based chemotherapy for adult patients with stage IB (T2a ≥4 cm), II, or IIIA NSCLC. Keytruda

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is also approved for certain patients with high-risk early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in combination with chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment, and then continued as a single agent as adjuvant treatment after surgery. In addition, Keytruda is approved for the treatment of certain patients in combination with chemotherapy for metastatic squamous and nonsquamous NSCLC, in combination with chemotherapy, with or without bevacizumab for advanced cervical cancer, in combination with chemotherapy for esophageal cancer, in combination with trastuzumab, fluoropyrimidine- and platinum-containing chemotherapy for human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)-positive gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma, in combination with chemotherapy for HNSCC, in combination with chemotherapy for locally recurrent unresectable or metastatic TNBC, in combination with axitinib for advanced RCC, and in combination with Lenvima for certain patients with advanced endometrial carcinoma or advanced RCC. The Keytruda clinical development program includes studies across a broad range of cancer types.

Global sales of Keytruda grew 22% in 2022 primarily driven by higher demand as the Company continues to launch Keytruda with multiple new indications globally. Sales in the U.S. continue to build across the multiple approved metastatic indications, in particular for the treatment of certain types of RCC, HNSCC, and MSI-H cancers. Keytruda sales growth in the U.S. also benefited from increased uptake across recent launches in earlier-stage indications including in high-risk early stage TNBC, as well as certain types of RCC and melanoma. Keytruda sales growth in international markets reflects continued uptake predominately for the NSCLC, HNSCC and RCC indications, particularly in Europe.

Keytruda recently received numerous regulatory approvals summarized below.

Date	Approval
January 2022	EC approval as monotherapy for the adjuvant treatment of adults with RCC at increased risk of recurrence following nephrectomy, or following nephrectomy and resection of metastatic lesions, based on the KEYNOTE-564 trial.
February 2022	Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) approval of the combination of Keytruda plus Lenvima for radically unresectable or metastatic RCC, based on the CLEAR (Study 307)/KEYNOTE-581 trial.
February 2022	MHLW approval for the treatment of adult patients with advanced or recurrent TMB-H solid tumors that have progressed after chemotherapy (limited to use when difficult to treat with standard of care), based on the KEYNOTE-158 trial.
March 2022	U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval as a single agent for the treatment of patients with advanced endometrial carcinoma that is MSI-H or dMMR who have disease progression following prior systemic therapy in any setting and are not candidates for curative surgery or radiation, based on the KEYNOTE-158 trial (Cohorts D & K).
April 2022	EC approval in combination with chemotherapy, with or without bevacizumab, for the treatment of persistent, recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer in certain adults whose tumors express PD-L1, based on the KEYNOTE-826 trial.
April 2022	EC approval as monotherapy for the treatment of certain adult patients with unresectable or metastatic MSI-H/dMMR colorectal, gastric, small intestine or biliary cancer, as well as advanced or recurrent MSI-H/dMMR endometrial carcinoma, based on the KEYNOTE-164 and KEYNOTE-158 trials.
May 2022	EC approval in combination with chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment, and then continued as monotherapy as adjuvant treatment after surgery for adults with locally advanced or early-stage TNBC at high risk of recurrence, based on the KEYNOTE-522 trial.
June 2022	EC approval as monotherapy for the adjuvant treatment of adults and adolescents aged 12 years and older with stage IIB or IIC melanoma and who have undergone complete resection, based on the KEYNOTE-716 trial. EC approval expanding the indications in advanced (unresectable or metastatic) melanoma and stage III melanoma with lymph node involvement (as adjuvant treatment following complete resection) to include adolescent patients aged 12 years and older.
August 2022	MHLW approval as monotherapy for the adjuvant treatment of certain patients with RCC at increased risk of recurrence following nephrectomy, or following nephrectomy and resection of metastatic lesions, based on the KEYNOTE-564 trial.
September 2022	MHLW approval in combination with chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment, and then continued as monotherapy as adjuvant treatment after surgery for patients with hormone receptor-negative and HER2-negative breast cancer at high risk of recurrence, based on the KEYNOTE-522 trial.

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September 2022	MHLW approval in combination with chemotherapy, with or without bevacizumab, for the treatment of patients with advanced or recurrent cervical cancer with no prior chemotherapy who are not amenable to curative treatment, based on the KEYNOTE-826 trial.
September 2022	MHLW approval as monotherapy for the adjuvant treatment of patients with stage IIB or IIC melanoma after complete resection, based on the KEYNOTE-716 trial.
October 2022	China’s National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) approval as monotherapy for the treatment of patients with HCC who have been previously treated with sorafenib or oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy, based on the KEYNOTE-394 trial.
November 2022	NMPA approval for the treatment of patients with high-risk early-stage TNBC whose tumors express PD-L1, in combination with chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment, and then continued as a monotherapy as adjuvant treatment after surgery, based on the KEYNOTE-522 trial.
January 2023	FDA approval as a single agent for adjuvant treatment following surgical resection and platinum-based chemotherapy for adult patients with stage IB (T2a ≥4 cm), II, or IIIA NSCLC, based on the KEYNOTE-091 trial.

The Company is a party to certain third-party license agreements pursuant to which the Company pays royalties on sales of Keytruda. Under the terms of the more significant of these agreements, Merck pays a royalty of 6.5% on worldwide sales of Keytruda through December 2023 to one third party; this royalty will decline to 2.5% for 2024 through 2026 and will terminate thereafter. The Company pays an additional 2% royalty on worldwide sales of Keytruda to another third party, the termination date of which varies by country; this royalty will expire in the U.S. in September 2024 and on varying dates in major European markets in the second half of 2025. The royalties are included in Cost of sales.

Lynparza is an oral poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor being developed as part of a collaboration with AstraZeneca (see Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements). Lynparza is approved for the treatment of certain types of advanced or recurrent ovarian, early or metastatic breast, metastatic pancreatic and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers. Alliance revenue related to Lynparza grew 13% in 2022 largely due to higher demand globally across the multiple approved indications, particularly in the U.S. largely attributable to uptake in the earlier-stage breast cancer indication following approval by the FDA in March 2022.

Lynparza received several regulatory approvals in 2022 summarized below.

Date	Approval
March 2022	FDA approval for the adjuvant treatment of adult patients with deleterious or suspected deleterious germline BRCA-mutated, HER2-negative high-risk early breast cancer who have been treated with neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy, based on the OlympiA trial.
August 2022	MHLW approval for the adjuvant treatment of patients with BRCA-mutated, HER2-negative high recurrent risk breast cancer, based on the OlympiA trial.
August 2022	EC approval as monotherapy or in combination with endocrine therapy for the adjuvant treatment of adult patients with germline BRCA1/2-mutations who have HER2-negative, high-risk early breast cancer previously treated with neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy, based on the OlympiA trial.
September2022	NMPA approval as first-line maintenance treatment for adult patients with advanced epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer who are in complete or partial response to first-line platinum-based chemotherapy in combination with bevacizumab and whose cancer is associated with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD)-positive status, based on the PAOLA-1 trial.
December 2022	EC approval in combination with abiraterone and prednisone or prednisolone for the treatment of adult patients with mCRPC in whom chemotherapy is not clinically indicated, based on the PROpel trial.

Lenvima is an oral receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor being developed as part of a collaboration with Eisai (see Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements). Lenvima is approved for the treatment of certain types of thyroid cancer, RCC, HCC, in combination with everolimus for certain patients with advanced RCC, and in combination with Keytruda for certain patients with advanced endometrial carcinoma or advanced RCC. Alliance revenue related to Lenvima grew 24% in 2022 reflecting uptake in the advanced RCC and advanced endometrial carcinoma indications, particularly in the U.S.

Reblozyl is a first-in-class erythroid maturation recombinant fusion protein obtained as part of Merck’s November 2021 acquisition of Acceleron that is being developed and commercialized through a global collaboration with Bristol Myers Squibb (see Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements). Reblozyl is approved for the treatment of certain types of anemia. Merck recorded alliance revenue of $166 million in 2022, which includes

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royalties of $146 million, as well as the receipt of a regulatory approval milestone payment of $20 million, compared with alliance revenue of $17 million in 2021.

Vaccines

($ in millions)	2022		% Change		% Change Excluding Foreign Exchange		2021		% Change		% Change Excluding Foreign Exchange		2020
Gardasil/Gardasil 9	$	6,897	22	%	27	%	$	5,673	44	%	39	%	$	3,938
ProQuad	839		9	%	11	%	773		14	%	13	%	678
M-M-R II	411		5	%	7	%	391		3	%	3	%	378
Varivax	991		2	%	4	%	971		18	%	18	%	823
Pneumovax 23	602		(33)	%	(30)	%	893		(18)	%	(19)	%	1,087

Combined worldwide sales of Gardasil and Gardasil 9, vaccines to help prevent certain cancers and other diseases caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), grew 22% in 2022 driven primarily by strong demand outside of the U.S., particularly in China, which also benefited from increased supply. Sales of Gardasil 9 in the U.S. increased due to public sector buying patterns and higher pricing, partially offset by lower demand.

In 2022, China’s NMPA expanded the use of Gardasil 9 for use in girls and women ages 9 to 45. The vaccine was previously approved for use in girls and women ages 16 to 26.

The Company is a party to certain third-party license agreements pursuant to which the Company pays royalties on sales of Gardasil/Gardasil 9. Under the terms of the more significant of these agreements, Merck pays a 7% royalty on worldwide sales of Gardasil/Gardasil 9 to one third party (which expires in December 2023) and an additional 7% royalty on sales of Gardasil/Gardasil 9 in the U.S. to another third party (which expires in December 2028). The royalties are included in Cost of sales.

Global sales of ProQuad, a pediatric combination vaccine to help protect against measles, mumps, rubella and varicella, grew 9% in 2022 primarily due to higher pricing in the U.S. and higher demand in Europe.

Worldwide sales of M-M-R II, a vaccine to help protect against measles, mumps and rubella, grew 5% in 2022 primarily due to higher pricing in the U.S.

Global sales of Varivax, a vaccine to help prevent chickenpox (varicella), grew 2% in 2022 primarily reflecting higher pricing in the U.S., partially offset by lower tenders in Latin America.

Worldwide sales of Pneumovax 23, a vaccine to help prevent pneumococcal disease, declined 33% in 2022 primarily reflecting lower demand in the U.S. as the market continues to shift toward newer adult pneumococcal conjugate vaccines following changes in the recommendations of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) in 2021. The Company expects the decline in U.S. sales of Pneumovax 23 to continue. Lower demand in Europe also contributed to the Pneumovax 23 sales decline in 2022.

In June 2022, the FDA approved an expanded indication for Vaxneuvance to include use in individuals 6 weeks of age and older. The FDA’s approval was based on data from seven randomized, double-blind clinical studies assessing safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of Vaxneuvance in infants and children. Also in June 2022, the CDC’s ACIP unanimously voted to include Vaxneuvance as a recommended option for vaccination in infants and children, including routine use in children under 2 years of age. These recommendations subsequently were adopted by the director of the CDC and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and published in the CDC’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). The ACIP also unanimously voted to include Vaxneuvance in the Vaccines for Children program. In October 2022, the EC approved an expanded indication for Vaxneuvance to include use in infants, children and adolescents from 6 weeks to less than 18 years of age. Vaxneuvance was previously approved for use in the U.S. and the EU in 2021 for individuals 18 years of age and older. In September 2022, Vaxneuvance was approved in Japan for use in adult patients. Vaxneuvance remains under review in Japan for use in pediatric patients. Sales of Vaxneuvance were $170 million in 2022, largely due to inventory stocking in the U.S. Merck is party to a third-party licensing agreement pursuant to which the Company pays a royalty of 7.25% on net sales of Vaxneuvance through 2026; this royalty will decline to 2.5% on net sales from 2027 through 2035. The royalties are included in Cost of sales.

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Hospital Acute Care

($ in millions)	2022		% Change		% Change Excluding Foreign Exchange		2021		% Change		% Change Excluding Foreign Exchange		2020
Bridion	$	1,685	10	%	16	%	$	1,532	28	%	27	%	$	1,198
Prevymis	428		16	%	24	%	370		32	%	30	%	281
Dificid	263		50	%	50	%	175		60	%	60	%	110
Zerbaxa	169		*		*		(1)		*		*		130
Welireg	123		**		**		13		—		—		—

* Calculation not meaningful.

** >100%

Global sales of Bridion, for the reversal of two types of neuromuscular blocking agents used during surgery, grew 10% in 2022 due to higher demand globally, particularly in the U.S., largely attributable to Bridion’s growing share among neuromuscular blockade reversal agents and an increase in surgical procedures. Bridion will lose market exclusivity in the EU in July 2023 and the Company anticipates sales of Bridion in these markets will decline thereafter.

Worldwide sales of Prevymis, a medicine for prophylaxis (prevention) of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease in adult CMV-seropositive recipients of an allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant, grew 16% in 2022 due to higher demand globally, particularly in the U.S. and Europe. In February 2023, the FDA granted priority review for a supplemental New Drug Application for Prevymis for prophylaxis of CMV disease in adult kidney transplant recipients at high risk (D+/R-); the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA), or target action, date is June 5, 2023.

Worldwide sales of Dificid, for the treatment of C. difficile-associated diarrhea, grew 50% in 2022 due to higher demand in the U.S.

In December 2020, the Company temporarily suspended sales of Zerbaxa, a combination antibacterial and beta-lactamase inhibitor for the treatment of certain bacterial infections, and subsequently issued a product recall, following the identification of product sterility issues. As a result, the Company recorded an intangible asset impairment charge in 2020 related to Zerbaxa (see Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements). The phased resupply of Zerbaxa that was initiated in the fourth quarter of 2021 was completed in 2022.

Sales of Welireg, for the treatment of certain adult patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease-associated RCC, increased to $123 million in 2022 due to continued uptake in the U.S. following launch in 2021.

Cardiovascular

($ in millions)	2022		% Change		% Change Excluding Foreign Exchange		2021		% Change		% Change Excluding Foreign Exchange		2020
Alliance Revenue - Adempas/Verquvo (1)	$	341	—	%	—	%	$	342	22	%	22	%	$	281
Adempas	238		(6)	%	7	%	252		14	%	11	%	220

(1) Alliance revenue represents Merck’s share of profits from sales in Bayer’s marketing territories, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements).

Adempas and Verquvo are part of a worldwide collaboration with Bayer to market and develop soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) modulators (see Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements). Adempas is approved for the treatment of certain types of PAH and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Verquvo is approved to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalization following a hospitalization for heart failure or need for outpatient intravenous diuretics in adults with symptomatic chronic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. Verquvo was approved in the U.S., the EU and Japan in 2021 and has since been approved in several other markets. Alliance revenue from the collaboration was essentially flat in 2022 compared with 2021 reflecting higher profit share related to Adempas that was partially offset by lower profit share for Verquvo reflecting higher launch costs. Revenue also includes sales of Adempas and Verquvo in Merck’s marketing territories. Sales of Adempas in Merck’s marketing territories declined 6% in 2022; excluding the unfavorable effect of foreign exchange, sales grew 7% primarily reflecting higher demand in Japan.

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Virology

($ in millions)	2022		% Change		% Change Excluding Foreign Exchange		2021		% Change		% Change Excluding Foreign Exchange		2020
Lagevrio	$	5,684	*		*		$	952	—		—		$	—
Isentress/Isentress HD	633		(18)	%	(13)	%	769		(10)	%	(11)	%	857

* > 100%

Lagevrio is an investigational oral antiviral COVID-19 medicine being developed in a collaboration with Ridgeback (see Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements). Following initial authorizations in certain markets in the fourth quarter of 2021, Lagevrio has since received multiple additional authorizations worldwide. The increase in sales of Lagevrio in 2022 primarily reflects higher sales in the UK, Japan and the U.S., as well as the launch in Australia. In December 2022, China’s NMPA granted emergency conditional approval for Lagevrio for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in adults who are at risk for progressing to severe COVID-19. Merck expects sales of Lagevrio will decline significantly in 2023 to approximately $1.0 billion reflecting in part the waning impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Worldwide sales of Isentress/Isentress HD, an HIV integrase inhibitor for use in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection, declined 18% in 2022 due to lower global demand, reflecting in part competitive pressure particularly in Europe, Latin America and the U.S. The Company expects competitive pressure for Isentress/Isentress HD to continue. Isentress/Isentress HD will lose market exclusivity in the EU in July 2023 and the Company anticipates sales declines of Isentress/Isentress HD in these markets will accelerate thereafter.

Diabetes

($ in millions)	2022		% Change		% Change Excluding Foreign Exchange		2021		% Change		% Change Excluding Foreign Exchange		2020
Januvia/Janumet	$	4,513	(15)	%	(9)	%	$	5,288	—	%	(2)	%	$	5,276

Worldwide combined sales of Januvia and Janumet, medicines that help lower blood sugar levels in adults with type 2 diabetes, declined 15% in 2022 primarily reflecting the loss of exclusivity in several markets in Europe and the Asia Pacific region, as well as lower demand in the U.S. The sales decline was partially offset by increased demand in Latin America reflecting in part higher government tenders.

While the key U.S. patent for Januvia and Janumet claiming the sitagliptin compound expired in January 2023, as a result of favorable court rulings and settlement agreements related to a later expiring patent directed to the specific sitagliptin salt form of the products (see Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements), the Company expects that these products will not lose market exclusivity in the U.S. until May 2026. However, certain of the rulings are currently being appealed, and an unfavorable court decision would likely cause the products to lose exclusivity in the U.S. toward the end of 2023. As a result of competitive pressures, the Company anticipates pricing and volume declines for Januvia and Janumet in the U.S. in 2023 and thereafter.

The Company lost market exclusivity for Januvia in all of the EU and for Janumet in some European countries in September 2022. Merck expects that exclusivity for Janumet will be lost in other European countries in April 2023. While the Company lost market exclusivity for Januvia in China in 2022 with the approval of a generic equivalent product, the impact on sales in 2023 is expected to be modest. It is anticipated that a generic equivalent of Janumet will be approved in China in the first quarter of 2023, but the impact to sales in 2023 is also expected to be modest.

Combined sales of Januvia and Janumet in Europe, China and the U.S. represented 19%, 11% and 36%, respectively, of total combined Januvia and Janumet sales in 2022.

In response to a request from a regulatory authority, Merck evaluated its sitagliptin-containing products for the presence of nitrosamines. Nitrosamines are organic compounds found at trace levels in water and food. Nitrosamines can also result from chemical reactions and can form in drugs either due to the drug’s manufacturing process, chemical structure, or the conditions in which the drugs are stored or packaged. The Company detected a nitrosamine identified as Nitroso-STG-19 (NTTP) in some batches of its sitagliptin-containing medicines. The Company has engaged with major health authorities around the world and has implemented additional quality controls to ensure its portfolio of sitagliptin-containing products meet health authorities’ interim acceptable NTTP limits for continuing distribution of product to the market. The Company is making progress in its efforts to reduce the level

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of nitrosamines in its sitagliptin-containing medicines. However, difficulties in reducing those levels, or achieving timely regulatory approvals for required changes, could result in product shortages.

Animal Health Segment

($ in millions)	2022		% Change		% Change Excluding Foreign Exchange		2021		% Change		% Change Excluding Foreign Exchange		2020
Livestock	$	3,300	—	%	7	%	$	3,295	12	%	10	%	$	2,939
Companion Animal	2,250		(1)	%	4	%	2,273		29	%	26	%	1,764

Sales of livestock products were essentially flat in 2022 primarily due to the unfavorable effect of foreign exchange, offset by higher pricing, as well as increased demand for ruminant and poultry products. Sales of companion animal products declined 1% in 2022 reflecting the unfavorable effect of foreign exchange and supply constraints for certain vaccines, largely offset by higher pricing in the portfolio, as well as higher demand for the Bravecto line of products, which had sales of $1.0 billion in 2022.

Costs, Expenses and Other

($ in millions)	2022		% Change		2021		% Change		2020
Cost of sales	$	17,411	28	%	$	13,626	—	%	$	13,618
Selling, general and administrative	10,042		4	%	9,634		8	%	8,955
Research and development	13,548		11	%	12,245		(9)	%	13,397
Restructuring costs	337		(49)	%	661		15	%	575
Other (income) expense, net	1,501		*		(1,341)		51	%	(890)
	$	42,839	21	%	$	34,825	(2)	%	$	35,655

* Calculation not meaningful.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales was $17.4 billion in 2022 and $13.6 billion in 2021. Cost of sales includes $3.0 billion and $502 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to the collaboration with Ridgeback for Lagevrio (see Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements). Cost of sales also includes the amortization of intangible assets recorded in connection with acquisitions, collaborations, and licensing arrangements, which totaled $2.0 billion in 2022 and $1.6 billion in 2021. Amortization expense in 2022 and 2021 includes $250 million and $153 million, respectively, of cumulative catch-up amortization related to Merck’s collaborations with AstraZeneca and Bayer, respectively (see Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements). Additionally, costs in 2021 include charges of $225 million related to the discontinuation of COVID-19 development programs (see Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements). Also included in cost of sales are expenses associated with restructuring activities, which amounted to $205 million in 2022 and $160 million in 2021, primarily reflecting accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs related to the planned sale or closure of manufacturing facilities. Separation costs associated with manufacturing-related headcount reductions have been incurred and are reflected in Restructuring costs as discussed below.

Gross margin was 70.6% in 2022 compared with 72.0% in 2021. The gross margin decline primarily reflects the unfavorable impacts of higher amortization of intangible assets (noted above), as well as higher sales of Lagevrio and revenue from third-party manufacturing arrangements, both of which have lower gross margins. The gross margin decline was partially offset by the favorable effects of product mix, foreign exchange and charges in 2021 related to the discontinuation of COVID-19 development programs (noted above).

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expenses were $10.0 billion in 2022, an increase of 4% compared with 2021. The increase was primarily due to higher administrative costs, as well as higher promotional spending and selling costs, partially offset by the favorable effects of foreign exchange and lower acquisition-related costs.

Research and Development

Research and development (R&D) expenses were $13.5 billion in 2022, an increase of 11% compared with 2021 primarily due to higher intangible asset impairment charges (largely related to nemtabrutinib), higher charges for upfront and option payments related to collaborations and licensing arrangements, higher compensation

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and benefit costs reflecting in part increased headcount to support expanded clinical development activity, and increased clinical development spending. The increase in R&D expenses was partially offset by a charge in 2021 for the acquisition of Pandion Therapeutics, Inc. (Pandion).

R&D expenses are comprised of the costs directly incurred by Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), the Company’s research and development division that focuses on human health-related activities, which were $7.7 billion in 2022 and $7.1 billion in 2021. Also included in R&D expenses are Animal Health research costs, licensing costs and costs incurred by other divisions in support of R&D activities, including depreciation, production and general and administrative, which in the aggregate were $4.1 billion in 2022 and $4.7 billion in 2021. The decrease in these expenses in 2022 largely reflects a $1.7 billion charge in 2021 for the acquisition of Pandion, partially offset by $690 million of upfront and option payments in the aggregate for collaboration and licensing agreements with Moderna, Orna and Orion. See Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information related to these business development transactions. R&D expenses also include impairment charges of $1.7 billion and $275 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively, largely related to nemtabrutinib (see Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements). The Company may recognize additional impairment charges in the future related to the cancellation or delay of other pipeline programs that were measured at fair value and capitalized in connection with business combinations and such charges could be material. R&D expenses also include expense or income related to changes in the estimated fair value measurement of liabilities for contingent consideration recorded in connection with business combinations. The Company recorded a net reduction in expenses of $75 million in 2022 compared with $35 million of expenses in 2021 related to changes in these estimates.

Restructuring Costs

In 2019, Merck approved a global restructuring program (Restructuring Program) as part of a worldwide initiative focused on further optimizing the Company’s manufacturing and supply network, as well as reducing its global real estate footprint. This program is a continuation of the Company’s plant rationalization and builds on prior restructuring programs. The actions currently contemplated under the Restructuring Program are expected to be substantially completed by the end of 2023, with the cumulative pretax costs to be incurred by the Company to implement the program estimated to be approximately $3.7 billion. Merck expects to record charges of approximately $400 million in 2023 related to the Restructuring Program. The Company anticipates the actions under the Restructuring Program will result in cumulative annual net cost savings of approximately $900 million by the end of 2023.

Restructuring costs, primarily representing separation and other related costs associated with these restructuring activities, were $337 million in 2022 and $661 million in 2021. Separation costs incurred were associated with actual headcount reductions, as well as estimated expenses under existing severance programs for involuntary headcount reductions that were probable and could be reasonably estimated. Also included in restructuring costs are asset abandonment, facility shut-down and other related costs, as well as employee-related costs such as curtailment, settlement and termination charges associated with pension and other postretirement benefit plans and share-based compensation plan costs. For segment reporting, restructuring costs are unallocated expenses.

Additional costs associated with the Company’s restructuring activities are included in Cost of sales, Selling, general and administrative expenses and Research and development costs. The Company recorded aggregate pretax costs of $666 million in 2022 and $868 million in 2021 related to restructuring program activities (see Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements).

Other (Income) Expense, Net

Other (income) expense, net, was $1.5 billion of expense in 2022 compared with $1.3 billion of income in 2021 primarily due to net unrealized losses from investments in equity securities in 2022 compared with net realized and unrealized gains from investments in equity securities recorded in 2021.

For details on the components of Other (income) expense, net, see Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements.

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Segment Profits
($ in millions)	2022		2021		2020
Pharmaceutical segment profits	$	36,852	$	30,977	$	26,106
Animal Health segment profits	1,963		1,950		1,669
Other non-reportable segment profits	—		—		1
Other	(22,371)		(19,048)		(21,913)
Income from Continuing Operations Before Taxes	$	16,444	$	13,879	$	5,863

Pharmaceutical segment profits are comprised of segment sales less standard costs, as well as SG&A expenses directly incurred by the segment. Animal Health segment profits are comprised of segment sales, less all cost of sales, as well as SG&A and R&D expenses directly incurred by the segment. For internal management reporting presented to the chief operating decision maker, Merck does not allocate the remaining cost of sales not included in segment profits as described above, R&D expenses incurred by MRL, or general and administrative expenses, nor the cost of financing these activities. Separate divisions maintain responsibility for monitoring and managing these costs, including depreciation related to fixed assets utilized by these divisions and, therefore, they are not included in segment profits. Also excluded from the determination of segment profits are costs related to restructuring activities and acquisition and divestiture-related costs, including the amortization of intangible assets and amortization of purchase accounting adjustments, intangible asset impairment charges, and expense or income related to changes in the estimated fair value measurement of liabilities for contingent consideration. Additionally, segment profits do not reflect other expenses from corporate and manufacturing cost centers and other miscellaneous income or expense. These unallocated items are reflected in “Other” in the above table. Also included in “Other” are miscellaneous corporate profits (losses), as well as operating profits (losses) related to third-party manufacturing arrangements.

Pharmaceutical segment profits grew 19% in 2022 primarily due to higher sales, partially offset by higher administrative and promotional costs, as well as the unfavorable effect of foreign exchange. Animal Health segment profits grew 1% in 2022 reflecting lower manufacturing costs, partially offset by higher selling and administrative costs and the unfavorable effect of foreign exchange.

Taxes on Income

The effective income tax rates from continuing operations were 11.7% in 2022 and 11.0% in 2021. The tax rate from continuing operations in 2022 and 2021 reflect a favorable mix of income and expense. The tax rate from continuing operations in 2022 also reflects the favorable impact of net unrealized losses from investments in equity securities and intangible asset impairment charges, which were taxed at the U.S. tax rate. These items reduced domestic pretax income by approximately $2.9 billion in 2022. The tax rate from continuing operations in 2021 also reflects higher foreign tax credits from ordinary business operations that the Company was able to credit, the beneficial impact of the settlement of a foreign tax matter, as well as a net tax benefit of $207 million related to the settlement of certain federal income tax matters (see Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements). Additionally, the tax rate from continuing operations in 2021 reflects the unfavorable effect of a charge for the acquisition of Pandion for which no tax benefit was recognized.

Non-GAAP Income and Non-GAAP EPS from Continuing Operations

Non-GAAP income and non-GAAP EPS are alternative views of the Company’s performance that Merck is providing because management believes this information enhances investors’ understanding of the Company’s results since management uses non-GAAP measures to assess performance. Non-GAAP income and non-GAAP EPS exclude certain items because of the nature of these items and the impact that they have on the analysis of underlying business performance and trends. The excluded items (which should not be considered non-recurring) consist of acquisition and divestiture-related costs, restructuring costs, income and losses from investments in equity securities and certain other items. These excluded items are significant components in understanding and assessing financial performance.

Non-GAAP income and non-GAAP EPS are important internal measures for the Company. Senior management receives a monthly analysis of operating results that includes a non-GAAP EPS metric. Management uses non-GAAP measures internally for planning and forecasting purposes and to measure the performance of the Company along with other metrics. In addition, senior management’s annual compensation is derived in part using a non-GAAP pretax income metric. Since non-GAAP income and non-GAAP EPS are not measures determined in accordance with GAAP, they have no standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, may not be

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comparable to the calculation of similar measures of other companies. The information on non-GAAP income and non-GAAP EPS should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for or superior to, net income and EPS prepared in accordance with GAAP.

In 2022, the Company changed the treatment of certain items for purposes of its non-GAAP reporting. Historically, Merck’s non-GAAP results excluded expenses for upfront and pre-approval milestone payments related to collaborations and licensing agreements, as well as charges related to pre-approval assets obtained in transactions accounted for as asset acquisitions, to the extent the charges were considered by the Company to be significant to the results of a particular period (as well as any related adjustments recorded in a subsequent period). Merck’s non-GAAP results no longer exclude charges related to these items. Prior periods have been recast to conform to the current presentation.

A reconciliation between GAAP financial measures and non-GAAP financial measures (from continuing operations) is as follows:

($ in millions except per share amounts)	2022		2021		2020
Income from continuing operations before taxes as reported under GAAP	$	16,444	$	13,879	$	5,863
Increase (decrease) for excluded items:
Acquisition and divestiture-related costs (1)	3,704		2,484		3,642
Restructuring costs	666		868		880
Loss (income) from investments in equity securities, net	1,348		(1,884)		(1,292)
Other items:
Charges for the discontinuation of COVID-19 development programs	—		225		305
Other	—		(4)		(20)
Non-GAAP income from continuing operations before taxes	22,162		15,568		9,378
Taxes on income from continuing operations as reported under GAAP	1,918		1,521		1,340
Estimated tax benefit on excluded items (2)	1,232		204		556
Net tax benefit from the settlement of certain federal income tax matters	—		207		—
Adjustment to tax benefits recorded in conjunction with the 2015 Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc. acquisition	—		—		(67)
Non-GAAP taxes on income from continuing operations	3,150		1,932		1,829
Non-GAAP net income from continuing operations	19,012		13,636		7,549
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests as reported under GAAP	7		13		4
Non-GAAP net income from continuing operations attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	$	19,005	$	13,623	$	7,545
EPS assuming dilution from continuing operations as reported under GAAP	$	5.71	$	4.86	$	1.78
EPS difference	1.77		0.51		1.19
Non-GAAP EPS assuming dilution from continuing operations	$	7.48	$	5.37	$	2.97

(1)Amounts in 2022, 2021 and 2020 include $1.7 billion, $302 million and $1.7 billion, respectively, of intangible asset impairment charges.

(2) The estimated tax impact on the excluded items is determined by applying the statutory rate of the originating territory of the non-GAAP adjustments.

Acquisition and Divestiture-Related Costs

Non-GAAP income and non-GAAP EPS exclude the impact of certain amounts recorded in connection with acquisitions and divestitures of businesses. These amounts include the amortization of intangible assets and amortization of purchase accounting adjustments to inventories, as well as intangible asset impairment charges, and expense or income related to changes in the estimated fair value measurement of liabilities for contingent consideration. Also excluded are integration, transaction, and certain other costs associated with acquisitions and divestitures of businesses. Non-GAAP income and non-GAAP EPS also exclude amortization of intangible assets related to collaborations and licensing arrangements.

Restructuring Costs

Non-GAAP income and non-GAAP EPS exclude costs related to restructuring actions (see Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements). These amounts include employee separation costs and accelerated depreciation associated with facilities to be closed or divested. Accelerated depreciation costs represent the difference between the depreciation expense to be recognized over the revised useful life of the asset, based upon the anticipated date the site will be closed or divested or the equipment disposed of, and depreciation expense as determined utilizing the useful life prior to the restructuring actions. Restructuring costs also include asset abandonment, facility shut-down

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and other related costs, as well as employee-related costs such as curtailment, settlement and termination charges associated with pension and other postretirement benefit plans and share-based compensation costs.

Income and Losses from Investments in Equity Securities

Non-GAAP income and non-GAAP EPS exclude realized and unrealized gains and losses from investments in equity securities either owned directly or through ownership interests in investment funds.

Certain Other Items

Non-GAAP income and non-GAAP EPS exclude certain other items. These items are adjusted for after evaluating them on an individual basis, considering their quantitative and qualitative aspects. Typically, these consist of items that are unusual in nature, significant to the results of a particular period or not indicative of future operating results. Excluded from non-GAAP income and non-GAAP EPS are charges related to the discontinuation of COVID-19 development programs (see Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements), as well as a net tax benefit related to the settlement of certain federal income tax matters (see Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements), and an adjustment to tax benefits recorded in conjunction with the 2015 acquisition of Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Research and Development

Research Pipeline

The Company currently has several candidates under regulatory review in the U.S. and internationally, as well as in late-stage clinical development. A chart reflecting the Company’s current research pipeline as of February 17, 2023 and related discussion is set forth in Item 1. “Business — Research and Development” above.

Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements

Merck continues to remain focused on pursuing opportunities that have the potential to drive both near- and long-term growth. Certain recent transactions are summarized below; additional details are included in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements. Merck actively monitors the landscape for growth opportunities that meet the Company’s strategic criteria.

In February 2023, Merck and Kelun-Biotech closed a license and collaboration agreement expanding their relationship in which Merck gained exclusive rights for the research, development, manufacture and commercialization of up to seven investigational preclinical ADCs for the treatment of cancer. Kelun-Biotech retained the right to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize certain licensed and option ADCs for Chinese mainland, Hong Kong and Macau. Merck will make an upfront payment of $175 million, which will be recorded in Research and development expenses in 2023. In addition, Kelun-Biotech is eligible to receive future contingent milestone payments and tiered royalties on future net sales for any commercialized ADC product. Also, in connection with the agreement, Merck invested $100 million in Kelun-Biotech’s Series B preferred shares in January 2023.

In January 2023, Merck acquired Imago, a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company developing new medicines for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms and other bone marrow diseases, for $1.35 billion (including payments to settle share-based equity awards) and also incurred approximately $60 million of transaction costs. Imago’s lead candidate bomedemstat, MK-3543 (formerly IMG-7289), is an investigational orally available lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitor currently being evaluated in multiple Phase 2 clinical trials for the treatment of essential thrombocythemia, myelofibrosis, and polycythemia vera, in addition to other indications. The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of an asset. Merck will record net assets of approximately $200 million and Research and development expenses of $1.2 billion in 2023 related to the transaction. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition.

In September 2022, Merck exercised its option to jointly develop and commercialize personalized therapeutic cancer vaccine mRNA-4157/V940 pursuant to the terms of an existing collaboration and license agreement with Moderna, which resulted in a $250 million charge to Research and development expenses in 2022. mRNA-4157/V940 is currently being evaluated in combination with Keytruda as adjuvant treatment for patients with stage III/IV melanoma following complete resection in a Phase 2 clinical trial being conducted by Moderna. Merck and Moderna will collaborate on development and commercialization and will share costs and any profits equally under this worldwide collaboration. In February 2023, Merck and Moderna announced that mRNA-4157/V940 was granted Breakthrough Therapy Designation by the FDA for the adjuvant treatment of patients with high-risk melanoma following complete resection.

In August 2022, Merck and Orna entered into a collaboration agreement to discover, develop, and commercialize multiple programs, including vaccines and therapeutics in the areas of infectious disease and oncology. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck made an upfront payment to Orna of $150 million, which was recorded in Research and development expenses in 2022. In addition, Orna is eligible to receive future contingent

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development-related payments, as well as royalties on any approved products derived from the collaboration. Merck also invested $100 million in Orna’s Series B preferred shares in 2022.

In July 2022, Merck and Orion announced a global co-development and co-commercialization agreement for Orion’s investigational candidate ODM-208 (MK-5684) and other drugs targeting cytochrome P450 11A1 (CYP11A1), an enzyme important in steroid production. MK-5684 is an oral, non-steroidal inhibitor of CYP11A1 currently being evaluated in a Phase 2 clinical trial for the treatment of patients with mCRPC. Merck made an upfront payment to Orion of $290 million, which was recorded in Research and development expenses in 2022.

Also in July 2022, Merck and Kelun-Biotech closed a license and collaboration agreement in which Merck gained exclusive worldwide rights for the development, manufacture and commercialization of an investigational ADC (MK-1200) for the treatment of solid tumors. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck and Kelun-Biotech will collaborate on the early clinical development of the investigational ADC. Merck made an upfront payment of $35 million, which was recorded in Research and development expenses in 2022. Kelun-Biotech is also eligible to receive future contingent milestone payments, as well as tiered royalties on future net sales.

In May 2022, in connection with an existing arrangement, Merck exercised its option to obtain an exclusive license outside of Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan for the development, manufacture and commercialization of Kelun-Biotech’s TROP2-targeting ADC programs, including its lead compound, SKB-264 (MK-2870), which is currently in Phase 2 clinical development. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck and Kelun-Biotech will collaborate on certain early clinical development plans, including evaluating the potential of MK-2870 as a monotherapy and in combination with Keytruda for advanced solid tumors. Upon option exercise, Merck made a payment of $30 million, which was recorded in Research and development expenses in 2022, and agreed to make additional payments upon completion of specified project activities, technology transfer, as well as payments to fund Kelun-Biotech’s ongoing research and development activities. In addition, Kelun-Biotech is eligible to receive future contingent developmental and sales-based milestone payments and royalties on future net sales.

Acquired In-Process Research and Development

In connection with business combinations, the Company has recorded the fair value of in-process research projects which, at the time of acquisition, had not yet reached technological feasibility. At December 31, 2022, the balance of IPR&D was $7.7 billion, primarily consisting of MK-7962 (sotatercept), $6.4 billion; MK-7264 (gefapixant), $832 million; and MK-1026 (nemtabrutinib), $418 million. Sotatercept is in Phase 3 clinical development and the Company anticipates filing sotatercept with regulatory authorities in 2023. Gefapixant is under review in the U.S. and the EU. Nemtabrutinib is in Phase 2 clinical development.

The IPR&D projects that remain in development are subject to the inherent risks and uncertainties in drug development and it is possible that the Company will not be able to successfully develop and complete the IPR&D programs and profitably commercialize the underlying product candidates. The time periods to receive approvals from the FDA and other regulatory agencies are subject to uncertainty. Significant delays in the approval process, or the Company’s failure to obtain approval at all, would delay or prevent the Company from realizing revenues from these products. Additionally, if the IPR&D programs require additional clinical trial data than previously anticipated, or if the programs fail or are abandoned during development, then the Company will not recover the fair value of the IPR&D recorded as an asset as of the acquisition date. If such circumstances were to occur, the Company’s future operating results could be adversely affected and the Company may recognize impairment charges, which could be material.

In 2022, 2021, and 2020 the Company recorded IPR&D impairment charges within Research and development expenses of $1.6 billion, $275 million and $90 million, respectively (see Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements).

Additional research and development will be required before any of the remaining programs reach technological feasibility. The costs to complete the research projects will depend on whether the projects are brought to their final stages of development and are ultimately submitted to the FDA or other regulatory agencies for approval.

Capital Expenditures

Capital expenditures were $4.4 billion in 2022, $4.4 billion in 2021 and $4.4 billion in 2020. Expenditures in the U.S. were $2.7 billion in 2022, $2.8 billion in 2021 and $2.6 billion in 2020. The Company plans to invest approximately $20 billion in capital projects from 2021-2025, approximately half of which relates to investments in the U.S., including expanding manufacturing capacity for oncology, vaccine and animal health products.

Depreciation expense was $1.8 billion in 2022, $1.6 billion in 2021 and $1.7 billion in 2020, of which $1.3 billion in 2022, $1.1 billion in 2021 and $1.2 billion in 2020, related to locations in the U.S. Total depreciation expense in 2022, 2021 and 2020 included accelerated depreciation of $120 million, $91 million and $268 million, respectively, associated with restructuring activities (see Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements).

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Analysis of Liquidity and Capital Resources

Merck’s strong financial profile enables it to fund research and development, focus on external alliances, support in-line products and maximize upcoming launches while providing significant cash returns to shareholders.

Selected Data
($ in millions)	2022			2021			2020
Working capital	$	11,483		$	6,394		$	437
Total debt to total liabilities and equity	28.1		%	31.3		%	34.7		%
Cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations to total debt	0.6:1			0.4:1			0.2:1

The increase in working capital in 2022 compared with 2021 is primarily due to increased cash and investments reflecting strong operating performance. The increase in working capital in 2021 compared with 2020 is primarily related to decreased short-term debt.

Cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations was $19.1 billion in 2022 compared with $13.1 billion in 2021. The increase in cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations reflects stronger operating performance. Cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations was reduced by milestone and option payments related to certain collaborations of $2.0 billion in 2022 and $435 million in 2021. Cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations continues to be the Company’s primary source of funds to finance operating needs, with excess cash serving as the primary source of funds to finance business development transactions, capital expenditures, dividends paid to shareholders and treasury stock purchases. The mandatory change in R&D capitalization rules that became effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2021 (related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA)), increased the amount of taxes the Company pays in the U.S. beginning in 2022.

Cash used in investing activities of continuing operations was $5.0 billion in 2022 compared with $16.4 billion in 2021. The lower use of cash in investing activities of continuing operations was primarily due to lower cash used for acquisitions, partially offset by higher purchases of securities and other investments coupled with lower proceeds from sales of securities and other investments.

Cash used in financing activities of continuing operations was $9.1 billion in 2022 compared with cash provided by financing activities of continuing operations of $3.1 billion in 2021. The change was primarily driven by the cash distribution received in 2021 from Organon in connection with the spin-off (see Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements), proceeds from the issuance of debt in 2021 compared with no such proceeds in 2022, and higher dividends paid to stockholders in 2022, partially offset by net repayments of short-term borrowings and treasury stock purchases in 2021 that did not occur in 2022.

In December 2021, the Company issued $8.0 billion principal amount of senior unsecured notes consisting of $1.5 billion of 1.70% notes due 2027, $1.0 billion of 1.90% notes due 2028, $2.0 billion of 2.15% notes due 2031, $2.0 billion of 2.75% notes due 2051 and $1.5 billion of 2.90% notes due 2061. Merck used the net proceeds from the offering of the 2027 notes, the 2031 notes, the 2051 notes and the 2061 notes for general corporate purposes, including the repayment of outstanding commercial paper borrowings (including commercial paper borrowings in connection with Merck’s acquisition of Acceleron), and other indebtedness. Merck has committed to allocate an amount equal to the net proceeds of the offering of the notes due in 2028 to finance or refinance, in whole or in part, projects and partnerships in the Company’s priority environmental, social and governance (ESG) areas.

In June 2020, the Company issued $4.5 billion principal amount of senior unsecured notes consisting of $1.0 billion of 0.75% notes due 2026, $1.25 billion of 1.45% notes due 2030, $1.0 billion of 2.35% notes due 2040 and $1.25 billion of 2.45% notes due 2050. Merck used the net proceeds from the offering for general corporate purposes, including the repayment of outstanding commercial paper borrowings and other indebtedness.

In 2022, the Company’s $1.25 billion, 2.35% notes and the Company’s $1.0 billion, 2.40% notes matured in accordance with their terms and were repaid. In 2021, the Company’s $1.15 billion, 3.875% notes and the Company’s €1.0 billion, 1.125% notes matured in accordance with their terms and were repaid. In 2020, the Company’s $1.25 billion, 1.85% notes and $700 million floating-rate notes matured in accordance with their terms and were repaid.

The Company has a $6.0 billion credit facility that matures in June 2026. The facility provides backup liquidity for the Company’s commercial paper borrowing facility and is to be used for general corporate purposes. The Company has not drawn funding from this facility.

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The Company expects foreseeable liquidity and capital resource requirements to be met through existing cash and cash equivalents and anticipated cash flows from operations, as well as commercial paper borrowings and long-term borrowings if needed. Merck believes that its sources of financing will be adequate to meet its future requirements. The Company’s material cash requirements arising in the normal course of business primarily include:

Debt Obligations and Interest Payments — See Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements for further detail of the Company’s debt obligations and the timing of expected future principal and interest payments.

Tax Liabilities — In connection with the enactment of the TCJA, the Company is required to pay a one-time transition tax, which the Company has elected to pay over a period of eight years through 2025 as permitted under the TCJA. Additionally, the Company has liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits, including interest and penalties. See Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements for further information pertaining to the transition tax and liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits.

Operating Leases — See Note 10 to consolidated financial statements for further details of the Company’s lease obligations and the timing of expected future lease payments.

Contingent Milestone Payments — The Company has an accrued liability for a contingent sales-based milestone payment related to a collaboration with AstraZeneca where payment has been deemed probable by the Company but remains subject to the achievement of the related sales-based milestone. See Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information related to this sales-based milestone.

Purchase Obligations — Purchase obligations are enforceable and legally binding obligations for purchases of goods and services including minimum inventory contracts, research and development and advertising. Purchase obligations also include future inventory purchases the Company has committed to in connection with certain divestitures. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had total purchase obligations of $6.0 billion, of which $1.7 billion is estimated to be payable in 2023.

In March 2021, the Company filed a securities registration statement with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) under the automatic shelf registration process available to “well-known seasoned issuers” which is effective for three years.

Effective as of November 3, 2009, the Company executed a full and unconditional guarantee of the then existing debt of its subsidiary Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. (MSD) and MSD executed a full and unconditional guarantee of the then existing debt of the Company (excluding commercial paper), including for payments of principal and interest. These guarantees do not extend to debt issued subsequent to that date.

The Company believes it maintains a conservative financial profile. The Company places its cash and investments in instruments that meet high credit quality standards, as specified in its investment policy guidelines. These guidelines also limit the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer. The Company does not participate in any off-balance sheet arrangements involving unconsolidated subsidiaries that provide financing or potentially expose the Company to unrecorded financial obligations.

In November 2022, Merck’s Board of Directors increased the quarterly dividend, declaring a quarterly dividend of $0.73 per share on the Company’s outstanding common stock for the first quarter of 2023 that was paid in January 2023. In January 2023, the Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.73 per share on the Company’s outstanding common stock for the second quarter of 2023 payable in April 2023.

In October 2018, Merck’s Board of Directors authorized purchases of up to $10 billion of Merck’s common stock for its treasury. The treasury stock purchase authorization has no time limit and will be made over time in open-market transactions, block transactions, on or off an exchange, or in privately negotiated transactions. The Company did not purchase any shares of its common stock for its treasury during 2022 under this program. As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s remaining share repurchase authorization was $5.0 billion. The Company anticipates making modest share repurchases under this program in 2023. The Company purchased $840 million and $1.3 billion of its common stock during 2021 and 2020, respectively, under authorized share repurchase programs.

Financial Instruments Market Risk Disclosures

The Company manages the impact of foreign exchange rate movements and interest rate movements on its earnings, cash flows and fair values of assets and liabilities through operational means and through the use of various financial instruments, including derivative instruments.

A significant portion of the Company’s revenues and earnings in foreign affiliates is exposed to changes in foreign exchange rates. The objectives of and accounting related to the Company’s foreign currency risk management program, as well as its interest rate risk management activities are discussed below.

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Foreign Currency Risk Management

The Company has established revenue hedging, balance sheet risk management, and net investment hedging programs to protect against volatility of future foreign currency cash flows and changes in fair value caused by changes in foreign exchange rates.

The objective of the revenue hedging program is to reduce the variability caused by changes in foreign exchange rates that would affect the U.S. dollar value of future cash flows derived from foreign currency denominated sales, primarily the euro, Japanese yen and Chinese renminbi. To achieve this objective, the Company will hedge a portion of its forecasted foreign currency denominated third-party and intercompany distributor entity sales (forecasted sales) that are expected to occur over its planning cycle, typically no more than two years into the future. The Company will layer in hedges over time, increasing the portion of forecasted sales hedged as it gets closer to the expected date of the forecasted sales. The portion of forecasted sales hedged is based on assessments of cost-benefit profiles that consider natural offsetting exposures, revenue and exchange rate volatilities and correlations, and the cost of hedging instruments. The Company manages its anticipated transaction exposure principally with purchased local currency put options, forward contracts, and purchased collar options.

The fair values of these derivative contracts are recorded as either assets (gain positions) or liabilities (loss positions) in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Changes in the fair value of derivative contracts are recorded each period in either current earnings or Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (OCI), depending on whether the derivative is designated as part of a hedge transaction and, if so, the type of hedge transaction. For derivatives that are designated as cash flow hedges, the unrealized gains or losses on these contracts are recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (AOCL) and reclassified into Sales when the hedged anticipated revenue is recognized. For those derivatives which are not designated as cash flow hedges, but serve as economic hedges of forecasted sales, unrealized gains or losses are recorded in Sales each period. The cash flows from both designated and non-designated contracts are reported as operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The Company does not enter into derivatives for trading or speculative purposes.

Because Merck principally sells foreign currency in its revenue hedging program, a uniform weakening of the U.S. dollar would yield the largest overall potential loss in the market value of these hedge instruments. The market value of Merck’s hedges would have declined by an estimated $647 million and $648 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, from a uniform 10% weakening of the U.S. dollar. The market value was determined using a foreign exchange option pricing model and holding all factors except exchange rates constant. Although not predictive in nature, the Company believes that a 10% threshold reflects reasonably possible near-term changes in Merck’s major foreign currency exposures relative to the U.S. dollar.

The Company manages operating activities and net asset positions at each local subsidiary in order to mitigate the effects of exchange on monetary assets and liabilities. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of a given subsidiary are remeasured at spot rates in effect on the balance sheet date with the effects of changes in spot rates reported in Other (income) expense, net. The Company also uses a balance sheet risk management program to mitigate the exposure of such assets and liabilities from the effects of volatility in foreign exchange. Merck principally utilizes forward exchange contracts to offset the effects of exchange in developed country currencies, primarily the euro, Japanese yen, British pound, Canadian dollar, Australian dollar and Swiss franc. For exposures in developing country currencies, including the Chinese renminbi, the Company will enter into forward contracts to offset the effects of exchange on exposures when it is deemed economical to do so based on a cost-benefit analysis that considers the magnitude of the exposure, the volatility of the exchange rate and the cost of the hedging instrument. The forward contracts are not designated as hedges and are marked to market through Other (income) expense, net. Accordingly, fair value changes in the forward contracts help mitigate the changes in the value of the remeasured assets and liabilities attributable to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, except to the extent of the spot-forward differences. These differences are not significant due to the short-term nature of the contracts, which typically have average maturities at inception of less than six months. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

A sensitivity analysis to changes in the value of the U.S. dollar on foreign currency denominated derivatives, investments and monetary assets and liabilities indicated that if the U.S. dollar uniformly weakened by 10% against all currency exposures of the Company at December 31, 2022 and 2021, Income from Continuing Operations Before Taxes would have declined by approximately $190 million and $125 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Because the Company was in a net short (payable) position relative to its major foreign currencies after consideration of forward contracts, a uniform weakening of the U.S. dollar will yield the largest overall potential net loss in earnings due to exchange. This measurement assumes that a change in one foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar would not affect other foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar. Although not predictive in nature, the Company believes that a 10% threshold reflects reasonably possible near-term changes in Merck’s major foreign

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currency exposures relative to the U.S. dollar. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

The economy of Türkiye was determined to be hyperinflationary in 2022. Consequently, in accordance with U.S. GAAP, the Company began remeasuring the monetary assets and liabilities of those operations in earnings beginning in the second quarter of 2022. The impact to the Company’s results is immaterial.

The Company also uses forward exchange contracts to hedge a portion of its net investment in foreign operations against movements in exchange rates. The forward contracts are designated as hedges of the net investment in a foreign operation. The unrealized gains or losses on these contracts are recorded in foreign currency translation adjustment within OCI, and remain in AOCL until either the sale or complete or substantially complete liquidation of the subsidiary. The Company excludes certain portions of the change in fair value of its derivative instruments from the assessment of hedge effectiveness (excluded components). Changes in fair value of the excluded components are recognized in OCI. The Company recognizes in earnings the initial value of the excluded components on a straight-line basis over the life of the derivative instrument, rather than using the mark-to-market approach. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as investing activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

Foreign exchange risk is also managed through the use of foreign currency debt. The Company’s senior unsecured euro-denominated notes have been designated as, and are effective as, economic hedges of the net investment in a foreign operation. Accordingly, foreign currency transaction gains or losses due to spot rate fluctuations on the euro-denominated debt instruments are included in foreign currency translation adjustment within OCI.

Interest Rate Risk Management

The Company may use interest rate swap contracts on certain investing and borrowing transactions to manage its net exposure to interest rate changes and to reduce its overall cost of borrowing. The Company does not use leveraged swaps and, in general, does not leverage any of its investment activities that would put principal at risk. The Company is not currently a party to any interest rate swaps.

The Company’s investment portfolio includes cash equivalents and short-term investments, the market values of which are not significantly affected by changes in interest rates. The market value of the Company’s medium- to long-term fixed-rate investments is modestly affected by changes in U.S. interest rates. Changes in medium- to long-term U.S. interest rates have a more significant impact on the market value of the Company’s fixed-rate borrowings, which generally have longer maturities. A sensitivity analysis to measure potential changes in the market value of Merck’s investments and debt from a change in interest rates indicated that a one percentage point increase in interest rates at December 31, 2022 and 2021 would have positively affected the net aggregate market value of these instruments by $2.0 billion and $3.2 billion, respectively. A one percentage point decrease at December 31, 2022 and 2021 would have negatively affected the net aggregate market value by $2.4 billion and $3.9 billion, respectively. The fair value of Merck’s debt was determined using pricing models reflecting one percentage point shifts in the appropriate yield curves. The fair values of Merck’s investments were determined using a combination of pricing and duration models.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with GAAP and, accordingly, include certain amounts that are based on management’s best estimates and judgments. Estimates are used when accounting for amounts recorded in connection with acquisitions, including initial fair value determinations of assets and liabilities in a business combination (primarily IPR&D, other intangible assets and contingent consideration), as well as subsequent fair value measurements. Additionally, estimates are used in determining such items as provisions for sales discounts and returns, depreciable and amortizable lives, recoverability of inventories, including those produced in preparation for product launches, amounts recorded for contingencies, environmental liabilities, accruals for contingent sales-based milestone payments and other reserves, pension and other postretirement benefit plan assumptions, share-based compensation assumptions, restructuring costs, impairments of long-lived assets (including intangible assets and goodwill) and investments, and taxes on income. Because of the uncertainty inherent in such estimates, actual results may differ from these estimates. Application of the following accounting policies result in accounting estimates having the potential for the most significant impact on the financial statements.

Acquisitions and Dispositions

To determine whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses, the Company makes certain judgments, which include assessment of the inputs, processes, and outputs associated with the acquired set of activities. If the Company determines that substantially all of the fair value of gross

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assets included in a transaction is concentrated in a single asset (or a group of similar assets), the assets would not represent a business. To be considered a business, the assets in a transaction need to include an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs.

In a business combination, the acquisition method of accounting requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recorded as of the date of the acquisition at their respective fair values with limited exceptions. The fair values of intangible assets are determined utilizing information available near the acquisition date based on expectations and assumptions that are deemed reasonable by management. Given the considerable judgment involved in determining fair values, the Company typically obtains assistance from third-party valuation specialists for significant items. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination that arise from contingencies are generally recognized at fair value. If fair value cannot be determined, the asset or liability is recognized if probable and reasonably estimable; if these criteria are not met, no asset or liability is recognized. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Accordingly, the Company may be required to value assets at fair value measures that do not reflect the Company’s intended use of those assets. Any excess of the purchase price (consideration transferred) over the estimated fair values of net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Transaction costs and costs to restructure the acquired company are expensed as incurred. The operating results of the acquired business are reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements after the date of the acquisition.

The judgments made in determining estimated fair values assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination, as well as asset lives, can materially affect the Company’s results of operations.

The fair values of identifiable intangible assets related to currently marketed products and product rights are primarily determined by using an income approach through which fair value is estimated based on each asset’s discounted projected net cash flows. The Company’s estimates of market participant net cash flows consider historical and projected pricing, margins and expense levels; the performance of competing products where applicable; relevant industry and therapeutic area growth drivers and factors; current and expected trends in technology and product life cycles; the time and investment that will be required to develop products and technologies; the ability to obtain additional marketing and regulatory approvals; the ability to manufacture and commercialize the products; the extent and timing of potential new product introductions by the Company’s competitors; and the life of each asset’s underlying patent and related patent term extension, if any. The net cash flows are then probability-adjusted where appropriate to consider the uncertainties associated with the underlying assumptions, as well as the risk profile of the net cash flows utilized in the valuation. The probability-adjusted future net cash flows of each product are then discounted to present value utilizing an appropriate discount rate.

The fair values of identifiable intangible assets related to IPR&D are also determined using an income approach, through which fair value is estimated based on each asset’s probability-adjusted future net cash flows, which reflect the different stages of development of each product and the associated probability of successful completion. The net cash flows are then discounted to present value using an appropriate discount rate. Amounts allocated to acquired IPR&D are capitalized and accounted for as indefinite-lived intangible assets, subject to impairment testing until completion or abandonment of the projects. Upon successful completion of each IPR&D project, Merck will make a determination as to the then-useful life of the intangible asset, generally determined by the period in which the substantial majority of the cash flows are expected to be generated, and begin amortization.

Certain of the Company’s business combinations involve the potential for future payment of consideration that is contingent upon the achievement of performance milestones, including product development milestones and royalty payments on future product sales. The fair value of contingent consideration liabilities is determined at the acquisition date using unobservable inputs. These inputs include the estimated amount and timing of projected cash flows, the probability of success (achievement of the contingent event) and the risk-adjusted discount rate used to present value the probability-weighted cash flows. Subsequent to the acquisition date, at each reporting period until the contingency is resolved, the contingent consideration liability is remeasured at current fair value with changes (either expense or income) recorded in earnings. Changes in any of the inputs may result in a significantly different fair value adjustment.

If the Company determines the transaction will not be accounted for as an acquisition of a business, the transaction will be accounted for as an asset acquisition rather than a business combination and, therefore, no goodwill will be recorded. In an asset acquisition, acquired IPR&D with no alternative future use is charged to expense and contingent consideration is not recognized at the acquisition date.

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Contingent Sales-Based Milestones

The terms of certain collaborative arrangements require the Company to make payments contingent upon the achievement of sales-based milestones. Sales-based milestones payable by Merck to collaborative partners are accrued and capitalized, subject to cumulative amortization catch-up, when determined to be probable of being achieved by the Company based on future sales forecasts. The amortization catch-up is calculated either from the time of the first regulatory approval for indications that were unapproved at the time the collaboration was formed, or from time of the formation of the collaboration for approved products. The related intangible asset that is recognized is amortized over its remaining useful life, subject to impairment testing.

Revenue Recognition

Recognition of revenue requires evidence of a contract, probable collection of sales proceeds and completion of substantially all performance obligations. Merck acts as the principal in substantially all of its customer arrangements and therefore records revenue on a gross basis. The majority of the Company’s contracts related to the Pharmaceutical and Animal Health segments have a single performance obligation - the promise to transfer goods. Shipping is considered immaterial in the context of the overall customer arrangement and damages or loss of goods in transit are rare. Therefore, shipping is not deemed a separately recognized performance obligation.

The vast majority of revenues from sales of products are recognized at a point in time when control of the goods is transferred to the customer, which the Company has determined is when title and risks and rewards of ownership transfer to the customer and the Company is entitled to payment. For certain services in the Animal Health segment, revenue is recognized over time, generally ratably over the contract term as services are provided. These service revenues are not material.

The nature of the Company’s business gives rise to several types of variable consideration including discounts and returns, which are estimated at the time of sale generally using the expected value method, although the most likely amount method is used for prompt pay discounts.

In the U.S., sales discounts are issued to customers at the point-of-sale, through an intermediary wholesaler (known as chargebacks), or in the form of rebates. Additionally, sales are generally made with a limited right of return under certain conditions. Revenues are recorded net of provisions for sales discounts and returns, which are established at the time of sale. In addition, if collection of accounts receivable is expected to be in excess of one year, sales are recorded net of time value of money discounts, which have not been material.

The U.S. provision for aggregate customer discounts covers chargebacks and rebates. Chargebacks are discounts that occur when a contracted customer purchases through an intermediary wholesaler. The contracted customer generally purchases product from the wholesaler at its contracted price plus a mark-up. The wholesaler, in turn, charges the Company back for the difference between the price initially paid by the wholesaler and the contract price paid to the wholesaler by the customer. The provision for chargebacks is based on expected sell-through levels by the Company’s wholesale customers to contracted customers, as well as estimated wholesaler inventory levels. Rebates are amounts owed based upon definitive contractual agreements or legal requirements with private sector and public sector (Medicaid and Medicare Part D) benefit providers after the final dispensing of the product to a benefit plan participant. The provision for rebates is based on expected patient usage, as well as inventory levels in the distribution channel to determine the contractual obligation to the benefit providers. The Company uses historical customer segment utilization mix, sales forecasts, changes to product mix and price, inventory levels in the distribution channel, government pricing calculations and prior payment history in order to estimate the expected provision. Amounts accrued for aggregate customer discounts are evaluated on a quarterly basis through comparison of information provided by the wholesalers, health maintenance organizations, pharmacy benefit managers, federal and state agencies, and other customers to the amounts accrued. Merck remains committed to the 340B Program and to providing 340B discounts to eligible covered entities. See Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements for information regarding 340B legal proceedings.

The Company continually monitors its provision for aggregate customer discounts. There were no material adjustments to estimates associated with the aggregate customer discount provision in 2022, 2021 or 2020.

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Summarized information about changes in the aggregate customer discount accrual related to U.S. sales is as follows:

($ in millions)	2022		2021
Balance January 1	$	2,844	$	2,776
Current provision	12,408		12,412
Adjustments to prior years	(155)		(110)
Payments	(12,179)		(12,234)
Balance December 31	$	2,918	$	2,844

Accruals for chargebacks are reflected as a direct reduction to accounts receivable and accruals for rebates as current liabilities. The accrued balances relative to these provisions included in Accounts receivable and Accrued and other current liabilities were $178 million and $2.7 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2022 and were $207 million and $2.6 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2021.

Outside of the U.S., variable consideration in the form of discounts and rebates are a combination of commercially-driven discounts in highly competitive product classes, discounts required to gain or maintain reimbursement, or legislatively mandated rebates. In certain European countries, legislatively mandated rebates are calculated based on an estimate of the government’s total unbudgeted spending and the Company’s specific payback obligation. Rebates may also be required based on specific product sales thresholds. The Company applies an estimated factor against its actual invoiced sales to represent the expected level of future discount or rebate obligations associated with the sale.

The Company maintains a returns policy that allows its U.S. pharmaceutical customers to return product within a specified period prior to and subsequent to the expiration date (generally, three to six months before and 12 months after product expiration). The estimate of the provision for returns is based upon historical experience with actual returns. Additionally, the Company considers factors such as levels of inventory in the distribution channel, product dating and expiration period, whether products have been discontinued, entrance in the market of generic or other competition, changes in formularies or launch of over-the-counter products, among others. The product returns provision for U.S. pharmaceutical sales as a percentage of U.S. net pharmaceutical sales was 1.1% in 2022, 0.9% in 2021 and 0.5% in 2020. Outside of the U.S., returns are only allowed in certain countries on a limited basis.

Merck’s payment terms for U.S. pharmaceutical customers are typically 36 days from receipt of invoice and for U.S. animal health customers are typically 30 days from receipt of invoice; however, certain products, including Keytruda, have longer payment terms, some of which are up to 90 days. Outside of the U.S., payment terms are typically 30 days to 90 days, although certain markets have longer payment terms.

Through its distribution programs with U.S. wholesalers, the Company encourages wholesalers to align purchases with underlying demand and maintain inventories below specified levels. The terms of the programs allow the wholesalers to earn fees upon providing visibility into their inventory levels, as well as by achieving certain performance parameters such as inventory management, customer service levels, reducing shortage claims and reducing product returns. Information provided through the wholesaler distribution programs includes items such as sales trends, inventory on-hand, on-order quantity and product returns.

Inventories Produced in Preparation for Product Launches

The Company capitalizes inventories produced in preparation for product launches sufficient to support estimated initial market demand. Typically, capitalization of such inventory does not begin until the related product candidates are in Phase 3 clinical trials and regulatory approval is considered by the Company to be probable. The Company monitors the status of each respective product within the regulatory approval process; however, the Company generally does not disclose specific timing for regulatory approval. If the Company is aware of any specific risks or contingencies other than the normal regulatory approval process or if there are any specific issues identified during the research process relating to safety, efficacy, manufacturing, marketing or labeling, the related inventory would generally not be capitalized. Expiry dates of the inventory are affected by the stage of completion. The Company manages the levels of inventory at each stage to optimize the shelf life of the inventory in relation to anticipated market demand in order to avoid product expiry issues. For inventories that are capitalized, anticipated future sales and shelf lives support the realization of the inventory value as the inventory shelf life is sufficient to meet initial product launch requirements. Inventories produced in preparation for product launches capitalized at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $516 million and $256 million, respectively.

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Contingencies and Environmental Liabilities

The Company is involved in various claims and legal proceedings of a nature considered normal to its business, including product liability, intellectual property and commercial litigation, as well as certain additional matters including governmental and environmental matters (see Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements). The Company records accruals for contingencies when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. These accruals are adjusted periodically as assessments change or additional information becomes available. For product liability claims, a portion of the overall accrual is actuarially determined and considers such factors as past experience, number of claims reported and estimates of claims incurred but not yet reported. Individually significant contingent losses are accrued when probable and reasonably estimable.

Legal defense costs expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency are accrued when probable and reasonably estimable. Some of the significant factors considered in the review of these legal defense reserves are as follows: the actual costs incurred by the Company; the development of the Company’s legal defense strategy and structure in light of the scope of its litigation; the number of cases being brought against the Company; the costs and outcomes of completed trials and the most current information regarding anticipated timing, progression, and related costs of pre-trial activities and trials in the associated litigation. The amount of legal defense reserves as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 of approximately $230 million represents the Company’s best estimate of the minimum amount of defense costs to be incurred in connection with its outstanding litigation; however, events such as additional trials and other events that could arise in the course of its litigation could affect the ultimate amount of legal defense costs to be incurred by the Company. The Company will continue to monitor its legal defense costs and review the adequacy of the associated reserves and may determine to increase the reserves at any time in the future if, based upon the factors set forth, it believes it would be appropriate to do so.

The Company and its subsidiaries are parties to a number of proceedings brought under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, commonly known as Superfund, and other federal and state equivalents. When a legitimate claim for contribution is asserted, a liability is initially accrued based upon the estimated transaction costs to manage the site. Accruals are adjusted as site investigations, feasibility studies and related cost assessments of remedial techniques are completed, and as the extent to which other potentially responsible parties who may be jointly and severally liable can be expected to contribute is determined.

The Company is also remediating environmental contamination resulting from past industrial activity at certain of its sites and takes an active role in identifying and accruing for these costs. In the past, Merck performed a worldwide survey to assess all sites for potential contamination resulting from past industrial activities. Where assessment indicated that physical investigation was warranted, such investigation was performed, providing a better evaluation of the need for remedial action. Where such need was identified, remedial action was then initiated. As definitive information became available during the course of investigations and/or remedial efforts at each site, estimates were refined and accruals were established or adjusted accordingly. These estimates and related accruals continue to be refined annually.

The Company believes that there are no compliance issues associated with applicable environmental laws and regulations that would have a material adverse effect on the Company. Expenditures for remediation and environmental liabilities were $4 million in 2022 and are estimated to be $23 million in the aggregate for the years 2023 through 2027. In management’s opinion, the liabilities for all environmental matters that are probable and reasonably estimable have been accrued and totaled $39 million and $40 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These liabilities are undiscounted, do not consider potential recoveries from other parties and will be paid out over the periods of remediation for the applicable sites, which are expected to occur primarily over the next 15 years. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these matters, or the ultimate costs of remediation, management does not believe that any reasonably possible expenditures that may be incurred in excess of the liabilities accrued should exceed approximately $35 million in the aggregate. Management also does not believe that these expenditures should result in a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or liquidity for any year.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company expenses all share-based payment awards to employees, including grants of stock options, over the requisite service period based on the grant date fair value of the awards. The Company determines the fair value of certain share-based awards using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model which uses both historical and current market data to estimate the fair value. This method incorporates various assumptions such as the risk-free interest rate, expected volatility, expected dividend yield and expected life of the options. Total pretax share-based compensation expense from continuing operations was $541 million in 2022, $479 million in 2021 and $441 million in 2020. At December 31, 2022, there was $813 million of total pretax unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested stock option, restricted stock unit and performance share unit awards which will be recognized over a

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weighted-average period of 1.9 years. For segment reporting, share-based compensation costs are unallocated expenses.

Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans

Net periodic benefit cost for pension plans totaled $554 million in 2022, $748 million in 2021 and $450 million in 2020. Net periodic benefit credit for other postretirement benefit plans was $93 million in 2022, $83 million in 2021 and $59 million in 2020. Pension and other postretirement benefit plan information for financial reporting purposes is calculated using actuarial assumptions including a discount rate for plan benefit obligations and an expected rate of return on plan assets. The changes in net periodic benefit cost year over year for pension plans are primarily attributable to changes in the discount rates. Additionally, net periodic benefit costs in 2022 and 2021 reflect higher settlement charges incurred by certain plans compared with 2020.

The Company reassesses its benefit plan assumptions on a regular basis. For both the pension and other postretirement benefit plans, the discount rate is evaluated on measurement dates and modified to reflect the prevailing market rate of a portfolio of high-quality fixed-income debt instruments that would provide the future cash flows needed to pay the benefits included in the benefit obligation as they come due. The discount rates for the Company’s U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plans ranged from 5.50% to 5.90% at December 31, 2022, compared with a range of 2.60% to 3.10% at December 31, 2021.

The expected rate of return for both the pension and other postretirement benefit plans represents the average rate of return to be earned on plan assets over the period the benefits included in the benefit obligation are to be paid. In developing the expected rate of return, the Company considers long-term compound annualized returns of historical market data, current market conditions and actual returns on the Company’s plan assets. Using this reference information, the Company develops forward-looking return expectations for each asset category and a weighted-average expected long-term rate of return for a target portfolio allocated across these investment categories. The expected portfolio performance reflects the contribution of active management as appropriate. For 2023, the expected rate of return for the Company’s U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plans will be 7.00% compared to 6.70% in 2022.

The Company has established investment guidelines for its U.S. pension and other postretirement plans to create an asset allocation that is expected to deliver a rate of return sufficient to meet the long-term obligation of each plan, given an acceptable level of risk. The target investment portfolio of the Company’s U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plans is allocated 25% to 40% in U.S. equities, 10% to 20% in international equities, 35% to 45% in fixed-income investments, and up to 8% in cash and other investments. The portfolio’s equity weighting is consistent with the long-term nature of the plans’ benefit obligations. The expected annual standard deviation of returns of the target portfolio, which approximates 10%, reflects both the equity allocation and the diversification benefits among the asset classes in which the portfolio invests. For international pension plans, the targeted investment portfolio varies based on the duration of pension liabilities and local government rules and regulations. Although a significant percentage of plan assets are invested in U.S. equities, concentration risk is mitigated through the use of strategies that are diversified within management guidelines.

Actuarial assumptions are based upon management’s best estimates and judgment. A reasonably possible change of plus (minus) 25 basis points in the discount rate assumption, with other assumptions held constant, would have had an estimated $81 million favorable (unfavorable) impact on the Company’s net periodic benefit cost in 2022. A reasonably possible change of plus (minus) 25 basis points in the expected rate of return assumption, with other assumptions held constant, would have had an estimated $59 million favorable (unfavorable) impact on Merck’s net periodic benefit cost in 2022. Required funding obligations for 2023 relating to the Company’s pension and other postretirement benefit plans are not expected to be material. The preceding hypothetical changes in the discount rate and expected rate of return assumptions would not impact the Company’s funding requirements.

Net gain/loss amounts, which primarily reflect differences between expected and actual returns on plan assets as well as the effects of changes in actuarial assumptions, are recorded as a component of AOCL. Expected returns for pension plans are based on a calculated market-related value of assets. Net gain/loss amounts in AOCL in excess of certain thresholds are amortized into net periodic benefit cost over the average remaining service life of employees.

Restructuring Costs

Restructuring costs have been recorded in connection with restructuring programs designed to streamline the Company’s cost structure. As a result, the Company has made estimates and judgments regarding its future plans, including future termination benefits to be incurred in conjunction with involuntary separations when such separations are probable and estimable. When accruing termination costs, the Company will recognize the amount within a range of costs that is the best estimate within the range. When no amount within the range is a better

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estimate than any other amount, the Company recognizes the minimum amount within the range. In connection with these actions, management also assesses the recoverability of long-lived assets employed in the business. In certain instances, asset lives have been shortened based on changes in the expected useful lives of the affected assets. Severance and other related costs are reflected within Restructuring costs. Asset-related charges are reflected within Cost of sales, Selling, general and administrative expenses and Research and development expenses depending upon the nature of the asset.

Impairments of Long-Lived Assets

The Company assesses changes in economic, regulatory and legal conditions and makes assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows in evaluating the value of the Company’s property, plant and equipment, goodwill and other intangible assets.

The Company periodically evaluates whether current facts or circumstances indicate that the carrying values of its long-lived assets to be held and used may not be recoverable. If such circumstances are determined to exist, an estimate of the undiscounted future cash flows of these assets, or appropriate asset groupings, is compared to the carrying value to determine whether an impairment exists. If the asset is determined to be impaired, the loss is measured based on the difference between the asset’s fair value and its carrying value. If quoted market prices are not available, the Company will estimate fair value using a discounted value of estimated future cash flows approach.

Goodwill represents the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of net assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill is assigned to reporting units and evaluated for impairment on at least an annual basis, or more frequently if impairment indicators exist, by first assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Some of the factors considered in the assessment include general macroeconomic conditions, conditions specific to the industry and market, cost factors which could have a significant effect on earnings or cash flows, the overall financial performance of the reporting unit, and whether there have been sustained declines in the Company’s share price. If the Company concludes it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, a quantitative fair value test is performed. If the carrying value of a reporting unit is greater than its fair value, a goodwill impairment charge will be recorded for the difference (up to the carrying value of goodwill).

Other acquired intangible assets (excluding IPR&D) are initially recorded at fair value, assigned an estimated useful life, and amortized primarily on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. When events or circumstances warrant a review, the Company will assess recoverability from future operations using pretax undiscounted cash flows derived from the lowest appropriate asset groupings. Impairments are recognized in operating results to the extent that the carrying value of the intangible asset exceeds its fair value, which is determined based on the net present value of estimated future cash flows.

IPR&D that the Company acquires in conjunction with the acquisition of a business represents the fair value assigned to incomplete research projects which, at the time of acquisition, have not reached technological feasibility. The amounts are capitalized and accounted for as indefinite-lived intangible assets, subject to impairment testing until completion or abandonment of the projects. The Company evaluates IPR&D for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if impairment indicators exist (such as unfavorable clinical trial data, changes in the commercial landscape or delays in the clinical development program and related regulatory filing and approval timelines), by performing a quantitative test that compares the fair value of the IPR&D intangible asset with its carrying value. For impairment testing purposes, the Company may combine separately recorded IPR&D intangible assets into one unit of account based on the relevant facts and circumstances. Generally, the Company will combine IPR&D intangible assets for testing purposes if they operate as a single asset and are essentially inseparable. If the fair value is less than the carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized in operating results.

The judgments made in evaluating impairment of long-lived intangibles can materially affect the Company’s results of operations.

Taxes on Income

The Company’s effective tax rate is based on pretax income, statutory tax rates and tax planning opportunities available in the various jurisdictions in which the Company operates. An estimated effective tax rate for a year is applied to the Company’s quarterly operating results. In the event that there is a significant unusual or one-time item recognized, or expected to be recognized, in the Company’s quarterly operating results, the tax attributable to that item would be separately calculated and recorded at the same time as the unusual or one-time item. The Company considers the resolution of prior year tax matters to be such items. Significant judgment is required in determining the Company’s tax provision and in evaluating its tax positions. The recognition and measurement of a tax position is based on management’s best judgment given the facts, circumstances and information available at the reporting date. The Company evaluates tax positions to determine whether the benefits of tax positions are more

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likely than not of being sustained upon audit based on the technical merits of the tax position. For tax positions that are more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, the Company recognizes the amount of the benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement in the financial statements. For tax positions that are not more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, the Company does not recognize any portion of the benefit in the financial statements. If the more likely than not threshold is not met in the period for which a tax position is taken, the Company may subsequently recognize the benefit of that tax position if the tax matter is effectively settled, the statute of limitations expires, or if the more likely than not threshold is met in a subsequent period (see Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements).

Tax regulations require items to be included in the tax return at different times than the items are reflected in the financial statements. Timing differences create deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets generally represent items that can be used as a tax deduction or credit in the tax return in future years for which the Company has already recorded the tax benefit in the financial statements. The Company establishes valuation allowances for its deferred tax assets when the amount of expected future taxable income is not likely to support the use of the deduction or credit. Deferred tax liabilities generally represent tax expense recognized in the financial statements for which payment has been deferred or expense for which the Company has already taken a deduction on the tax return, but has not yet recognized as expense in the financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

For a discussion of recently issued accounting standards, see Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements.

Cautionary Factors That May Affect Future Results

This report and other written reports and oral statements made from time to time by the Company may contain so-called “forward-looking statements,” all of which are based on management’s current expectations and are subject to risks and uncertainties which may cause results to differ materially from those set forth in the statements. One can identify these forward-looking statements by their use of words such as “anticipates,” “expects,” “plans,” “will,” “estimates,” “forecasts,” “projects” and other words of similar meaning, or negative variations of any of the foregoing. One can also identify them by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. These statements are likely to address the Company’s growth strategy, financial results, product approvals, product potential, development programs, environmental or other sustainability initiatives, and may include statements related to the expected impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. One must carefully consider any such statement and should understand that many factors could cause actual results to differ materially from the Company’s forward-looking statements. These factors include inaccurate assumptions and a broad variety of other risks and uncertainties, including some that are known and some that are not. No forward-looking statement can be guaranteed and actual future results may vary materially.

The Company does not assume the obligation to update any forward-looking statement. One should carefully evaluate such statements in light of factors, including risk factors, described in the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, especially on this Form 10-K and Forms 10-Q and 8-K. In Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of this annual report on Form 10-K the Company discusses in more detail various important risk factors that could cause actual results to differ from expected or historic results. The Company notes these factors for investors as permitted by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. One should understand that it is not possible to predict or identify all such factors. Consequently, the reader should not consider any such list to be a complete statement of all potential risks or uncertainties. 

Item 7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the discussion under “Financial Instruments Market Risk Disclosures” in Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

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Item 8.Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.                

(a)Financial Statements

The consolidated balance sheet of Merck & Co., Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of income, of comprehensive income, of equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, the notes to consolidated financial statements, and the report dated February 24, 2023 of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, are as follows:

Consolidated Statement of Income

Merck & Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries

Years Ended December 31

($ in millions except per share amounts)

	2022		2021		2020
Sales	$	59,283	$	48,704	$	41,518
Costs, Expenses and Other
Cost of sales	17,411		13,626		13,618
Selling, general and administrative	10,042		9,634		8,955
Research and development	13,548		12,245		13,397
Restructuring costs	337		661		575
Other (income) expense, net	1,501		(1,341)		(890)
	42,839		34,825		35,655
Income from Continuing Operations Before Taxes	16,444		13,879		5,863
Taxes on Income from Continuing Operations	1,918		1,521		1,340
Net Income from Continuing Operations	14,526		12,358		4,523
Less: Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests	7		13		4
Net Income from Continuing Operations Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	14,519		12,345		4,519
Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests	—		704		2,548
Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	$	14,519	$	13,049	$	7,067
Basic Earnings per Common Share Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders
Income from Continuing Operations	$	5.73	$	4.88	$	1.79
Income from Discontinued Operations	—		0.28		1.01
Net Income	$	5.73	$	5.16	$	2.79
Earnings per Common Share Assuming Dilution Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders
Income from Continuing Operations	$	5.71	$	4.86	$	1.78
Income from Discontinued Operations	—		0.28		1.00
Net Income	$	5.71	$	5.14	$	2.78

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income

Merck & Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries

Years Ended December 31

($ in millions)

	2022		2021		2020
Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	$	14,519	$	13,049	$	7,067
Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income Net of Taxes:
Net unrealized (loss) gain on derivatives, net of reclassifications	(71)		410		(297)
Net unrealized loss on investments, net of reclassifications	—		—		(18)
Benefit plan net gain (loss) and prior service credit (cost), net of amortization	335		1,769		(279)
Cumulative translation adjustment	(603)		(423)		153
	(339)		1,756		(441)
Comprehensive Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	$	14,180	$	14,805	$	6,626

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Consolidated Balance Sheet

Merck & Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries

December 31

($ in millions except per share amounts)

	2022		2021
Assets
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	12,694	$	8,096
Short-term investments	498		—
Accounts receivable (net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $72 in 2022 and $62 in 2021)	9,450		9,230
Inventories (excludes inventories of $2,938 in 2022 and $2,194 in 2021 classified in Other assets - see Note 8)	5,911		5,953
Other current assets	7,169		6,987
Total current assets	35,722		30,266
Investments	1,015		370
Property, Plant and Equipment (at cost)
Land	295		326
Buildings	13,166		12,529
Machinery, equipment and office furnishings	16,760		16,303
Construction in progress	9,186		8,313
	39,407		37,471
Less: accumulated depreciation	17,985		18,192
	21,422		19,279
Goodwill	21,204		21,264
Other Intangibles, Net	20,269		22,933
Other Assets	9,528		11,582
	$	109,160	$	105,694
Liabilities and Equity
Current Liabilities
Loans payable and current portion of long-term debt	$	1,946	$	2,412
Trade accounts payable	4,264		4,609
Accrued and other current liabilities	14,159		13,859
Income taxes payable	1,986		1,224
Dividends payable	1,884		1,768
Total current liabilities	24,239		23,872
Long-Term Debt	28,745		30,690
Deferred Income Taxes	1,795		3,441
Other Noncurrent Liabilities	8,323		9,434
Merck & Co., Inc. Stockholders’ Equity
Common stock, $0.50 par value Authorized - 6,500,000,000 shares Issued - 3,577,103,522 shares in 2022 and 2021	1,788		1,788
Other paid-in capital	44,379		44,238
Retained earnings	61,081		53,696
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(4,768)		(4,429)
	102,480		95,293
Less treasury stock, at cost: 1,039,269,638 shares in 2022 and 1,049,499,023 shares in 2021	56,489		57,109
Total Merck & Co., Inc. stockholders’ equity	45,991		38,184
Noncontrolling Interests	67		73
Total equity	46,058		38,257
	$	109,160	$	105,694

The accompanying notes are an integral part of this consolidated financial statement.

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Consolidated Statement of Equity

Merck & Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries

Years Ended December 31

($ in millions except per share amounts)

	Common Stock		Other Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Treasury Stock		Non- controlling Interests		Total
Balance January 1, 2020	$	1,788	$	39,660	$	46,602	$	(6,193)	$	(55,950)	$	94	$	26,001
Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	—		—		7,067		—		—		—		7,067
Other comprehensive loss, net of taxes	—		—		—		(441)		—		—		(441)
Cash dividends declared on common stock ($2.48 per share)	—		—		(6,307)		—		—		—		(6,307)
Treasury stock shares purchased	—		—		—		—		(1,281)		—		(1,281)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	—		—		—		—		—		15		15
Distributions attributable to noncontrolling interests	—		—		—		—		—		(22)		(22)
Share-based compensation plans and other	—		(72)		—		—		444		—		372
Balance December 31, 2020	1,788		39,588		47,362		(6,634)		(56,787)		87		25,404
Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	—		—		13,049		—		—		—		13,049
Other comprehensive income, net of taxes	—		—		—		1,756		—		—		1,756
Cash dividends declared on common stock ($2.64 per share)	—		—		(6,715)		—		—		—		(6,715)
Treasury stock shares purchased	—		—		—		—		(840)		—		(840)
Spin-off of Organon & Co.	—		4,643		—		449		—		(1)		5,091
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	—		—		—		—		—		16		16
Distributions attributable to noncontrolling interests	—		—		—		—		—		(29)		(29)
Share-based compensation plans and other	—		7		—		—		518		—		525
Balance December 31, 2021	1,788		44,238		53,696		(4,429)		(57,109)		73		38,257
Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	—		—		14,519		—		—		—		14,519
Other comprehensive loss, net of taxes	—		—		—		(339)		—		—		(339)
Cash dividends declared on common stock ($2.80 per share)	—		—		(7,134)		—		—		—		(7,134)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	—		—		—		—		—		7		7
Distributions attributable to noncontrolling interests	—		—		—		—		—		(13)		(13)
Share-based compensation plans and other	—		141		—		—		620		—		761
Balance December 31, 2022	$	1,788	$	44,379	$	61,081	$	(4,768)	$	(56,489)	$	67	$	46,058

The accompanying notes are an integral part of this consolidated financial statement.

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Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

Merck & Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries

Years Ended December 31

($ in millions)

	2022		2021		2020
Cash Flows from Operating Activities of Continuing Operations
Net income from continuing operations	$	14,526	$	12,358	$	4,523
Adjustments to reconcile net income from continuing operations to net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations:
Amortization	2,085		1,636		1,817
Depreciation	1,824		1,578		1,669
Intangible asset impairment charges	1,749		302		1,718
Loss (income) from investments in equity securities, net	1,419		(1,940)		(1,338)
Charge for the acquisition of Pandion Therapeutics, Inc.	—		1,556		—
Charge for the acquisition of VelosBio Inc.	—		—		2,660
Deferred income taxes	(1,568)		187		(566)
Share-based compensation	541		479		441
Other	1,301		805		1,294
Net changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(644)		(2,033)		(1,002)
Inventories	(161)		(674)		(895)
Trade accounts payable	(289)		405		684
Accrued and other current liabilities	(50)		277		(1,152)
Income taxes payable	380		(540)		814
Noncurrent liabilities	(545)		484		(617)
Other	(1,473)		(1,758)		(2,433)
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities of Continuing Operations	19,095		13,122		7,617
Cash Flows from Investing Activities of Continuing Operations
Capital expenditures	(4,388)		(4,448)		(4,429)
Purchase of Seagen Inc. common stock	—		—		(1,000)
Purchases of securities and other investments	(1,204)		(1)		(95)
Proceeds from sales of securities and other investments	721		1,026		2,812
Acquisition of Acceleron Pharma Inc., net of cash acquired	—		(11,174)		—
Acquisition of Pandion Therapeutics, Inc., net of cash acquired	—		(1,554)		—
Acquisition of VelosBio Inc., net of cash acquired	—		—		(2,696)
Acquisition of ArQule, Inc., net of cash acquired	—		—		(2,545)
Other acquisitions, net of cash acquired	(121)		(179)		(1,365)
Other	32		(91)		125
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities of Continuing Operations	(4,960)		(16,421)		(9,193)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities of Continuing Operations
Net change in short-term borrowings	—		(3,986)		2,549
Payments on debt	(2,251)		(2,319)		(1,957)
Proceeds from issuance of debt	—		7,936		4,419
Distribution from Organon & Co.	—		9,000		—
Purchases of treasury stock	—		(840)		(1,281)
Dividends paid to stockholders	(7,012)		(6,610)		(6,215)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	384		202		89
Other	(240)		(286)		(436)
Net Cash (Used in) Provided by Financing Activities of Continuing Operations	(9,119)		3,097		(2,832)
Cash Flows from Discontinued Operations
Net cash provided by operating activities	—		987		2,636
Net cash used in investing activities	—		(134)		(250)
Net cash used in financing activities	—		(504)		—
Net Cash Flows Provided by Discontinued Operations	—		349		2,386
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash	(410)		(133)		253
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash	4,606		14		(1,769)
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at Beginning of Year (includes $71, $103 and $258 of restricted cash at January 1, 2022, 2021 and 2020 included in Other current assets)	8,167		8,153		9,934
Less: Cash and cash equivalents related to discontinued operations	—		—		12
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at End of Year (includes $79, $71 and $103 of restricted cash at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 included in Other current assets)	$	12,773	$	8,167	$	8,153

The accompanying notes are an integral part of this consolidated financial statement.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Merck & Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries

($ in millions except per share amounts)

1.   Nature of Operations

Merck & Co., Inc. (Merck or the Company) is a global health care company that delivers innovative health solutions through its prescription medicines, including biologic therapies, vaccines and animal health products. The Company’s operations are principally managed on a product basis and include two operating segments, Pharmaceutical and Animal Health, both of which are reportable segments.

The Pharmaceutical segment includes human health pharmaceutical and vaccine products. Human health pharmaceutical products consist of therapeutic and preventive agents, generally sold by prescription, for the treatment of human disorders. The Company sells these human health pharmaceutical products primarily to drug wholesalers and retailers, hospitals, government agencies and managed health care providers such as health maintenance organizations, pharmacy benefit managers and other institutions. Human health vaccine products consist of preventive pediatric, adolescent and adult vaccines. The Company sells these human health vaccines primarily to physicians, wholesalers, physician distributors and government entities.

The Animal Health segment discovers, develops, manufactures and markets a wide range of veterinary pharmaceutical and vaccine products, as well as health management solutions and services, for the prevention, treatment and control of disease in all major livestock and companion animal species. The Company also offers an extensive suite of digitally connected identification, traceability and monitoring products. The Company sells its products to veterinarians, distributors, animal producers, farmers and pet owners.

Spin-Off of Organon & Co.

On June 2, 2021, Merck completed the spin-off of products from its women’s health, biosimilars and established brands businesses into a new, independent, publicly traded company named Organon & Co. (Organon) through a distribution of Organon’s publicly traded stock to Company shareholders. The distribution is expected to qualify and has been treated as tax-free to the Company and its shareholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The established brands included in the transaction consisted of dermatology, non-opioid pain management, respiratory, select cardiovascular products, as well as the rest of Merck’s diversified brands franchise. Merck’s existing research pipeline programs continue to be owned and developed within Merck as planned. The historical results of the businesses that were contributed to Organon in the spin-off have been reflected as discontinued operations in the Company’s consolidated financial statements through the date of the spin-off (see Note 3).

2.    Summary of Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation — The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all of its subsidiaries in which a controlling interest is maintained. Intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated. Controlling interest is determined by majority ownership interest and the absence of substantive third-party participating rights or, in the case of variable interest entities, by majority exposure to expected losses, residual returns or both. For those consolidated subsidiaries where Merck ownership is less than 100%, the outside shareholders’ interests are shown as Noncontrolling interests in equity. Investments in affiliates over which the Company has significant influence but not a controlling interest, such as interests in entities owned equally by the Company and a third party that are under shared control, are carried on the equity basis.

Acquisitions — In a business combination, the acquisition method of accounting requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recorded as of the date of the acquisition at their respective fair values with limited exceptions. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination that arise from contingencies are generally recognized at fair value. If fair value cannot be determined, the asset or liability is recognized if probable and reasonably estimable; if these criteria are not met, no asset or liability is recognized. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Accordingly, the Company may be required to value assets at fair value measures that do not reflect the Company’s intended use of those assets. Any excess of the purchase price (consideration transferred) over the estimated fair values of net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Transaction costs and costs to restructure the acquired company are expensed as incurred. The operating results of the acquired business are reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements after the date of the acquisition. If the Company determines the assets acquired do not meet the definition of a business under the acquisition method of accounting, the transaction will be accounted for as an acquisition of assets rather than a business combination and, therefore, no

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goodwill will be recorded. In an asset acquisition, acquired in-process research and development (IPR&D) with no alternative future use is charged to expense and contingent consideration is not recognized at the acquisition date.

Foreign Currency Translation — The net assets of international subsidiaries where the local currencies have been determined to be the functional currencies are translated into U.S. dollars using current exchange rates and results of operations are translated at average exchange rates. The U.S. dollar effects that arise from translating the net assets of these subsidiaries at changing rates are recorded in Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) and remain in Accumulated other comprehensive loss (AOCL) until either the sale or complete or substantially complete liquidation of the subsidiary. For those subsidiaries that operate in highly inflationary economies and for those subsidiaries where the U.S. dollar has been determined to be the functional currency, non-monetary foreign currency assets and liabilities are translated using historical rates, while monetary assets and liabilities are translated at current rates, with the U.S. dollar effects of rate changes included in Other (income) expense, net.

Cash Equivalents — Cash equivalents are comprised of certain highly liquid investments with original maturities of less than three months.

Inventories — Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of a substantial majority of U.S. human health inventories is determined using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method for both financial reporting and tax purposes. The cost of all other inventories is determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. Inventories consist of currently marketed products, as well as certain inventories produced in preparation for product launches that are considered by the Company to be probable of obtaining regulatory approval. In evaluating the recoverability of inventories produced in preparation for product launches, the Company considers the likelihood that revenue will be obtained from the future sale of the related inventory together with the status of the product within the regulatory approval process.

Investments — Investments in marketable debt securities classified as available-for-sale are reported at fair value. Fair values of the Company’s investments in marketable debt securities are determined using quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or quoted prices for similar assets or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Changes in fair value that are not impairment related are reported net of taxes in OCI. The Company considers available evidence in evaluating potential impairments of its investments in marketable debt securities, including the extent to which fair value is less than cost, whether an allowance for credit loss is required, as well as adverse factors that could affect the value of the securities. An impairment has occurred if the Company does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the marketable debt security. If the Company does not intend to sell the impaired debt security, and it is not more likely than not it will be required to sell the debt security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis, the amount of the impairment recognized in earnings, recorded in Other (income) expense, net is limited to the portion attributed to credit loss. The remaining portion of the impairment related to other factors is recognized in OCI. Realized gains and losses for debt securities are included in Other (income) expense, net.

Investments in publicly traded equity securities are reported at fair value determined using quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or quoted prices for similar assets or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. Changes in fair value are included in Other (income) expense, net. Unrealized gains and losses from investments that are directly owned are determined at the end of the reporting period. Gains and losses from ownership interests in investment funds, which are accounted for as equity method investments, are reported on a one quarter lag. Investments in equity securities without readily determinable fair values are recorded at cost, plus or minus subsequent observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments, minus impairments. Such adjustments are recognized in Other (income) expense, net. Realized gains and losses for equity securities are included in Other (income) expense, net.

Revenue Recognition — Recognition of revenue requires evidence of a contract, probable collection of sales proceeds and completion of substantially all performance obligations. Merck acts as the principal in substantially all of its customer arrangements and therefore records revenue on a gross basis. The majority of the Company’s contracts related to the Pharmaceutical and Animal Health segments have a single performance obligation - the promise to transfer goods. Shipping is considered immaterial in the context of the overall customer arrangement and damages or loss of goods in transit are rare. Therefore, shipping is not deemed a separately recognized performance obligation.

The vast majority of revenues from sales of products are recognized at a point in time when control of the goods is transferred to the customer, which the Company has determined is when title and risks and rewards of ownership transfer to the customer and the Company is entitled to payment. The Company recognizes revenue from the sales of vaccines to the Federal government for placement into vaccine stockpiles in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Interpretation, Commission Guidance Regarding Accounting for Sales of Vaccines

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and BioTerror Countermeasures to the Federal Government for Placement into the Pediatric Vaccine Stockpile or the Strategic National Stockpile. This interpretation allows companies to recognize revenue for sales of vaccines into U.S. government stockpiles even though these sales might not meet the criteria for revenue recognition under other accounting guidance. Some customers have bill-and-hold arrangements with the Company. Revenue for bill-and-hold arrangements is recognized when control transfers to the customer even though the customer does not yet have physical possession of the goods. Control transfers when the bill-and-hold arrangement has been requested by the customer, the product is identified as belonging to the customer and is ready for physical transfer, the product cannot be directed for use by anyone but the customer and, in certain circumstances, the customer has inspected and accepted the product at the Company’s facility. For certain services in the Animal Health segment, revenue is recognized over time, generally ratably over the contract term as services are provided. These service revenues are not material.

The nature of the Company’s business gives rise to several types of variable consideration including discounts and returns, which are estimated at the time of sale generally using the expected value method, although the most likely amount method is used for prompt pay discounts.

In the U.S., sales discounts are issued to customers at the point-of-sale, through an intermediary wholesaler (known as chargebacks), or in the form of rebates. Additionally, sales are generally made with a limited right of return under certain conditions. Revenues are recorded net of provisions for sales discounts and returns, which are established at the time of sale. In addition, if collection of accounts receivable is expected to be in excess of one year, sales are recorded net of time value of money discounts, which have not been material.

The U.S. provision for aggregate customer discounts covering chargebacks and rebates was $12.3 billion in 2022, $12.3 billion in 2021 and $11.4 billion in 2020. Chargebacks are discounts that occur when a contracted customer purchases through an intermediary wholesaler. The contracted customer generally purchases product from the wholesaler at its contracted price plus a mark-up. The wholesaler, in turn, charges the Company back for the difference between the price initially paid by the wholesaler and the contract price paid to the wholesaler by the customer. The provision for chargebacks is based on expected sell-through levels by the Company’s wholesale customers to contracted customers, as well as estimated wholesaler inventory levels. Rebates are amounts owed based upon definitive contractual agreements or legal requirements with private sector and public sector (Medicaid and Medicare Part D) benefit providers after the final dispensing of the product to a benefit plan participant. The provision for rebates is based on expected patient usage, as well as inventory levels in the distribution channel to determine the contractual obligation to the benefit providers. The Company uses historical customer segment utilization mix, sales forecasts, changes to product mix and price, inventory levels in the distribution channel, government pricing calculations and prior payment history in order to estimate the expected provision. Amounts accrued for aggregate customer discounts are evaluated on a quarterly basis through comparison of information provided by the wholesalers, health maintenance organizations, pharmacy benefit managers, federal and state agencies, and other customers to the amounts accrued. The accrued balances relative to the provisions for chargebacks and rebates included in Accounts receivable and Accrued and other current liabilities were $178 million and $2.7 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2022 and were $207 million and $2.6 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2021.

Outside of the U.S., variable consideration in the form of discounts and rebates are a combination of commercially-driven discounts in highly competitive product classes, discounts required to gain or maintain reimbursement, or legislatively mandated rebates. In certain European countries, legislatively mandated rebates are calculated based on an estimate of the government’s total unbudgeted spending and the Company’s specific payback obligation. Rebates may also be required based on specific product sales thresholds. The Company applies an estimated factor against its actual invoiced sales to represent the expected level of future discount or rebate obligations associated with the sale.

The Company maintains a returns policy that allows its U.S. pharmaceutical customers to return product within a specified period prior to and subsequent to the expiration date (generally, three to six months before and 12 months after product expiration). The estimate of the provision for returns is based upon historical experience with actual returns. Additionally, the Company considers factors such as levels of inventory in the distribution channel, product dating and expiration period, whether products have been discontinued, entrance in the market of generic or other competition, changes in formularies or launch of over-the-counter products, among others. Outside of the U.S., returns are only allowed in certain countries on a limited basis.

Merck’s payment terms for U.S. pharmaceutical customers are typically 36 days from receipt of invoice and for U.S. animal health customers are typically 30 days from receipt of invoice; however, certain products, including Keytruda, have longer payment terms, some of which are up to 90 days. Outside of the U.S., payment terms are typically 30 days to 90 days, although certain markets have longer payment terms.

See Note 19 for disaggregated revenue disclosures.

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Depreciation — Depreciation is provided over the estimated useful lives of the assets, principally using the straight-line method. For tax purposes, accelerated tax methods are used. The estimated useful lives primarily range from 25 to 40 years for Buildings, and from 3 to 15 years for Machinery, equipment and office furnishings. Depreciation expense was $1.8 billion in 2022, $1.6 billion in 2021 and $1.7 billion in 2020.

Advertising and Promotion Costs — Advertising and promotion costs are expensed as incurred. The Company recorded advertising and promotion expenses of $2.2 billion in 2022, $2.0 billion in 2021 and $1.8 billion in 2020.

Software Capitalization — The Company capitalizes certain costs incurred in connection with obtaining or developing internal-use software including external direct costs of material and services, and payroll costs for employees directly involved with the software development. These costs are included in Property, plant and equipment. In addition, the Company capitalizes certain costs incurred to implement a cloud computing arrangement that is considered a service agreement, which are included in Other Assets. Capitalized software costs are being amortized over periods ranging from 3 to 10 years, with the longer lives generally associated with enterprise-wide projects implemented over multiple years. Costs incurred during the preliminary project stage and post-implementation stage, as well as maintenance and training costs, are expensed as incurred.

Goodwill — Goodwill represents the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of net assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill is assigned to reporting units and evaluated for impairment on at least an annual basis, or more frequently if impairment indicators exist, by first assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the Company concludes it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, a quantitative fair value test is performed. If the carrying value of a reporting unit is greater than its fair value, a goodwill impairment charge will be recorded for the difference (up to the carrying value of goodwill).

Acquired Intangibles — Intangibles acquired in a business combination include products and product rights, trade names and patents, licenses and other, which are initially recorded at fair value, assigned an estimated useful life, and amortized primarily on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives ranging from 2 to 24 years. The Company periodically evaluates whether current facts or circumstances indicate that the carrying values of its acquired intangibles may not be recoverable. If such circumstances are determined to exist, an estimate of the undiscounted future cash flows of these assets, or appropriate asset groupings, is compared to the carrying value to determine whether an impairment exists. If the asset is determined to be impaired, the loss is measured based on the difference between the carrying value of the intangible asset and its fair value, which is determined based on the net present value of estimated future cash flows.

Acquired In-Process Research and Development — IPR&D that the Company acquires in conjunction with the acquisition of a business represents the fair value assigned to incomplete research projects which, at the time of acquisition, have not reached technological feasibility. The amounts are capitalized and are accounted for as indefinite-lived intangible assets, subject to impairment testing until completion or abandonment of the projects. Upon successful completion of each IPR&D project, Merck will make a determination as to the then-useful life of the intangible asset, generally determined by the period in which the substantial majority of the cash flows are expected to be generated, and begin amortization. The Company evaluates IPR&D for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if impairment indicators exist, by performing a quantitative test that compares the fair value of the IPR&D intangible asset with its carrying value. If the fair value is less than the carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized in operating results.

Contingent Consideration — Certain of the Company’s acquisitions involve the potential for future payment of consideration that is contingent upon the achievement of performance milestones, including product development milestones and royalty payments on future product sales. If the transaction is accounted for as a business combination, the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities is determined at the acquisition date using unobservable inputs. These inputs include the estimated amount and timing of projected cash flows, the probability of success (achievement of the contingent event) and the risk-adjusted discount rate used to present value the probability-weighted cash flows. Subsequent to the acquisition date, at each reporting period until the contingency is resolved, the contingent consideration liability is remeasured at current fair value with changes (either expense or income) recorded in earnings. Significant events that increase or decrease the probability of achieving development and regulatory milestones or that increase or decrease projected cash flows will result in corresponding increases or decreases in the fair values of the related contingent consideration obligations.

Research and Development — Research and development is expensed as incurred. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are

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expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received rather than when the payment is made. Research and development expenses include restructuring costs and IPR&D impairment charges. In addition, research and development expenses include expense or income related to changes in the estimated fair value measurement of liabilities for contingent consideration associated with IPR&D assets. Research and development expenses also include upfront and milestone payments related to asset acquisitions and licensing transactions involving clinical development programs that have not yet received regulatory approval.

Collaborative Arrangements — Merck has entered into collaborative arrangements that provide the Company with varying rights to develop, produce and market products together with its collaborative partners. When Merck is the principal on sales transactions with third parties, the Company recognizes sales, cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses on a gross basis. Profit sharing amounts it pays to its collaborative partners are recorded within Cost of sales. When the collaborative partner is the principal on sales transactions with third parties, the Company records profit sharing amounts received from its collaborative partners as alliance revenue (within Sales). Alliance revenue is recorded net of cost of sales and includes an adjustment to share commercialization costs between the partners in accordance with the collaboration agreement. The adjustment is determined by comparing the commercialization costs Merck has incurred directly and reported within Selling, general and administrative expenses with the costs the collaborative partner has incurred. Research and development costs Merck incurs related to collaborations are recorded within Research and development expenses. Cost reimbursements to the collaborative partner or payments received from the collaborative partner to share these costs pursuant to the terms of the collaboration agreements are recorded as increases or decreases to Research and development expenses.

In addition, the terms of the collaboration agreements may require the Company to make payments based upon the achievement of certain developmental, regulatory approval or commercial milestones. Upfront and milestone payments payable by Merck to collaborative partners prior to regulatory approval are expensed as incurred and included in Research and development expenses. Payments due to collaborative partners upon or subsequent to regulatory approval are capitalized and amortized to Cost of sales over the estimated useful life of the corresponding intangible asset provided that future cash flows support the amounts capitalized. Sales-based milestones payable by Merck to collaborative partners are accrued and capitalized, subject to cumulative amortization catch-up, when determined to be probable of being achieved by the Company. The amortization catch-up is calculated either from the time of the first regulatory approval for indications that were unapproved at the time the collaboration was formed, or from time of the formation of the collaboration for approved products. The related intangible asset that is recognized is amortized to Cost of sales over its remaining useful life, subject to impairment testing.

Share-Based Compensation — The Company expenses all share-based payments to employees over the requisite service period based on the grant-date fair value of the awards.

Restructuring Costs — The Company records liabilities for costs associated with exit or disposal activities in the period in which the liability is incurred. In accordance with existing benefit arrangements, future employee termination costs to be incurred in conjunction with involuntary separations are accrued when such separations are probable and estimable. When accruing these costs, the Company will recognize the amount within a range of costs that is the best estimate within the range. When no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, the Company recognizes the minimum amount within the range. Costs for one-time termination benefits in which the employee is required to render service until termination in order to receive the benefits are recognized ratably over the future service period.

Contingencies and Legal Defense Costs — The Company records accruals for contingencies and legal defense costs expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated.

Taxes on Income — Deferred taxes are recognized for the future tax effects of temporary differences between financial and income tax reporting based on enacted tax laws and rates. The Company evaluates tax positions to determine whether the benefits of tax positions are more likely than not of being sustained upon audit based on the technical merits of the tax position. For tax positions that are more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, the Company recognizes the amount of the benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement in the financial statements. For tax positions that are not more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, the Company does not recognize any portion of the benefit in the financial statements. The Company recognizes interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as a component of Taxes on Income from Continuing Operations. The Company accounts for the tax effects of the tax on global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) of certain foreign subsidiaries in the income tax provision in the period the tax arises. The Company’s policy for releasing disproportionate income tax effects from AOCL is to utilize the item-by-item approach.

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Reclassifications — Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform to the current year presentation.

Use of Estimates — The consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (GAAP) and, accordingly, include certain amounts that are based on management’s best estimates and judgments. Estimates are used when accounting for amounts recorded in connection with acquisitions, including initial fair value determinations of assets and liabilities in a business combination (primarily IPR&D, other intangible assets and contingent consideration), as well as subsequent fair value measurements. Additionally, estimates are used in determining such items as provisions for sales discounts and returns, depreciable and amortizable lives, recoverability of inventories, including those produced in preparation for product launches, amounts recorded for contingencies, environmental liabilities, accruals for contingent sales-based milestone payments and other reserves, pension and other postretirement benefit plan assumptions, share-based compensation assumptions, restructuring costs, impairments of long-lived assets (including intangible assets and goodwill) and investments, and taxes on income. Because of the uncertainty inherent in such estimates, actual results may differ from these estimates.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards — In August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued amended guidance on the accounting for convertible instruments and contracts in an entity’s own equity. The guidance removes the separation model for convertible debt instruments and preferred stock, amends requirements for conversion options to be classified in equity as well as amends diluted earnings per share (EPS) calculations for certain convertible debt instruments. The Company adopted the new guidance on January 1, 2022 using a modified retrospective approach. There was no impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

In November 2021, the FASB issued new guidance to increase the transparency of transactions with a government that are accounted for by applying a grant or contribution accounting model by analogy. The guidance requires annual disclosures of such transactions to include the nature of the transactions and the significant terms and conditions, the accounting treatment and the impact to a company’s financial statements. The Company adopted the new guidance on January 1, 2022 on a prospective basis. There was no material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

In March 2020, the FASB issued optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting and subsequently issued clarifying amendments. The guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for accounting for contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The Company adopted the optional guidance on July 1, 2022 on a prospective basis. There was no material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

In October 2021, the FASB issued amended guidance that requires acquiring entities to recognize and measure contract assets and liabilities in a business combination in accordance with existing revenue recognition guidance. The Company adopted the guidance effective January 1, 2023. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements for prior acquisitions; however, the impact in future periods will be dependent upon the contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in future business combinations.

Recently Issued Accounting Standard Not Yet Adopted — In June 2022, the FASB issued guidance related to the fair value measurement of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of the equity security. The new guidance also introduces new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions that are measured at fair value. The amended guidance is effective for interim and annual periods in 2024 and is to be applied prospectively. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual periods. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adoption on its consolidated financial statements.

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3.    Spin-Off of Organon & Co.

On June 2, 2021, Merck completed the spin-off of Organon through a distribution of Organon’s publicly traded stock to Company shareholders. In connection with the spin-off, each Merck shareholder received one-tenth of a share of Organon’s common stock for each share of Merck common stock held by such shareholder. The distribution is expected to qualify and has been treated as tax free to Merck and its shareholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Indebtedness of $9.5 billion principal amount, consisting of term loans and senior notes, was issued in 2021 in connection with the spin-off and assumed by Organon. Merck is no longer the obligor of any Organon debt or financing arrangements. Cash proceeds of $9.0 billion were distributed by Organon to Merck in connection with the spin-off.

Also in connection with the spin-off, Merck and Organon entered into a separation and distribution agreement and also entered into various other agreements to effect the spin-off and provide a framework for the relationship between Merck and Organon after the spin-off, including a transition services agreement (TSA), manufacturing and supply agreements (MSAs), trademark license agreements, intellectual property license agreements, an employee matters agreement, a tax matters agreement and certain other commercial agreements. Under the TSA, Merck is providing Organon various services and, similarly, Organon is providing Merck various services. The provision of services under the TSA generally will terminate within 25 months following the spin-off; however, the provision of certain services has been extended to 35 months. Merck and Organon also entered into a series of interim operating agreements pursuant to which in various jurisdictions where Merck held licenses, permits and other rights in connection with marketing, import and/or distribution of Organon products prior to the separation, Merck is continuing to market, import and distribute such products until such time as the relevant licenses and permits are transferred to Organon. Under such interim operating agreements and in accordance with the separation and distribution agreement, Merck is continuing operations in the affected markets on behalf of Organon, with Organon receiving all of the economic benefits and burdens of such activities. Additionally, Merck and Organon entered into a number of MSAs pursuant to which Merck is (a) manufacturing and supplying certain active pharmaceutical ingredients for Organon, (b) manufacturing and supplying certain formulated pharmaceutical products for Organon, and (c) packaging and labeling certain finished pharmaceutical products for Organon. Similarly, Organon and Merck entered into a number of MSAs pursuant to which Organon is (a) manufacturing and supplying certain formulated pharmaceutical products for Merck, and (b) packaging and labeling certain finished pharmaceutical products for Merck. The terms of the MSAs range in initial duration from four years to ten years.

The amounts included in the consolidated statement of income for the above MSAs include sales of $383 million and $219 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively, and related cost of sales of $404 million and $195 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amounts included in the consolidated statement of income for the TSAs were immaterial in 2022 and 2021. The amounts due from Organon under all of the above agreements were $511 million and $964 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and are reflected in Other current assets. The amounts due to Organon under these agreements were $345 million and $400 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and are included in Accrued and other current liabilities.

The results of the women’s health, biosimilars and established brands businesses (previously included in the Pharmaceutical segment) that were contributed to Organon in the spin-off, as well as interest expense related to the debt issuance in 2021, have been reflected as discontinued operations in the Company’s consolidated statement of income as Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests for periods prior to the spin-off on June 2, 2021. Merck incurred separation costs of $556 million in 2021 and $743 million in 2020 related to the spin-off of Organon, which are also included in Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests. These costs primarily relate to professional fees for separation activities within finance, tax, legal and information technology functions, as well as investment banking fees.

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Details of Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests are as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2021(1)		2020
Sales	$	2,512	$	6,476
Costs, Expenses and Other
Cost of sales	789		1,867
Selling, general and administrative	877		1,513
Research and development	103		161
Restructuring costs	1		3
Other (income) expense, net	(15)		4
	1,755		3,548
Income from discontinued operations before taxes	757		2,928
Tax provision	50		369
Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes	707		2,559
Less: Income of discontinued operations attributable to noncontrolling interests	3		11
	$	704	$	2,548

(1) Reflects amounts through the June 2, 2021 spin-off date.

4.    Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements

The Company continues to pursue acquisitions and the establishment of external alliances such as research collaborations and licensing agreements to complement its internal research capabilities. These arrangements often include upfront payments, as well as expense reimbursements or payments to the third party, and milestone, royalty or profit share arrangements, contingent upon the occurrence of certain future events linked to the success of the asset in development. The Company also reviews its marketed products and pipeline to examine candidates which may provide more value through out-licensing and, as part of its portfolio assessment process, may also divest certain assets. Pro forma financial information for acquired businesses is not presented if the historical financial results of the acquired entity are not significant when compared with the Company’s financial results.

Recently Completed Transactions

In February 2023, Merck and Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Kelun-Biotech) closed a license and collaboration agreement expanding their relationship in which Merck gained exclusive rights for the research, development, manufacture and commercialization of up to seven investigational preclinical antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) for the treatment of cancer. Kelun-Biotech retained the right to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize certain licensed and option ADCs for Chinese mainland, Hong Kong and Macau. Merck will make an upfront payment of $175 million, which will be recorded in Research and development expenses in 2023. In addition, Kelun-Biotech is eligible to receive future contingent development-related payments aggregating up to $1.0 billion, $2.8 billion in regulatory milestones, and $5.5 billion in sales-based milestones if Kelun-Biotech does not retain Chinese mainland, Hong Kong and Macau rights for the option ADCs and all candidates achieve regulatory approval. In addition, Kelun-Biotech is eligible to receive tiered royalties ranging from a mid-single-digit rate to a low-double-digit rate on future net sales for any commercialized ADC product. Also, in connection with the agreement, Merck invested $100 million in Kelun-Biotech’s Series B preferred shares in January 2023.

In January 2023, Merck acquired Imago BioSciences, Inc. (Imago), a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company developing new medicines for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms and other bone marrow diseases, for $1.35 billion (including payments to settle share-based equity awards) and also incurred approximately $60 million of transaction costs. Imago’s lead candidate bomedemstat, MK-3543 (formerly IMG-7289), is an investigational orally available lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitor currently being evaluated in multiple Phase 2 clinical trials for the treatment of essential thrombocythemia, myelofibrosis, and polycythemia vera, in addition to other indications. The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of an asset. Merck will record net assets of approximately $200 million and Research and development expenses of $1.2 billion in 2023 related to the transaction. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition.

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2022 Transactions

In October 2022, Merck and Royalty Pharma plc (Royalty Pharma) entered into a funding arrangement under which Royalty Pharma paid Merck $50 million to co-fund Merck’s development costs for a Phase 2b trial of MK-8189, an investigational oral phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitor, which is being evaluated for the treatment of schizophrenia. As Royalty Pharma is sharing the risk of technical and regulatory success with Merck, the development funding was recognized by Merck as an obligation to perform contractual services. Accordingly, the payment received is being recognized by Merck as a reduction to Research and development expenses ratably over the estimated Phase 2b research period. Under the agreement, Royalty Pharma has no rights to MK-8189 and has no decision-making authority over the program. If Merck elects to advance MK-8189 into a Phase 3 study, Royalty Pharma has the option to provide additional funding of 50% of the development costs up to $375 million. Royalty Pharma is eligible to receive royalties on future sales. If Royalty Pharma elects to provide the additional funding noted above, Royalty Pharma becomes eligible to receive future regulatory milestone payments contingent upon certain marketing approvals, as well as a higher royalty rate. Merck will record the milestone payments as an expense within Other (income) expense, net upon receipt of the related approvals.

In September 2022, Merck exercised its option to jointly develop and commercialize personalized therapeutic cancer vaccine mRNA-4157/V940 pursuant to the terms of an existing collaboration and license agreement with Moderna, Inc. (Moderna), which resulted in a $250 million charge to Research and development expenses in 2022. mRNA-4157/V940 is currently being evaluated in combination with Keytruda (pembrolizumab), Merck’s anti-PD-1 therapy, as adjuvant treatment for patients with stage III/IV melanoma following complete resection in a Phase 2 clinical trial being conducted by Moderna. Merck and Moderna will collaborate on development and commercialization and will share costs and any profits equally under this worldwide collaboration.

In August 2022, Merck and Orna Therapeutics (Orna), a biotechnology company pioneering a new investigational class of engineered circular RNA (oRNA) therapies, entered into a collaboration agreement to discover, develop, and commercialize multiple programs, including vaccines and therapeutics in the areas of infectious disease and oncology. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck made an upfront payment to Orna of $150 million, which was recorded in Research and development expenses in 2022. In addition, Orna is eligible to receive future contingent development-related payments aggregating up to $440 million, $675 million in regulatory milestones, and $2.4 billion in sales-based milestones associated with the progress of the multiple vaccine and therapeutic programs, as well as royalties ranging from a high-single-digit rate to a low-double-digit rate on any approved products derived from the collaboration. Merck also invested $100 million in Orna’s Series B preferred shares in 2022.

In July 2022, Merck and Orion Corporation (Orion) announced a global co-development and co-commercialization agreement for Orion’s investigational candidate ODM-208 (MK-5684) and other drugs targeting cytochrome P450 11A1 (CYP11A1), an enzyme important in steroid production. MK-5684 is an oral, non-steroidal inhibitor of CYP11A1 currently being evaluated in a Phase 2 clinical trial for the treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Merck made an upfront payment to Orion of $290 million, which was recorded in Research and development expenses in 2022. Orion is responsible for the manufacture of clinical and commercial supply of MK-5684. In addition, the contract provides both parties with an option to convert the initial co-development and co-commercialization agreement into a global exclusive license to Merck. If the option is exercised, Merck would assume full responsibility for all past development and commercialization expenses associated with the program since inception of the agreement, as well as all future development and commercialization expenses. In addition, Orion would be eligible to receive milestone payments associated with progress in the development and commercialization of MK-5684, as well as tiered double-digit royalties on sales if the product is approved.

Also in July 2022, Merck and Kelun-Biotech closed a license and collaboration agreement in which Merck gained exclusive worldwide rights for the development, manufacture and commercialization of an investigational ADC (MK-1200) for the treatment of solid tumors. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck and Kelun-Biotech will collaborate on the early clinical development of the investigational ADC. Merck made an upfront payment of $35 million, which was recorded in Research and development expenses in 2022. Kelun-Biotech is also eligible to receive future contingent milestone payments aggregating up to $82 million in developmental milestones, $334 million in regulatory milestones, and $485 million in sales-based milestones. The agreement also provides for Merck to pay tiered royalties ranging from a mid-single-digit rate to a low-double-digit rate on future net sales.

In May 2022, in connection with an existing arrangement, Merck exercised its option to obtain an exclusive license outside of Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan for the development, manufacture and commercialization of Kelun-Biotech’s trophoblast antigen 2 (TROP2)-targeting ADC programs, including its lead compound, SKB-264 (MK-2870), which is currently in Phase 2 clinical development. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck and Kelun-Biotech will collaborate on certain early clinical development plans, including evaluating the potential of MK-2870 as a monotherapy and in combination with Keytruda for advanced solid tumors. Upon option

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exercise, Merck made a payment of $30 million, which was recorded in Research and development expenses in 2022, and agreed to make additional payments of $30 million upon completion of specified project activities and $25 million upon technology transfer. Merck also agreed to make quarterly payments in 2022 and 2023 aggregating up to $111 million to fund Kelun-Biotech’s ongoing research and development activities, of which $51 million was paid in 2022. In addition, Kelun-Biotech is eligible to receive future contingent milestone payments (which includes all program compounds) aggregating up to $90 million in developmental milestones, $290 million in first commercial sale milestones, and $780 million in sales-based milestones. The agreement also provides for Merck to pay tiered royalties ranging from a mid-single-digit rate to a low-double-digit rate on future net sales.

2021 Transactions

In November 2021, Merck acquired Acceleron Pharma Inc. (Acceleron), a publicly traded biopharmaceutical company, for total consideration of $11.5 billion. Acceleron’s development work focused on evaluating the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily of proteins that is known to play a central role in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation and repair. Acceleron’s lead therapeutic candidate, sotatercept (MK-7962), has a novel mechanism of action with the potential to improve short-term and/or long-term clinical outcomes in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Sotatercept is in Phase 3 trials as an add-on to current standard of care for the treatment of PAH. Under a previous agreement assumed by Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS) was granted an exclusive license to develop and commercialize sotatercept outside of the pulmonary hypertension (PH) field (for which Merck would be eligible to receive contingent milestones and royalty payments), however, Merck retains the worldwide exclusive rights to develop and commercialize sotatercept in the PH field. The agreement provides for Merck to pay 22% royalties on future sales of sotatercept in the PH field to BMS.

In addition to sotatercept, Acceleron’s portfolio includes Reblozyl (luspatercept), a first-in-class erythroid maturation recombinant fusion protein that is approved in the U.S., Europe, and certain other markets for the treatment of anemia in certain rare blood disorders and is also being evaluated for additional indications for hematology therapies. Reblozyl is being developed and commercialized through a global collaboration with BMS. In connection with this ongoing collaboration, Merck receives a 20% sales royalty from BMS which could increase to a maximum of 24% based on sales levels. This royalty will be reduced by 50% upon the earlier of patent expiry or generic entry on an indication-by-indication basis in each market. Additionally, Merck received a contingent regulatory milestone payment of $20 million in 2022 and remains eligible to receive up to $80 million in sales-based milestones.

The transaction was accounted for as a business combination. The Company incurred $280 million of costs directly related to the acquisition of Acceleron, consisting primarily of share-based compensation payments to settle non-vested equity awards attributable to postcombination service, severance, as well as investment banking and legal fees. These costs were included in Selling, general and administrative expenses and Research and development costs in 2021.

The estimated fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed from Acceleron (inclusive of measurement period adjustments) is as follows:

	November 19, 2021
Cash and cash equivalents	$	340
Investments	285
Identifiable intangible assets: (1)
IPR&D - sotatercept	6,380
Products and product rights - Reblozyl (12 year useful life)	3,830
Deferred income tax liabilities, net	(1,814)
Other assets and liabilities, net	82
Total identifiable net assets	9,103
Goodwill (2)	2,411
Consideration transferred	$	11,514

(1)    The estimated fair value of the identifiable intangible assets related to sotatercept and Reblozyl were determined using an income approach, specifically the multi-period excess earnings method. The future probability-weighted net cash flows were discounted to present value utilizing a discount rate of 7.5% for sotatercept and 6.0% for Reblozyl. Actual cash flows are likely to be different than those assumed.

(2)    The goodwill recognized is largely attributable to anticipated synergies expected to arise after the acquisition and was allocated to the Pharmaceutical segment. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes.

In April 2021, Merck acquired Pandion Therapeutics, Inc. (Pandion), a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing novel therapeutics designed to address the unmet needs of patients living with autoimmune diseases. Pandion’s development work focused on advancing a pipeline of precision immune modulators targeting

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critical immune control nodes. Total consideration paid of $1.9 billion included $147 million of costs primarily comprised of share-based compensation payments to settle equity awards. The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of an asset. Merck recorded net assets of $156 million (primarily cash) and Research and development expenses of $1.7 billion in 2021 related to the transaction. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition.

In March 2021, Merck and Gilead Sciences, Inc. (Gilead) entered into an agreement to jointly develop and commercialize long-acting treatments in HIV that combine Merck’s investigational nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor, islatravir, and Gilead’s investigational capsid inhibitor, lenacapavir. The collaboration will initially focus on long-acting oral formulations and long-acting injectable formulations of these combination products, with other formulations potentially added to the collaboration as mutually agreed. There was no upfront payment made by either party upon entering into the agreement.

Under the terms of the agreement, Merck and Gilead will share operational responsibilities, as well as development, commercialization and marketing costs, and any future revenues. Global development and commercialization costs will be shared 60% Gilead and 40% Merck across the oral and injectable formulation programs. For long-acting oral products, Gilead will lead commercialization in the U.S. and Merck will lead commercialization in the EU and the rest of the world. For long-acting injectable products, Merck will lead commercialization in the U.S. and Gilead will lead commercialization in the EU and the rest of the world. Gilead and Merck will co-promote in the U.S. and certain other major markets. Merck and Gilead will share global product revenues equally until product revenues surpass certain pre-agreed per formulation revenue tiers. Upon passing $2.0 billion a year in net product sales for the oral combination, the revenue split will adjust to 65% Gilead and 35% Merck for any revenues above the threshold. Upon passing $3.5 billion a year in net product sales for the injectable combination, the revenue split will adjust to 65% Gilead and 35% Merck for any revenues above the threshold.

Beyond the potential combinations of investigational lenacapavir and investigational islatravir, Gilead will have the option to license certain of Merck’s investigational oral integrase inhibitors to develop in combination with lenacapavir. Reciprocally, Merck will have the option to license certain of Gilead’s investigational oral integrase inhibitors to develop in combination with islatravir. Each company may exercise its option for an investigational oral integrase inhibitor of the other company following completion of the first Phase 1 clinical trial of that integrase inhibitor. Upon exercise of an option, the companies will split development costs and revenues, unless the non-exercising company decides to opt-out.

In December 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) placed full or partial clinical holds on investigational new drug applications for certain oral, implant and injectable formulations of islatravir based on observations of decreases in total lymphocyte and CD4+ T-cell counts in some participants receiving islatravir in clinical studies. In September 2022, Merck announced the Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating an investigational oral once-weekly combination treatment regimen of islatravir and lenacapavir in adults with HIV-1 infection who are virologically suppressed will resume under an amended protocol with a lower dose of islatravir. The investigational new drug application for the islatravir + lenacapavir once-weekly treatment regimen remains under a partial clinical hold for any studies that would use weekly oral islatravir doses higher than the doses considered for the revised clinical program. Additionally, Merck announced it will discontinue the development of once-monthly oral islatravir for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). The Company remains committed to developing compounds for long-acting HIV prevention and believes in the potential of the nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor (NRTTI) mechanism.

In January 2021, Merck entered into an exclusive license and research collaboration agreement with Artiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. (Artiva) to discover, develop and manufacture CAR-NK cells that target certain solid tumors using Artiva’s proprietary platform. Merck and Artiva agreed to engage in up to three different research programs, each covering a collaboration target. Merck has sole responsibility for all development and commercialization activities (including regulatory filing and approval). Under the terms of the agreement, Merck made an upfront payment of $30 million, which was included in Research and development expenses in 2021, for license and other rights for the first two collaboration targets and agreed to make another upfront payment of $15 million for license and other rights for the third collaboration target when it is selected by Merck and accepted by Artiva. In addition, Artiva is eligible to receive future contingent milestone payments (which span all three collaboration targets), aggregating up to $217.5 million in developmental milestones, $570 million in regulatory milestones, and $1.05 billion in sales-based milestones. The agreement also provides for Merck to pay tiered royalties ranging from 7% to 14% on future sales.

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2020 Transactions

In December 2020, Merck acquired OncoImmune, a privately held, clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company, for an upfront payment of $423 million. OncoImmune’s lead therapeutic candidate (MK-7110) was being evaluated for the treatment of patients hospitalized with COVID-19. The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of an asset. Under the agreement, prior to the completion of the acquisition, OncoImmune spun-out certain rights and assets unrelated to the MK-7110 program to a new entity owned by the existing shareholders of OncoImmune. In connection with the closing of the acquisition, Merck invested $50 million for a 20% ownership interest in the new entity, which was valued at $33 million resulting in a $17 million premium. Merck also recognized other net liabilities of $22 million. The Company recorded Research and development expenses of $462 million in 2020 related to this transaction. In 2021, Merck received feedback from the FDA that additional data would be needed to support a potential Emergency Use Authorization application and therefore the Company did not expect MK-7110 would become available until the first half of 2022. Given this timeline and the technical, clinical and regulatory uncertainties, the availability of a number of medicines for patients hospitalized with COVID-19, and the need to concentrate Merck’s resources on accelerating the development and manufacture of the most viable therapeutics and vaccines, Merck decided to discontinue development of MK-7110 for the treatment of COVID-19. Due to the discontinuation, the Company recorded charges of $207 million in 2021, which are reflected in Cost of sales and relate to fixed assets and materials written off, as well as the recognition of liabilities for purchase commitments.

Also in December 2020, Merck acquired VelosBio Inc. (VelosBio), a privately held, clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company, for $2.8 billion. VelosBio’s lead investigational candidate, zilovertamab vedotin (MK-2140), is an ADC targeting receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) that is currently being evaluated for the treatment of patients with hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of an asset. Merck recorded net assets of $180 million (primarily cash) and Research and development expenses of $2.7 billion in 2020 related to the transaction. During 2021, the Company recorded adjustments to these amounts which resulted in a reduction of Research and development expenses of $43 million, an increase to total consideration paid of $47 million, and an increase to net assets recorded of $90 million.

In September 2020, Merck and Seagen Inc. (Seagen) announced an oncology collaboration to globally develop and commercialize Seagen’s ladiratuzumab vedotin (MK-6440), an investigational ADC targeting LIV-1, which is currently in Phase 2 clinical trials. The companies will equally share profits worldwide. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck made an upfront payment of $600 million and a $1.0 billion equity investment in 5 million shares of Seagen common stock at a price of $200 per share. Merck recorded $616 million in Research and development expenses in 2020 related to this transaction reflecting the upfront payment as well as a $16 million premium relating to the equity shares based on the price of Seagen common stock on the closing date. Seagen is also eligible to receive future contingent milestone payments of up to $2.6 billion, including $850 million in development milestones and $1.75 billion in sales-based milestones.

Concurrent with the above transaction, Seagen granted Merck an exclusive license to commercialize Tukysa (tucatinib), a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, for the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive cancers, in Asia, the Middle East and Latin America and other regions outside of the U.S., Canada and Europe. Merck will be responsible for marketing applications seeking approval in its territories. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck made upfront payments aggregating $210 million, which were recorded as Research and development expenses in 2020. Seagen is also eligible to receive future contingent regulatory approval milestones of up to $65 million and is receiving tiered royalties ranging from 20% to 33% based on annual sales levels of Tukysa in Merck’s territories.

Also in September 2020, Merck acquired a biologics manufacturing facility located in Dunboyne, Ireland from Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited for €256 million ($302 million). The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of an asset. Merck recorded property, plant and equipment of $289 million and other net assets of $13 million. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition.

In July 2020, Merck acquired the U.S. rights to Sentinel Flavor Tabs and Sentinel Spectrum Chews from Virbac Corporation for $410 million. Sentinel products provide protection against common parasites in dogs. The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of an asset. Merck recognized intangible assets of $401 million related to currently marketed products and inventory of $9 million at the acquisition date. The estimated fair values of the identifiable intangible assets related to currently marketed products were determined using an income approach. Actual cash flows are likely to be different than those assumed. The intangible assets related to currently marketed products are being amortized over their estimated useful lives of 15 years. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition.

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Also in July 2020, Merck and Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP (Ridgeback), a closely held biotechnology company, closed a collaboration agreement to develop Lagevrio (molnupiravir), an investigational oral antiviral COVID-19 medicine. See Note 5 for additional information related to this collaboration.

In June 2020, Merck acquired privately held Themis Bioscience GmbH (Themis), a company focused on vaccines (including a COVID-19 vaccine candidate, V591) and immune-modulation therapies for infectious diseases and cancer for $366 million. The acquisition originally provided for Merck to make additional contingent payments. The transaction was accounted for as a business combination. The Company determined the fair value of the contingent consideration was $85 million at the acquisition date utilizing a probability-weighted estimated cash flow stream using an appropriate discount rate dependent on the nature and timing of the milestone payments. Merck recognized intangible assets for IPR&D of $113 million, cash of $59 million, deferred tax assets of $72 million and other net liabilities of $32 million. The excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of net assets acquired of $239 million was recorded as goodwill that was allocated to the Pharmaceutical segment and is not deductible for tax purposes. The fair values of the identifiable intangible assets related to IPR&D were determined using an income approach. In January 2021, the Company announced it was discontinuing development of V591 as discussed below. As a result, in 2020, the Company recorded an IPR&D impairment charge of $90 million within Research and development expenses. The Company also recorded a reduction in Research and development expenses resulting from a decrease in the related liability for contingent consideration of $45 million. In 2022, the Company wrote off the remaining IPR&D intangible asset and related contingent consideration liability; the net impact to Research and development expenses was immaterial.

In May 2020, Merck and the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), a nonprofit scientific research organization dedicated to addressing urgent, unmet global health challenges, announced a collaboration to develop V590, an investigational vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 being studied for the prevention of COVID-19. The agreement provided for an upfront payment by Merck of $6.5 million and also provided for future contingent payments based on sales. Merck also signed an agreement with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), part of the office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response within an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, to provide initial funding support to Merck for this effort. In January 2021, the Company announced it was discontinuing development of V590 as discussed below.

In January 2021, the Company announced the discontinuation of the development programs for its COVID-19 vaccine candidates, V590 and V591, following Merck’s review of findings from Phase 1 clinical studies for the vaccines. In these studies, both V590 and V591 were generally well tolerated, but the immune responses were inferior to those seen following natural infection and those reported for other SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 vaccines. Due to the discontinuation, the Company recorded a charge of $305 million in 2020, of which $260 million was reflected in Cost of sales and related to fixed assets and materials written off, as well as the recognition of liabilities for purchase commitments. The remaining $45 million of costs were reflected in Research and development expenses and represent amounts related to the Themis acquisition noted above (an IPR&D impairment charge, partially offset by a reduction in the related liability for contingent consideration).

In January 2020, Merck acquired ArQule, Inc. (ArQule), a publicly traded biopharmaceutical company focused on kinase inhibitor discovery and development for the treatment of patients with cancer and other diseases. Total consideration paid of $2.7 billion included $138 million of share-based compensation payments to settle equity awards attributable to precombination service and cash paid for transaction costs on behalf of ArQule. The Company incurred $95 million of costs directly related to the acquisition of ArQule, consisting almost entirely of share-based compensation payments to settle non-vested equity awards attributable to postcombination service. These costs were included in Selling, general and administrative expenses in 2020. ArQule’s lead investigational candidate, nemtabrutinib (MK-1026), is a novel, oral Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor currently being evaluated for the treatment of B-cell malignancies. The transaction was accounted for as a business combination.

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The estimated fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed from ArQule is as follows:

	January 16, 2020
Cash and cash equivalents	$	145
IPR&D - nemtabrutinib (1)	2,280
Licensing arrangement for derazantinib	80
Deferred income tax liabilities	(361)
Other assets and liabilities, net	34
Total identifiable net assets	2,178
Goodwill (2)	512
Consideration transferred	$	2,690

(1)    The estimated fair value of nemtabrutinib was determined using an income approach. The future probability-weighted net cash flows were discounted to present value utilizing a discount rate of 12.5%.

(2)    The goodwill was allocated to the Pharmaceutical segment and is not deductible for tax purposes.

Merck recorded intangible asset impairment charges in 2022 and 2021 related to nemtabrutinib and in 2022 related to derazantinib (see Note 9).

5.    Collaborative Arrangements

Merck has entered into collaborative arrangements that provide the Company with varying rights to develop, produce and market products together with its collaborative partners. Both parties in these arrangements are active participants and exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of the activities of the collaboration. Merck’s more significant collaborative arrangements are discussed below.

AstraZeneca

In 2017, Merck and AstraZeneca PLC (AstraZeneca) entered into a global strategic oncology collaboration to co-develop and co-commercialize AstraZeneca’s Lynparza (olaparib) for multiple cancer types. Independently, Merck and AstraZeneca will develop and commercialize Lynparza in combinations with their respective PD-1 and PD-L1 medicines, Keytruda and Imfinzi. The companies are also jointly developing and commercializing AstraZeneca’s Koselugo (selumetinib) for multiple indications. Under the terms of the agreement, AstraZeneca and Merck will share the development and commercialization costs for Lynparza and Koselugo monotherapy and non-PD-L1/PD-1 combination therapy opportunities.

Profits from Lynparza and Koselugo product sales generated through monotherapies or combination therapies are shared equally. AstraZeneca is the principal on Lynparza and Koselugo sales transactions. Merck records its share of Lynparza and Koselugo product sales, net of cost of sales and commercialization costs, as alliance revenue, and its share of development costs associated with the collaboration as part of Research and development expenses. Reimbursements received from AstraZeneca for research and development expenses are recognized as reductions to Research and development costs.

As part of the agreement, Merck made an upfront payment to AstraZeneca and also made payments over a multi-year period for certain license options. In addition, the agreement provides for contingent payments from Merck to AstraZeneca related to the successful achievement of sales-based and regulatory milestones.

In 2022, Merck determined it was probable that sales of Lynparza in the future would trigger a $600 million sales-based milestone payment from Merck to AstraZeneca. Accordingly, Merck recorded a $600 million liability (which remained accrued at December 31, 2022) and a corresponding increase to the intangible asset related to Lynparza. Merck also recognized $250 million of cumulative amortization catch-up expense related to the recognition of this milestone in 2022. Merck made sales-based milestone payments to AstraZeneca aggregating $400 million and $550 million in 2022 and 2020, respectively. Potential future sales-based milestone payments of $2.1 billion have not yet been accrued as they are not deemed by the Company to be probable at this time.

In 2022 and 2020, Lynparza received regulatory approvals triggering capitalized milestone payments of $250 million and $160 million, respectively, from Merck to AstraZeneca. A regulatory milestone of $105 million that was accrued at December 31, 2022 was paid in January 2023. Potential future regulatory milestone payments of $1.1 billion remain under the agreement.

The intangible asset balance related to Lynparza (which includes capitalized sales-based and regulatory milestone payments) was $1.6 billion at December 31, 2022 and is included in Other Intangibles, Net. The amount is

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being amortized over its estimated useful life through 2028 as supported by projected future cash flows, subject to impairment testing.

Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Alliance revenue - Lynparza	$	1,116	$	989	$	725
Alliance revenue - Koselugo	54		29		8
Total alliance revenue	$	1,170	$	1,018	$	733
Cost of sales (1)	492		167		247
Selling, general and administrative	185		178		160
Research and development	106		120		133
December 31	2022		2021
Receivables from AstraZeneca included in Other current assets	$	303	$	271
Payables to AstraZeneca included in Trade accounts payable and Accrued and other current liabilities (2)	123		415
Payables to AstraZeneca included in Other Noncurrent Liabilities (2)	600		—

(1)    Represents amortization of capitalized milestone payments. Amounts in 2022 and 2020 include $250 million and $106 million, respectively, of cumulative amortization catch-up expense.

(2)    Includes accrued milestone payments.

Eisai

In 2018, Merck and Eisai Co., Ltd. (Eisai) announced a strategic collaboration for the worldwide co-development and co-commercialization of Lenvima (lenvatinib), an orally available tyrosine kinase inhibitor discovered by Eisai. Under the agreement, Merck and Eisai will develop and commercialize Lenvima jointly, both as monotherapy and in combination with Keytruda. Eisai records Lenvima product sales globally (Eisai is the principal on Lenvima sales transactions) and Merck and Eisai share applicable profits equally. Merck records its share of Lenvima product sales, net of cost of sales and commercialization costs, as alliance revenue. Expenses incurred during co-development are shared by the two companies in accordance with the collaboration agreement and reflected in Research and development expenses. Certain expenses incurred solely by Merck or Eisai are not shareable under the collaboration agreement, including costs incurred in excess of agreed upon caps and costs related to certain combination studies of Keytruda and Lenvima.

Under the agreement, Merck made an upfront payment to Eisai and also made payments over a multi-year period for certain option rights (of which the final $125 million option payment was made in March 2021). In addition, the agreement provides for contingent payments from Merck to Eisai related to the successful achievement of sales-based and regulatory milestones.

Merck made sales-based milestone payments to Eisai aggregating $600 million, $200 million and $500 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Potential future sales-based milestone payments of $2.6 billion have not yet been accrued as they are not deemed by the Company to be probable at this time.

In 2022, 2021 and 2020, Lenvima received regulatory approvals triggering capitalized milestone payments of $50 million, $75 million and $10 million, respectively, from Merck to Eisai. There are no regulatory milestone payments remaining under the agreement.

The intangible asset balance related to Lenvima (which includes capitalized sales-based and regulatory milestone payments) was $814 million at December 31, 2022 and is included in Other Intangibles, Net. The amount is being amortized over its estimated useful life through 2026 as supported by projected future cash flows, subject to impairment testing.

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Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Alliance revenue - Lenvima	$	876	$	704	$	580
Cost of sales (1)	212		195		271
Selling, general and administrative	158		127		73
Research and development	136		173		185
December 31	2022		2021
Receivables from Eisai included in Other current assets	$	214	$	200
Payables to Eisai included in Accrued and other current liabilities (2)	—		625

(1)     Represents amortization of capitalized milestone payments.

(2)     Represents accrued milestone payments.

Bayer AG

In 2014, the Company entered into a worldwide clinical development collaboration with Bayer AG (Bayer) to market and develop soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) modulators including Bayer’s Adempas (riociguat). The two companies have implemented a joint development and commercialization strategy. The collaboration also includes development of Bayer’s Verquvo (vericiguat), which was approved in the U.S., the EU and Japan in 2021 and has since been approved in several other markets. Under the agreement, Bayer commercializes Adempas in the Americas, while Merck commercializes in the rest of the world. For Verquvo, Merck commercializes in the U.S. and Bayer commercializes in the rest of the world. Both companies share in development costs and profits on sales. Merck records sales of Adempas and Verquvo in its marketing territories, as well as alliance revenue. Alliance revenue represents Merck’s share of profits from sales of Adempas and Verquvo in Bayer’s marketing territories, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs. Cost of sales includes Bayer’s share of profits from sales in Merck’s marketing territories.

In addition, the agreement provided for contingent payments from Merck to Bayer related to the successful achievement of sales-based milestones. Merck made sales-based milestone payments to Bayer of $400 million and $375 million in 2022 and 2020, respectively. There are no sales-based milestone payments remaining under the agreement.

The intangible asset balances related to Adempas (which includes the acquired intangible asset balance, as well as capitalized sales-based milestone payments attributed to Adempas) and Verquvo (which reflects the portion of the final sales-based milestone payment that was attributed to Verquvo) were $633 million and $57 million, respectively, at December 31, 2022 and are included in Other Intangibles, Net. The assets are being amortized over their estimated useful lives (through 2027 for Adempas and through 2031 for Verquvo) as supported by projected future cash flows, subject to impairment testing.

Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Alliance revenue - Adempas/Verquvo	$	341	$	342	$	281
Net sales of Adempas recorded by Merck	238		252		220
Net sales of Verquvo recorded by Merck	22		7		—
Total sales	$	601	$	601	$	501
Cost of sales (1)	210		424		196
Selling, general and administrative	153		126		47
Research and development	75		53		63
December 31	2022		2021
Receivables from Bayer included in Other current assets	$	143	$	114
Payables to Bayer included in Accrued and other current Liabilities (2)	80		472

(1)    Includes amortization of intangible assets. Amount in 2021 includes $153 million of cumulative amortization catch-up expense.

(2)    Amount as of December 31, 2021 includes accrued milestone payment.

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Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP

In July 2020, Merck and Ridgeback, a closely held biotechnology company, entered into a collaboration agreement to develop Lagevrio, an investigational orally available antiviral candidate for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Merck gained exclusive worldwide rights to develop and commercialize Lagevrio and related molecules. Following initial authorizations in certain markets in the fourth quarter of 2021, Lagevrio has since received multiple additional authorizations worldwide.

Under the terms of the agreement, Ridgeback received an upfront payment and is eligible to receive future contingent payments dependent upon the achievement of certain developmental and regulatory approval milestones. The agreement also provides for Merck to reimburse Ridgeback for a portion of certain third-party contingent milestone payments and royalties on net sales, which is part of the profit-sharing calculation. Merck is the principal on sales transactions, recognizing sales and related costs, with profit-sharing amounts recorded within Cost of sales. Profits from the collaboration are split equally between the partners. Reimbursements from Ridgeback for its share of research and development costs (deducted from Ridgeback’s share of profits) are reflected as decreases to Research and development expenses.

Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Net sales of Lagevrio	$	5,684	$	952	$	—
Cost of sales (1)(2)	3,038		502		17
Selling, general and administrative (2)	147		37		6
Research and development (2)(3)	88		137		349
December 31	2022		2021
Payables to Ridgeback included in Accrued and other current liabilities (4)	$	348	$	283

(1)    Includes royalty expense and amortization of capitalized milestone payments.

(2)    Expenses in all periods now include an allocation for overhead charges.

(3)    Amount in 2020 includes upfront payment.

(4)    Includes accrued royalty and milestone payments.

Bristol Myers Squibb

Reblozyl (luspatercept-aamt) is a first-in-class erythroid maturation recombinant fusion protein obtained as part of Merck’s November 2021 acquisition of Acceleron that is being developed and commercialized through a global collaboration with Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS). Reblozyl is approved in the U.S., Europe, and certain other markets for the treatment of anemia in certain rare blood disorders and is also being evaluated for additional indications for hematology therapies. BMS is the principal on sales transactions for Reblozyl; however, Merck co-promotes Reblozyl (and will co-promote all future products approved under this collaboration) in North America, which is reimbursed by BMS. Merck receives a 20% sales royalty from BMS which could increase to a maximum of 24% based on sales levels. This royalty will be reduced by 50% upon the earlier of patent expiry or generic entry on an indication-by-indication basis in each market. Additionally, Merck is eligible to receive future contingent sales-based milestone payments of up to $80 million. Merck recorded alliance revenue of $166 million in 2022, which includes royalties of $146 million and the receipt of a regulatory approval milestone payment of $20 million, compared with alliance revenue of $17 million in 2021.

6.    Restructuring

In 2019, Merck approved a global restructuring program (Restructuring Program) as part of a worldwide initiative focused on further optimizing the Company’s manufacturing and supply network, as well as reducing its global real estate footprint. This program is a continuation of the Company’s plant rationalization and builds on prior restructuring programs. The actions currently contemplated under the Restructuring Program are expected to be substantially completed by the end of 2023, with the cumulative pretax costs to be incurred by the Company to implement the program estimated to be approximately $3.7 billion. The Company estimates that approximately 70% of the cumulative pretax costs will result in cash outlays, primarily related to employee separation expense and facility shut-down costs. Approximately 30% of the cumulative pretax costs will be non-cash, relating primarily to the accelerated depreciation of facilities to be closed or divested.

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The Company recorded total pretax costs of $666 million in 2022, $868 million in 2021 and $880 million in 2020 related to restructuring program activities. Since inception of the Restructuring Program through December 31, 2022, Merck has recorded total pretax accumulated costs of approximately $3.3 billion. The Company expects to record charges of approximately $400 million in 2023 related to the Restructuring Program. For segment reporting, restructuring charges are unallocated expenses.

The following table summarizes the charges related to restructuring program activities by type of cost:

	Separation Costs		Accelerated Depreciation		Other		Total
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Cost of sales	$	—	$	72	$	133	$	205
Selling, general and administrative	—		19		75		94
Research and development	—		29		1		30
Restructuring costs	212		—		125		337
	$	212	$	120	$	334	$	666
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Cost of sales	$	—	$	52	$	108	$	160
Selling, general and administrative	—		12		7		19
Research and development	—		27		1		28
Restructuring costs	451		—		210		661
	$	451	$	91	$	326	$	868
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Cost of sales	$	—	$	143	$	32	$	175
Selling, general and administrative	—		44		3		47
Research and development	—		81		2		83
Restructuring costs	385		—		190		575
	$	385	$	268	$	227	$	880

Separation costs are associated with actual headcount reductions, as well as involuntary headcount reductions which were probable and could be reasonably estimated.

Accelerated depreciation costs primarily relate to manufacturing, research and administrative facilities and equipment to be sold or closed as part of the program. Accelerated depreciation costs represent the difference between the depreciation expense to be recognized over the revised useful life of the asset, based upon the anticipated date the site will be closed or divested or the equipment disposed of, and depreciation expense as determined utilizing the useful life prior to the restructuring actions. All the sites have and will continue to operate up through the respective closure dates and, since future undiscounted cash flows are sufficient to recover the respective book values, Merck is recording accelerated depreciation over the revised useful life of the site assets. Anticipated site closure dates, particularly related to manufacturing locations, have been and may continue to be adjusted to reflect changes resulting from regulatory or other factors.

Other activity in 2022, 2021 and 2020 includes asset abandonment, facility shut-down and other related costs, as well as pretax gains and losses resulting from the sales of facilities and related assets. Additionally, other activity includes certain employee-related costs associated with pension and other postretirement benefit plans (see Note 14) and share-based compensation.

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The following table summarizes the charges and spending relating to restructuring program activities:

	Separation Costs		Accelerated Depreciation		Other		Total
Restructuring reserves January 1, 2021	$	567	$	—	$	19	$	586
Expenses	451		91		326		868
(Payments) receipts, net	(422)		—		(186)		(608)
Non-cash activity	—		(91)		(118)		(209)
Restructuring reserves December 31, 2021	596		—		41		637
Expenses	212		120		334		666
(Payments) receipts, net	(329)		—		(120)		(449)
Non-cash activity	—		(120)		(221)		(341)
Restructuring reserves December 31, 2022 (1)	$	479	$	—	$	34	$	513

(1)    The remaining cash outlays are expected to be largely completed by the end of 2025.

7.    Financial Instruments

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company manages the impact of foreign exchange rate movements and interest rate movements on its earnings, cash flows and fair values of assets and liabilities through operational means and through the use of various financial instruments, including derivative instruments.

A significant portion of the Company’s revenues and earnings in foreign affiliates is exposed to changes in foreign exchange rates. The objectives of and accounting related to the Company’s foreign currency risk management program, as well as its interest rate risk management activities are discussed below.

Foreign Currency Risk Management

The Company has established revenue hedging, balance sheet risk management and net investment hedging programs to protect against volatility of future foreign currency cash flows and changes in fair value caused by changes in foreign exchange rates.

The objective of the revenue hedging program is to reduce the variability caused by changes in foreign exchange rates that would affect the U.S. dollar value of future cash flows derived from foreign currency denominated sales, primarily the euro, Japanese yen and Chinese renminbi. To achieve this objective, the Company will hedge a portion of its forecasted foreign currency denominated third-party and intercompany distributor entity sales (forecasted sales) that are expected to occur over its planning cycle, typically no more than two years into the future. The Company will layer in hedges over time, increasing the portion of forecasted sales hedged as it gets closer to the expected date of the forecasted sales. The portion of forecasted sales hedged is based on assessments of cost-benefit profiles that consider natural offsetting exposures, revenue and exchange rate volatilities and correlations, and the cost of hedging instruments. The Company manages its anticipated transaction exposure principally with purchased local currency put options, forward contracts, and purchased collar options.

The fair values of these derivative contracts are recorded as either assets (gain positions) or liabilities (loss positions) in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Changes in the fair value of derivative contracts are recorded each period in either current earnings or OCI depending on whether the derivative is designated as part of a hedge transaction and, if so, the type of hedge transaction. For derivatives that are designated as cash flow hedges, the unrealized gains or losses on these contracts are recorded in AOCL and reclassified into Sales when the hedged anticipated revenue is recognized. For those derivatives which are not designated as cash flow hedges, but serve as economic hedges of forecasted sales, unrealized gains or losses are recorded in Sales each period. The cash flows from both designated and non-designated contracts are reported as operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The Company does not enter into derivatives for trading or speculative purposes.

The Company manages operating activities and net asset positions at each local subsidiary in order to mitigate the effects of exchange on monetary assets and liabilities. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of a given subsidiary are remeasured at spot rates in effect on the balance sheet date with the effects of changes in spot rates reported in Other (income) expense, net. The Company also uses a balance sheet risk management program to mitigate the exposure of such assets and liabilities from the effects of volatility in foreign exchange. Merck principally utilizes forward exchange contracts to offset the effects of exchange in developed country currencies, primarily the euro, Japanese yen, British pound, Canadian dollar, Australian dollar and Swiss franc. For exposures in developing country currencies, including the Chinese renminbi,

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the Company will enter into forward contracts to offset the effects of exchange on exposures when it is deemed economical to do so based on a cost-benefit analysis that considers the magnitude of the exposure, the volatility of the exchange rate and the cost of the hedging instrument. The forward contracts are not designated as hedges and are marked to market through Other (income) expense, net. Accordingly, fair value changes in the forward contracts help mitigate the changes in the value of the remeasured assets and liabilities attributable to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, except to the extent of the spot-forward differences. These differences are not significant due to the short-term nature of the contracts, which typically have average maturities at inception of less than six months. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

The Company also uses forward exchange contracts to hedge a portion of its net investment in foreign operations against movements in exchange rates. The forward contracts are designated as hedges of the net investment in a foreign operation. The unrealized gains or losses on these contracts are recorded in foreign currency translation adjustment within OCI, and remain in AOCL until either the sale or complete or substantially complete liquidation of the subsidiary. The Company excludes certain portions of the change in fair value of its derivative instruments from the assessment of hedge effectiveness (excluded components). Changes in fair value of the excluded components are recognized in OCI. The Company recognizes in earnings the initial value of the excluded components on a straight-line basis over the life of the derivative instrument, rather than using the mark-to-market approach. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as investing activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

Foreign exchange risk is also managed through the use of foreign currency debt. The Company’s senior unsecured euro-denominated notes have been designated as, and are effective as, economic hedges of the net investment in a foreign operation. Accordingly, foreign currency transaction gains or losses due to spot rate fluctuations on the euro-denominated debt instruments are included in foreign currency translation adjustment within OCI.

The effects of the Company’s net investment hedges on OCI and the Consolidated Statement of Income are shown below:

	Amount of Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (1)						Amount of Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Other (income) expense, net for Amounts Excluded from Effectiveness Testing
Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020
Net Investment Hedging Relationships
Foreign exchange contracts	$	(48)	$	(49)	$	26	$	(1)	$	(13)	$	(19)
Euro-denominated notes	(162)		(296)		385		—		—		—

(1)    No amounts were reclassified from AOCL into income related to the sale of a subsidiary.

Interest Rate Risk Management

The Company may use interest rate swap contracts on certain investing and borrowing transactions to manage its net exposure to interest rate changes and to reduce its overall cost of borrowing. The Company does not use leveraged swaps and, in general, does not leverage any of its investment activities that would put principal at risk.

In 2022, nine interest rate swap contracts with a total notional amount of $2.25 billion matured. These swaps effectively converted the Company’s $1.0 billion, 2.4% fixed-rate notes and $1.25 billion, 2.35% fixed-rate notes due 2022 to variable rate debt.

The interest rate swap contracts were designated hedges of the fair value changes in the notes attributable to changes in the benchmark LIBOR swap rate. The fair value changes in the notes attributable to changes in the LIBOR swap rate were recorded in interest expense along with the offsetting fair value changes in the swap contracts. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The Company is not currently a party to any interest rate swaps.

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The table below presents the location of amounts recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges as of December 31:

	Carrying Amount of Hedged Liabilities				Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Increase Included in the Carrying Amount
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Balance Sheet Line Item in which Hedged Item is Included
Loans payable and current portion of long-term debt	$	—	$	2,263	$	—	$	13

Presented in the table below is the fair value of derivatives on a gross basis segregated between those derivatives that are designated as hedging instruments and those that are not designated as hedging instruments as of December 31:

		2022						2021
		Fair Value of Derivative				U.S. Dollar Notional		Fair Value of Derivative				U.S. Dollar Notional
		Asset		Liability				Asset		Liability
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments	Balance Sheet Caption
Interest rate swap contracts	Other current assets	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	14	$	—	$	2,250
Foreign exchange contracts	Other current assets	220		—		4,824		271		—		6,778
Foreign exchange contracts	Other Assets	27		—		1,609		43		—		1,551
Foreign exchange contracts	Accrued and other current liabilities	—		101		2,691		—		24		1,623
Foreign exchange contracts	Other Noncurrent Liabilities	—		1		91		—		1		43
		$	247	$	102	$	9,215	$	328	$	25	$	12,245
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	Balance Sheet Caption
Foreign exchange contracts	Other current assets	$	186	$	—	$	8,540	$	221	$	—	$	10,073
Foreign exchange contracts	Accrued and other current liabilities	—		307		10,926		—		96		10,640
		$	186	$	307	$	19,466	$	221	$	96	$	20,713
		$	433	$	409	$	28,681	$	549	$	121	$	32,958

As noted above, the Company records its derivatives on a gross basis in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company has master netting agreements with several of its financial institution counterparties (see Concentrations of Credit Risk below). The following table provides information on the Company’s derivative positions subject to these master netting arrangements as if they were presented on a net basis, allowing for the right of offset by counterparty and cash collateral exchanged per the master agreements and related credit support annexes at December 31:

	2022				2021
	Asset		Liability		Asset		Liability
Gross amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet	$	433	$	409	$	549	$	121
Gross amounts subject to offset in master netting arrangements not offset in the consolidated balance sheet	(220)		(220)		(110)		(110)
Cash collateral received/posted	(66)		(19)		(164)		—
Net amounts	$	147	$	170	$	275	$	11

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The table below provides information regarding the location and amount of pretax gains and losses of derivatives designated in fair value or cash flow hedging relationships:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020		2022		2021	2020	2022		2021		2020
Financial Statement Caption in which Effects of Fair Value or Cash Flow Hedges are Recorded	Sales						Other (income) expense, net (1)				Other comprehensive income (loss)
	$	59,283	$	48,704	$	41,518	$	1,501	(1,341)	(890)	$	(339)	$	1,756	$	(441)
(Gain) loss on fair value hedging relationships:
Interest rate swap contracts
Hedged items	—		—		—		(13)		(40)	40	—		—		—
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	—		—		—		4		1	(76)	—		—		—
Impact of cash flow hedging relationships:
Foreign exchange contracts
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives	—		—		—		—		—	—	684		333		(383)
Increase (decrease) in Sales as a result of AOCL reclassifications	773		(194)		(6)		—		—	—	(773)		194		6
Interest rate contracts
Amount of gain recognized in Other (income) expense, net on derivatives	—		—		—		(2)		(2)	(4)	—		—		—
Amount of loss recognized in OCI on derivatives	—		—		—		—		—	—	(2)		(2)		(4)

(1)    Interest expense is a component of Other (income) expense, net.

The table below provides information regarding the income statement effects of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:

		Amount of Derivative Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Income
Years Ended December 31		2022		2021		2020
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	Income Statement Caption
Foreign exchange contracts (1)	Other (income) expense, net	$	(49)	$	313	$	(12)
Foreign exchange contracts (2)	Sales	(37)		9		13
Interest rate contracts (3)	Other (income) expense, net	—		—		9
Forward contract related to Seagen common stock	Research and development	—		—		15

(1)    These derivative contracts primarily mitigate changes in the value of remeasured foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities attributable to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Amount in 2021 includes a loss on forward exchange contracts entered into in conjunction with the spin-off of Organon.

(2)     These derivative contracts serve as economic hedges of forecasted transactions.

(3)     These derivative contracts serve as economic hedges against rising treasury rates.

At December 31, 2022, the Company estimates $104 million of pretax net unrealized gains on derivatives maturing within the next 12 months that hedge foreign currency denominated sales over that same period will be reclassified from AOCL to Sales. The amount ultimately reclassified to Sales may differ as foreign exchange rates change. Realized gains and losses are ultimately determined by actual exchange rates at maturity.

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Investments in Debt and Equity Securities

Information on investments in debt and equity securities at December 31 is as follows:

	2022								2021
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value
			Gains		Losses						Gains		Losses
Commercial paper	$	498	$	—	$	—	$	498	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
U.S. government and agency securities	68		—		—		68		80		—		—		80
Corporate notes and bonds	3		—		—		3		4		—		—		4
Foreign government bonds	—		—		—		—		2		—		—		2
Total debt securities	569		—		—		569		86		—		—		86
Publicly traded equity securities (1)							1,284								1,647
Total debt and publicly traded equity securities							$	1,853							$	1,733

(1)    Unrealized net losses of $462 million were recorded in Other (income) expense, net in 2022 on equity securities still held at December 31, 2022. Unrealized net losses of $232 million were recorded in Other (income) expense, net in 2021 on equity securities still held at December 31, 2021.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company also had $832 million and $596 million, respectively, of equity investments without readily determinable fair values included in Other Assets. The Company records unrealized gains on these equity investments based on favorable observable price changes from transactions involving similar investments of the same investee and records unrealized losses based on unfavorable observable price changes, which are included in Other (income) expense, net. During 2022, the Company recorded unrealized gains of $56 million and unrealized losses of $12 million related to certain of these equity investments still held at December 31, 2022. During 2021, the Company recorded unrealized gains of $110 million and unrealized losses of $1 million related to certain of these investments still held at December 31, 2021. Cumulative unrealized gains and cumulative unrealized losses based on observable price changes for investments in equity investments without readily determinable fair values still held at December 31, 2022 were $289 million and $19 million, respectively.

At December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company also had $598 million, $1.7 billion and $800 million, respectively, recorded in Other Assets for equity securities held through ownership interests in investment funds. Losses (gains) recorded in Other (income) expense, net relating to these investment funds were $1.0 billion, $(1.4) billion and $(583) million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The Company uses a fair value hierarchy which maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. There are three levels of inputs used to measure fair value with Level 1 having the highest priority and Level 3 having the lowest:

Level 1 — Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 — Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity. Level 3 assets or liabilities are those whose values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques with significant unobservable inputs, as well as assets or liabilities for which the determination of fair value requires significant judgment or estimation.

If the inputs used to measure the financial assets and liabilities fall within more than one level described above, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument.

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Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31 are summarized below:

	Fair Value Measurements Using								Fair Value Measurements Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	2022								2021
Assets
Investments
Commercial paper	$	—	$	498	$	—	$	498	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Foreign government bonds	—		—		—		—		—		2		—		2
Publicly traded equity securities	1,015		—		—		1,015		368		—		—		368
	1,015		498		—		1,513		368		2		—		370
Other assets (1)
U.S. government and agency securities	68		—		—		68		80		—		—		80
Corporate notes and bonds	3		—		—		3		4		—		—		4
Publicly traded equity securities	269		—		—		269		1,279		—		—		1,279
	340		—		—		340		1,363		—		—		1,363
Derivative assets (2)
Forward exchange contracts	—		218		—		218		—		351		—		351
Purchased currency options	—		215		—		215		—		184		—		184
Interest rate swaps	—		—		—		—		—		14		—		14
	—		433		—		433		—		549		—		549
Total assets	$	1,355	$	931	$	—	$	2,286	$	1,731	$	551	$	—	$	2,282
Liabilities
Other liabilities
Contingent consideration	$	—	$	—	$	456	$	456	$	—	$	—	$	777	$	777
Derivative liabilities (2)
Forward exchange contracts	—		402		—		402		—		120		—		120
Written currency options	—		7		—		7		—		1		—		1
	—		409		—		409		—		121		—		121
Total liabilities	$	—	$	409	$	456	$	865	$	—	$	121	$	777	$	898

(1)    Investments included in other assets are restricted as to use, including for the payment of benefits under employee benefit plans.

(2)    The fair value determination of derivatives includes the impact of the credit risk of counterparties to the derivatives and the Company’s own credit risk, the effects of which were not significant.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, Cash and cash equivalents included $11.3 billion and $6.8 billion of cash equivalents, respectively, (which would be considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy).

Contingent Consideration

Summarized information about the changes in the fair value of liabilities for contingent consideration associated with business combinations is as follows:

	2022		2021
Fair value January 1	$	777	$	841
Changes in estimated fair value (1)	(146)		57
Payments	(119)		(109)
Other	(56)		(12)
Fair value December 31 (2)	$	456	$	777

(1)    Recorded in Cost of sales, Research and development expenses, and Other (income) expense, net. Includes cumulative translation adjustments.

(2)    At December 31, 2022 and 2021, $368 million and $620 million, respectively, of the liabilities relate to the termination of the Sanofi Pasteur MSD joint venture in 2016. As part of the termination, Merck recorded a liability for contingent future royalty payments of 11.5% on net sales of all Merck products that were previously sold by the joint venture through December 31, 2024. The fair value of this liability is determined utilizing the estimated amount and timing of projected cash flows using a risk-adjusted discount rate to present value the cash flows. Balance at December 31, 2022 includes $122 million recorded as a current liability for amounts expected to be paid within the next 12 months.

The payments of contingent consideration in both years relate to the Sanofi Pasteur MSD liabilities described above.

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Other Fair Value Measurements

Some of the Company’s financial instruments, such as cash and cash equivalents, receivables and payables, are reflected in the balance sheet at carrying value, which approximates fair value due to their short-term nature.

The estimated fair value of loans payable and long-term debt (including current portion) at December 31, 2022, was $26.7 billion compared with a carrying value of $30.7 billion and at December 31, 2021, was $35.7 billion compared with a carrying value of $33.1 billion. Fair value was estimated using recent observable market prices and would be considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

On an ongoing basis, the Company monitors concentrations of credit risk associated with corporate and government issuers of securities and financial institutions with which it conducts business. Credit exposure limits are established to limit a concentration with any single issuer or institution. Cash and investments are placed in instruments that meet high credit quality standards, as specified in the Company’s investment policy guidelines.

The majority of the Company’s accounts receivable arise from product sales in the U.S., Europe and China and are primarily due from drug wholesalers and retailers, hospitals and government agencies. The Company monitors the financial performance and creditworthiness of its customers so that it can properly assess and respond to changes in their credit profile. The Company also continues to monitor global economic conditions, including the volatility associated with international sovereign economies, and associated impacts on the financial markets and its business. 

The Company’s customers with the largest accounts receivable balances are: McKesson Corporation, AmerisourceBergen Corporation and Cardinal Health, Inc., which represented approximately 21%, 20% and 13%, respectively, of total accounts receivable at December 31, 2022. The Company monitors the creditworthiness of its customers to which it grants credit terms in the normal course of business. Bad debts have been minimal. The Company does not normally require collateral or other security to support credit sales.

The Company has accounts receivable factoring agreements with financial institutions in certain countries to sell accounts receivable. The Company factored $2.5 billion and $2.8 billion of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, under these factoring arrangements, which reduced outstanding accounts receivable. The cash received from the financial institutions is reported within operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. In certain of these factoring arrangements, for ease of administration, the Company will collect customer payments related to the factored receivables, which it then remits to the financial institutions. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had collected $67 million and $62 million, respectively, on behalf of the financial institutions, which is reflected as restricted cash in Other current assets and the related obligation to remit the cash within Accrued and other current liabilities. The Company remitted the cash to the financial institutions in January 2023 and 2022, respectively. The net cash flows related to these collections are reported as financing activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The cost of factoring such accounts receivable was de minimis.

Derivative financial instruments are executed under International Swaps and Derivatives Association master agreements. The master agreements with several of the Company’s financial institution counterparties also include credit support annexes. These annexes contain provisions that require collateral to be exchanged depending on the value of the derivative assets and liabilities, the Company’s credit rating, and the credit rating of the counterparty. Cash collateral advanced by the Company to various counterparties was $19 million at December 31, 2022. Cash collateral received by the Company from various counterparties was $66 million and $164 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The obligation to return such collateral is recorded in Accrued and other current liabilities.

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8.    Inventories

Inventories at December 31 consisted of:

	2022		2021
Finished goods	$	1,841	$	1,747
Raw materials and work in process	7,063		6,220
Supplies	238		196
Total (approximates current cost)	9,142		8,163
Decrease to LIFO cost	(293)		(16)
	$	8,849	$	8,147
Recognized as:
Inventories	$	5,911	$	5,953
Other Assets	2,938		2,194

Inventories valued under the LIFO method comprised approximately $3.4 billion and $3.3 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amounts recognized as Other Assets are comprised almost entirely of raw materials and work in process inventories. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, these amounts included $2.4 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively, of inventories not expected to be sold within one year. In addition, these amounts included $516 million and $256 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, of inventories produced in preparation for product launches.

9.    Goodwill and Other Intangibles

The following table summarizes goodwill activity by segment:

	Pharmaceutical		Animal Health		Total
Balance January 1, 2021	$	15,614	$	3,268	$	18,882
Acquisitions	2,431		5		2,436
Other (1)	(48)		(6)		(54)
Balance December 31, 2021 (2)	17,997		3,267		21,264
Other (1)	(61)		1		(60)
Balance December 31, 2022 (2)	$	17,936	$	3,268	$	21,204

(1)    Includes cumulative translation adjustments on goodwill balances.

(2)    Accumulated goodwill impairment losses were $531 million at both December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The additions to goodwill in the Pharmaceutical segment in 2021 were primarily related to the acquisition of Acceleron (see Note 4).

Other acquired intangibles at December 31 consisted of:

	2022						2021
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Products and product rights	$	23,555	$	16,745	$	6,810	$	23,671	$	15,776	$	7,895
IPR&D	7,661		—		7,661		9,281		—		9,281
Trade names	2,879		635		2,244		2,882		493		2,389
Licenses and other	7,651		4,097		3,554		6,604		3,236		3,368
	$	41,746	$	21,477	$	20,269	$	42,438	$	19,505	$	22,933

Some of the more significant acquired intangibles included in products and product rights, on a net basis, related to human health marketed products at December 31, 2022 were Reblozyl, $3.5 billion; Zerbaxa, $406 million; Sivextro, $122 million; Gardasil/Gardasil 9, $120 million; and Bridion, $97 million. Additionally, the Company had $4.6 billion of net acquired intangibles related to animal health at December 31, 2022, of which $2.3 billion related to products and product rights and $2.2 billion was attributable to trade names, primarily related to Allflex. At December 31, 2022, IPR&D primarily relates to MK-7962 (sotatercept), $6.4 billion, obtained through the acquisition of Acceleron in 2021 (see Note 4); MK-7264 (gefapixant), $832 million, obtained through the acquisition of Afferent Pharmaceuticals in 2016; and MK-1026 (nemtabrutinib), $418 million, obtained through the acquisition of ArQule in

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2020 (see below and Note 4). Some of the more significant net intangible assets included in licenses and other above at December 31, 2022 include Lynparza, $1.6 billion, related to a collaboration with AstraZeneca; Lenvima, $814 million, related to a collaboration with Eisai; and Adempas, $633 million, related to a collaboration with Bayer. See Note 5 for additional information related to the intangible assets associated with these collaborations.

In 2020, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $1.6 billion within Cost of sales related to Zerbaxa (ceftolozane and tazobactam) for injection, a combination antibacterial and beta-lactamase inhibitor for the treatment of certain bacterial infections. In December 2020, the Company temporarily suspended sales of Zerbaxa, and subsequently issued a product recall, following the identification of product sterility issues. The recall constituted a triggering event requiring the evaluation of the Zerbaxa intangible asset for impairment. The Company revised its cash flow forecasts for Zerbaxa utilizing certain assumptions around the return to market timeline and anticipated uptake in sales thereafter. These revised cash flow forecasts indicated that the Zerbaxa intangible asset value was not fully recoverable on an undiscounted cash flows basis. The Company utilized market participant assumptions to determine its best estimate of the fair value of the intangible asset related to Zerbaxa that, when compared with its related carrying value, resulted in the impairment charge noted above. The Company also wrote-off inventory of $120 million to Cost of sales in 2020 related to the Zerbaxa recall. A phased resupply of Zerbaxa was initiated in the fourth quarter of 2021 and completed during 2022.

IPR&D that the Company acquires through business combinations represents the fair value assigned to incomplete research projects which, at the time of acquisition, have not reached technological feasibility. Amounts capitalized as IPR&D are accounted for as indefinite-lived intangible assets, subject to impairment testing until completion or abandonment of the projects. Upon successful completion of each IPR&D project, the Company will make a separate determination as to the then-useful life of the asset and begin amortization.

In 2022, the Company recorded $1.7 billion of intangible impairment charges within Research and development expenses, of which $1.6 billion represents IPR&D impairment charges related to nemtabrutinib (MK-1026), a novel, oral BTK inhibitor currently being evaluated for the treatment of B-cell malignancies that was obtained through the 2020 acquisition of ArQule (see Note 4). Following discussions with regulatory authorities in the third quarter, the development period for nemtabrutinib was extended, which constituted a triggering event that required the evaluation of the nemtabrutinib intangible asset for impairment. The Company estimated the current fair value of nemtabrutinib utilizing an income approach which calculates the present value of projected future cash flows. The market participant assumptions used to derive the forecasted cash flows were updated to reflect a delay in the anticipated launch date for nemtabrutinib, which resulted in lower cumulative revenue forecasts and a reduction in the estimated fair value. The revised estimated fair value of nemtabrutinib when compared with its related carrying value resulted in a $807 million impairment charge recorded in the third quarter of 2022. In December 2022, regulatory authorities provided additional feedback with respect to clinical study design that led to a further reassessment of the development plan for nemtabrutinib, which is expected to result in changes to the clinical study design, and corresponding delays in the anticipated approval and launch timelines, which constituted a triggering event. Utilizing an income approach, the forecasted cash flows were updated to reflect a decline in forecasted revenue coupled with an increase in development cost forecasts, which reduced projected cash flows lowering the estimated current fair value of nemtabrutinib. The revised estimated fair value of nemtabrutinib when compared with its then-related carrying value resulted in a $780 million impairment charge. The remaining IPR&D intangible asset related to nemtabrutinib is $418 million. If the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of nemtabrutinib prove to be incorrect and the development of nemtabrutinib does not progress as anticipated thereby adversely affecting projected future cash flows, the Company may record an additional impairment charge in the future and such charge could be material. The Company also recorded an $80 million intangible asset impairment charge related to derazantinib resulting from the termination of the out-licensing agreement and the decision by Merck not to pursue development of derazantinib.

In 2021, the Company recorded a $275 million IPR&D impairment charge related to nemtabrutinib. As part of Merck’s annual impairment assessment of IPR&D intangible assets, the Company estimated the current fair value of nemtabrutinib utilizing projected future cash flows. The market participant assumptions used to derive the forecasted cash flows were updated to reflect the current competitive landscape for nemtabrutinib, including increased expected development costs for additional clinical trial data needed to develop nemtabrutinib, as well as a delay in the anticipated launch date for nemtabrutinib, which collectively reduced the projected future cash flows and estimated fair value. Additionally, the discount rate utilized to determine the current fair value of the asset was reduced to 8.5% to reflect the current risk profile of the asset. The revised estimated fair value of nemtabrutinib when compared with its related carrying value resulted in the IPR&D impairment charge noted above.

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In 2020, the Company recorded a $90 million IPR&D impairment charge related to a decision to discontinue the development program for COVID-19 vaccine candidate V591 following Merck’s review of findings from a Phase 1 clinical study for the vaccine. In the study, V591 was generally well tolerated, but the immune responses were inferior to those seen following natural infection and those reported for other SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 vaccines. The discontinuation of this development program also resulted in a reversal of the related liability for contingent consideration of $45 million.

The IPR&D projects that remain in development are subject to the inherent risks and uncertainties in drug development and it is possible that the Company will not be able to successfully develop and complete the IPR&D programs and profitably commercialize the underlying product candidates.

The Company may recognize additional non-cash impairment charges in the future related to other marketed products or pipeline programs and such charges could be material.

Aggregate amortization expense primarily recorded within Cost of sales was $2.1 billion in 2022, $1.6 billion in 2021 and $1.8 billion in 2020. The estimated aggregate amortization expense for each of the next five years is as follows: 2023, $1.8 billion; 2024, $1.7 billion; 2025, $1.6 billion; 2026, $1.5 billion; 2027, $1.3 billion.

10.    Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases

Loans Payable

Loans payable at December 31, 2022 included $1.7 billion of notes due in 2023 and $197 million of long-dated notes that are subject to repayment at the option of the holders. Loans payable at December 31, 2021 included $2.3 billion of notes due in 2022 and $149 million of long-dated notes that are subject to repayment at the option of the holders. The weighted-average interest rate of commercial paper borrowings was 0.65% and 0.08% for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt at December 31 consisted of:

	2022		2021
2.75% notes due 2025	$	2,496	$	2,495
2.15% notes due 2031	1,986		1,986
2.75% notes due 2051	1,979		1,979
3.70% notes due 2045	1,978		1,977
3.40% notes due 2029	1,738		1,736
1.70% notes due 2027	1,494		1,493
2.90% notes due 2061	1,483		1,484
4.00% notes due 2049	1,471		1,470
4.15% notes due 2043	1,239		1,239
1.45% notes due 2030	1,237		1,235
2.45% notes due 2050	1,213		1,212
1.875% euro-denominated notes due 2026	1,060		1,123
0.75% notes due 2026	995		993
1.90% notes due 2028	994		994
3.90% notes due 2039	985		984
2.35% notes due 2040	984		983
2.90% notes due 2024	749		748
6.50% notes due 2033	711		715
0.50% euro-denominated notes due 2024	531		563
1.375% euro-denominated notes due 2036	527		559
2.50% euro-denominated notes due 2034	526		558
3.60% notes due 2042	492		491
6.55% notes due 2037	408		409
5.75% notes due 2036	339		338
5.95% debentures due 2028	307		306
5.85% notes due 2039	271		271
6.40% debentures due 2028	250		250
6.30% debentures due 2026	135		135
2.80% notes due 2023	—		1,749
Other	167		215
	$	28,745	$	30,690

Other (as presented in the table above) includes borrowings at variable rates that resulted in effective interest rates of 1.40% and zero for 2022 and 2021, respectively.

With the exception of the 6.30% debentures due 2026, the notes listed in the table above are redeemable in whole or in part, at Merck’s option at any time, at varying redemption prices. Effective as of November 3, 2009, the Company executed a full and unconditional guarantee of the then existing debt of its subsidiary Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. (MSD) and MSD executed a full and unconditional guarantee of the then existing debt of the Company (excluding commercial paper), including for payments of principal and interest. These guarantees do not extend to debt issued subsequent to that date.

Certain of the Company’s borrowings require that Merck comply with covenants and, at December 31, 2022, the Company was in compliance with these covenants.

The aggregate maturities of long-term debt for each of the next five years are as follows: 2023, $1.7 billion; 2024, $1.3 billion; 2025, $2.5 billion; 2026, $2.2 billion; 2027, $1.5 billion. Interest payments related to these debt obligations are as follows: 2023, $882 million; 2024, $845 million; 2025, $778 million; 2026, $751 million; 2027, $720 million.

The Company has a $6.0 billion credit facility that matures in June 2026. The facility provides backup liquidity for the Company’s commercial paper borrowing facility and is to be used for general corporate purposes. The Company has not drawn funding from this facility.

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Leases

The Company has operating leases primarily for manufacturing facilities, research and development facilities, corporate offices, employee housing, vehicles and certain equipment. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. When evaluating contracts for embedded leases, the Company exercises judgment to determine if there is an explicit or implicit identified asset in the contract and if Merck controls the use of that asset. Embedded leases, primarily associated with contract manufacturing organizations, are immaterial. The lease term includes options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that Merck will exercise that option. Real estate leases for facilities have an average remaining lease term of seven years, which include options to extend the leases for up to four years where applicable. Vehicle leases are generally in effect for four years. The Company elected to exclude short-term leases (leases with an initial term of 12 months or less) from the lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet.

Lease expense for operating lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Operating lease assets and liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Since the Company’s leases do not have a readily determinable implicit discount rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate to calculate the present value of lease payments by asset class. On a quarterly basis, an updated incremental borrowing rate is determined based on the average remaining lease term of each asset class and the Company’s pretax cost of debt for that same term. The updated rates for each asset class are applied prospectively to new leases. The Company does not separate lease components (e.g. payments for rent, real estate taxes and insurance costs) from non-lease components (e.g. common-area maintenance costs) in the event that the agreement contains both. Merck includes both the lease and non-lease components for purposes of calculating the right-of-use asset and related lease liability (if the non-lease components are fixed). For vehicle leases and employee housing, the Company applies a portfolio approach to account for the operating lease assets and liabilities.

Certain of the Company’s lease agreements contain variable lease payments that are adjusted periodically for inflation or for actual operating expense true-ups compared with estimated amounts; however, these amounts are immaterial. Sublease income and activity related to sale and leaseback transactions are immaterial. Merck’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

Operating lease cost was $334 million in 2022, $343 million in 2021 and $340 million in 2020. Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities was $335 million in 2022, $340 million in 2021 and $334 million in 2020. Operating lease assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations were $57 million in 2022, $117 million in 2021 and $473 million in 2020.

Supplemental balance sheet information related to operating leases is as follows:

December 31	2022			2021
Assets
Other Assets (1)	$	1,346		$	1,586
Liabilities
Accrued and other current liabilities	281			304
Other Noncurrent Liabilities	1,013			1,225
	$	1,294		$	1,529
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)	7.0			7.0
Weighted-average discount rate	3.1		%	2.6		%

(1)    Includes prepaid leases that have no related lease liability.

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Maturities of operating leases liabilities are as follows:

2023	$	323
2024	258
2025	224
2026	157
2027	126
Thereafter	404
Total lease payments	1,492
Less: Imputed interest	198
	$	1,294

At December 31, 2022, the Company had entered into additional real estate operating leases that had not yet commenced; the obligations associated with these leases total $232 million.

11.    Contingencies and Environmental Liabilities

The Company is involved in various claims and legal proceedings of a nature considered normal to its business, including product liability, intellectual property, and commercial litigation, as well as certain additional matters including governmental and environmental matters. In the opinion of the Company, it is unlikely that the resolution of these matters will be material to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Given the nature of the litigation discussed below and the complexities involved in these matters, the Company is unable to reasonably estimate a possible loss or range of possible loss for such matters until the Company knows, among other factors, (i) what claims, if any, will survive dispositive motion practice, (ii) the extent of the claims, including the size of any potential class, particularly when damages are not specified or are indeterminate, (iii) how the discovery process will affect the litigation, (iv) the settlement posture of the other parties to the litigation and (v) any other factors that may have a material effect on the litigation.

The Company records accruals for contingencies when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. These accruals are adjusted periodically as assessments change or additional information becomes available. For product liability claims, a portion of the overall accrual is actuarially determined and considers such factors as past experience, number of claims reported and estimates of claims incurred but not yet reported. Individually significant contingent losses are accrued when probable and reasonably estimable. Legal defense costs expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency are accrued when probable and reasonably estimable.

The Company’s decision to obtain insurance coverage is dependent on market conditions, including cost and availability, existing at the time such decisions are made. The Company has evaluated its risks and has determined that the cost of obtaining product liability insurance outweighs the likely benefits of the coverage that is available and, as such, has no insurance for most product liabilities.

Product Liability Litigation

Gardasil/Gardasil 9

As previously disclosed, Merck is a defendant in product liability lawsuits in the U.S. involving Gardasil (Human Papillomavirus Quadrivalent [Types 6, 11, 16 and 18] Vaccine, Recombinant) and Gardasil 9 (Human Papillomavirus 9-valent Vaccine, Recombinant). As of December 31, 2022, approximately 70 cases were filed and pending against Merck in either federal or state court. In these actions, plaintiffs allege, among other things, that they suffered various personal injuries after vaccination with Gardasil or Gardasil 9, with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome as a predominate alleged injury. In August 2022, the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation ordered that Gardasil/Gardasil 9 product liability cases pending in federal courts nationwide be transferred to Judge Robert J. Conrad in the Western District of North Carolina for coordinated pre-trial proceedings. There are fewer than 15 product liability cases pending outside the U.S., including one purported class action in Colombia.

Governmental Proceedings

As previously disclosed, in the fall of 2018, the Company received a records subpoena from the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of Vermont (VT USAO) pursuant to Section 248 of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) relating to an investigation of potential health care offenses. The subpoena

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sought information relating to any actual or potential business relationship or arrangement Merck has had with Practice Fusion, Inc. (PFI), a cloud-based, electronic health records (EHR) company that was acquired by Allscripts in January 2018. The Company cooperated with the government and responded to that subpoena. Subsequently, in May 2019, Merck received a second records subpoena from the VT USAO that broadened the government’s information request by seeking information relating to Merck’s relationship with any EHR company. Shortly thereafter, the VT USAO served a Civil Investigation Demand (CID) upon Merck similarly seeking information on the Company’s relationships with EHR vendors. The CID explains that the government is conducting a False Claims Act investigation concerning whether Merck and/or PFI submitted claims to federal health care programs that violate the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute. Merck is cooperating with the government’s investigation.

As previously disclosed, in April 2019, Merck received a set of investigative interrogatories from the California Attorney General’s Office pursuant to its investigation of conduct and agreements that allegedly affected or delayed competition to Lantus in the insulin market. The interrogatories seek information concerning Merck’s development of an insulin glargine product, and its subsequent termination, as well as Merck’s patent litigation against Sanofi S.A. concerning Lantus and the resolution of that litigation. Merck is cooperating with the California Attorney General’s investigation.

As previously disclosed, in June 2020, Merck received a CID from the U.S. Department of Justice. The CID requests answers to interrogatories, as well as various documents, regarding temperature excursions at a third-party storage facility containing certain Merck products. Merck is cooperating with the government’s investigation and intends to produce information and/or documents as necessary in response to the CID.

As previously disclosed, from time to time, the Company’s subsidiaries in China receive inquiries regarding their operations from various Chinese governmental agencies. Some of these inquiries may be related to matters involving other multinational pharmaceutical companies, as well as Chinese entities doing business with such companies. The Company’s policy is to cooperate with these authorities and to provide responses as appropriate.

As previously disclosed, from time to time, the Company receives inquiries and is the subject of preliminary investigation activities from competition and other governmental authorities in markets outside the U.S. These authorities may include regulators, administrative authorities, and law enforcement and other similar officials, and these preliminary investigation activities may include site visits, formal or informal requests or demands for documents or materials, inquiries or interviews and similar matters. Certain of these preliminary inquiries or activities may lead to the commencement of formal proceedings. Should those proceedings be determined adversely to the Company, monetary fines and/or remedial undertakings may be required.

Commercial and Other Litigation

Zetia Antitrust Litigation

As previously disclosed, Merck, MSD, Schering Corporation, Schering-Plough Corporation, and MSP Singapore Company LLC (collectively, the Merck Defendants) are defendants in a number of lawsuits filed in 2018 on behalf of direct and indirect purchasers of Zetia (ezetimibe) alleging violations of federal and state antitrust laws, as well as other state statutory and common law causes of action. The cases were consolidated in a federal multidistrict litigation (the Zetia MDL) before Judge Rebecca Beach Smith in the Eastern District of Virginia.

In November 2019, the direct purchaser plaintiffs and the indirect purchaser plaintiffs filed motions for class certification. In August 2020, the district court granted in part the direct purchasers’ motion for class certification and certified a class of 35 direct purchasers. In August 2021, the Fourth Circuit vacated the district court’s class certification order and remanded for further proceedings consistent with the court’s ruling. In September 2021, the direct purchaser plaintiffs filed a renewed motion for class certification. On January 25, 2022, the magistrate judge recommended that the district court deny the motion for class certification. On February 8, 2022, the direct purchaser plaintiffs filed objections to the recommendation. On April 13, 2022, the district court denied the direct purchaser plaintiffs’ renewed motion for class certification. In August 2021, the district court granted certification of a class of indirect purchasers.

In 2020 and 2021, United Healthcare Services, Inc., Humana Inc., Centene Corporation and others, and Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. (collectively, the Insurer Plaintiffs), each filed a lawsuit in a jurisdiction outside of the Eastern District of Virginia against the Merck Defendants and others, making similar allegations as those made in the Zetia MDL, as well as additional allegations about Vytorin. These cases have been transferred to the Eastern District of Virginia to proceed with the Zetia MDL.

On February 9, 2022, the Insurer Plaintiffs filed amended complaints. On March 2, 2022, the Merck Defendants, jointly with other defendants, moved to dismiss certain aspects of the Insurer Plaintiffs’ complaints, including any claims for Vytorin damages. That motion to dismiss the Vytorin-related claims is still pending.

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In April 2022, the direct purchaser plaintiffs moved for an order setting a deadline for direct purchasers of Zetia not currently parties to the case to file cases against defendants in order for those cases to be coordinated for trial with the existing direct purchaser plaintiffs and other Zetia MDL plaintiff groups. The court granted that motion, setting a deadline of June 30, 2022 for unnamed direct purchasers to file claims. On June 30, 2022, 23 new entities, many related, brought new complaints against defendants or otherwise sought to intervene.

On February 10, 2023, the district court denied the Merck Defendants’ and Glenmark defendants’ motions for summary judgment. In the cases filed by direct purchaser plaintiffs, retailer plaintiffs, and indirect purchaser plaintiffs, plaintiffs seek up to a maximum of $12.7 billion in damages after trebling. The court has scheduled trial for these plaintiffs (all plaintiffs other than the Insurer Plaintiffs) for April 17, 2023.

Bravecto Litigation

As previously disclosed, in January 2020, the Company was served with a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. Following motion practice, the plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint on July 1, 2021, seeking to certify a nationwide class action of purchasers or users of Bravecto (fluralaner) products in the U.S. or its territories between May 1, 2014 and July 1, 2021. Plaintiffs contend Bravecto causes neurological events in dogs and cats and alleges violations of the New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act, Breach of Warranty, Product Liability, and related theories. The Company moved to dismiss or, alternatively, to strike the class allegations from the second amended complaint, and that motion is pending. A similar case was filed in Quebec, Canada in May 2019. The Superior Court certified a class of dog owners in Quebec who gave Bravecto Chew to their dogs between February 16, 2017 and November 2, 2018 whose dogs experienced one of the conditions in the post-marketing adverse reactions section of the labeling approved on November 2, 2018. The Company and plaintiffs each appealed the class certification decision. The Court of Appeal of Quebec heard the appeal on February 7, 2022 and took the matter under advisement.

340B Program Litigation

Merck has filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia to challenge the letter Merck received from the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) in May 2022 regarding Merck’s 340B Program integrity initiative. HRSA’s letter to Merck asserts that Merck is in violation of the 340B statute. HRSA further claims that continued failure to provide the 340B price to covered entities using contract pharmacies may result in civil monetary penalties for each instance of alleged overcharging, in addition to repayment for any instance of overcharging. The letter is very similar to letters HRSA has sent to other manufacturers, which letters have been held to be unlawful by multiple federal courts. Merck disagrees with HRSA’s assertion. Merck remains committed to the 340B Program and to providing 340B discounts to eligible covered entities. Merck’s 340B Program integrity initiative is consistent with the requirements of the 340B statute and is intended to ensure the integrity and sustainability of the 340B statute by reducing prohibited duplicate discounts and diversion and putting patients back at the center of the program. Merck continues to offer all of the Company’s covered outpatient drugs to all 340B covered entities for purchase at or below the 340B ceiling price. On September 13, 2022, the court stayed the case pending the D.C. Circuit’s ruling in Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. v. Johnson and United Therapeutics Corp. v. Johnson.

Qui Tam Litigation

As previously disclosed, in June 2012, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania unsealed a complaint that had been filed against the Company under the federal False Claims Act by two former employees alleging, among other things, that the Company defrauded the U.S. government by falsifying data in connection with a clinical study conducted on the mumps component of the Company’s M-M-R II vaccine. The complaint alleges the fraud took place between 1999 and 2001. The U.S. government had the right to participate in and take over the prosecution of this lawsuit but notified the court that it declined to exercise that right. The two former employees are pursuing the lawsuit without the involvement of the U.S. government. In addition, as previously disclosed, two putative class action lawsuits on behalf of direct purchasers of the M‑M‑R II vaccine, which charge that the Company misrepresented the efficacy of the M-M-R II vaccine in violation of federal antitrust laws and various state consumer protection laws, are pending in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. In September 2014, the court denied Merck’s motion to dismiss the False Claims Act suit and granted in part and denied in part its motion to dismiss the then-pending antitrust suit. As a result, both the False Claims Act suit and the antitrust suits proceeded into discovery, which is now complete, and the parties have filed and briefed cross-motions for summary judgment, which are currently pending before the court.

Merck KGaA Litigation

As previously disclosed, in January 2016, to protect its long-established brand rights in the U.S., the Company filed a lawsuit against Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (KGaA), historically operating as the EMD Group in the U.S., alleging it improperly uses the name “Merck” in the U.S. KGaA has filed suit against the Company in a number of jurisdictions outside of the U.S. alleging, among other things, unfair competition, trademark infringement

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and/or corporate name infringement. In certain of those jurisdictions, KGaA also alleges breach of the parties’ coexistence agreement. The litigation is ongoing in the U.S. with no trial date set, and also ongoing in jurisdictions outside of the U.S.

Patent Litigation

From time to time, generic manufacturers of pharmaceutical products file abbreviated New Drug Applications (NDAs) with the FDA seeking to market generic forms of the Company’s products prior to the expiration of relevant patents owned by the Company. To protect its patent rights, the Company may file patent infringement lawsuits against such generic companies. Similar lawsuits defending the Company’s patent rights may exist in other countries. The Company intends to vigorously defend its patents, which it believes are valid, against infringement by companies attempting to market products prior to the expiration of such patents. As with any litigation, there can be no assurance of the outcomes, which, if adverse, could result in significantly shortened periods of exclusivity for these products and, with respect to products acquired through acquisitions accounted for as business combinations, potentially significant intangible asset impairment charges.

Bridion — As previously disclosed, between January and November 2020, the Company received multiple Paragraph IV Certification Letters under the Hatch-Waxman Act notifying the Company that generic drug companies have filed applications to the FDA seeking pre-patent expiry approval to sell generic versions of Bridion (sugammadex) Injection. In March, April and December 2020, the Company filed patent infringement lawsuits in the U.S. District Courts for the District of New Jersey and the Northern District of West Virginia against those generic companies. All actions in the District of New Jersey have been consolidated. These lawsuits, which assert one or more patents covering sugammadex and methods of using sugammadex, automatically stay FDA approval of the generic applications until June 2023 or until adverse court decisions, if any, whichever may occur earlier. The West Virginia case was jointly dismissed with prejudice on August 8, 2022 in favor of proceeding in New Jersey. The remaining defendants in the New Jersey action have stipulated to infringement of the asserted claims and have stated they are withdrawing all remaining claims and defenses other than a defense seeking to shorten the patent term extension of the sugammadex patent to December 2022. The U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey held a one-day trial on December 19, 2022 on this remaining patent term extension calculation defense. The court ordered a post-trial briefing on this defense and held closing arguments on February 3, 2023.

The Company has settled with five generic companies providing that these generic companies can bring their generic versions of Bridion to the market in January 2026 (which may be delayed by any applicable pediatric exclusivity) or earlier under certain circumstances. The Company has agreed to stay the lawsuit filed against two generic companies, which in exchange agreed to be bound by a judgment on the merits of the consolidated action in the District of New Jersey. One of the generic companies in the consolidated action requested dismissal of the action against it and the Company did not oppose this request, which was subsequently granted by the court. The Company does not expect this company to bring its generic version of Bridion to the market before January 2026 or later, depending on any applicable pediatric exclusivity, unless the Company receives an adverse court decision.

Januvia, Janumet, Janumet XR — As previously disclosed, the FDA granted pediatric exclusivity with respect to Januvia (sitagliptin), Janumet (sitagliptin/metformin HCl), and Janumet XR (sitagliptin and metformin HCl extended-release), which provides a further six months of exclusivity in the U.S. beyond the expiration of all patents listed in the FDA’s Orange Book. Adding this exclusivity to the term of the key patent protection extended exclusivity on these products to January 2023. However, Januvia, Janumet, and Janumet XR contain sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate and the Company has another patent covering certain phosphate salt and polymorphic forms of sitagliptin that expires in May 2027, including pediatric exclusivity (2027 salt/polymorph patent). In 2019, Par Pharmaceutical filed suit against the Company in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey seeking a declaratory judgment of invalidity of the 2027 salt/polymorph patent. In response, the Company filed a patent infringement lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against Par Pharmaceutical and additional companies that also indicated an intent to market generic versions of Januvia, Janumet, and Janumet XR following expiration of key patent protection, but prior to the expiration of the 2027 salt/polymorph patent, and a later granted patent owned by the Company covering the Janumet formulation where its term plus the pediatric exclusivity ends in 2029. The Company also filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Mylan in the Northern District of West Virginia. The Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation entered an order transferring the Company’s lawsuit against Mylan to the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware for coordinated and consolidated pretrial proceedings with the other cases pending in that district.

Prior to the beginning of the scheduled October 2021 trial in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware on invalidity issues, the Company settled with all defendants scheduled to participate in that trial. In the Company’s case against Mylan, a bench trial was held in December 2021 in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia, and the closing arguments were held on April 13, 2022. On September 21, 2022, the District

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Court for the Northern District of West Virginia issued a decision in the Company’s favor, upholding all asserted patent claims. Mylan (now Viatris) has appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.

In total, the Company has settled with 22 generic companies providing that these generic companies can bring their generic versions of Januvia and Janumet to the market in May 2026 or earlier under certain circumstances, and their generic versions of Janumet XR to the market in July 2026 or earlier under certain circumstances.

Additionally, in 2019, Mylan filed a petition for inter partes review (IPR) at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) seeking invalidity of some, but not all, of the claims of the 2027 salt/polymorph patent. The USPTO instituted IPR proceedings in May 2020, finding a reasonable likelihood that the challenged claims are not valid. A trial was held in February 2021 and a final decision was rendered in May 2021, holding that all of the challenged claims were not invalid. Mylan appealed the USPTO’s decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, and a hearing was held on August 2, 2022. On September 29, 2022, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ruled in the Company’s favor, upholding the USPTO’s decision. Mylan submitted a combined petition for panel rehearing and rehearing en banc, for which the Company was invited by the court to provide a response. On February 3, 2023, the court issued a per curiam decision denying both rehearing requests.

In March 2021, the Company filed a patent infringement lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against Zydus Worldwide DMCC, Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc., and Cadila Healthcare Ltd. (collectively, Zydus). In that lawsuit, the Company alleged infringement of the 2027 salt/polymorph patent based on the filing of Zydus’s NDA seeking approval of its sitagliptin tablets. In December 2022, the parties reached settlement that included dismissal of the case without prejudice enabling Zydus to seek final approval of a non-automatically substitutable product containing a different form of sitagliptin than that used in Januvia, Janumet and Janumet XR.

As a result of these favorable court rulings and settlement agreements related to the later expiring patent directed to the specific sitagliptin salt form of the products, the Company expects that these products will not lose market exclusivity in the U.S. until May 2026. However, certain of the rulings are currently being appealed, and an unfavorable court decision would likely cause the products to lose exclusivity toward the end of 2023.

Generic companies have sought revocation of the Supplementary Protection Certificate (SPC) for Janumet in a number of European countries. In February 2022, a Finnish court referred certain questions to the Court of Justice of the European Union that could determine the validity of the Janumet SPCs in Europe, for which there will be an oral hearing on March 8, 2023. In first instance decisions, the Janumet SPC has been found invalid in Germany and Romania, and has been upheld in Czech Republic and Sweden. Appeals are pending in Germany, Czech Republic and Sweden. The Company has filed for injunctive relief in Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Portugal, Switzerland and Slovakia. An ex-parte preliminary injunction was granted in Finland, which has been subsequently maintained in inter-partes proceedings, Czech Republic and Switzerland, and an inter-partes preliminary injunction has been granted in Ireland. A preliminary injunction was granted in France and the validity of the SPC and the associated patent were held to be prima facie valid. Preliminary injunctions have been refused in Portugal, Greece, Belgium and Hungary. In Belgium, the Company has filed a main infringement action against generic companies and a request for preliminary measures in that action has been refused.

Lynparza — In December 2022, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP received a Paragraph IV Certification Letter under the Hatch-Waxman Act notifying AstraZeneca that Natco Pharma Limited (Natco) has filed an application to the FDA seeking pre-patent expiry approval to sell generic versions of Lynparza (olaparib) tablet. In February 2023, AstraZeneca and the Company filed a patent infringement lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey/Delaware against Natco. This lawsuit, which asserts one or more patents covering olaparib, automatically stays FDA approval of the generic application until June 2025 or until an adverse court decision, if any, whichever may occur earlier.

Other Litigation

There are various other pending legal proceedings involving the Company, principally product liability and intellectual property lawsuits. While it is not feasible to predict the outcome of such proceedings, in the opinion of the Company, either the likelihood of loss is remote or any reasonably possible loss associated with the resolution of such proceedings is not expected to be material to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows either individually or in the aggregate.

Legal Defense Reserves

Legal defense costs expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency are accrued when probable and reasonably estimable. Some of the significant factors considered in the review of these legal defense reserves are as follows: the actual costs incurred by the Company; the development of the Company’s legal defense strategy and structure in light of the scope of its litigation; the number of cases being brought against the Company;

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the costs and outcomes of completed trials and the most current information regarding anticipated timing, progression, and related costs of pre-trial activities and trials in the associated litigation. The amount of legal defense reserves as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 of approximately $230 million represents the Company’s best estimate of the minimum amount of defense costs to be incurred in connection with its outstanding litigation; however, events such as additional trials and other events that could arise in the course of its litigation could affect the ultimate amount of legal defense costs to be incurred by the Company. The Company will continue to monitor its legal defense costs and review the adequacy of the associated reserves and may determine to increase the reserves at any time in the future if, based upon the factors set forth, it believes it would be appropriate to do so.

Environmental Matters

The Company and its subsidiaries are parties to a number of proceedings brought under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, commonly known as Superfund, and other federal and state equivalents. These proceedings seek to require the operators of hazardous waste disposal facilities, transporters of waste to the sites and generators of hazardous waste disposed of at the sites to clean up the sites or to reimburse the government for cleanup costs. The Company has been made a party to these proceedings as an alleged generator of waste disposed of at the sites. In each case, the government alleges that the defendants are jointly and severally liable for the cleanup costs. Although joint and several liability is alleged, these proceedings are frequently resolved so that the allocation of cleanup costs among the parties more nearly reflects the relative contributions of the parties to the site situation. The Company’s potential liability varies greatly from site to site. For some sites the potential liability is de minimis and for others the final costs of cleanup have not yet been determined. While it is not feasible to predict the outcome of many of these proceedings brought by federal or state agencies or private litigants, in the opinion of the Company, such proceedings should not ultimately result in any liability which would have a material adverse effect on the financial condition, results of operations or liquidity of the Company. The Company has taken an active role in identifying and accruing for these costs and such amounts do not include any reduction for anticipated recoveries of cleanup costs from former site owners or operators or other recalcitrant potentially responsible parties.

In management’s opinion, the liabilities for all environmental matters that are probable and reasonably estimable have been accrued and totaled $39 million and $40 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These liabilities are undiscounted, do not consider potential recoveries from other parties and will be paid out over the periods of remediation for the applicable sites, which are expected to occur primarily over the next 15 years. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these matters, or the ultimate costs of remediation, management does not believe that any reasonably possible expenditures that may be incurred in excess of the liabilities accrued should exceed approximately $35 million in the aggregate. Management also does not believe that these expenditures should result in a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or liquidity for any year.

12.    Equity

The Merck certificate of incorporation authorizes 6,500,000,000 shares of common stock and 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock.

Capital Stock

A summary of common stock and treasury stock transactions (shares in millions) is as follows:

	2022		2021		2020
	Common Stock	Treasury Stock	Common Stock	Treasury Stock	Common Stock	Treasury Stock
Balance January 1	3,577	1,049	3,577	1,047	3,577	1,038
Purchases of treasury stock	—	—	—	11	—	16
Issuances (1)	—	(10)	—	(9)	—	(7)
Balance December 31	3,577	1,039	3,577	1,049	3,577	1,047

(1)     Issuances primarily reflect activity under share-based compensation plans.

13.    Share-Based Compensation Plans

The Company has share-based compensation plans under which the Company grants restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance share units (PSUs) to certain management level employees. In addition, employees

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and non-employee directors may be granted options to purchase shares of Company common stock at the fair market value at the time of grant. These plans were approved by the Company’s shareholders.

At December 31, 2022, 87 million shares collectively were authorized for future grants under the Company’s share-based compensation plans. These awards are settled with treasury shares.

Employee stock options are granted to purchase shares of Company stock at the fair market value at the time of grant. These awards generally vest one-third each year over a three-year period, with a contractual term of 7-10 years. RSUs are stock awards that are granted to employees and entitle the holder to shares of common stock as the awards vest. The fair value of the stock option and RSU awards is determined and fixed on the grant date based on the Company’s stock price. PSUs are stock awards where the ultimate number of shares issued will be contingent on the Company’s performance against a pre-set objective or set of objectives. The fair value of each PSU is determined on the date of grant based on the Company’s stock price. For RSUs and PSUs, dividends declared during the vesting period are payable to the employees only upon vesting. Over the PSU performance period, the number of shares of stock that are expected to be issued will be adjusted based on the probability of achievement of a performance target and final compensation expense will be recognized based on the ultimate number of shares issued. RSU and PSU distributions will be in shares of Company stock after the end of the vesting or performance period, subject to the terms applicable to such awards. PSU awards generally vest after three years. RSU awards generally vest one-third each year over a three-year period.

Total pretax share-based compensation cost recorded in 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $541 million, $498 million and $475 million, respectively. The amounts in 2021 and 2020 include $479 million and $441 million, respectively, related to continuing operations. Income tax benefits for share-based compensation expense recognized in 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $78 million, $69 million and $65 million, respectively.

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model for determining the fair value of option grants. In applying this model, the Company uses both historical data and current market data to estimate the fair value of its options. The Black-Scholes model requires several assumptions including expected dividend yield, risk-free interest rate, volatility, and term of the options. The expected dividend yield is based on historical patterns of dividend payments. The risk-free interest rate is based on the rate at grant date of zero-coupon U.S. Treasury Notes with a term equal to the expected term of the option. Expected volatility is estimated using a blend of historical and implied volatility. The historical component is based on historical monthly price changes. The implied volatility is obtained from market data on the Company’s traded options. The expected life represents the amount of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding, based on historical and forecasted exercise behavior.

The weighted average exercise price of options granted in 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $87.10, $75.99 and $77.67 per option, respectively. The weighted average fair value of options granted in 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $15.45, $9.80 and $9.93 per option, respectively, and were determined using the following assumptions:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Expected dividend yield	3.1	%	3.1	%	3.1	%
Risk-free interest rate	3.0	%	1.0	%	0.4	%
Expected volatility	22.5	%	20.9	%	22.1	%
Expected life (years)	5.9		5.9		5.8

Summarized information relative to stock option plan activity (options in thousands) is as follows:

	Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding January 1, 2022	18,572	$	65.27
Granted	2,326	87.10
Exercised	(6,317)	60.77
Forfeited	(862)	73.11
Outstanding December 31, 2022	13,719	$	70.55	6.5	$	554
Vested and expected to vest December 31, 2022	13,199	$	70.09	6.4	$	539
Exercisable December 31, 2022	8,730	$	65.24	5.4	$	399

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Additional information pertaining to stock option plans is provided in the table below:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Total intrinsic value of stock options exercised	$	225	$	106	$	51
Fair value of stock options vested	30		27		25
Cash received from the exercise of stock options	384		202		89

A summary of nonvested RSU and PSU activity (shares in thousands) is as follows:

	RSUs			PSUs
	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested January 1, 2022	11,790	$	74.88	1,966	$	77.13
Granted	7,170	87.12		951	88.52
Vested	(5,150)	75.40		(725)	87.87
Forfeited	(1,110)	78.65		(171)	77.58
Nonvested December 31, 2022	12,700	$	81.25	2,021	$	78.60
Expected to vest December 31, 2022	11,254	$	80.96	1,895	$	78.26

At December 31, 2022, there was $813 million of total pretax unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested stock options, RSU and PSU awards which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.9 years. For segment reporting, share-based compensation costs are unallocated expenses.

14.    Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans

The Company has defined benefit pension plans covering eligible employees in the U.S. and in certain of its international subsidiaries. In addition, the Company provides medical benefits, principally to its eligible U.S. retirees and their dependents, through its other postretirement benefit plans. The Company uses December 31 as the year-end measurement date for all of its pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans.

Net Periodic Benefit Cost

The net periodic benefit cost (credit) for pension and other postretirement benefit plans (including certain costs reported as part of discontinued operations) consisted of the following components:

	Pension Benefits
	U.S.						International						Other Postretirement Benefits
Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020
Service cost	$	372	$	403	$	360	$	283	$	328	$	297	$	48	$	48	$	52
Interest cost	457		404		431		145		123		136		46		45		57
Expected return on plan assets	(753)		(755)		(774)		(383)		(416)		(414)		(86)		(79)		(75)
Amortization of unrecognized prior service cost	(32)		(38)		(49)		(14)		(16)		(18)		(57)		(63)		(73)
Net loss (gain) amortization	128		298		303		96		142		127		(43)		(42)		(18)
Termination benefits	2		56		10		1		5		3		—		37		2
Curtailments	12		16		10		—		(26)		—		(1)		(29)		(4)
Settlements	239		216		13		1		8		15		—		—		—
Net periodic benefit cost (credit)	$	425	$	600	$	304	$	129	$	148	$	146	$	(93)	$	(83)	$	(59)

Net periodic benefit cost (credit) for pension and other postretirement benefit plans in 2021 includes expenses for curtailments, settlements and termination benefits provided to certain employees in connection with the spin-off of Organon.

In connection with restructuring actions (see Note 6), termination charges were recorded in 2022, 2021 and 2020 on pension and other postretirement benefit plans related to expanded eligibility for certain employees exiting Merck. Also, in connection with these restructuring activities, curtailments and settlements were recorded on certain pension plans. An increase in lump sum payments to U.S. pension plan participants also contributed to the settlements recorded during 2022 and 2021.

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The components of net periodic benefit cost (credit) other than the service cost component are included in Other (income) expense, net (see Note 15), with the exception of certain amounts for termination benefits, curtailments and settlements, which are recorded in Restructuring costs if the event giving rise to the termination benefits, curtailment or settlement is related to restructuring actions or in Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests if related to the spin-off of Organon (each as noted above).

Obligations and Funded Status

Summarized information about the changes in plan assets and benefit obligations, the funded status and the amounts recorded at December 31 is as follows:

	Pension Benefits								Other Postretirement Benefits
	U.S.				International
	2022		2021		2022		2021		2022		2021
Fair value of plan assets January 1	$	13,067	$	12,672	$	12,195	$	12,009	$	1,292	$	1,221
Actual return on plan assets	(3,129)		1,250		(2,793)		891		(306)		118
Company contributions	293		305		155		189		46		33
Effects of exchange rate changes	—		—		(848)		(671)		—		—
Benefits paid	(219)		(219)		(250)		(233)		(90)		(86)
Settlements	(918)		(941)		(16)		(55)		—		—
Spin-off of Organon	—		—		—		(55)		—		—
Other	—		—		30		120		5		6
Fair value of plan assets December 31	$	9,094	$	13,067	$	8,473	$	12,195	$	947	$	1,292
Benefit obligation January 1	$	13,999	$	14,613	$	11,575	$	12,458	$	1,541	$	1,607
Service cost	372		403		283		328		48		48
Interest cost	457		404		145		123		46		45
Actuarial (gains) losses (1)	(3,851)		(332)		(3,283)		(240)		(392)		(103)
Benefits paid	(219)		(219)		(250)		(233)		(90)		(86)
Effects of exchange rate changes	—		—		(732)		(678)		(1)		(1)
Plan amendments	—		—		4		4		—		—
Curtailments	12		15		—		(38)		—		(12)
Termination benefits	2		56		1		5		—		37
Settlements	(918)		(941)		(16)		(55)		—		—
Spin-off of Organon	—		—		—		(118)		—		—
Other	—		—		28		19		5		6
Benefit obligation December 31	$	9,854	$	13,999	$	7,755	$	11,575	$	1,157	$	1,541
Funded status December 31	$	(760)	$	(932)	$	718	$	620	$	(210)	$	(249)
Recognized as:
Other Assets	$	5	$	9	$	1,052	$	1,395	$	—	$	—
Accrued and other current liabilities	(59)		(64)		(19)		(22)		(8)		(8)
Other Noncurrent Liabilities	(706)		(877)		(315)		(753)		(202)		(241)

(1)    Actuarial (gains) losses primarily reflect changes in discount rates.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the accumulated benefit obligation was $17.2 billion and $24.9 billion, respectively, for all pension plans, of which $9.7 billion and $13.8 billion, respectively, related to U.S. pension plans.

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Information related to the funded status of selected pension plans at December 31 is as follows:

	U.S.				International
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Pension plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets
Projected benefit obligation	$	9,186	$	13,013	$	2,779	$	2,507
Fair value of plan assets	8,421		12,072		2,445		1,731
Pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets
Accumulated benefit obligation	$	9,081	$	12,916	$	1,226	$	2,462
Fair value of plan assets	8,421		12,072		948		1,723

Plan Assets

Entities are required to use a fair value hierarchy which maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. There are three levels of inputs used to measure fair value with Level 1 having the highest priority and Level 3 having the lowest:

Level 1 — Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 — Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity. The Level 3 assets are those whose values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques with significant unobservable inputs, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant judgment or estimation. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, $765 million and $943 million, respectively, or approximately 4% of the Company’s pension investments were categorized as Level 3 assets.

If the inputs used to measure the financial assets fall within more than one level described above, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument.

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The fair values of the Company’s pension plan assets at December 31 by asset category are as follows:

	Fair Value Measurements Using										Fair Value Measurements Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV (1)		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV (1)		Total
	2022										2021
U.S. Pension Plans
Cash and cash equivalents	$	49	$	—	$	—	$	98	$	147	$	3	$	—	$	—	$	289	$	292
Investment funds
Developed markets equities	211		—		—		2,443		2,654		236		—		—		3,799		4,035
Emerging markets equities	—		—		—		707		707		—		—		—		919		919
Real estate	—		—		—		131		131		—		—		—		—		—
Equity securities
Developed markets	1,956		—		—		—		1,956		2,915		—		—		—		2,915
Fixed income securities
Government and agency obligations	—		1,934		—		—		1,934		—		2,870		—		—		2,870
Corporate obligations	—		1,438		—		—		1,438		—		2,005		—		—		2,005
Mortgage and asset-backed securities	—		22		—		—		22		—		23		—		—		23
Other investments
Derivatives	—		101		—		—		101		—		—		—		—		—
Other	—		—		4		—		4		2		—		6		—		8
Plan assets at fair value	$	2,216	$	3,495	$	4	$	3,379	$	9,094	$	3,156	$	4,898	$	6	$	5,007	$	13,067
International Pension Plans
Cash and cash equivalents	$	57	$	8	$	—	$	13	$	78	$	82	$	10	$	—	$	18	$	110
Investment funds
Developed markets equities	375		2,957		—		90		3,422		531		4,292		—		121		4,944
Government and agency obligations	177		2,656		—		130		2,963		240		4,025		—		171		4,436
Emerging markets equities	52		—		—		59		111		137		—		—		72		209
Corporate obligations	8		9		—		129		146		9		8		—		171		188
Other fixed income obligations	10		7		—		4		21		15		8		—		3		26
Real estate	—		1		—		10		11		—		1		—		16		17
Equity securities
Developed markets	263		—		—		—		263		369		—		—		—		369
Fixed income securities
Government and agency obligations	—		448		—		—		448		3		591		—		3		597
Corporate obligations	—		157		—		—		157		—		223		—		2		225
Mortgage and asset-backed securities	—		69		—		—		69		—		90		—		—		90
Other investments
Insurance contracts (2)	—		18		761		1		780		—		44		937		1		982
Other	1		3		—		—		4		1		1		—		—		2
Plan assets at fair value	$	943	$	6,333	$	761	$	436	$	8,473	$	1,387	$	9,293	$	937	$	578	$	12,195

(1)    Certain investments that were measured at net asset value (NAV) per share or its equivalent have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The NAV amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the fair value of plan assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

(2)    The plans’ Level 3 investments in insurance contracts are generally valued using a crediting rate that approximates market returns and invest in underlying securities whose market values are unobservable and determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques.

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The table below provides a summary of the changes in fair value, including transfers in and/or out, of all financial assets measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the Company’s pension plan assets:

	2022								2021
	Insurance Contracts		Real Estate		Other		Total		Insurance Contracts		Real Estate		Other		Total
U.S. Pension Plans
Balance January 1	$	—	$	—	$	6	$	6	$	—	$	—	$	7	$	7
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at December 31	—		—		(3)		(3)		—		—		(5)		(5)
Relating to assets sold during the year	—		—		2		2		—		—		7		7
Purchases and sales, net	—		—		(1)		(1)		—		—		(3)		(3)
Balance December 31	$	—	$	—	$	4	$	4	$	—	$	—	$	6	$	6
International Pension Plans
Balance January 1	$	937	$	—	$	—	$	937	$	935	$	—	$	—	$	935
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at December 31	(147)		—		—		(147)		(34)		—		—		(34)
Purchases and sales, net	(39)		—				(39)		(42)		—		—		(42)
Transfers into Level 3	10		—				10		78		—		—		78
Balance December 31	$	761	$	—	$	—	$	761	$	937	$	—	$	—	$	937

The fair values of the Company’s other postretirement benefit plan assets at December 31 by asset category are as follows:

	Fair Value Measurements Using										Fair Value Measurements Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV (1)		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV (1)		Total
	2022										2021
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2	$	—	$	—	$	8	$	10	$	11	$	—	$	—	$	28	$	39
Investment funds
Developed markets equities	22		—		—		257		279		24		—		—		378		402
Emerging markets equities	—		—		—		74		74		—		—		—		92		92
Real estate	—		—		—		14		14		—		—		—		—		—
Government and agency obligations	1		—		—		—		1		1		—		—		—		1
Equity securities																			—
Developed markets	206		—		—		—		206		290		—		—		—		290
Fixed income securities
Government and agency obligations	—		212		—		—		212		—		275		—		—		275
Corporate obligations	—		137		—		—		137		—		191		—		—		191
Mortgage and asset-backed securities	—		2		—		—		2		—		2		—		—		2
Other Investments
Derivatives	—		12		—		—		12		—		—		—		—		—
Plan assets at fair value	$	231	$	363	$	—	$	353	$	947	$	326	$	468	$	—	$	498	$	1,292

(1)    Certain investments that were measured at net asset value (NAV) per share or its equivalent have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The NAV amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the fair value of plan assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The Company has established investment guidelines for its U.S. pension and other postretirement plans to create an asset allocation that is expected to deliver a rate of return sufficient to meet the long-term obligation of each plan, given an acceptable level of risk. The target investment portfolio of the Company’s U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plans is allocated 25% to 40% in U.S. equities, 10% to 20% in international equities, 35% to 45% in fixed-income investments, and up to 8% in cash and other investments. The portfolio’s equity weighting is consistent with the long-term nature of the plans’ benefit obligations. The expected annual standard deviation of

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returns of the target portfolio, which approximates 10%, reflects both the equity allocation and the diversification benefits among the asset classes in which the portfolio invests. For international pension plans, the targeted investment portfolio varies based on the duration of pension liabilities and local government rules and regulations. Although a significant percentage of plan assets are invested in U.S. equities, concentration risk is mitigated through the use of strategies that are diversified within management guidelines.

Expected Contributions

Contributions during 2023 are expected to be approximately $270 million for U.S. pension plans, approximately $150 million for international pension plans and approximately $20 million for other postretirement benefit plans.

Expected Benefit Payments

Expected benefit payments are as follows:

	U.S. Pension Benefits		International Pension Benefits		Other Postretirement Benefits
2023	$	627	$	271	$	84
2024	634		257		86
2025	650		262		87
2026	676		283		89
2027	694		297		90
2028 — 2032	3,948		1,704		474

Expected benefit payments are based on the same assumptions used to measure the benefit obligations and include estimated future employee service.

Amounts Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income

Net gain/loss amounts reflect differences between expected and actual returns on plan assets as well as the effects of changes in actuarial assumptions. Net gain/loss amounts in excess of certain thresholds are amortized into net periodic benefit cost over the average remaining service life of employees. The following amounts were reflected as components of OCI:

	Pension Plans												Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
	U.S.						International
Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020
Net (loss) gain arising during the period	$	(42)	$	813	$	(472)	$	116	$	772	$	(424)	$	—	$	156	$	199
Prior service (cost) credit arising during the period	—		—		—		(4)		(4)		64		—		—		—
	$	(42)	$	813	$	(472)	$	112	$	768	$	(360)	$	—	$	156	$	199
Net loss (gain) amortization included in benefit cost	$	128	$	298	$	303	$	96	$	142	$	127	$	(43)	$	(42)	$	(18)
Prior service credit amortization included in benefit cost	(32)		(38)		(49)		(14)		(16)		(18)		(57)		(63)		(73)
Settlements and curtailments	251		232		23		1		(18)		15		(1)		(29)		(4)
	$	347	$	492	$	277	$	83	$	108	$	124	$	(101)	$	(134)	$	(95)

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Actuarial Assumptions

The Company reassesses its benefit plan assumptions on a regular basis. The weighted average assumptions used in determining U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plan and international pension plan information are as follows:

	U.S. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans						International Pension Plans
December 31	2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020
Net periodic benefit cost
Discount rate	3.00	%	2.70	%	3.40	%	1.50	%	1.10	%	1.50	%
Expected rate of return on plan assets	6.70	%	6.70	%	7.30	%	3.70	%	3.80	%	4.40	%
Salary growth rate	4.60	%	4.60	%	4.20	%	2.90	%	2.80	%	2.80	%
Interest crediting rate	5.00	%	4.70	%	4.90	%	3.00	%	3.00	%	2.80	%
Benefit obligation
Discount rate	5.50	%	3.00	%	2.70	%	3.90	%	1.50	%	1.10	%
Salary growth rate	4.60	%	4.60	%	4.60	%	3.20	%	2.90	%	2.80	%
Interest crediting rate	5.30	%	5.00	%	4.70	%	3.30	%	3.00	%	3.00	%

For both the pension and other postretirement benefit plans, the discount rate is evaluated on measurement dates and modified to reflect the prevailing market rate of a portfolio of high-quality fixed-income debt instruments that would provide the future cash flows needed to pay the benefits included in the benefit obligation as they come due. The expected rate of return for both the pension and other postretirement benefit plans represents the average rate of return to be earned on plan assets over the period the benefits included in the benefit obligation are to be paid and is determined on a plan basis. The expected rate of return for each plan is developed considering long-term historical returns data, current market conditions, and actual returns on the plan assets. Using this reference information, the long-term return expectations for each asset category and a weighted-average expected return for each plan’s target portfolio is developed according to the allocation among those investment categories. The expected portfolio performance reflects the contribution of active management as appropriate. For 2023, the expected rate of return for the Company’s U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plans will be 7.00%, as compared to 6.70% in 2022.

The health care cost trend rate assumptions for other postretirement benefit plans are as follows:

December 31	2022		2021
Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year	7.8	%	6.4	%
Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline	4.5	%	4.5	%
Year that the trend rate reaches the ultimate trend rate	2038		2032

Savings Plans

The Company also maintains defined contribution savings plans in the U.S. The Company matches a percentage of each employee’s contributions consistent with the provisions of the plan for which the employee is eligible. Total employer contributions to these plans in 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $175 million, $158 million and $158 million, respectively.

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15.    Other (Income) Expense, Net

Other (income) expense, net, consisted of:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Interest income	$	(157)	$	(36)	$	(59)
Interest expense	962		806		831
Exchange losses	237		297		145
Loss (income) from investments in equity securities, net (1)	1,419		(1,940)		(1,338)
Net periodic defined benefit plan (credit) cost other than service cost	(279)		(212)		(339)
Other, net	(681)		(256)		(130)
	$	1,501	$	(1,341)	$	(890)

(1)    Includes net realized and unrealized gains and losses from investments in equity securities either owned directly or through ownership interests in investment funds. Unrealized gains and losses from investments that are directly owned are determined at the end of the reporting period, while gains and losses from ownership interests in investment funds are accounted for on a one quarter lag. The Company estimates gains of approximately $140 million will be recorded in the first quarter of 2023 from ownership interests in investment funds.

Interest paid was $937 million in 2022, $779 million in 2021 and $822 million in 2020.

16.    Taxes on Income

A reconciliation between the effective tax rate for income from continuing operations and the U.S. statutory rate is as follows:

	2022				2021				2020
	Amount		Tax Rate		Amount		Tax Rate		Amount		Tax Rate
U.S. statutory rate applied to income from continuing operations before taxes	$	3,453	21.0	%	$	2,915	21.0	%	$	1,231	21.0	%
Differential arising from:
Foreign earnings	(1,835)		(11.1)		(1,446)		(10.4)		(965)		(16.5)
GILTI and the foreign-derived intangible income deduction	462		2.8		(75)		(0.5)		349		6.0
State taxes	(110)		(0.7)		2		—		57		1.0
R&D tax credit	(81)		(0.5)		(81)		(0.6)		(108)		(1.8)
Tax settlements	(10)		(0.1)		(275)		(2.0)		(13)		(0.2)
Valuation allowances	108		0.7		102		0.7		37		0.6
Restructuring	11		0.1		61		0.4		105		1.8
Acquisition of VelosBio	—		—		(9)		(0.1)		559		9.5
Acquisition of Pandion	—		—		356		2.6		—		—
Acquisition of OncoImmune	—		—		—		—		97		1.7
Other	(80)		(0.5)		(29)		(0.1)		(9)		(0.2)
	$	1,918	11.7	%	$	1,521	11.0	%	$	1,340	22.9	%

Where applicable, the impact of changes in uncertain tax positions is reflected in the reconciling items above.

The Company’s remaining transition tax liability under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) of 2017, which has been reduced by payments and the utilization of foreign tax credits, was $2.2 billion at December 31, 2022, of which $732 million is included in Income taxes payable and the remainder of $1.5 billion is included in Other Noncurrent Liabilities. As a result of the transition tax under the TCJA, the Company is no longer indefinitely reinvested with respect to its undistributed earnings from foreign subsidiaries and has provided a deferred tax liability for foreign withholding taxes that would apply. The Company remains indefinitely reinvested with respect to its financial statement basis in excess of tax basis of its foreign subsidiaries. A determination of the deferred tax liability with respect to this basis difference is not practicable.

The foreign earnings tax rate differentials in the tax rate reconciliation above primarily reflect the impacts of operations in jurisdictions with different tax rates than the U.S., particularly Ireland and Switzerland, as well as Singapore and Puerto Rico which operate under tax incentive grants (which begin to expire in 2025), thereby yielding

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a favorable impact on the effective tax rate compared with the U.S. statutory rate of 21%. The Company has an additional Cantonal tax holiday in Switzerland that provides for a tax rate reduction and is effective through 2032.

Income from continuing operations before taxes consisted of:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Domestic	$	1,011	$	1,854	$	(3,814)
Foreign	15,433		12,025		9,677
	$	16,444	$	13,879	$	5,863

Taxes on income from continuing operations consisted of:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Current provision
Federal	$	2,265	$	74	$	893
Foreign	1,164		1,273		969
State	57		(13)		44
	3,486		1,334		1,906
Deferred provision
Federal	(1,510)		240		(605)
Foreign	71		(77)		64
State	(129)		24		(25)
	(1,568)		187		(566)
	$	1,918	$	1,521	$	1,340

Deferred income taxes at December 31 consisted of:

	2022				2021
	Assets		Liabilities		Assets		Liabilities
Product intangibles and licenses	$	—	$	2,575	$	—	$	3,207
R&D capitalization	1,341		—		274		—
Inventory related	43		423		119		370
Accelerated depreciation	—		657		—		589
Equity investments	—		92		—		335
Pensions and other postretirement benefits	372		284		487		338
Compensation related	335		—		301		—
Unrecognized tax benefits	91		—		75		—
Net operating losses and other tax credit carryforwards	912		—		867		—
Other	511		267		434		180
Subtotal	3,605		4,298		2,557		5,019
Valuation allowance	(599)				(287)
Total deferred taxes	$	3,006	$	4,298	$	2,270	$	5,019
Net deferred income taxes			$	1,292			$	2,749
Recognized as:
Other Assets	$	503			$	692
Deferred Income Taxes			$	1,795			$	3,441

The Company has net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards in several jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2022, $349 million of deferred tax assets on NOL carryforwards relate to foreign jurisdictions. Valuation allowances of $345 million have been established on these foreign NOL carryforwards and other foreign deferred tax assets. In addition, the Company has $563 million of deferred tax assets relating to various U.S. tax credit carryforwards and

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NOL carryforwards. Valuation allowances of $247 million have been established on these U.S. tax credit carryforwards and NOL carryforwards.

Income taxes paid in 2022, 2021 and 2020 (including amounts attributable to discontinued operations in 2021 and 2020) were $3.2 billion, $2.4 billion and $2.7 billion, respectively. Income taxes paid consisted of:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Domestic (1)	$	1,891	$	1,211	$	977
Foreign	1,348		1,201		1,763
	$	3,239	$	2,412	$	2,740

(1)    Includes TCJA transition tax payments.

Tax benefits relating to stock option exercises were $45 million in 2022, $21 million in 2021 and $12 million in 2020.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

	2022		2021		2020
Balance January 1	$	1,529	$	1,537	$	1,225
Additions related to current year positions	344		306		298
Additions related to prior year positions	48		63		110
Reductions for tax positions of prior years (1)	(40)		(230)		(4)
Settlements (1)	(6)		(46)		(70)
Lapse of statute of limitations	(40)		(58)		(22)
Spin-off of Organon	—		(43)		—
Balance December 31	$	1,835	$	1,529	$	1,537

(1)    Amount in 2021 reflects a settlement with the IRS discussed below.

If the Company were to recognize the unrecognized tax benefits of $1.8 billion at December 31, 2022, the income tax provision would reflect a favorable net impact of $1.8 billion.

The Company is under examination by numerous tax authorities in various jurisdictions globally. The Company believes that it is reasonably possible that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2022 could decrease by up to approximately $31 million in the next 12 months as a result of various audit closures, settlements or the expiration of the statute of limitations. The ultimate finalization of the Company’s examinations with relevant taxing authorities can include formal administrative and legal proceedings, which could have a significant impact on the timing of the reversal of unrecognized tax benefits. The Company believes that its reserves for uncertain tax positions are adequate to cover existing risks or exposures.

Interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions amounted to an expense (benefit) of $54 million in 2022, $(37) million in 2021 and $16 million in 2020. These amounts reflect the beneficial impacts of various tax settlements, including the settlement discussed below. Liabilities for accrued interest and penalties were $256 million and $192 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

In 2021, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) concluded its examinations of Merck’s 2015-2016 U.S. federal income tax returns. As a result, the Company was required to make a payment of $190 million (of which $172 million related to continuing operations and $18 million related to discontinued operations). The Company’s reserves for unrecognized tax benefits for the years under examination exceeded the adjustments relating to this examination period and therefore the Company recorded a $236 million net tax benefit in 2021 (of which $207 million related to continuing operations and $29 million related to discontinued operations). This net benefit reflects reductions in reserves for unrecognized tax benefits and other related liabilities for tax positions relating to the years that were under examination.

The IRS is currently conducting examinations of the Company’s tax returns for the years 2017 and 2018. In addition, various state and foreign tax examinations are in progress and for these jurisdictions, the Company’s income tax returns are open for examination for the period 2003 through 2022.

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17.    Earnings per Share

The calculations of earnings per share (shares in millions) are as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Net Income from Continuing Operations Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	$	14,519	$	12,345	$	4,519
Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests	—		704		2,548
Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	$	14,519	$	13,049	$	7,067
Average common shares outstanding	2,532		2,530		2,530
Common shares issuable (1)	10		8		11
Average common shares outstanding assuming dilution	2,542		2,538		2,541
Basic Earnings per Common Share Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders:
Income from Continuing Operations	$	5.73	$	4.88	$	1.79
Income from Discontinued Operations	—		0.28		1.01
Net Income	$	5.73	$	5.16	$	2.79
Earnings per Common Share Assuming Dilution Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders:
Income from Continuing Operations	$	5.71	$	4.86	$	1.78
Income from Discontinued Operations	—		0.28		1.00
Net Income	$	5.71	$	5.14	$	2.78

(1)     Issuable primarily under share-based compensation plans.

In 2022, 2021 and 2020, 2 million, 9 million and 5 million, respectively, of common shares issuable under share-based compensation plans were excluded from the computation of earnings per common share assuming dilution because the effect would have been antidilutive.

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18.   Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Changes in each component of other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows:

	Derivatives			Investments			Employee Benefit Plans			Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Balance January 1, 2020, net of taxes	$	31		$	18		$	(4,261)		$	(1,981)	$	(6,193)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax	(383)			3			(633)			64		(949)
Tax	84			—			120			89		293
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	(299)			3			(513)			153		(656)
Reclassification adjustments, pretax	2		(1)	(21)		(2)	306		(3)	—		287
Tax	—			—			(72)			—		(72)
Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	2			(21)			234			—		215
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	(297)			(18)			(279)			153		(441)
Balance at December 31, 2020, net of taxes	(266)			—			(4,540)			(1,828)		(6,634)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax	333			—			1,737			(304)		1,766
Tax	(75)			—			(332)			(119)		(526)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	258			—			1,405			(423)		1,240
Reclassification adjustments, pretax	192		(1)	—			466		(3)	—		658
Tax	(40)			—			(102)			—		(142)
Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	152			—			364			—		516
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	410			—			1,769			(423)		1,756
Spin-off of Organon (see Note 3)	—			—			28			421		449
Balance at December 31, 2021, net of taxes	144			—			(2,743)		(4)	(1,830)		(4,429)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax	684			—			70			(584)		170
Tax	(143)			—			12			(19)		(150)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	541			—			82			(603)		20
Reclassification adjustments, pretax	(775)		(1)	—			329		(3)	—		(446)
Tax	163			—			(76)			—		87
Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	(612)			—			253			—		(359)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	(71)			—			335			(603)		(339)
Balance at December 31, 2022, net of taxes	$	73		$	—		$	(2,408)	(4)	$	(2,433)	$	(4,768)

(1)    Primarily relates to foreign currency cash flow hedges that were reclassified from AOCL to Sales.

(2)    Represents net realized gains on the sales of available-for-sale debt securities that were reclassified from AOCL to Other (income) expense, net.

(3)    Includes net amortization of prior service cost, actuarial gains and losses, settlements and curtailments included in net periodic benefit cost (see Note 14).

(4)    Includes pension plan net loss of $3.1 billion and $3.6 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and other postretirement benefit plan net gain of $446 million and $473 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as well as pension plan prior service credit of $152 million and $190 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and other postretirement benefit plan prior service credit of $135 million and $181 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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19.    Segment Reporting

The Company’s operations are principally managed on a product basis and include two operating segments, Pharmaceutical and Animal Health, both of which are reportable segments.

The Pharmaceutical segment includes human health pharmaceutical and vaccine products. Human health pharmaceutical products consist of therapeutic and preventive agents, generally sold by prescription, for the treatment of human disorders. The Company sells these human health pharmaceutical products primarily to drug wholesalers and retailers, hospitals, government agencies and managed health care providers such as health maintenance organizations, pharmacy benefit managers and other institutions. Human health vaccine products consist of preventive pediatric, adolescent and adult vaccines. The Company sells these human health vaccines primarily to physicians, wholesalers, physician distributors and government entities. A large component of pediatric and adolescent vaccine sales are made to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vaccines for Children program, which is funded by the U.S. government. Additionally, the Company sells vaccines to the Federal government for placement into vaccine stockpiles.

The Animal Health segment discovers, develops, manufactures and markets a wide range of veterinary pharmaceutical and vaccine products, as well as health management solutions and services, for the prevention, treatment and control of disease in all major livestock and companion animal species. The Company also offers an extensive suite of digitally connected identification, traceability and monitoring products. The Company sells its products to veterinarians, distributors, animal producers, farmers and pet owners.

The Company previously had a Healthcare Services segment that provided services and solutions focused on engagement, health analytics and clinical services to improve the value of care delivered to patients. The Company divested the remaining businesses in this segment during the first quarter of 2020.

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Sales of the Company’s products were as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022						2021						2020
	U.S.		Int’l		Total		U.S.		Int’l		Total		U.S.		Int’l		Total
Pharmaceutical:
Oncology
Keytruda	$	12,686	$	8,251	$	20,937	$	9,765	$	7,421	$	17,186	$	8,352	$	6,028	$	14,380
Alliance revenue - Lynparza (1)	584		532		1,116		515		473		989		417		308		725
Alliance revenue - Lenvima (1)	579		297		876		417		287		704		359		220		580
Alliance revenue - Reblozyl (2)	123		43		166		—		17		17		—		—		—
Vaccines
Gardasil/Gardasil 9	2,065		4,832		6,897		1,881		3,792		5,673		1,755		2,184		3,938
ProQuad/M-M-R II/Varivax	1,724		518		2,241		1,629		506		2,135		1,378		500		1,878
RotaTeq	508		275		783		473		334		807		486		311		797
Pneumovax 23	346		256		602		547		346		893		727		359		1,087
Vaqta	95		78		173		100		79		179		103		67		170
Hospital Acute Care
Bridion	922		762		1,685		762		770		1,532		583		615		1,198
Prevymis	188		240		428		153		218		370		119		162		281
Dificid	241		22		263		166		10		175		102		7		110
Primaxin	1		238		239		2		258		259		2		248		251
Noxafil	51		187		238		60		199		259		42		287		329
Invanz	4		185		189		(5)		207		202		9		202		211
Cancidas	6		168		174		4		208		212		7		207		213
Zerbaxa	89		79		169		4		(5)		(1)		74		56		130
Cardiovascular
Alliance revenue - Adempas/Verquvo (3)	329		12		341		312		30		342		259		22		281
Adempas	—		238		238		—		252		252		—		220		220
Virology
Lagevrio	1,523		4,161		5,684		632		320		952		—		—		—
Isentress/Isentress HD	274		359		633		294		474		769		326		531		857
Neuroscience
Belsomra	79		179		258		78		241		318		81		247		327
Immunology
Simponi	—		706		706		—		825		825		—		838		838
Remicade	—		207		207		—		299		299		—		330		330
Diabetes
Januvia	1,248		1,565		2,813		1,404		1,920		3,324		1,470		1,836		3,306
Janumet	355		1,344		1,700		367		1,597		1,964		477		1,494		1,971
Other pharmaceutical (4)	969		1,282		2,249		841		1,275		2,118		882		1,321		2,202
Total Pharmaceutical segment sales	24,989		27,016		52,005		20,401		22,353		42,754		18,010		18,600		36,610
Animal Health:
Livestock	710		2,590		3,300		667		2,628		3,295		612		2,327		2,939
Companion Animals	1,112		1,138		2,250		1,091		1,182		2,273		872		892		1,764
Total Animal Health segment sales	1,822		3,728		5,550		1,758		3,810		5,568		1,484		3,219		4,703
Other segment sales (5)	—		—		—		—		—		—		23		—		23
Total segment sales	26,811		30,744		57,555		22,159		26,163		48,322		19,517		21,819		41,336
Other (6)	395		1,333		1,728		266		116		382		71		111		182
	$	27,206	$	32,077	$	59,283	$	22,425	$	26,279	$	48,704	$	19,588	$	21,930	$	41,518

U.S. plus international may not equal total due to rounding.

(1)    Alliance revenue for Lynparza and Lenvima represents Merck’s share of profits, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 5).

(2)    Alliance revenue for Reblozyl represents royalties and, for 2022, also includes a payment received related to the achievement of a regulatory approval milestone (see Note 5).

(3)    Alliance revenue for Adempas/Verquvo represents Merck’s share of profits from sales in Bayer’s marketing territories, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 5).

(4)    Other pharmaceutical primarily reflects sales of other human health pharmaceutical products, including products within the franchises not listed separately.

(5)    Represents sales for the Healthcare Services segment. All the businesses in the Healthcare Services segment were fully divested by the first quarter of 2020.

(6)    Other is primarily comprised of miscellaneous corporate revenue, including revenue hedging activities which increased (decreased) sales by $810 million, $(203) million and $(19) million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, as well as revenue from third-party manufacturing arrangements (including sales to Organon). Other for 2022, 2021 and 2020 also includes $165 million, $218 million and $54 million, respectively, related to upfront and milestone payments received by Merck for out-licensing arrangements.

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Consolidated sales by geographic area where derived are as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
United States	$	27,206	$	22,425	$	19,588
Europe, Middle East and Africa	14,493		13,341		11,547
China	5,191		4,378		2,751
Japan	3,629		2,726		2,602
Asia Pacific (other than China and Japan)	3,614		2,407		2,113
Latin America	2,582		2,206		1,890
Other	2,568		1,221		1,027
	$	59,283	$	48,704	$	41,518

A reconciliation of segment profits to Income from Continuing Operations Before Taxes is as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Segment profits:
Pharmaceutical segment	$	36,852	$	30,977	$	26,106
Animal Health segment	1,963		1,950		1,669
Other segments	—		—		1
Total segment profits	38,815		32,927		27,776
Other profits	1,160		156		75
Unallocated:
Interest income	157		36		59
Interest expense	(962)		(806)		(831)
Amortization	(2,085)		(1,636)		(1,817)
Depreciation	(1,642)		(1,414)		(1,519)
Research and development	(13,011)		(11,692)		(12,911)
Restructuring costs	(337)		(661)		(575)
Other unallocated, net	(5,651)		(3,031)		(4,394)
	$	16,444	$	13,879	$	5,863

Pharmaceutical segment profits are comprised of segment sales less standard costs, as well as selling, general and administrative expenses directly incurred by the segment. Animal Health segment profits are comprised of segment sales, less all cost of sales, as well as selling, general and administrative expenses and research and development costs directly incurred by the segment. For internal management reporting presented to the chief operating decision maker, Merck does not allocate the remaining cost of sales not included in segment profits as described above, research and development expenses incurred in Merck Research Laboratories, the Company’s research and development division that focuses on human health-related activities, or general and administrative expenses, nor the cost of financing these activities. Separate divisions maintain responsibility for monitoring and managing these costs, including depreciation related to fixed assets utilized by these divisions and, therefore, they are not included in segment profits. In addition, costs related to restructuring activities, as well as the amortization of intangible assets and purchase accounting adjustments are not allocated to segments.

Other profits are primarily comprised of miscellaneous corporate profits, as well as operating profits related to third-party manufacturing arrangements.

Other unallocated, net, includes expenses from corporate and manufacturing cost centers, goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges, gains or losses on sales of businesses, expense or income related to changes in the estimated fair value measurement of liabilities for contingent consideration, and other miscellaneous income or expense items.

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Equity income/loss from affiliates and depreciation included in segment profits is as follows:

	Pharmaceutical		Animal Health		All Other		Total
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Included in segment profits:
Equity income from affiliates	$	39	$	—	$	—	$	39
Depreciation	5		177		—		182
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Included in segment profits:
Equity income from affiliates	$	11	$	—	$	—	$	11
Depreciation	6		158		—		164
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Included in segment profits:
Equity loss from affiliates	$	6	$	—	$	—	$	6
Depreciation	6		143		1		150

Property, plant and equipment, net, by geographic area where located is as follows:

December 31	2022		2021		2020
United States	$	12,891	$	11,759	$	10,394
Europe, Middle East and Africa	6,993		6,081		5,314
Asia Pacific (other than China and Japan)	966		857		737
Latin America	225		199		169
China	207		220		216
Japan	135		159		166
Other	5		4		4
	$	21,422	$	19,279	$	17,000

The Company does not disaggregate assets on a products and services basis for internal management reporting and, therefore, such information is not presented.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Merck & Co., Inc.

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Merck & Co., Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of income, of comprehensive income, of equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

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Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

U.S. Rebate Accruals - Medicaid, Managed Care and Medicare Part D

As described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company records certain variable consideration including discounts, which are estimated at the time of sale generally using the expected value method. Amounts accrued for aggregate customer discounts are evaluated on a quarterly basis through comparison of information provided by the wholesalers, health maintenance organizations, pharmacy benefit managers, federal and state agencies, and other customers to the amounts accrued. Certain of these discounts representing a portion of the accrual take the form of rebates, which are amounts owed based upon definitive contractual agreements or legal requirements with private sector (Managed Care) and public sector (Medicaid and Medicare Part D) benefit providers, after the final dispensing of the product to a benefit plan participant. The provision for rebates is based on expected patient usage, as well as inventory levels in the distribution channel to determine the contractual obligation to the benefit providers. Management uses historical customer segment utilization mix, sales forecasts, changes to product mix and price, inventory levels in the distribution channel, government pricing calculations and prior payment history in order to estimate the expected provision. The accrued balance relative to the provision for rebates included in accrued and other current liabilities was $2.7 billion as of December 31, 2022, of which the majority relates to U.S. rebate accruals – Medicaid, Managed Care and Medicare Part D.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to U.S. rebate accruals - Medicaid, Managed Care and Medicare Part D is a critical audit matter are the significant judgment by management due to the significant measurement uncertainty involved in developing the rebate accruals, as the accruals are based on assumptions developed using pricing information and historical customer segment utilization mix, and a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures and evaluating evidence related to these assumptions.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to U.S. rebate accruals - Medicaid, Managed Care and Medicare Part D, including management’s controls over the assumptions used to estimate the corresponding rebate accruals. These procedures also included, among others (i) developing an independent estimate of the rebate accruals by utilizing third party data on historical customer segment utilization mix in the U.S., pricing information, the terms of the specific rebate programs, and the historical trend of actual rebate claims paid, (ii) comparing the independent estimate to the rebate accruals recorded by management, and (iii) testing rebate claims paid, including evaluating those claims for consistency with the contractual terms of the Company’s rebate agreements.

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Florham Park, New Jersey

February 24, 2023

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002.

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Item 9.     Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

Not applicable.

Item 9A.      Controls and Procedures.

Management of the Company, with the participation of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures. Based on their evaluation, as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Act)) are effective. For the fourth quarter of 2022, there have been no changes in internal control over financial reporting that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Act. Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued in 2013 by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has performed its own assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting and its attestation report is included in this Form 10-K filing.

Management’s Report

Management’s Responsibility for Financial Statements

Responsibility for the integrity and objectivity of the Company’s financial statements rests with management. The financial statements report on management’s stewardship of Company assets. These statements are prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles and, accordingly, include amounts that are based on management’s best estimates and judgments. Nonfinancial information included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K has also been prepared by management and is consistent with the financial statements.

To assure that financial information is reliable and assets are safeguarded, management maintains an effective system of internal controls and procedures, important elements of which include: careful selection, training and development of operating and financial managers; an organization that provides appropriate division of responsibility; and communications aimed at assuring that Company policies and procedures are understood throughout the organization. A staff of internal auditors regularly monitors the adequacy and application of internal controls on a worldwide basis.

To ensure that personnel continue to understand the system of internal controls and procedures, and policies concerning good and prudent business practices, annually all employees of the Company are required to complete Code of Conduct training. This training reinforces the importance and understanding of internal controls by reviewing key corporate policies, procedures and systems. In addition, the Company has compliance programs, including an ethical business practices program to reinforce the Company’s long-standing commitment to high ethical standards in the conduct of its business.

The financial statements and other financial information included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K fairly present, in all material respects, the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Our formal certification to the Securities and Exchange Commission is included in this Form 10-K filing.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued in 2013 by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls

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may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein.

Robert M. Davis	Caroline Litchfield
Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Item 9B.    Other Information.

None.

Item 9C.    Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Not Applicable.

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PART III

Item 10.Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

The required information on directors and nominees is incorporated by reference from the discussion under Proposal 1. Election of Directors of the Company’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 23, 2023. Information on executive officers is set forth in Part I of this document on page 40.

The required information on compliance with Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, if applicable, is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the heading “Stock Ownership Information” of the Company’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 23, 2023.

The Company has a Code of Conduct — Our Values and Standards applicable to all employees, including the principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer and Controller. The Code of Conduct is available on the Company’s website at merck.com/company-overview/culture-and-values/code-of-conduct/values-and-standards. The Company intends to disclose future amendments to certain provisions of the Code of Conduct, and waivers of the Code of Conduct granted to executive officers and directors, if any, on the website within four business days following the date of any amendment or waiver. Every Merck employee is responsible for adhering to business practices that are in accordance with the law and with ethical principles that reflect the highest standards of corporate and individual behavior.

The required information on the identification of the audit committee and the audit committee financial expert is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the heading “Board Meetings and Committees” of the Company’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 23, 2023.

Item 11.Executive Compensation.

The information required on executive compensation is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the headings “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Summary Compensation Table,” “All Other Compensation” table, “CEO Pay Ratio,” “Pay vs. Performance” table, “Grants of Plan-Based Awards” table, “Outstanding Equity Awards” table, “Option Exercises and Stock Vested” table, “Pension Benefits” table, “Nonqualified Deferred Compensation” table, and “Potential Payments Upon Termination or a Change in Control”, including the discussion under the subheadings “Separation” and “Change in Control,” as well as all footnote information to the various tables, of the Company’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 23, 2023.

The required information on director compensation is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the heading “Director Compensation” and related “2022 Schedule of Director Fees” table and “2022 Director Compensation” table of the Company’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 23, 2023.

The required information under the headings “Compensation and Management Development Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” and “Compensation and Management Development Committee Report” is incorporated by reference from the Company’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 23, 2023.

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Item 12.Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

Information with respect to security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the heading “Stock Ownership Information” of the Company’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 23, 2023.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table summarizes information about the options, warrants and rights and other equity compensation under the Company’s equity compensation plans as of the close of business on December 31, 2022. The table does not include information about tax qualified plans such as the Merck U.S. Savings Plan.

Plan Category	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (a)	Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (b)		Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders(1)	13,719,333(2)	$	70.55	86,776,452
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders	—	—		—
Total	13,719,333	$	70.55	86,776,452

(1)Includes options to purchase shares of Company Common Stock and other rights under the following shareholder-approved plans: the Merck & Co., Inc. 2010 and 2019 Incentive Stock Plans, and the Merck & Co., Inc. 2010 Non-Employee Directors Stock Option Plan.

(2)Excludes approximately 12,700,042 shares of restricted stock units and 1,980,608 performance share units (assuming maximum payouts) under the Merck Sharp & Dohme 2010 and 2019 Incentive Stock Plans. Also excludes 182,601 shares of phantom stock deferred under the MSD Employee Deferral Program and 487,534 shares of phantom stock deferred under the Merck & Co., Inc. Plan for Deferred Payment of Directors’ Compensation.

Item 13.Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

The required information on transactions with related persons is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the heading “Related Person Transactions” of the Company’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 23, 2023.

The required information on director independence is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the heading “Independence of Directors” of the Company’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 23, 2023.

Item 14.Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

The information required for this item is incorporated by reference from the discussion under Proposal 4. Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for 2023 beginning with the caption “Pre-Approval Policy for Services of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” through “Fees for Services Provided by the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” of the Company’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 23, 2023.

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PART IV

Item 15.Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

(a)    The following documents are filed as part of this Form 10-K

1.    Financial Statements

Consolidated statement of income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

Consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

Consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 and 2021

Consolidated statement of equity for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

Consolidated statement of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

Notes to consolidated financial statements

Report of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent registered public accounting firm (PCAOB ID 238)

2.    Financial Statement Schedules

Schedules are omitted because they are either not required or not applicable.

Financial statements of affiliates carried on the equity basis have been omitted because, considered individually or in the aggregate, such affiliates do not constitute a significant subsidiary.

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3.    Exhibits

Exhibit Number		Description
3.1	—	Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Merck & Co., Inc. (November 3, 2009) — Incorporated by reference to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 4, 2009 (No. 1-6571)
3.2	—	By-Laws of Merck & Co., Inc. (effective March 22, 2022) — Incorporated by reference to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 25, 2022 (No. 1-6571)
4.1	—	Indenture, dated as of April 1, 1991, between Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. (f/k/a Schering Corporation) and U.S. Bank Trust National Association (as successor to Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York), as Trustee (the 1991 Indenture) — Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4 to MSD’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 (No. 33-39349)
4.2	—	First Supplemental Indenture to the 1991 Indenture, dated as of October 1, 1997 — Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(b) to MSD’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed September 25, 1997 (No. 333-36383)
4.3	—	Second Supplemental Indenture to the 1991 Indenture, dated November 3, 2009 — Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 4, 2009 (No.1-6571)
4.4	—	Third Supplemental Indenture to the 1991 Indenture, dated May 1, 2012 — Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Form 10-Q Quarterly Report for the period ended March 31, 2012 (No. 1-6571)
4.5	—	Indenture, dated November 26, 2003, between Merck & Co., Inc. (f/k/a Schering-Plough Corporation) and The Bank of New York as Trustee (the 2003 Indenture) — Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Schering-Plough’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed November 28, 2003 (No. 1-6571)
4.6	—	Second Supplemental Indenture to the 2003 Indenture (including Form of Note), dated November 26, 2003 — Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Schering-Plough’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed November 28, 2003 (No. 1-6571)
4.7	—	Third Supplemental Indenture to the 2003 Indenture (including Form of Note), dated September 17, 2007 — Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Schering-Plough’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed September 17, 2007 (No. 1-6571)
4.8	—	Fifth Supplemental Indenture to the 2003 Indenture, dated November 3, 2009 — Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 4, 2009 (No. 1-6571)
4.9	—	Indenture, dated as of January 6, 2010, between Merck & Co., Inc. and U.S. Bank Trust National Association, as Trustee — Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 10, 2010 (No. 1-6571)
4.10	—	Description of the Registrant’s Common Stock - Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.10 to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Form 10-K Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 filed February 25, 2021 (No. 1-6571)
4.11	—	Description of the Registrant’s 1.125% Notes due 2021, 1.875% Notes due 2026, and 2.500% Notes due 2034 - Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.11 to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Form 10-K Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 filed February 25, 2021 (No. 1-6571)
4.12	—	Description of the Registrant’s 0.500% Notes due 2024 and 1.375% Notes due 2036 - Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.12 to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Form 10-K Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 filed February 25, 2021 (No. 1-6571)

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*10.1	—	Merck & Co., Inc. Executive Incentive Plan (as amended and restated effective June 1, 2015) — Incorporated by reference to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Schedule 14A filed April 13, 2015 (No. 1-6571)
*10.2	—	Merck & Co., Inc. Deferral Program Including the Base Salary Deferral Plan (Amended and Restated effective December 1, 2019) - Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Form 10-K Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 filed February 26, 2020 (No. 1-6571)
*10.3	—	Merck & Co., Inc. 2010 Incentive Stock Plan (as amended and restated June 1, 2015) — Incorporated by reference to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Schedule 14A filed April 13, 2015 (No. 1-6571)
*10.4	—	Form of stock option terms for 2013 quarterly and annual non-qualified option grants under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2010 Incentive Stock Plan — Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Form 10-K Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 filed February 28, 2013 (No. 1-6571)
*10.5	—	Form of stock option terms for 2014 quarterly and annual non-qualified option grants under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2010 Incentive Stock Plan — Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Form 10-K Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 filed February 27, 2015 (No. 1-6571)
*10.6	—	Form of stock option terms for 2015 quarterly and annual non-qualified option grants under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2010 Incentive Stock Plan — Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Form 10-K Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 filed February 26, 2016 (No. 1-6571)
*10.7	—	Form of stock option terms for 2017 annual non-qualified option grants under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2010 Incentive Stock Plan - Filed herewith
*10.8	—	Form of stock option terms for 2019 annual non-qualified option grants under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2010 Incentive Stock Plan - Filed herewith
*10.9	—	Form of stock option terms for 2018 quarterly and annual non-qualified option grants under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2010 Incentive Stock Plan — Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Form 10-K Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 filed February 27, 2018 (No. 1-6571)
*10.10	—	Form of stock option terms for 2016 quarterly and annual non-qualified option grants under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2010 Incentive Stock Plan — Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Form 10-K Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 filed February 28, 2017 (No. 1-6571)

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*10.11	—	Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan - Incorporated by reference to Appendix C to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Schedule 14A filed April 8, 2019 (No. 1-6571) and to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed August 12, 2019 to register 111,000,000 shares under the 2019 Incentive Stock Plan (File No. 333-233226)
*10.12	—	Merck & Co., Inc. Change in Control Separation Benefits Plan (effective as amended and restated, as of January 1, 2013) — Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed November 29, 2012 (No. 1-6571)
*10.13	—	Merck & Co., Inc. U.S. Separation Benefits Plan (amended and restated as of January 1, 2019) as further amended by Amendments 2019-1 (as of December 19, 2019), 2020-1 (as of February 25, 2020), 2020-2 (as of December 10, 2020), 2021-1 (as of March 31, 2021), 2021-2 (as of December 16, 2021), 2022-1 (as of December 14, 2022) and 2022-2 (as of December 13, 2021) - Filed herewith
*10.14	—	Retirement Plan for the Directors of Merck & Co., Inc. (amended and restated June 21, 1996) —Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.C to MSD’s Form 10-Q Quarterly Report for the period ended June 30, 1996 filed August 13, 1996 (No. 1-3305)
*10.15	—	Merck & Co., Inc. Plan for Deferred Payment of Directors’ Compensation (Amended and Restated effective as of January 1, 2022) - Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Form 10-K Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 filed February 25, 2022 (No. 1-6571)
10.16	—	Distribution agreement between Schering-Plough and Centocor, Inc., dated April 3, 1998 — Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(u) to Schering-Plough’s Amended 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003 filed May 3, 2004 (No. 1-6571)†
10.17	—	Amendment Agreement to the Distribution Agreement between Centocor, Inc., CAN Development, LLC, and Schering-Plough (Ireland) Company — Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Schering-Plough’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 21, 2007 (No. 1-6571)†
*10.18	—	Offer Letter between Merck & Co., Inc. and Jennifer Zachary, dated March 16, 2018 - Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Form 10-K Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 filed February 27, 2019 (No. 1-6571)
*10.19	—	Form of stock option terms for 2021 annual non-qualified option grants under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan - Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Form 10-K Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 filed February 25, 2021 (No. 1-6571)
*10.20	—	Form of restricted stock unit terms for 2021 annual grants under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan - Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Form 10-K Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 filed February 25, 2021 (No. 1-6571)
*10.21	—	Form of stock option terms for 2022 annual non-qualified option grants under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan - Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Form 10-K Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 filed February 25, 2022 (No. 1-6571)
*10.22	—	Form of restricted stock unit terms for 2022 annual grants under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan - Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to Merck & Co., Inc.’s Form 10-K Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 filed February 25, 2022 (No. 1-6571)
*10.23	—	2019 terms for CEO annual non-qualified option grant under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2010 Incentive Stock Plan - Filed herewith
*10.24	—	Form of restricted stock unit terms for 2019 annual grants under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2010 Incentive Stock Plan - Filed herewith
*10.25	—	Form of stock option terms for 2020 annual non-qualified option grants under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan — Filed herewith
*10.26	—	2020 terms for CEO annual non-qualified option grant under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan — Filed herewith
*10.27	—	Form of restricted stock unit terms for 2020 annual grants under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan - Filed herewith
*10.28	—	2020 Performance Share Unit terms for grants under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan — Filed herewith

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*10.29	—	2020 CEO Performance Share Unit terms for grant under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan — Filed herewith
*10.30	—	2021 CEO annual non-qualified option terms for grant under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan — Filed herewith
*10.31	—	2021 Performance Share Unit terms for grants under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan — Filed herewith
*10.32	—	2021 CEO Performance Share Unit terms for grant under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan — Filed herewith
*10.33	—	Terms for Restricted Stock Unit Grants under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan - Filed herewith
*10.34	—	Restricted stock unit terms for May 3, 2022 and August 3, 2022 grants to Executive Chairman under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan — Filed herewith
*10.35	—	Restricted stock unit terms for August 3, 2022 grant to Chirfi Guindo under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan - Filed herewith
*10.36	—	Performance share unit terms for August 3, 2022 grant to Chirfi Guindo under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan - Filed herewith
*10.37	—	Offer Letter between Merck & Co., Inc. and Chirfi Guindo, dated June 8, 2022 - Filed herewith
21	—	Subsidiaries of Merck & Co., Inc.
23	—	Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
24.1	—	Power of Attorney
24.2	—	Certified Resolution of Board of Directors
31.1	—	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer
31.2	—	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer
32.1	—	Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer
32.2	—	Section 1350 Certification of Chief Financial Officer
Exhibit 101:
101.INS	—	XBRL Instance Document - The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH	—	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL	—	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF	—	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB	—	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE	—	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104	—	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

*	Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
†	Certain portions of the exhibit have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment. The non-public information has been filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to rule 24b-2 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
	Long-term debt instruments under which the total amount of securities authorized does not exceed 10% of Merck & Co., Inc.’s total consolidated assets are not filed as exhibits to this report. Merck & Co., Inc. will furnish a copy of these agreements to the Securities and Exchange Commission on request.

Item 16.    Form 10-K Summary

Not applicable.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Dated:    February 24, 2023

MERCK & CO., INC.
By:	ROBERT M. DAVIS
	(Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President)
	By:	/s/ JENNIFER ZACHARY
		Jennifer Zachary
		(Attorney-in-Fact)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signatures	Title	Date
ROBERT M. DAVIS	Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President; Principal Executive Officer	February 24, 2023
CAROLINE LITCHFIELD	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer; Principal Financial Officer	February 24, 2023
RITA A. KARACHUN	Senior Vice President Finance-Global Controller; Principal Accounting Officer	February 24, 2023
DOUGLAS M. BAKER, JR.	Director	February 24, 2023
MARY ELLEN COE	Director	February 24, 2023
PAMELA J. CRAIG	Director	February 24, 2023
THOMAS H. GLOCER	Director	February 24, 2023
RISA J. LAVIZZO-MOUREY	Director	February 24, 2023
STEPHEN L. MAYO	Director	February 24, 2023
PAUL B. ROTHMAN	Director	February 24, 2023
PATRICIA F. RUSSO	Director	February 24, 2023
CHRISTINE E. SEIDMAN	Director	February 24, 2023
INGE G. THULIN	Director	February 24, 2023
KATHY J. WARDEN	Director	February 24, 2023
PETER C. WENDELL	Director	February 24, 2023

Jennifer Zachary, by signing her name hereto, does hereby sign this document pursuant to powers of attorney duly executed by the persons named, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission as an exhibit to this document, on behalf of such persons, all in the capacities and on the date stated, such persons including a majority of the directors of the Company.

By:	/S/ JENNIFER ZACHARY
	Jennifer Zachary
	(Attorney-in-Fact)

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EX-10.7

Exhibit 10.7

TERMS FOR

2017 NON-QUALIFIED STOCK OPTION (NQSO) GRANTS

UNDER THE MERCK & CO., INC. 2010 INCENTIVE STOCK PLAN

This is a summary of the terms applicable to the stock option specified in this document. Different terms may apply to any prior or future stock option.

Grant Type:	NQSO
Option Price:	$63.97
Grant Date:	May 5, 2017
Expiration Date:	May 4, 2027
Vesting Date	Portion that Vests
May 5, 2018	First: 33.333%
May 5, 2019	Second: 33.333%
May 5, 2020	Balance

I. GENERAL INFORMATION

This stock option becomes exercisable in equal installments (subject to a rounding process) on the Vesting Dates indicated in the accompanying box. This stock option expires on its Expiration Date, which is the day before the tenth anniversary of the Grant Date. If your employment with the Company is terminated, your right to exercise this stock option will be determined according to the terms in Section II.

Eligibility: Eligibility for grants is determined under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2010 Incentive Stock Plan for employees of the Company, its subsidiaries, its affiliates or its joint ventures if designated by the Compensation and Benefits Committee of Merck’s Board of Directors, or its delegate (the “Committee”).

Subject to Recoupment: For employees in Band 600 and above, this Stock Option Award will be subject to recoupment in the event of certain violations of Company policy in accordance with the Company’s policy for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations, as set forth in Appendix A (as may be amended from time to time).

II. TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT

A. General Rule. If your employment is terminated for any reason other than those specified in the following paragraphs, the portion of this stock option that is unvested will expire on the date your employment ends; the portion of this stock option that is vested will expire unless exercised before the New York Stock Exchange closes (the “Close of Business”) on the day before the same day of the third month (“Within Three Months”) after the date of the termination (but in no event after the expiration of the Option Period). Close of Business for any day on which the New York Stock Exchange is not open means the close of business prior to that date when the Exchange is open. Where there is no corresponding day of a month, the last day of the month is deemed to be the same day as a later day (e.g., November 28, 29 and 30 all correspond to February 28 in non leap years). If you are rehired by the Company or JV, this option nevertheless will expire unless exercised Within Three Months, or the original Expiration Date if earlier.

B. Retirement. If you retire from service with the Company the portion of this stock option that would have become exercisable according to its original schedule within one year of the date your employment terminates will vest and become exercisable on its applicable Vesting Date and the remainder will expire immediately. Whether already vested on the date your employment terminates or vested as a result of such retirement, this option will expire on the earlier of (a) the day before the fifth anniversary of the termination date or (b) its

original Expiration Date. For grantees who are employed in the U.S., “retirement” means a termination of employment after attaining the earliest of (a) age 55 with at least 10 years of service (b) such age and service that provides eligibility for subsidized retiree medical coverage or (c) age 65 without regard to years of service. For other grantees, “retirement” is determined by the Company. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this option nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

C. Involuntary Termination. If your employment is terminated by the Company and the Company determines that such termination was involuntary, including the result of a restructuring or job elimination, but excluding non-performance of your duties and the reasons listed under paragraphs B or D through H, the portion of this stock option that is unvested will expire on the date your employment ends; the portion of this stock option that is vested will expire on the day before the one year anniversary of the date your employment ends, but in no event later than the original Expiration Date. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this option nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

D. Sale. If your employment is terminated and the Company determines that such termination resulted from the sale of your subsidiary, division or joint venture, the following portion of this stock option award will vest and become exercisable immediately upon such termination: one-third if employment terminates on or after the Grant Date but before the first anniversary thereof; and all if employment terminates on or after the first anniversary of the Grant Date. Whether already vested on the date your employment terminates or vested as a result of such sale, this stock option will expire the day before the first anniversary of the date your employment with the Company ends, but in no event later than the original Expiration Date. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Committee may determine, for purposes of this stock option grant, whether employment with an entity that is established from the Company’s spin off, split off, split up or distribution of equity securities in connection with that entity constitutes a termination of employment, and may make adjustments, if any, as it deems appropriate, at the time of the distribution of such equity securities, in the kind and/or number of shares subject to this option, and/or in the option price of such option. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this option nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

E. Misconduct. If your employment is terminated as a result of your deliberate, willful or gross misconduct, this stock option (whether vested or unvested) will expire immediately upon your receipt of notice of such termination.

F. Death. If your employment terminates as a result of your death, the portion of this stock option that is unvested will vest immediately upon your death. Whether already vested on the date of your death or vested as a result of your death, this stock option will expire on the day before the first anniversary of your death, even if such date is later than the Original Expiration date. This stock option will expire on such earlier date than otherwise specified in this paragraph as may be required under applicable non-U.S. law (e.g., in France, six months from the date of death). If you die while any portion of

this stock option remains outstanding, but after your employment terminates for the reasons listed under paragraphs B, C, D, G or H of this section, the portion that remains outstanding after such employment termination will become immediately exercisable and will continue to be exercisable until the expiration date prescribed in paragraph B, C, D, G or H as applicable (and at least a year from your death in those jurisdictions where such extension is required by law).

G. Disability. If your employment is terminated and the Company determines that such termination resulted from your inability to perform the material duties of your role by reason of a physical or mental infirmity that is expected to last for at least six months or to result in your death, whether or not you are eligible for disability benefits from any applicable disability program, then this stock option will continue to become exercisable on applicable Vesting Dates and will expire on the earlier of (a) the day before the fifth anniversary of the day your employment terminates and (b) its original Expiration Date. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this option nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

H. Change in Control. If the Company involuntarily terminates your employment without Cause before the second anniversary after the closing of a change in control, each unvested Stock Option that is outstanding immediately prior to the change in control will immediately become fully vested and exercisable. All options, including options vested prior to such time, will expire on the day before the fifth anniversary of the termination of your employment following a change in control (but not beyond the Expiration Date). This extended exercise period does not apply in the case of termination by reasons of retirement, involuntary termination, sale, misconduct, death or disability, as described in paragraphs B, D, E, F and G above or termination prior to a change in control. If this stock option does not remain outstanding following the change in control and is not converted into a successor stock option, then you will be entitled to receive cash for this option in an amount at least equal to the difference between the price paid to stockholders in the change in control and the Option Price of this stock option. A "change in control" has the same meaning that it has under the Merck & Co., Inc. Change in Control Separation Benefits Plan (excluding an MSD Change in Control).

I. Joint Venture. Employment with a joint venture or other entity in which the Company has determined that it has a significant business or ownership interest (a “JV”) is not considered termination of employment for purposes of this stock option. If you transfer employment from the Company to a JV or from a JV to the Company, such employment must be approved by, and contiguous with employment by, the Company or the JV. The terms set out in paragraphs A through H above apply to this stock option while the option holder is employed by the JV.

III. TRANSFERABILITY

This stock option is not transferable and may not be assigned or otherwise transferred except, under specific terms, by executives who hold or who retired within the prior 12 months from a Section 16 officer position.

IV. ADMINISTRATION

The Committee is responsible for construing and interpreting this grant, including the right to construe disputed or doubtful plan provisions, and may establish, amend and construe such rules and regulations as it may deem necessary or desirable for the proper administration of this grant. Any decision or action taken or to be taken by the Committee, arising out of or in connection with the construction, administration, interpretation and effect of this grant shall, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, be within its absolute

discretion (except as otherwise specifically provided herein) and shall be final, binding and conclusive upon the Company, all eligible employees and any person claiming under or through any eligible employee. All determinations by the Committee including, without limitation, determinations of the eligible employees, the form, amount and timing of incentives, the terms and provisions of incentives and the writings evidencing incentives, need not be uniform and may be made selectively among eligible employees who receive, or are eligible to receive, Incentives hereunder, whether or not such eligible employees are similarly situated.

V. GRANTS NOT PART OF EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT

Notwithstanding reference to grants of incentives in letters offering employment or in specific employment agreements, incentives do not constitute part of any employment contract between the Company or JV and the grantee, whether the employment contract arises as a matter of agreement or applicable law. The value of any grant or of the proceeds of any exercise of Incentives are not included in calculating compensation for purposes of pension payments, separation pay, termination indemnities or other similar payments due upon termination of employment.

This stock option is subject to the provisions of the 2010 Incentive Stock Plan. For further information regarding your stock options, you may access the Merck Global Long-Term Incentives homepage via http://onemerck.com

Unless you notify the Company in writing that you wish to refuse this grant within 60 days of the Grant Date, you will be deemed to acknowledge that you have read, understood and agree to all of the terms, conditions and provisions of this document and the Merck & Co., Inc. 2010 Incentive Stock Plan. If you wish to reject this grant, you must send your written notice of rejection to the Company at:

Attention: Global Executive Compensation and Benefits

Merck & Co., Inc.

2000 Galloping Hill Road, Building K-1

Kenilworth, New Jersey, U.S.A. 07033

Appendix A

Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations

POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

Policy

It is the policy of the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Committee”) that the Committee will exercise its discretion to determine whether to seek Recoupment of any bonus and/or other incentive compensation paid or awarded to an Affected Employee with respect to any performance period beginning after December 31, 2013, where it determines, in consultation with the Audit Committee, that: a) the Affected Employee engaged in misconduct, or failed to reasonably supervise an employee who engaged in misconduct, that resulted in a Material Policy Violation relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products; and b) the Committee concludes that the Material Policy Violation caused Significant Harm to the Company, as those terms are defined in this policy. The Committee’s exercise of its discretion may take into account any considerations determined by the Committee to be relevant.

Definitions

1. “Recoupment” is defined to include any and all of the following actions to the extent permitted by law: (a) reducing the amount of a current or future bonus or other cash or non-cash incentive compensation award, (b) requiring reimbursement of a bonus or other cash-based incentive compensation award paid with respect to the most recently completed performance period, (c) cancelling all or a portion of a future-vesting equity award, (d) cancelling all or a portion of an equity award that vested within the previous twelve-month period, (e) requiring return of shares paid upon vesting and/or reimbursement of any proceeds received from the sale of an equity award, in each case that vested within the previous twelve-month period, and (f) any other method of reducing the total compensation paid to an employee for any prior twelve-month period or any current or future period.

2. A “Material Policy Violation” is defined as a material violation of a Company policy relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products.

3. An “Affected Employee” is an employee in Band 600 or higher who (i) engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation; or (ii) failed in his or her supervisory responsibilities to reasonably manage or monitor the conduct of an employee who engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation.

4. “Significant Harm” means a significant negative impact on the Company’s financial operating results or reputation.

Procedures

1. The Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, shall administer this policy and have full discretion to interpret and to make any and all determinations under this policy, subject to the approval of the full Board of Directors in the case of a determination to seek or waive Recoupment from the Chief Executive Officer.

2. The General Counsel, in consultation with the Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer and the Executive Vice President, Human Resources, is responsible for determining whether to refer a matter to the Committee for review under this policy and for assisting the Committee with its review. The Committee may consult with other Board Committees and any external or internal advisors as it deems appropriate.

3. If the Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, determines that there is a basis for seeking

Recoupment under this policy, the Committee shall exercise its discretion to determine for each Affected Employee, on an individual basis, whether, and to what extent and in which manner, to seek Recoupment.

4. In exercising its discretion, the Committee may take into consideration, as it deems appropriate, all of the facts and circumstances of the particular matter and the general interests of the Company.

Delegation to Management for Certain Recoupment Decisions

The Committee hereby delegates to the Chief Executive Officer (who may further delegate as he deems appropriate) the authority to administer this policy and to make any and all decisions under it regarding Affected Employees who are not Section 16 Officers of the Company. Section 16 Officers are employees of the Company who are subject to Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Management shall report to the Committee on any affirmative decisions to seek Recoupment pursuant to this delegation.

Disclosure of Recoupment Decisions

The Company will comply with all applicable securities laws and regulations, including Securities and Exchange Commission disclosure requirements regarding executive compensation. The Company may also, but is not obligated to, provide additional disclosure beyond that required by law when the Company deems it to be appropriate and determines that such disclosure is in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders.

Miscellaneous

Nothing in this policy shall limit or otherwise affect any of the following: 1) management’s ability to take any disciplinary action with respect to any Affected Employee; 2) the Committee’s ability to use its negative discretion with respect to any incentive compensation performance target at any time; or 3) the Committee’s or management’s ability to reduce the amount (in whole or in part) of a current or future bonus or other cash or non-cash incentive compensation award to any executive or other employee for any reason as they may deem appropriate and to the extent permitted by law. Nothing in this policy shall replace or otherwise limit or affect the Clawback Policy for EIP Awards Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results and/or the Clawback Policy for PSUs upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results.

EX-10.8

Exhibit 10.8

TERMS FOR

2019 NON-QUALIFIED STOCK OPTION (NQSO) GRANTS UNDER THE MERCK & CO., INC. 2010 INCENTIVE STOCK PLAN

This is a summary of the terms applicable to the stock option specified in this document. Different terms may apply to any prior or future stock option.

Grant Type:	NQSO – Annual
Option Price:	$77.62
Grant Date:	May 3, 2019
Expiration Date:	May 2, 2029
Vesting Date	Portion that Vests
May 3, 2020	First: 33.333%
May 3, 2021	Second: 33.333%
May 3, 2022	Balance

I.GENERAL INFORMATION

IMPORTANT NOTICE: This grant requires you to affirmatively accept it. You MUST log onto the Morgan Stanley website at

(http://www.morganstanley.com/spc/knowledge/managing-equity/managing-your-existing-awards/accepting-awards-grants/) to accept the grant.

Follow the procedure described on the Morgan Stanley website to accept your stock option within 90 days. Failure to accept the terms and conditions of your stock option within 90 days may result in Forfeiture of the stock option.

This stock option becomes exercisable in equal installments (subject to a rounding process) on the Vesting Dates indicated in the accompanying box. This stock option expires on its Expiration Date, which is the day before the tenth anniversary of the Grant Date. If your employment with the Company is terminated, your right to exercise this stock option will be determined according to the terms in Section II.

Eligibility: Eligibility for grants is determined under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2010 Incentive Stock Plan for employees of the Company, its subsidiaries, its affiliates or its joint ventures if designated by the Compensation and Benefits Committee of Merck’s Board of Directors, or its delegate (the “Committee”).

Subject to Recoupment: For employees in Band 600 and above, this Stock Option Award will be subject to recoupment in the event of certain violations of Company policy in accordance with the Company’s policy for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations, as set forth in Appendix A (as may be amended from time to time).

II.TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT

A.General Rule. If your employment is terminated for any reason other than those specified in the following paragraphs, the portion of this stock option that is unvested will expire on the date your employment ends; the portion of this stock option that is vested will expire unless exercised before the New York Stock Exchange closes (the “Close of Business”) on the day before the same day of the third month (“Within Three Months”) after the date of the termination (but in no event after the expiration of the Option Period). Close of Business for any day on which the New York Stock Exchange is not open means the close of business prior to that date when the Exchange is open. Where there is no corresponding day of a month, the last day of the month is deemed to be the same day as a later day (e.g., November 28, 29 and 30 all correspond to February 28 in

non leap years). If you are rehired by the Company or JV, this option nevertheless will expire unless exercised Within Three Months, or the original Expiration Date if earlier.

B.Retirement. If you retire from service with the Company the portion of this stock option that would have become exercisable according to its original schedule within one year of the date your employment terminates will vest and become exercisable on its applicable Vesting Date and the remainder will expire immediately. Whether already vested on the date your employment terminates or vested as a result of such retirement, this option will expire on the earlier of (a) the day before the fifth anniversary of the termination date or (b) its original Expiration Date. For grantees who are employed in the U.S., “retirement” means a termination of employment after attaining the earliest of (a) age 55 with at least 10 years of service (b) such age and service that provides eligibility for subsidized retiree medical coverage or (c) age 65 without regard to years of service. For other grantees, “retirement” is determined by the Company. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this option nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

C.Involuntary Termination. If your employment is terminated by the Company and the Company determines that such termination was involuntary, including the result of a restructuring or job elimination, but excluding non-performance of your duties and the reasons listed under paragraphs B or D through H, the portion of this stock option that is unvested will expire on the date your employment ends; the portion of this stock option that is vested will expire on the day before the one year anniversary of the date your employment ends, but in no event later than the original Expiration Date. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this option nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

D.Sale. If your employment is terminated and the Company determines that such termination resulted from the sale of your subsidiary, division or joint venture, the following portion of this stock option award will vest and become exercisable immediately upon such termination: one-third if employment terminates on or after the Grant Date but before the first anniversary thereof; and all if employment terminates on or after the first anniversary of the Grant Date. Whether already vested on the date your employment terminates or vested as a result of such sale, this stock option will expire the day before the first anniversary of the date your employment with the Company ends, but in no event later than the original Expiration Date. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Committee may determine, for purposes of this stock option grant, whether employment with an entity that is established from the Company’s spin off, split off, split up or distribution of equity securities in connection with that entity constitutes a termination of employment, and may make adjustments, if any, as it deems appropriate, at the time of the distribution of such equity securities, in the kind and/or number of shares subject to this option, and/or in the option price of such option. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this option nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

E.Misconduct. If your employment is terminated as a result of your deliberate, willful or gross misconduct, this stock option (whether vested or unvested) will expire immediately upon your receipt of notice of such termination.

F.Death. If your employment terminates as a result of your death, the portion of this stock option that is unvested will vest immediately upon your death. Whether already vested on the date of your death or vested as a result of your death, this stock option will expire on the day before the second anniversary of your death, even if such date is later than the Original Expiration date. This stock option will expire on such earlier date than otherwise specified in this paragraph as may be required under applicable non-U.S. law (e.g., in France, six months from the date of death). If you die while any portion of this stock option remains outstanding, but after your employment terminates for the reasons listed under paragraphs B, C, D, G or H of this section, the portion that remains outstanding after such employment termination will become immediately exercisable and will continue to be exercisable until the expiration date prescribed in paragraph B, C, D, G or H as applicable (and at least a year from your death in those jurisdictions where such extension is required by law).

G.Disability. If your employment is terminated and the Company determines that such termination resulted from your inability to perform the material duties of your role by reason of a physical or mental infirmity that is expected to last for at least six months or to result in your death, whether or not you are eligible for disability benefits from any applicable disability program, then this stock option will continue to become exercisable on applicable Vesting Dates and will expire on the earlier of (a) the day before the fifth anniversary of the day your employment terminates and (b) its original Expiration Date. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this option nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

H.Change in Control. If the Company involuntarily terminates your employment without Cause before the second anniversary after the closing of a change in control, each unvested Stock Option that is outstanding immediately prior to the change in control will immediately become fully vested and exercisable. All options, including options vested prior to such time, will expire on the day before the fifth anniversary of the termination of your employment following a change in control (but not beyond the Expiration Date). This extended exercise period does not apply in the case of termination by reasons of retirement, involuntary termination, sale, misconduct, death or disability, as described in paragraphs B, D, E, F and G above or termination prior to a change in control. If this stock option does not remain outstanding following the change in control and is not converted into a successor stock option, then you will be entitled to receive cash for this option in an amount at least equal to the difference between the price paid to stockholders in the change in control and the Option Price of this stock option. A "change in control" has the same meaning that it has under the Merck & Co., Inc. Change in Control Separation Benefits Plan (excluding an MSD Change in Control).

I.Joint Venture. Employment with a joint venture or other entity in which the Company has determined that it has a significant business or ownership interest (a “JV”) is not considered termination of employment for purposes of this

stock option. If you transfer employment from the Company to a JV or from a JV to the Company, such employment must be approved by, and contiguous with employment by, the Company or the JV. The terms set out in paragraphs A through H above apply to this stock option while the option holder is employed by the JV.

III.TRANSFERABILITY

This stock option is not transferable and may not be assigned or otherwise transferred except, under specific terms, by executives who hold or who retired within the prior 12 months from a Section 16 officer position.

IV.ELECTRONIC ACCEPTANCE

The Company may, in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to the stock option or future options that may be granted under the Plan by electronic means or request your consent to participate in the Plan by electronic means. You hereby consent to receive such documents by electronic delivery and agree to participate in the Plan through an online or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or a third party designated by the Company.

V.ADMINISTRATION

The Committee is responsible for construing and interpreting this grant, including the right to construe disputed or doubtful plan provisions, and may establish, amend and construe such rules and regulations as it may deem necessary or desirable for the proper administration of this grant. Any decision or action taken or to be taken by the Committee, arising out of or in connection with the construction, administration, interpretation and effect of this grant shall, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, be within its absolute discretion (except as otherwise specifically provided herein) and shall be final, binding and conclusive upon the Company, all eligible employees and any person claiming under or through any eligible employee. All determinations by the Committee including, without limitation, determinations of the eligible employees, the form, amount and timing of incentives, the terms and provisions of incentives and the writings evidencing incentives, need not be uniform and may be made selectively among eligible employees who receive, or are eligible to receive, Incentives hereunder, whether or not such eligible employees are similarly situated.

VI. GRANTS NOT PART OF EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT

Notwithstanding reference to grants of incentives in letters offering employment or in specific employment agreements, incentives do not constitute part of any employment contract between the Company or JV and the grantee, whether the employment contract arises as a matter of agreement or applicable law. The value of any grant or of the proceeds of any exercise of Incentives are not included in calculating compensation for purposes of pension payments, separation pay, termination indemnities or other similar payments due upon termination of employment.

This stock option is subject to the provisions of the 2010 Incentive Stock Plan. For further information regarding your stock options, you may access the Merck Global Long-Term Incentives homepage via http://one.merck.com

Appendix A

Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations

POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

Policy

It is the policy of the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Committee”) that the Committee will exercise its discretion to determine whether to seek Recoupment of any bonus and/or other incentive compensation paid or awarded to an Affected Employee with respect to any performance period beginning after December 31, 2013, where it determines, in consultation with the Audit Committee, that: a) the Affected Employee engaged in misconduct, or failed to reasonably supervise an employee who engaged in misconduct, that resulted in a Material Policy Violation relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products; and b) the Committee concludes that the Material Policy Violation caused Significant Harm to the Company, as those terms are defined in this policy. The Committee’s exercise of its discretion may take into account any considerations determined by the Committee to be relevant.

Definitions

1.“Recoupment” is defined to include any and all of the following actions to the extent permitted by law: (a) reducing the amount of a current or future bonus or other cash or non- cash incentive compensation award, (b) requiring reimbursement of a bonus or other cash-based incentive compensation award paid with respect to the most recently completed performance period, (c) cancelling all or a portion of a future-vesting equity award, (d) cancelling all or a portion of an equity award that vested within the previous twelve-month period, (e) requiring return of shares paid upon vesting and/or reimbursement of any proceeds received from the sale of an equity award, in each case that vested within the previous twelve-month period, and (f) any other method of reducing the total compensation paid to an employee for any prior twelve- month period or any current or future period.

2.A “Material Policy Violation” is defined as a material violation of a Company policy relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products.

3.An “Affected Employee” is an employee in Band 600 or higher who (i) engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation; or (ii) failed in his or her supervisory responsibilities to reasonably manage or monitor the conduct of an employee who engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation.

4.“Significant Harm” means a significant negative impact on the Company’s financial operating results or reputation.

Procedures

1.The Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, shall administer this policy and have full discretion to interpret and to make any and all determinations under this policy, subject to the approval of the full Board of Directors in the case of a determination to seek or waive Recoupment from the Chief Executive Officer.

2.The General Counsel, in consultation with the Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer and the Executive Vice President, Human Resources, is responsible for determining whether to

refer a matter to the Committee for review under this policy and for assisting the Committee with its review. The Committee may consult with other Board Committees and any external or internal advisors as it deems appropriate.

3.If the Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, determines that there is a basis for seeking Recoupment under this policy, the Committee shall exercise its discretion to determine for each Affected Employee, on an individual basis, whether, and to what extent and in which manner, to seek Recoupment.

4.In exercising its discretion, the Committee may take into consideration, as it deems appropriate, all of the facts and circumstances of the particular matter and the general interests of the Company.

Delegation to Management for Certain Recoupment Decisions

The Committee hereby delegates to the Chief Executive Officer (who may further delegate as he deems appropriate) the authority to administer this policy and to make any and all decisions under it regarding Affected Employees who are not Section 16 Officers of the Company. Section 16 Officers are employees of the Company who are subject to Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Management shall report to the Committee on any affirmative decisions to seek Recoupment pursuant to this delegation.

Disclosure of Recoupment Decisions

The Company will comply with all applicable securities laws and regulations, including Securities and Exchange Commission disclosure requirements regarding executive compensation. The Company may also, but is not obligated to, provide additional disclosure beyond that required by law when the Company deems it to be appropriate and determines that such disclosure is in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders.

Miscellaneous

Nothing in this policy shall limit or otherwise affect any of the following: 1) management’s ability to take any disciplinary action with respect to any Affected Employee; 2) the Committee’s ability to use its negative discretion with respect to any incentive compensation performance target at any time; or 3) the Committee’s or management’s ability to reduce the amount (in whole or in part) of a current or future bonus or other cash or non-cash incentive compensation award to any executive or other employee for any reason as they may deem appropriate and to the extent permitted by law. Nothing in this policy shall replace or otherwise limit or affect the Clawback Policy for EIP Awards Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results and/or the Clawback Policy for PSUs upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results.

EX-10.13

Exhibit 10.13

MERCK & CO. INC. U.S. SEPARATION BENEFITS PLAN

Amended and Restated as of January 1, 2019

MERCK & CO., INC., U.S. SEPARATION BENEFITS PLAN

SECTION 1

PREAMBLE

Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. established the MSD Separation Benefits Plan (the "MSD Plan"), as amended from time to time, to provide benefits to eligible non-union employees whose employment with Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. or a participating wholly owned subsidiary (collectively, "MSD") was terminated under certain circumstances at the initiative of MSD.

Schering-Plough Corporation established the Schering-Plough Separation Benefits Plan (the "Schering Plan"), as amended from time to time, for the purpose of providing severance benefits to eligible union and non-union employees whose employment with Schering Corporation and certain of its U.S. affiliated companies was terminated under certain circumstances.

Effective January 1, 2012, the Schering Plan merged into the MSD Plan with the MSD Plan being renamed the Merck & Co., Inc. U.S. Separation Benefits Plan (the "Plan"). The Plan was amended and restated in its entirety at that time. Effective January 1, 2013, September 1, 2013, October 1, 2013, November 15, 2014 and January 1, 2017, the Plan was reinstated in its entirety. Effective January 1, 2019, the Plan is again being amended and restated in its entirety as set forth herein.

The purpose of the Plan is to provide benefits to eligible employees whose employment with an Employer is terminated at the initiative of the Employer for reasons described below. This Plan is part of the MSD Separation Allowance Plan (Plan No. 514).

1

SECTION 2

DEFINITIONS

For the purposes of this Plan, the following terms shall have the following meanings:

2.1“Annual Base Salary” means

(a)With respect to a Participant who is exempt as of his or her Separation Date, his or her annual base salary in effect as of his or her Separation Date, according to the Employer’s payroll records, without reduction for any contributions to Employer-sponsored benefit plans. For the avoidance of doubt, (i) with respect to a Participant who is exempt and regularly scheduled to work less than full-time as of his or her Separation Date, Annual Base Salary is the reduced annual base salary in effect on his or her Separation Date applicable to the less than full time position, according to the Employer’s payroll records, without reduction for any contributions to the Employer-sponsored benefit plans and (ii) no adjustment is made to Annual Base Salary if the Participant’s annual base salary in effect during any period prior to his or her Separation Date is higher or lower (for any reason, including promotion/demotion or a move to or from full-time or part-time status) than his or her annual base salary in effect as of his or her Separation Date, according to the Employer’s payroll records.

(b)With respect to a Participant who is non-exempt as of his or her Separation Date, the hourly rate according to the Employer’s payroll records in effect as of his or her Separation Date multiplied by the number of hours the Eligible Employee is regularly scheduled to work as of his or her Separation Date (up to a maximum of 2080 hours).

Annual Base Salary does not include bonuses, commissions, overtime pay, shift pay, premium pay, lump sum merit increases, cost of living allowances, income from stock options or other incentives under an Incentive Stock Plan of the Employer (or the Parent or any of its subsidiaries), stock grants or other incentives, or other pay not specifically included above.

For example, a Participant who is regularly scheduled to work less than full-time on his Separation Date has 10 Complete Years of Continuous Service (9 at full-time and 1 at less than full-time), had an annual base salary of $100,000 as a full-time employee but on his Separation Date has an annual base salary of $50,000 according to the Employer’s payroll records because it was reduced as applicable for the less than full-time position. The Participant’s Separation Pay will be calculated using 10 Complete Years of Continuous Service and an Annual Base Salary of

$50,000. There is no adjustment in Annual Base Salary for prior years of higher annual base salary due to full-time service.

2.2“Base Pay Rate” means

(a)With respect to an Eligible Employee who is exempt, his/her annual base pay according to the Employer’s payroll records in effect as of the date the Eligible Employee is offered a Qualified Alternative Position or a Negotiated Job Offer. For an Eligible Employee who is regularly scheduled to work less than full-time, annual base pay is the reduced annual base pay to the less than full-time position.

(b)With respect to an Eligible Employee who is non-exempt, the hourly rate according to the Employer’s payroll records in effect as of the date the Eligible Employee is

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offered a Qualified Alternative Position or a Negotiated Job Offer multiplied by the number of hours the Eligible Employee is regularly scheduled to work (up to a maximum of 2080 hours).

Base Pay Rate is calculated without reduction for any contributions to Employer-sponsored benefit plans. Base Pay Rate includes applicable shift pay and premium pay but does not include bonuses, commissions, overtime pay, lump sum merit increases, cost of living allowances, income from awards granted under an Incentive Stock Plan of the Employer (or the Parent or its subsidiaries), or other pay not specifically included above.

2.3“Basic Life Insurance” means life insurance provided to an Eligible Employee under a plan sponsored by Parent or a subsidiary of Parent equal to 1x "base pay" as defined under the life insurance plan in which the Eligible Employee participates, as it may be amended from time to time.

2.4“Benefits Continuation Period” means the period of time, as set forth on Schedule B-2, during which a Participant is eligible to receive Separation Benefits, provided, however that the Participant may elect to end the period earlier than indicated on Schedule B-2 by notifying the Employer's health and insurance plan administrator (i) within the later of thirty (30) days from the Participant's Separation Date or the date by which the Participant is provided to review the Separation Letter so that the Benefit Continuation Period ends on the date it would have otherwise begun, or (ii) during the Employer's annual open enrollment period for health and insurance benefits so that the Benefit Continuation Period ends the following January 1 (provided that date is not beyond the period set forth on Schedule B-2), or (iii) mid-year with a qualified status change that otherwise permits the Participant to make a change to the Participant's healthcare coverage in accordance with the terms of the Employer's healthcare plan so that the Benefits Continuation Period ends on the date the mid-year change would otherwise be effective under the terms of the Employer's healthcare plan (provided that date is not beyond the period set forth on Schedule B- 2).

2.5“Change in Control” shall have the meaning set forth in the CIC Plan (and, for avoidance of doubt, a valid amendment of that definition under the CIC Plan shall constitute an amendment of this Plan without further action).

2.6“CIC Plan” means the Merck & Co., Inc. Change in Control Separation Benefits Plan, as amended and restated effective January 1, 2013 and as it may be further amended from time to time, and any successor thereto.

2.7 “Claims Reviewer” means the Merck & Co., Inc. Employee Benefits Committee (or its delegate) whose members are appointed by the Parent's Executive Vice President of Human Resources or his or her delegate; provided, however, for Section 16 Officers, Claims Reviewer means the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board of Directors of Parent or its delegate.

2.8“Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended and the regulations promulgated thereunder.

2.9“Complete Years of Continuous Service” means (a) for a Legacy Schering Employee, a year from the Participant’s Most Recent Hire Date with a Legacy Schering Entity to its anniversary, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next, (b) for a Legacy Merck Employee, a year from the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Legacy Merck Entity to its anniversary, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next, (c) for a Legacy Inspire Employee, a year from the Participant’s Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity to its anniversary, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next, and (d) for a Non-Legacy Company Employee, from the Participant’s Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next.

2.10“Continuous Service” means (a) for a Legacy Schering Employee, the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Legacy Schering Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Legacy Schering Entity and ending on the

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Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database, (b) for a Legacy Merck Employee, the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Legacy Merck Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Legacy Merck Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database, (c) for a Legacy Inspire Employee, the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Merck Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database, and (d) for a Non-Legacy Company Employee, the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Merck Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database. For the avoidance of doubt, service prior to November 4, 2009 by a Legacy Schering Employee with a Legacy Merck Entity or a Legacy Merck Employee with a Legacy Schering Entity is excluded from “Continuous Service.” Notwithstanding anything contained in this Plan to the contrary, employment with a Legacy Schering Entity, Legacy Merck Entity or a Merck Entity as an Excluded Person does not count as "Continuous Service".

2.11 “Eligible Employee” means (a) any regular full-time or regular part-time employee of an Employer who is on the Employer's normal U.S. payroll and as to whom the terms and conditions of employment are not covered by a collective bargaining agreement unless the collective bargaining agreement specifically provides for coverage under the Plan; or (b) a U.S. Expatriate on an Employer's normal U.S. payroll.

The term “Eligible Employee” shall not include:

(i)an employee (x) who is a party to an employment agreement with the Employer or with the Parent (or any of its subsidiaries) or (y) who is entitled, upon termination of employment with the Employer, to separation, severance, termination or other similar payments (1) under another plan or program sponsored by the Employer or Parent (or any of its subsidiaries); or

(2) pursuant to a separate agreement with the Employer or Parent (or any of its subsidiaries) or

(z) who is a party to an agreement with the Employer or Parent (or any of its subsidiaries) that provides that no payment or benefits are due to the employee in connection with his or her termination of employment; provided, however, in each case under the foregoing clauses (x),

(y) and (z) unless the plan, program or agreement expressly provides for benefits under this Plan;

(ii)a participant in the CIC Plan (but this clause shall only apply during the Protection Period (as defined in Section 8.1));

(iii)temporary employees (including college coops, summer employees, high school coops, flexible workforce employees, post-doctorate research fellows and any other such temporary classifications ) and/or employees called by the Employer at any time for employment in the

U.S. on a non-scheduled and non-recurring basis, and who becomes an employee of the Employer only after reporting to work for the period of time during which the person is working;

(iv)an Excluded Person;

(v)employees of a non-US subsidiary of an Employer (or who are dual employees of a non- US subsidiary of an Employer) who are on assignment in the US;

(vi)employees whose employment ends for any reason while on unapproved leaves of absence;

(vii)employees whose employment ends for any reason while on approved leaves of absence for a period equal to or more than six continuous months regardless of the reason(s) for the leave excluding the following approved leaves of absence: medical disability leaves, military leaves and family medical leaves under federal or state family medical leave laws;

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(viii)employees whose employment ends for any reason while on approved leaves of absence for medical disability for a period equal to or more than one year;

(ix)employees who are covered by the IAM Agreement at the Kenilworth, NJ site who elect to retain their recall rights.

For purposes of the foregoing clauses (vii) and (viii), a series of leaves of absence is considered one continuous leave for purposes of calculating the six-month or one-year requirement if the employee does not return to active employment for any reason, including but not limited to because the employee’s former position is unavailable and the employee is unable to secure a new position.

Whether an individual is an Eligible Employee or not is determined as of the date of his/her Termination due to Workforce Restructuring or for Rebadged Employees as of the date of his/her termination of employment due to an outsource transaction.

2.12     “Employer” means individually and collectively, the entities identified on Schedule A attached hereto.

2.13     “ERISA” means the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, and the regulations promulgated thereunder.

2.14“Excluded Person” means a person who (i) is an independent contractor, or agrees or has agreed that he/she is an independent contractor, or (ii) has any agreement or understanding with the Employer, or any of its affiliates that he/she is not an employee or an Eligible Employee, or (iii) is employed by a temporary or other employment agency, regardless of the amount of control, supervision or training provided by the Employer or its affiliates, or (iv) is a “leased employee” as defined under Section 414(n) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or (v) is not treated by the Employer as an employee for purposes of withholding federal income taxes, regardless of any contrary Internal Revenue Service, governmental or judicial determination relating to such employment status or tax withholding. An Excluded Person is not eligible to participate in the Plan even if a court, agency or other authority rules that he/she is a common-law employee of the Employer or its affiliates.

2.15Intentionally Omitted.

2.16Intentionally Omitted.

2.17“IAM Agreement” means a collective bargaining agreement between Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. and District 15, Lodge 315 of the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers.

2.18“Legacy Inspire Employee” means an Eligible Employee who (a) as of December 31, 2012 is employed by a Merck Entity and either continues to be employed by such entity until his/her Separation Date or is rehired or transferred to such entity after December 31, 2012, and (b) as of his/her Separation Date is (i) employed by an Employer, and (ii) coded in the employee data base of Parent as S6 (Legacy Inspire) under infotype 35, and (iii) not covered by a collective bargaining agreement.

2.19“Legacy Merck Employee” means an Eligible Employee who (a) as of December 31, 2012 is employed by a Merck Entity and either continues to be employed by such entity until his/her Separation Date or is rehired or transferred to such entity after December 31, 2012, and (b) as of his/her Separation Date is (i) employed by an Employer, and (ii) coded in the employee data base of Parent with a blank indicator under infotype 35, and (iii) not covered by a collective bargaining agreement, other than one of the IAM Agreements. For the avoidance of doubt, “Legacy Merck Employee” excludes employees who are covered by the IAM Agreement at the Kenilworth, NJ site who elect to retain their recall rights.

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2.20“Legacy Merck Entity” means (a) for the period prior to November 4, 2009, Old Merck and its direct or indirect wholly owned subsidiaries and (b) for the period beginning November 4, 2009, New Merck and its direct or indirect wholly owned subsidiaries.

2.21“Legacy Schering Employee” means an Eligible Employee who (a) as of December 31, 2012 is employed by a Merck Entity and either continues to be employed by such entity until his/her Separation Date or is rehired by or transferred to such entity after December 31, 2012, and

(b) as of his/her Separation Date is (i) employed by an Employer, (ii) coded in the employee data base of Parent as S1 (Legacy Organon), S2 (Legacy Intervet) or S5 (Legacy Schering-Plough) under infotype 35, and (iii) not covered by a collective bargaining agreement other than one of the IAM Agreements or an agreement that specifically provides for benefits under this Plan. For the avoidance of doubt, “Legacy Schering Employee” excludes employees who are covered by the IAM Agreement at the Kenilworth, NJ site who elect to retain their recall rights.

2.22“Legacy Schering Entity” means (a) for the period prior to November 4, 2009, Schering- Plough Corporation and its direct or indirect wholly owned subsidiaries and (b) for the period beginning November 4, 2009, New Merck and its direct or indirect wholly owned subsidiaries.

2.23“Merck Entity” means for the period beginning November 4, 2009, New Merck and its direct or indirect wholly owned subsidiaries.

2.24“Merck Retiree Medical Plan” means the retiree medical plan sponsored by Merck Sharp & Dohme which includes the following components: (i) the Merck Group Retiree Medical Plan which provides group retiree medical and prescription drug benefits to eligible retirees and their eligible dependents, in each case who are under age 65 or not Medicare-eligible as more fully described in the Merck Group Retiree Medical Plan SPD, and (ii) the Merck Retiree HRA which provides reimbursement benefits to eligible retirees and their eligible dependents who are eligible for subsidized retiree medical benefits and, in each case ,who are age 65 or older and Medicare- eligible as more fully described in the Merck Retiree Health Reimbursement Account SPD.

2.25“Misconduct” means conduct which includes (a) falsification of an Employer's or Parent's records/misrepresentation; (b) theft; (c) acts or threats of violence; (d) refusal to carry out assigned work; (e) unauthorized possession of alcohol or illegal drugs on an Employer's or Parent's premises; (f) being under the influence of alcohol or illegal drugs during work hours; (g) willful intent to damage or destroy an Employer's or Parent's property; (h) violation of the Parent's "Our Values and Standards"; (i) acts of discrimination/harassment; (j) conduct jeopardizing the integrity of the products of an Employer, Parent or one or more of its subsidiaries; (k) violation of rules, policies, and/or practices of an Employer or Parent; or (l) other conduct considered to be detrimental to an Employer, the Parent or one or more of its subsidiaries.

2.26 “Most Recent Hire Date” means (a) for a Legacy Schering Employee, his or her most recent hire date at a Legacy Schering Entity or an entity acquired by a Legacy Schering Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system, (b) for a Legacy Merck Employee, his or her most recent hire date at a Legacy Merck Entity or an entity acquired by a Legacy Merck Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system, (c) for a Legacy Inspire Employee, his or her most recent hire date at a Merck Entity or an entity acquired by a Merck Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system, and (d) for a Non-Legacy Company Employee, his or her most recent hire date at a Merck Entity or an entity acquired by a Merck Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the most recent hire date for a Legacy Merck Employee who was employed by a Legacy Merck Entity on December 31, 1997, transferred from that entity to Merial as of January 1, 1998, remained continuously employed by Merial through the date he or she transferred employment from Merial to a Legacy Merck Entity and whose transfer to a Legacy Merck Entity occurred between October 1, 2000 and June 1, 2001, is his or her most recent hire date on the Employer's employee data system at a Legacy Merck Entity prior to his or her transfer to Merial. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the most recent hire date for a Legacy Merck Employee who was employed by a Legacy Merck Entity on December 31, 2007, transferred from that entity to PRWT as of January 1, 2008, remained continuously employed by PRWT through September 3, 2010 and who was rehired by a Legacy Merck Entity

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as of September 3, 2010, is his or her most recent hire date on the Employer’s employee data system at a Legacy Merck Entity prior to his or her transfer to PRWT. For the avoidance of doubt, the most recent hire date at an acquired entity may occur before the date the entity was acquired by a Legacy Schering Entity, Legacy Merck Entity or Merck Entity, provided such date is reflected on the Employer’s employee data system.

2.27"Negotiated Job Offer" means an offer of employment (or an offer of continued employment) with a successor employer or outsource vendor the terms and conditions of which are negotiated by an Employer, Parent or one of its subsidiaries or affiliates and may include, among other things, a reduction in Base Pay Rate.

2.28“New Merck” means Merck & Co., Inc. (formerly known as Schering-Plough Corporation) on and after November 4, 2009.

2.29“Non-Legacy Company Employee” means an Eligible Employee who (a) is first hired by a Merck Entity on or after January 1, 2013, and (b) as of his/her Separation Date is (i) employed by an Employer, and (ii) coded in the employee data base of Parent with a blank indicator under infotype 35, and (iii) not covered by a collective bargaining agreement. For purposes of determining whether an Eligible Employee is a “Non-Legacy Company Employee” only, an Eligible Employee who was an employee of an entity on the date that it was acquired by a Merck Entity is considered to be first hired by a Merck Entity on the date the entity became a wholly owned subsidiary of New Merck or one of its wholly owned subsidiaries.

2.30"Offer Outside Geographic Parameters" means (A) for an Eligible Employee who is not eligible to participate in the Company’s sales incentive plan and who does not qualify as other field-based personnel, a Negotiated Job Offer that results in the relocation of the Eligible Employee's principal business location to a new principal business location (x) where the distance between the Eligible Employee’s residence immediately prior to the extension of the Negotiated Job Offer and his/her new principal business location is more than 50 miles greater than the distance between the Eligible Employee's residence and his/her principal business location at the time the Negotiated Job Offer is extended or (y) more than 75 miles from the Eligible Employee's residence at the time the Negotiated Job Offer is extended and not closer to the Eligible Employee's residence at that time, and (B) for an Eligible Employee who is eligible to participate in the Company’s sales incentive plan or who qualifies as other field-based personnel, a Negotiated Job Offer that results in the relocation of the Eligible Employee's geographic workload center location to a new geographic workload center location (x) where the distance between the Eligible Employee’s residence immediately prior to the extension of the Negotiated Job Offer and his/her new geographic workload center location is more than 50 miles greater than the distance between the Eligible Employee's residence and his/her geographic workload center location at the time the Negotiated Job Offer is extended and (y) more than 75 miles from the Eligible Employee's residence at the time the Negotiated Job Offer is extended and not closer to the Eligible Employee's residence at that time.

The Employer, in its sole and absolute discretion, will determine (i) whether an Eligible Employee qualifies as other field-based personnel, (ii) distance using a nationally recognized mapping service, (iii) principal business location, and (iv) the geographic workload center.

Whether a position is an Offer Outside Geographic Parameters shall be determined at the time a Negotiated Job Offer is offered or communicated to the Eligible Employee by the Employer.

2.31“Old Merck” means Merck & Co., Inc. prior to November 4, 2009 (subsequently known as Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp).

2.32“Outplacement Benefits” means benefits for outplacement counseling or other outplacement services made available to a Participant as provided pursuant to Section 4.4 of this Plan.

2.33“Parent” means New Merck.

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2.34“Participant” means an Eligible Employee who has experienced a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring and who has signed, and, if a revocation period is applicable, not revoked, a Release of Claims in a form that is satisfactory to the Employer in its sole and absolute discretion.

The term "Participant" shall also include, where and as applicable a Rebadged Employee who has signed and, if a revocation period is applicable, not revoked a Release of Claims in a form that is satisfactory to the Employer in its sole and absolute discretion.

2.35“Plan” means the Merck & Co., Inc., U.S. Separation Benefits Plan as set forth herein, and as may be amended from time to time.

2.36“Plan Administrator” means the Parent or its delegate.

2.37“Plan Year” means the calendar year January 1 through December 31 on which the records of the Plan are kept.

2.38“Qualified Alternative Position” means a position with an Employer, the Parent or any of its subsidiaries which does not result in either of the following:

(i)a reduction in the Eligible Employee's Base Pay Rate; or

(ii)(A) for an Eligible Employee who is not eligible to participate in the Company’s sales incentive plan, relocation of the Eligible Employee's principal business location to a new principal business location (x) where the distance between the Eligible Employee’s residence immediately prior to the relocation and his/her new principal business location is more than 50 miles greater than the distance between the the Eligible Employee's residence and his/her principal business location immediately prior to the relocation or (y) that is more than 75 miles from the Eligible Employee's residence immediately prior to the relocation and not closer to the Eligible Employee's residence at that time, and (B) for an Eligible Employee who is eligible to participate in the Company’s sales incentive plan or who qualifies as other field- based personnel, relocation of the Eligible Employee's geographic workload center location to a new geographic workload center location (x) where the distance between the Eligible Employee’s residence immediately prior to the relocation and his/her new geographic workload center location is more than 50 miles greater than the distance between the Eligible Employee's residence and his/her geographic workload center location immediately prior to the relocation and (y) more than 75 miles from the Eligible Employee's residence at the time the Negotiated Job Offer is extended and not closer to the Eligible Employee's residence at that time.

The Employer, in its sole and absolute discretion, will determine (i) whether an Eligible Employee qualifies as other field-based personnel, (ii) distance using a nationally recognized mapping service, (iii) principal business location, and (iv) the geographic workload center.

Whether a position is a Qualified Alternative Position shall be determined at the time such position is offered or communicated to the Eligible Employee by his/her manager.

2.39"Rebadged Employee” means an Eligible Employee whose employment with the Employer is terminated by the Employer in connection with the outsourcing of work by the Employer in a transaction with a third-party vendor where the Eligible Employee is offered a Negotiated Job Offer and:

(a)(i) accepts the Negotiated Job Offer; or (ii) declines the Negotiated Job Offer, provided the Negotiated Job Offer is not an Offer Outside Geographic Parameters; and

(b)remains employed with the Employer through the date established by the Employer as the employee's Separation Date unless the Employer expressly waives this provision.

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Whether an Eligible Employee is a Rebadged Employee shall be determined by the Employer or Parent in its sole discretion. An Eligible Employee shall not be considered to be a Rebadged Employee if his or her employment with the Employer (i) does not end as set forth in this Section 2.38 (ii) ends due to the declination of a Negotiated Job Offer that is an Offer Outside Geographic Parameters, or (iii) ends as a result of any of the events described in Section 3.1(e).

For the avoidance of doubt, a Rebadged Employee shall not be considered to have experienced a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring for purposes of the Plan.

2.40“Release of Claims” means the agreement that an Eligible Employee must execute in order to become a Participant and to receive Separation Plan Benefits, which shall be prepared by the Employer or the Parent and shall contain such terms and conditions as determined by the Employer or the Parent, including but not limited to a general release of claims, known or unknown, that the Eligible Employee may have against the Employer (and the Parent and any of its subsidiaries and/or affiliates), including claims related to the employment and termination of employment of the Eligible Employee; such Release of Claims may also contain, in the Employer’s or the Parent's discretion, other terms and conditions including, without limitation, cooperation in litigation, non-disclosure, confidentiality, non-disparagement, non-solicitation and/or non-competition provisions.

2.41“Section 16 Officer” means an “officer” as such term is defined in Rule 16(a)-1(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 of the Parent who is also an Eligible Employee of an Employer.

2.42“Separation Benefits” means the benefits provided pursuant to Sections 4.2 and 4.3 of this Plan.

2.43“Separation Date” means the Eligible Employee’s last day of employment with the Employer due to a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring or, in the case of a Rebadged Employee, due to the outsourcing transaction. The Separation Date of an Eligible Employee who dies prior to his or her scheduled Separation Date but after he or she was notified of a scheduled Separation Date shall be deemed to have occurred on the day before his/her date of death.

2.44“Separation Pay” means the cash benefit payable under this Plan pursuant to Section 4.1 or to a Rebadged Employee pursuant to Section 4.5.

2.45“Separation Plan Benefits” means, collectively, Separation Pay, Separation Benefits and Outplacement Benefits.

2.46"Termination Due to Non-Performance" means a termination of an Eligible Employee's employment as determined and caused by the Employer due to the Eligible Employee's failure to perform his or her job assignments in a satisfactory manner.

2.47“Termination due to Workforce Restructuring ” means the termination of an Eligible Employee's employment as determined and caused by the Employer due to:

(a)the elimination of an Eligible Employee's job;

(b)organizational changes; or

(c)a general reduction of the workforce.

Whether an Eligible Employee's job is eliminated is determined by the Employer but excludesthe maintenance of the position with the elimination of a part-time or job share arrangement or other flexible work arrangement.

Organizational changes are determined by the Employer and include the following actions: discontinuance of operations, location closings, corporate restructuring but excludea reduction in job title, grade or band level, Base Pay Rate, short term incentive opportunity (e.g., cash bonuses under any bonus or incentive plan or program of the Parent), long-term incentive compensation

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opportunity, equity compensation opportunity and/or other forms of remuneration of an Eligible Employee with or without a change in the Eligible Employee's job duties where such reduction is due to (i) a general change in the Employer’s or the Parent’s compensation framework as it applies to similarly situated Eligible Employees (e.g., a change in the general compensation framework applicable to similar jobs with the Employer, or an identifiable segment of the Employer such as a subsidiary, division or department); (ii) an action to align the Eligible Employee with the Employer's or the Parent's compensation and career framework as it applies to similarly situated Eligible Employees; or (iii) a demotion or other action taken as a result of the Eligible Employee's performance or behaviors.

An Eligible Employee shall not be considered to have incurred a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring if his or her employment with the Employer (i) does not end due to this Section 2.46 (a), (b) or (c) or (ii) ends as a result of any of the events described in Section 3.1(d).

For the avoidance of doubt with respect to outsourcing transactions, (x) an Eligible Employee whose employment with the Employer is terminated by the Employer in connection with the outsourcing of work by the Employer in a transaction with a third-party vendor where the individual is offered a Negotiated Job Offer and declines the Negotiated Job Offer because it is an Offer Outside Geographic Parameters, is considered to have incurred a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring provided his or her employment with the Employer does not end as a result of any of the events described in Section 3.1 (d), and (y) a Rebadged Employee shall not be considered to have experienced a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring for purposes the Plan.

2.48“U.S. Expatriate” means a U.S. citizen or individual with U.S. Permanent Resident status who is employed by the Employer and on assignment outside the U.S. and who is not an Excluded Person.

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SECTION 3

ELIGIBILITY FOR BENEFITS

3.1Eligibility.

a)

(a)An Eligible Employee will be eligible for Separation Plan Benefits described in Section 4 (excluding Section 4.5) when he/she experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring; provided, however, that a Legacy Inspire Employee will be eligible for Separation Plan Benefits described in Section 4 (excluding Section 4.5) only if he/she experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring on or after May 17, 2013.    Separation Plan Benefits shall be provided under this Plan to an Eligible Employee who experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring only if the Eligible Employee has executed and, if a revocation period is applicable, not revoked a Release of Claims in a form satisfactory to the Employer or Parent in its sole and nonreviewable discretion. An Eligible Employee who has executed and, if a revocation period is applicable, not revoked a Release of Claims is a Participant.

(b)A Rebadged Employee will be eligible for Separation Pay described in Section 4.5; provided, however, that a Rebadged Employee who is a Legacy Inspire Employee will be eligible for Separation Pay described in Section 4.5 only if his/her employment with an Employer is terminated by the Employer in connection with the outsourcing of work on or after May 17, 2013. Separation Pay shall be provided under this Plan to a Rebadged Employee only if the Rebadged Employee has executed and, if a revocation period is applicable, not revoked a Release of Claims in a form satisfactory to the Employer or Parent in its sole and nonreviewable discretion. A Rebadged Employee who has executed and, if a revocation period is applicable, not revoked a Release of Claims is a Participant. A Rebadged Employee is not eligible for Separation Benefits or Outplacement Benefits.

(c)An Eligible Employee will also be entitled to receive those pension benefits set forth in Schedule D (Change in Control/Pension) and retiree medical benefits set forth in Schedule E (Change in Control/Retiree Medical) if (i) a Change in Control has occurred and (ii) within two years thereafter, the Eligible Employee’s employment with the Employer (or successor employer) is terminated by the Employer (or successor employer) for any reason other than for Misconduct, death or "Permanent Disability" (as such term is defined in the CIC Plan), and (iii) the Eligible Employee signs and returns the release of claims in use under the CIC Plan and in accordance with the process established under the CIC Plan.

(d)Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, an Eligible Employee shall not be considered to have incurred a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring under the Plan if his or her employment ends as a result of any of the following events:

(i)a divestiture of a subsidiary, division or other identifiable segment of the Employer or Parent or a transfer of the Eligible Employee to a joint venture or other business entity in which the Employer or the Parent directly or indirectly will own some outstanding voting or other ownership interest, in each case where either

(x)the Eligible Employee is offered and accepts, or continues in, a Negotiated Job Offer; or

(y)the Eligible Employee is offered and declines a Negotiated Job Offer, unless the Negotiated Job Offer is an Offer Outside Geographic Parameters with the acquiring entity or vendor;

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(ii)the Employer's decision to outsource work to a third-party vendor where the Eligible Employee is a Rebadged Employee;

(iii)the Eligible Employee's voluntary resignation for any reason including after reaching early or normal retirement age under the retirement plan applicable to the Eligible Employee;

(iv)a termination for Misconduct;

(v)death (unless the Eligible Employee dies after he/she has been notified of his/her scheduled Separation Date but before the Separation Date occurs and a valid Release of Claims is executed by the Eligible Employee's estate) in which case the Eligible Employee's Separation Date shall be deemed to have occurred on the day before his/her date of death;

(vi)the Eligible Employee terminating employment with the Employer prior to the date identified as the date the employee would experience a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring unless the Employer expressly agreed to waive this provision;

(vii)failure by the Eligible Employee to return to work at the Employer (or the Parent or any of its subsidiaries) for any reason, including, but not limited to the Eligible Employee’s failure to secure a position at the Employer (or the Parent or any of its subsidiaries) upon a return from a leave of absence for any reason; or

(viii)Intentionally Omitted;

(ix)the Eligible Employee's decision to decline a Qualified Alternative Position for any reason (including, but not limited to because the employee is a part-time employee and is offered a full-time position, is a shift-worker and the position offered is on a different shift or has a job share or other flexible work arrangement and the position offered is not a job share or does not include a flexible work arrangement) that is offered to the Eligible Employee prior to the Eligible Employee's Separation Date; or

(x)the Eligible Employee's decision to accept an alternate position with the Employer, Parent or any of its subsidiaries (whether or not the position is a Qualified Alternative Position) and to later decline it; or

(xi)Termination Due to Non-Performance.

(e)Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, an Eligible Employee shall not be considered to be a Rebadged Employee under the Plan if his or her employment ends as a result of any of the following events:

(i)a divestiture of a subsidiary, division or other identifiable segment of the Employer or Parent or a transfer of the Eligible Employee to a joint venture or other business entity in which the Employer or the Parent directly or indirectly will own some outstanding voting or other ownership interest;

(ii)the Employer's decision to outsource work to a third-party vendor where the Eligible Employee is offered a Negotiated Job Offer and declines it because it is an Offer Outside Geographic Parameters;

(iii)the Eligible Employee's voluntary resignation for any reason including after reaching early or normal retirement age under the retirement plan applicable to the Eligible Employee;

(iv)a termination for Misconduct;

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(v)death (unless the Eligible Employee dies after he/she has been notified of his/her scheduled Separation Date but before the Separation Date occurs and a valid Release of Claims is executed by the Eligible Employee's estate) in which case the Eligible Employee's Separation Date shall be deemed to have occurred on the day before his/her date of death;

(vi)the Eligible Employee terminating employment with the Employer prior to the date identified by the Employer as the Separation Date unless the Employer expressly agreed to waive this provision;

(vii)failure by the Eligible Employee to return to work at the Employer (or the Parent or any of its subsidiaries) for any reason, including, but not limited to the Eligible Employee’s failure to secure a position at the Employer (or the Parent or any of its subsidiaries) upon a return from a leave of absence for any reason; or

Intentionally Omitted

(viii)Termination Due to Non-Performance.

3.2Termination of Eligibility for Benefits. A Participant shall cease to participate in the Plan, and all Separation Plan Benefits shall cease upon the occurrence of the earliest of:

(a)Termination of the Plan prior to, or more than two years following, a Change in Control;

(b)Inability of the Employer to pay Separation Plan Benefits when due;

(c)Completion of payment to the Participant of the Separation Plan Benefits for which the Participant is eligible; and

(d)The Claims Reviewer's determination, in its sole discretion, of the occurrence of the Eligible Employee’s Misconduct, regardless of whether such determination occurs before or after the Eligible Employee’s Separation Date, unless the Claims Reviewer determines in its sole discretion that Misconduct shall not cause the cessation of Separation Plan Benefits in a particular case.

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SECTION 4

BENEFITS

4.1Separation Pay. Separation Pay shall be payable under this Plan to a Participant who is not a Rebadged Employee as set forth on Schedule B-1. The terms of Schedule B-1 are hereby fully incorporated into and shall be considered as part of Section 4 of this Plan. For Separation Pay payable under this Plan to a Rebadged Employee, see Section 4.5 of this Plan.

4.2

(a)A Participant who is covered under any of the Employer's group employee medical and dental plans as of his or her Separation Date will be provided the opportunity to continue such employee coverage during his or her Benefits Continuation Period, as determined in accordance with Schedule B-2 of this SPD. as such coverage may be amended from time to time, in accordance with the terms and conditions of such plans, provided the Participant timely pays the required contribution to continue coverage. The required contribution is calculated at active employee rates, as the same may be changed from time to time, during his or her Benefits Continuation Period.

(b)A Participant who, prior to his or her Separation Date, had elected no employee medical or dental coverage under the applicable employee medical or dental plan will not be permitted to change from no medical and/or dental coverage to coverage as a result of a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring.

(c)Employee medical and dental continuation coverage, as it may be amended from time to time, at active rates shall continue during the Benefits Continuation Period. The Benefits Continuation Period begins on the first day of the month following the Participant's Separation Date and shall end on the last day of the month in which the Benefits Continuation Period ends as determined in accordance with Schedule B-2 of this SPD, provided the Participant pays the required contributions for coverage in the time and manner required. If the Participant fails to pay the required contributions for coverage in the time and manner required, or the Participant elects to terminate active medical and/or dental coverage, coverage will end as of the last day of the month for which the contribution was paid and it will not be reinstated during the Benefits Continuation Period. If the Participant has medical and/or dental coverage on the last day of the Benefits Continuation Period, the Participant may be eligible to continue coverage in effect at the end of the Benefits Continuation Period in accordance with COBRA by timely electing and paying the full COBRA premium.

(d)If, as of his or her Separation Date, a Participant is eligible to participate in the Merck Retiree Medical Plan at subsidized rates, then he or she (i) shall be eligible to continue employee medical and dental benefits in accordance with this Section 4.2 and, (ii) following the completion of the Benefits Continuation Period, shall be eligible for retiree medical benefits at subsidized rates under the Merck Retiree Medical Plan, as it may be amended from time to time, provided that those eligible dependents who are age 65 or older and Medicare-eligible will only be eligible to participate in the Merck HRA component of the Merck Retiree Medical Plan. If a Participant is not eligible to continue active medical coverage during the Benefits Continuation Period (i.e., because the Participant had no employee coverage on his/her Separation) or the Participant's employee medical coverage ends during the Benefits Continuation Period (for any

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reason, including non-payment), the Participant cannot enroll for medical coverage as a retiree until the end of the Benefits Continuation Period. If the Participant elects to end the Benefits Continuation Period earlier than the period set forth on Schedule B-2 as permitted in Section 2.4, all employee medical and/or dental benefit coverage that the Participant would otherwise have been eligible to receive during the maximum Benefits Continuation Period will be permanently and irrevocably forfeited. A Participant cannot be covered as an employee and as a retiree (even under the retiree no coverage option, if available) in a medical plan of an Employer (or Parent) during the same period; provided, however, that a Participant may be covered through COBRA at full COBRA rates for dental coverage even if during that period the Participant is also covered as a retiree for medical coverage.

(e)Rebadged Employees are not eligible for continuation of employee medical and dental benefits at active contribution rates during the Benefits Continuation Period described in this Section 4.2.

4.3Life Insurance Benefits

(a)A Participant shall be eligible to continue Basic Life Insurance coverage at no cost to the Participant during his or her Benefits Continuation Period, as determined in accordance with Schedule B-2, subject to and in accordance with the terms of the applicable life insurance plan as they may be amended from time to time. The Participant is responsible for paying applicable tax on imputed income, if any, for Basic Life Insurance coverage during his or her Benefits Continuation Period. The terms of such Schedule B-2 are hereby fully incorporated into and shall be considered as part of Section 4 of this Plan.

(b)Basic Life Insurance coverage shall end on the last day of the month in which the Benefits Continuation Period ends. If the Participant elects to end the Benefits Continuation Period earlier than the period set forth on Schedule B-2 as permitted in Section 2.4, all Basic Life Insurance coverage that the Participant would otherwise have been eligible to receive during the maximum Benefits Continuation Period will be permanently and irrevocably forfeited.

(c)Rebadged Employees are not eligible for the life insurance benefits described in this Section 4.3.

4.4Outplacement Benefits. Benefits for outplacement counseling or other outplacement services, as set forth in Schedule C, will be made available to a Participant. The terms of such Schedule C are hereby fully incorporated into and shall be considered as part of Section 4 of this Plan. Outplacement benefits shall be provided in kind; cash shall not be paid in lieu of outplacement benefits nor will Separation Pay be increased if a Participant declines or does not use the outplacement benefits. Rebadged Employees are not eligible for outplacement benefits described in this Section 4.4.

4.5.    Separation Pay for Rebadged Employees. A Rebadged Employee who is a Participant shall be eligible for Separation Pay under this Plan in an amount equal to 50% of the Separation Pay that would be payable had he or she experienced a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring.

For the avoidance of doubt, a Rebadged Employee shall not be eligible for any Separation Plan Benefits other than the Separation Pay described in this Section 4.5.

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4.6Reduction of Benefits. Notwithstanding anything in this Plan to the contrary, a Participant's Separation Pay (including Separation Pay described in Section 4.5) and Separation Benefits, if applicable, shall be reduced by:

(a)any amount the Plan Administrator reasonably concludes the Participant owes the Employer (or the Parent or any subsidiary or affiliate of the Parent) including, without limitation, unpaid bills under the corporate credit card program, and for vacation used, but not earned;

(b)any severance or severance type benefits that the Employer (or the Parent or any subsidiary or affiliate of the Parent) must pay to a Participant under applicable law;

(c)where permitted by law, any payments received by the Participant pursuant to state workers compensation laws;

(d)short-term disability benefits where state law does not permit Separation Pay to be offset from short-term disability benefits (or where the Employer in its sole and absolute discretion determines it is administratively easier for the Employer to reduce Separation Pay by short-term disability benefits in lieu of reducing short-term disability benefits by Separation Pay);

(e)For Participants whose employment ends on or after January 1, 2017 who experienced one or more one-way transfers from a non-U.S. subsidiary to another non-U.S. subsidiary and/or to a U.S. subsidiary, any severance or severance type benefits paid by the Parent or any subsidiary or affiliate of the Parent to the Participant as a result of such transfer(s), provided such amount is determined using the exchange rate on the date(s) of the one-way transfer(s) or the Separation Date, whichever provides the lowest amount.

Notwithstanding anything in the Plan to the contrary, a Participant’s Separation Pay (including Separation Pay described in Section 4.5) and Separation Benefits are not meant to duplicate pay and benefits provided by the Employer (or the Parent or any of its subsidiaries) in connection with any Participant's Termination due to Workforce Restructuring or in connection with a Participant's termination due to the outsourcing of work to a third-party vendor, including pay and benefits under the federal Worker Adjustment Retraining and Notification Act and any state or local equivalent (collectively, the "WARN Act"). If the Plan Administrator determines that a Participant is entitled to WARN Act damages or WARN Act notice, the Plan Administrator in its sole and absolute discretion may reduce the Participant's Separation Pay and Separation Benefits under the Plan by the WARN Act damages or pay and benefits after receiving WARN Act notice, but not below $500, with the remaining Separation Pay and Separation Benefits provided to the Participant in accordance with the terms of the Plan in satisfaction of the Participant's WARN Act notice rights or damages. In all other cases, Separation Pay paid under the Plan in excess of $500 will be treated as having been paid to satisfy any WARN Act damages, if applicable.

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SECTION 5

FORM AND TIMING OF BENEFITS; FORFEITURE AND REPAYMENT OF BENEFITS

5.1Form and Time of Payment

(a)Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b), Separation Pay, less taxes and applicable deductions shall be paid in a lump sum as soon as practicable after the Participant's Termination due to Workforce Restructuring (or in the case of a Rebadged Employee, after termination of employment due to the outsourcing transaction) and the expiration of any period during which the Participant may consider, sign and, if a revocation period is applicable, revoke the Release of Claims, but in no event later than March 15 of the calendar year following the year of a Participant's Separation Date.

(b)If it is determined by the Employer or Parent in its discretion, that (i) the Participant is, as of his or her Separation Date, a "specified employee" (as such term is defined in Section 409A(2)(B) of the Code); and (ii) the Separation Pay payable pursuant to the terms of the Plan constitutes nonqualified deferred compensation that would subject the Participant to “additional tax” under Section 409A(a)(1)(B) of the Code (the "409A Tax"), then the payment of Separation Pay will be postponed to the first business day of the seventh month following the Separation Date or, if earlier, the date of the Participant's death.

5.2    Taxes. Separation Pay payable under this Plan shall be subject to the withholding of appropriate federal, state and local taxes.

Notwithstanding anything in this Plan to the contrary, the Employer or Parent will take such actions as it deems necessary, in its sole and absolute discretion, to avoid the imposition of a 409A Tax at such time and in such manner as permitted under Section 409A of the Code, including, but not limited to, reducing or eliminating benefits and changing the time or form of payment of benefits.

5.3Forfeiture of Benefits. The Employer reserves the right, in its sole and absolute discretion, to cancel all Separation Plan Benefits and seek the return of Separation Pay in the event a Participant engages in any activity that the Employer considers detrimental to its interests (or the interests of the Parent or any of its subsidiaries) as determined by the Parent’s Executive Vice President and General Counsel and the Parent’s Executive Vice President, Human Resources. Activities that the Employer considers detrimental to its interest (or the interests of the Parent or any of its subsidiaries) include, but are not limited to:

(a)breach of any obligations of the Participant's terms and conditions of employment;

(b)making false or misleading statements about the Employer, the Parent or any of its subsidiaries or their products, officers or employees to competitors, customers, potential customers of the Employer, the Parent or any of its subsidiaries or to current or former employees of the Employer, the Parent or any of its subsidiaries; and

(c)breaching any terms of the Release of Claims, including any non-solicitation or non-competition provisions, if applicable.

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5.4Cessation of Separation Pay and Separation Benefits. Separation Pay, Outplacement Benefits and Separation Benefits shall cease in the event a Participant is rehired by the Employer, the Parent or one of its subsidiaries or affiliates.

5.5Return of Separation Pay. Upon the occurrence of an event described in Section 5.3 or

5.4 of this Plan, the Participant shall repay to the Employer that portion of the lump sum amount that would not have been paid had the Separation Pay been paid in weekly installments from the Participant's Separation Date. If the Participant receives short-term disability benefits from the Employer after his or her Separation Date, the Employer reserves the right to seek repayment by the Participant of that portion of the Separation Pay that would not have been paid in accordance with Section 4.6 had the Separation Pay been paid in installments.

5.6Death of Participant.

For Participants Who Die Before January 1, 2017:

If a Participant dies before January 1, 2017 following his or her Separation Date and a valid Release of Claims was signed by the Participant or is signed by the Participant's estate then

(a)any unpaid Separation Pay will be paid to the Participant's estate; and

(b)if the Participant was eligible to continue medical and/or dental coverage during the Benefits Continuation Period on the Participant's date of death and the Participant’s surviving dependents were covered under the Participant's medical and dental coverages (other than coverages applicable to retirees and their dependents) on that date, they may continue such employee coverage for the balance of the Benefits Continuation Period, provided they continue to remain eligible dependents and they pay the applicable contributions at active employee rates, as they may change from time to time, to continue coverage. Thereafter, if, as of his or her Separation Date, such Participant (i) was eligible to participate in the Merck Retiree Medical Plan at subsidized rates, then following the completion of the Benefits Continuation Period, surviving eligible dependents shall be eligible for retiree medical benefits at subsidized rates under the terms of the Merck Retiree Medical Plan applicable to such Participant, as may be amended from time to time, provided that those eligible dependents who are age 65 or older and Medicare-eligible will only be eligible to participate in the Merck HRA component of the Merck Retiree Medical Plan, or

(ii) was eligible to participate in the Merck Retiree Medical Plan at unsubsidized rates, then following the completion of the Benefits Continuation Period the surviving dependents may be eligible to continue coverage in effect at the end of the Benefits Continuation Period for the remaining COBRA period, if any, in accordance with COBRA by paying the full COBRA premium and thereafter may be eligible for retiree medical benefits at unsubsidized rates under the terms of the Merck Retiree Medical Plan applicable to such Participant, as may be amended from time to time, provided that those eligible dependents who are age 65 or older and Medicare- eligible will not be eligible to participate in the Merck Retiree Medical Plan or (iii) was not eligible to participate in the Merck Retiree Medical Plan at subsidized or unsubsidized rates, then following the completion of the Benefits Continuation Period the surviving dependents may be eligible to continue coverage in effect at the end of the Benefits Continuation Period for the remaining COBRA period, if any, in accordance with COBRA by paying the full COBRA premium, or (iv) was not eligible to participate in the Merck Retiree Medical Plan at subsidized or unsubsidized rates but had at least 25 years of service as of his/her date of death, then following the completion of the Benefits Continuation Period, surviving eligible dependents shall be eligible for medical benefits at subsidized rates under the terms of medical plan that would have been applicable to such Participant if he/she had been eligible for long term disability benefits, as may be amended from time to time; and

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(c)if the if the Participant was eligible to continue medical coverage during the Benefits Continuation Period on the Participant's date of death and the Participant’s surviving dependents were not covered under the Participant's medical coverage at the time of the Participant’s death or if the Participant was not eligible to continue medical coverage during the Benefits Continuation Period and, in either case, if as of his or her Separation Date, such Participant (i) was eligible to participate in the Merck Retiree Medical Plan at subsidized or unsubsidized rates, then following the date of death, surviving eligible dependents who were not then enrolled for coverage under the Participant’s medical coverage shall be eligible to enroll for retiree medical benefits at the subsidized or unsubsidized rates, as applicable, under the terms of the Merck Retiree Medical Plan applicable to such Participant, as may be amended from time to time, provided that those eligible dependents who are age 65 or older and Medicare-eligible will only be eligible to participate in the Merck HRA component of the Merck Retiree Medical Plan and will only be eligible for such coverage if they are eligible for subsidized coverage (dependents eligible for unsubsidized coverage are not eligible to participate in the Merck HRA component of the Merck Retiree Medical Plan), or (ii) was not eligible to participate in the Merck Retiree Medical Plan at subsidized or unsubsidized rates but had at least 25 years of service as of his/her date of death, then following the date of death, surviving eligible dependents who were not then enrolled for coverage under the Participant’s medical coverage shall be eligible to enroll for medical benefits at subsidized rates under the terms of medical plan that would have been applicable to such Participant if he/she had been eligible for long term disability benefits, as may be amended from time to time.

Medical and dental coverage under this Section 5.6 shall be subject to and in accordance with the terms of the applicable plans as they may be amended from time to time.

The Separation Date of an Eligible Employee who dies prior to his or her scheduled Separation Date but after he or she was notified of a scheduled Separation Date shall be deemed to have occurred on the day before his/her date of death.

For Participants Who Die On or After January 1, 2017:

If a Participant dies on or after January 1, 2017 following his or her Separation Date and a valid Release of Claims was signed by the Participant or is signed by the Participant's estate then

(a)any unpaid Separation Pay will be paid to the Participant's estate; and

(b)if the Participant was eligible to continue medical and/or dental coverage during the Benefits Continuation Period on the Participant's date of death and the Participant’s surviving dependents were covered under the Participant's medical and dental coverages at the time of the Participant’s death, they may continue such employee coverage for the balance of the Benefits Continuation Period, provided they continue to remain eligible dependents and they pay the applicable contributions at active employee rates, as they may change from time to time, to continue coverage. Thereafter, if, as of his or her Separation Date, such Participant (i) was eligible to participate in the Merck Retiree Medical Plan at subsidized rates, then following the completion of the Benefits Continuation Period, surviving eligible dependents shall be eligible for retiree medical benefits at subsidized rates under the terms of Merck Retiree Medical Plan, as may be amended from time to time, provided that those eligible dependents who are age 65 or older and Medicare-eligible will only be eligible to participate in the Merck HRA component of the Merck Retiree Medical Plan, or (ii) was not eligible to participate in the Merck Retiree Medical Plan at subsidized rates, then following the completion of the Benefits Continuation Period the surviving dependents may be eligible to continue coverage in effect at the end of the Benefits Continuation

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Period in accordance with COBRA by timely electing COBRA coverage and paying the full COBRA premium; or (iii) was not eligible to participate in the Merck Retiree Medical Plan at subsidized rates but had at least 25 years of service as of his/her Separation Date, then following the completion of the Benefits Continuation Period, surviving eligible dependents shall be eligible for retiree medical benefits at subsidized rates under the terms of the Merck Retiree Medical Plan, as may be amended from time to time, provided that those eligible dependents who are age 65 or older and Medicare-eligible will only be eligible to participate in the Merck HRA component of the Merck Retiree Medical Plan; and

(c)if the Participant was eligible to continue medical coverage during the Benefits Continuation Period on the Participant's date of death and the Participant’s surviving dependents were not covered under the Participant's medical coverage at the time of the Participant’s death or if the Participant was not eligible to continue medical coverage during the Benefits Continuation Period and, in either case, if as of his or her Separation Date, such Participant (i) was eligible to participate in the Merck Retiree Medical Plan at subsidized rates, then following the date of death, surviving eligible dependents who were not then enrolled for coverage under the Participant’s medical coverage shall be eligible to enroll for retiree medical benefits at subsidized rates under the terms of Merck Retiree Medical Plan, as may be amended from time to time, provided that those eligible dependents who are age 65 or older and Medicare-eligible will only be eligible to participate in the Merck HRA component of the Merck Retiree Medical Plan; or (ii) was not eligible to participate in the Merck Retiree Medical Plan at subsidized rates but had at least 25 years of service as of his/her Separation Date, then following the date of death, surviving eligible dependents who were not then enrolled for coverage under the Participant’s medical coverage shall be eligible to enroll for medical benefits at subsidized rates under the terms of the Merck Retiree Medical Plan, as may be amended from time to time, provided that those eligible dependents who are age 65 or older and Medicare-eligible will only be eligible to participate in the Merck HRA component of the Merck Retiree Medical Plan.

Medical and dental coverage under this Section 5.6 shall be subject to and in accordance with the terms of the applicable plans as they may be amended from time to time.

The Separation Date of an Eligible Employee who dies prior to his or her scheduled Separation Date but after he or she was notified of a scheduled Separation Date shall be deemed to have occurred on the day before his/her date of death.

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SECTION 6

PLAN ADMINISTRATION

6.1Plan Administrator. Parent or its delegate is the Plan Administrator for purposes of ERISA.

6.2Powers and Duties of Plan Administrator. The Plan Administrator or its delegate shall have the full discretionary power and authority to: (i) construe and interpret the Plan (including, without limitation, supplying omissions from, correcting deficiencies in, or resolving inconsistencies or ambiguities in, the language of the Plan); (ii) determine all questions of fact arising under the Plan, including questions as to eligibility for and the amount of benefits; (iii) establish such rules and regulations (consistent with the terms of the Plan) as it deems necessary or appropriate for administration of the Plan; (iv) delegate responsibilities to others to assist in administering the Plan; and (v) perform all other acts it believes reasonable and proper in connection with the administration of the Plan. The Plan Administrator or its delegate shall be entitled to rely on the records of the Employer in determining any Participant's entitlement to and the amount of benefits payable under the Plan. Any determination of the Plan Administrator or its delegate, including interpretations of the Plan and determinations of questions of fact, shall be final and binding on all parties.

With respect to determining claims and appeals for benefits under this Plan, the Claims Reviewer (and its delegate) shall be deemed to be the delegate of the Plan Administrator and shall have all of the powers and duties of the Plan Administrator described above.

6.3Additional Discretionary Authority. The Plan Administrator may, upon written approval of the Parent’s Executive Vice President, Human Resources (written approval of the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board of Directors of the Parent or its delegate with respect to Section 16 Officers), take the following actions under the Plan:

(a)grant some, all or any portion of the benefits under this Plan to an employee who would not otherwise be eligible for such benefits under Section 3 above;

(b)waive the requirement set forth in Section 3 for any individual Eligible Employee or group of Eligible Employees to execute a Release of Claims; and

(c)grant additional Separation Plan Benefits to a Participant.

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SECTION 7

CLAIMS AND APPEALS PROCEDURES

7.1Claims.

(a)Any request or claim for benefits under the Plan must be filed by a claimant or the claimant’s authorized representative within 60 days after the date claimant’s employment with an Employer ends; provided, however, for claims under Section 5.3, claims must be filed within 60 days after the date Separation Plan Benefits are cancelled.

(b)Any request or claim for benefits under the Plan shall be deemed to be filed when a written request made by the claimant or the claimant's authorized representative addressed to the Claims Reviewer at the address below is received by the Claims Reviewer.

Claims Reviewer for the Separation Benefits Plan

c/o Secretary of the Merck & Co., Inc. Employee Benefits Committee Merck & Co., Inc.

2000 Galloping Hill Road Mailstop K-1 3029

Kenilworth, NJ 07033

The claim for benefits shall be reviewed by, and a determination shall be made by, the Claims Reviewer, within the timeframe required for notice of adverse benefit determinations described below.

(c)The Claims Reviewer shall provide written or electronic notification to the claimant or the claimant’s authorized representative of any “adverse benefit determination.” Such notice shall be provided within a reasonable time but not later than 90 days after the receipt by the Claims Reviewer of the claimant's claim, unless the Claims Reviewer determines that special circumstances require an extension of time for processing the claim. If the Claims Reviewer determines that an extension of time for processing is required, written notice of the extension shall be furnished to the claimant before the expiration of the initial 90-day period indicating the special circumstances requiring an extension and the date by which the Claims Reviewer expects to render the benefit determination. No extension can exceed 90 days from the end of the initial 90-day period (i.e., 180 days from the receipt of the claim by the Claims Reviewer) without the consent of the claimant or the claimant’s authorized representative.

(d)An “adverse benefit determination” is a denial, reduction, or termination of, or a failure to provide or make payment (in whole or part) for a benefit, including one that is based on a determination of a claimant’s eligibility to participate in the Plan.

(e)The notice of adverse benefit determination shall be written in a manner calculated to be understood by the claimant and shall:

(i)set forth the specific reasons for the adverse benefit determination;

(ii)contain specific references to Plan provisions on which the determination is based;

(iii)describe any material or information necessary for the claim for benefits to be allowed and an explanation of why such information is necessary; and

(iv)describe the Plan’s appeal procedures and the time limits applicable to such procedures, including a statement of the claimant’s right to bring a civil action under section 502(a) of ERISA following an adverse benefit determination on review.

7.2Appeals of Adverse Benefit Determinations.

(a)Any request to review the Claims Reviewer’s adverse benefit determination under the Plan must be filed by a claimant or the claimant’s authorized representative in writing within 60 days after receipt by the claimant of written notification of adverse benefit determination by the

22

Claims Reviewer. If the claimant or the claimant’s authorized representative fails to file a request for review of the Claims Reviewer’s adverse benefit determination in writing within 60 days after receipt by the claimant of written notification of adverse benefit determination, the Claims Reviewer’s determination shall become final and conclusive.

(b)Any request to review an adverse benefit determination under the Plan shall be deemed to be filed when a written request is made by the claimant or the claimant's authorized representative addressed to the Employee Benefits Committee at the address below is received by the Secretary of the Employee Benefits Committee.

Merck & Co., Inc. Employee Benefits Committee c/o Secretary Employee Benefits Committee Merck & Co., Inc.

2000 Galloping Hill Road Mailstop K-1 3029

Kenilworth, NJ 07033

(c)If the claimant or the claimant’s authorized representative timely files a request for review of the Claims Reviewer’s adverse benefit determination as specified in this Section 7.2, the Employee Benefits Committee shall re-examine all issues relevant to the original adverse benefit determination taking into account all comments, documents, records, and other information submitted by the claimant or the claimant’s authorized representative relating to the claim, without regard to whether such information was submitted or considered in the initial benefit determination. Any such claimant or his or her duly authorized representative may:

(i)upon request and free of charge have reasonable access to, and copies of, all documents, records, and other information relevant to the claimant’s claim for benefits; whether an item is relevant shall be determined by the Employee Benefits Committee in accordance with 29 CFR 2560.503-1 (m)(8); and

(ii)submit in writing any comments, documents, records, and other information relating to the claim for benefits.

(d)The Claims Reviewer shall provide written or electronic notice to the claimant or the claimant’s authorized representative of its benefit determination on review. Such notice shall be provided within a reasonable time but not later than 60 days after the receipt by the Claims Reviewer of the claimant's request for review, unless the Claims Reviewer determines that special circumstances require an extension of time for processing the request for review. If the Claims Reviewer determines that an extension of time for processing is required, written notice of the extension shall be furnished to the claimant before the expiration of the initial 60-day period indicating the special circumstances requiring an extension and the date by which the Claims Reviewer expects to render the benefit determination. No extension can exceed 60 days from the end of the initial 60-day period (i.e., 120 days from the date the request for review is received by the Claims Reviewer) without the consent of the claimant or the claimant’s authorized representative.

(d)If the claimant’s appeal is denied, the notice of adverse benefit determination on review shall be written in a manner calculated to be understood by the claimant and shall:

(i)     set forth the specific reasons for the adverse benefit determination on

(ii)     contain specific references to Plan provisions on which the benefit determination is based;

(iii)contain a statement that the claimant is entitled to receive, upon request and free of charge, reasonable access to, and copies of, all documents, records, and other information relevant to the claimant’s claim for benefits; whether an item is relevant shall be determined by the Claims Reviewer in accordance with 29 CFR 2560.503-1 (m)(8); and

(iv)include a statement of the claimant’s right to bring a civil action under section 502(a) of ERISA.

23

SECTION 8

AMENDMENT AND TERMINATION

8.1Amendment and Termination.

(a)Except as otherwise set forth in subsection (b) below, Parent or its delegate has the right to amend, suspend or terminate the Plan at any time without prior notice to or the consent of any employee; provided, however, that amendments that apply only to Section 16 Officers must also be approved by the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board of Directors of Parent or its delegate. No such amendment shall give the Employer or Parent the right to recover any amount paid to a Participant prior to the date of such amendment. Any such amendment, however, may cause the cessation and discontinuance of payments of Separation Plan Benefits to any person or persons under the Plan. Parent may delegate the authority to amend, suspend or terminate the Plan to the person, entity or committee selected by the Chief Executive Officer and as set forth in the applicable written corporate grant signed by the Chief Executive Officer (the “Corporate Grant”). Such Corporate Grant shall allow for the delegation of the authority to an individual, entity or committee; provided the financial impact of such amendment, suspension or termination does not exceed certain predetermined thresholds identified in the applicable Corporate Grant. The person, entity or committee provide with the authority to amend, suspend or terminate the Plan by the Corporate Grant, may further delegate the authority to amend, suspend or terminate the Plan to an individual, entity or committee, in accordance with the appropriate corporate action. Amendments to the Plan must be in writing and approved in accordance with the Corporate Grant.

(b)Except to the extent required by applicable law, for the entirety of the Protection Period, the material terms of the Plan, including this Section 8.1, shall not be modified in any manner that is materially adverse to a Qualifying Participant.

(c)Parent or any such successor to Parent, shall pay all legal fees and related expenses (including the costs of experts, evidence and counsel) reasonably and in good faith incurred by a Qualifying Participant if the Qualifying Participant prevails on at least one material item of his or her claim for relief in an action (x) by the Qualifying Participant claiming that the provisions of this Section 8.1 have been violated (but, for the avoidance of doubt, excluding claims for plan benefits in the ordinary course) and (y) if applicable, by the Employer, Parent or its successor to enforce post-termination covenants against the Qualifying Participant.

(d)Definitions. For purposes of this Section 8.1:

(i)“Protection Period” shall mean the period beginning on the date of the Change in Control and ending on the second anniversary of the date of the Change in Control; and

(ii)“Qualifying Participant” shall mean an individual who is an Eligible Employee or a Participant as of the date immediately prior to the Change in Control.

24

SECTION 9

GENERAL PROVISIONS

9.1Unfunded Obligation. Separation Plan Benefits provided under this Plan shall constitute an unfunded obligation of the Employer. Payments shall be made, as due, from the general funds of the Employer. This Plan shall constitute solely an unsecured promise by the Employer to pay such benefits to Participants to the extent provided herein.

9.2Applicable Law. It is intended that the Plan be an "employee welfare benefit plan" within the meaning of Section 3(1) of ERISA, and the Plan shall be administered in a manner consistent with such intent. The Plan and all rights thereunder shall be governed and construed in accordance with ERISA and, to the extent not preempted by federal law, with the laws of the state of New Jersey, wherein venue shall lie for any dispute arising hereunder.

9.3Severability. If any provision of this Plan shall be held illegal or invalid for any reason, said illegality or invalidity shall not affect the remaining parts of this Plan, but this Plan shall be construed and enforced as if said illegal or invalid provision had never been included herein.

9.4Employment at Will. Nothing contained in this Plan shall give an employee the right to be retained in the employment of the Employer or shall otherwise modify the employee's at will employment relationship with the Employer. This Plan is not a contract of employment between the Employer and any employee.

9.5Heirs, Assigns, and Personal Representatives. The Plan shall be binding upon the heirs, executors, administrators, successors, and assigns of the parties, including each Participant, present and future.

9.6Payments to Incompetent Persons, Etc. Any benefit payable to or for the benefit of a minor, an incompetent person or other person incapable of receipting therefore shall be deemed paid when paid to such person’s guardian or to the party providing or reasonably appearing to provide for the care of such person, and such payment shall fully discharge the Employer, Parent, the Plan Administrator, the Claims Administrator and all other parties with respect thereto.

9.7Lost Payees. Benefits shall be deemed forfeited if the Plan Administrator is unable to locate a Participant to whom Separation Plan Benefits are due. Such Separation Plan Benefits shall be reinstated if application is made by the Participant for the forfeited Separation Plan Benefits within one year of the Participant’s Separation Date and while the Plan is in operation.

25

SCHEDULE A

List of participating Employers:

All U.S. direct and indirect wholly owned subsidiaries of Merck & Co. Inc. excluding the following and their subsidiaries, successors and assigns:

•Comsort, Inc.

•Merck Global Health Innovation Fund, LLC

•HMR Weight Management Services Corp.

•ILUM Health Solutions, LLC (formerly known as Healthcare Services and Solutions, LLC)

26

SCHEDULE B-1

Separation Pay for Participants with aSeparation Date Occurring on or after January 1, 2013

Amount of Separation Pay in weeks (Annual Base Salary divided by 52)

27

Complete Years of Continuous Service at Separation Date	BAND LEVEL
	Band 200	Band 300	Band 400	Band 500	Band 600	Band 700/800
0	10	12	18	24	26	26
1	10	12	18	24	32	40
2	10	12	18	24	32	40
3	10	12	18	24	32	40
4	10	12	18	24	32	40
5	12	14	20	26	34	42
6	14	16	22	28	36	44
7	16	18	24	30	38	46
8	18	20	26	32	40	48
9	20	22	28	34	42	50
10	22	24	30	36	44	52
11	24	26	32	38	46	54
12	26	28	34	40	48	56
13	28	30	36	42	50	58
14	30	32	38	44	52	60
15	32	34	40	46	54	62
16	34	36	42	48	56	64
17	36	38	44	50	58	66
18	38	40	46	52	60	68
19	40	42	48	54	62	70
20	42	44	50	56	64	72
21	44	46	52	58	66	74
22	46	48	54	60	68	76
23	48	50	56	62	70	78
24	50	52	58	64	72	78
25	52	54	60	66	74	78
26	54	56	62	68	76	78
27	56	58	64	70	78	78
28	58	60	66	72	78	78
29	60	62	68	74	78	78
30	62	64	70	76	78	78
31	64	66	72	78	78	78
32	66	68	74	78	78	78
33	68	70	76	78	78	78
34	70	72	78	78	78	78
35	72	74	78	78	78	78
36	74	76	78	78	78	78
37	76	78	78	78	78	78
38+	78	78	78	78	78	78

28

SCHEDULE B-2

MEDICAL / DENTAL AND LIFE INSURANCE CONTINUATION

COMPLETE YEARS OF CONTINUOUS SERVICE AT SEPARATION DATE	BENEFITS CONTINUATION PERIOD
< 5	26 weeks
5 – 9.9	39 weeks*
10 – 19.9	52 weeks*
20+	78 weeks*

*For Participants who are eligible for subsidized retiree medical benefits under the Merck Retiree Medical Plan on their Separation Date, the Benefits Continuation Period shall continue to the last day of the month in which the number of weeks set forth above occurs.

29

SCHEDULE C

OUTPLACEMENT BENEFITS

BAND LEVEL	BENEFIT	DURATION
Band 200	Quick Start Plus	3 Months
Band 300	Professional--Career Assistance	3 Months
Band 400	Professional--Career Transition	6 Months
Band 600/500	Executive	12 Months
Band 800/700	Executive Premium	12 Months

The Outplacement Benefits are provided through a third party vendor. The vendor and/or the programs may change from time to time.

30

SCHEDULE D (Change in Control/Pension)

Description of Change-in-Control Benefits under the Pension Plan

This Schedule describes benefits under the Pension Plan and the Supplemental Plan (as each is defined below) provided to an Eligible Employee under the Plan if such Eligible Employee signs and returns the Release of Claims in use under the CIC Plan and in accordance with the process established under the CIC Plan.

I.If an Eligible Employee’s employment is terminated in circumstances entitling him or her to the benefits provided in Section 3.1 (c) of the Plan:

1.For an Eligible Employee who participates in the Retirement Plan for Salaried Employees of MSD or its successor (the “MSD Pension Plan) and on his or her Separation Date is not at least age 55 with at least ten years of Credited Service under the MSD Pension Plan but would attain at least age 50 and have at least ten years of Credited Service under the MSD Pension Plan within two years following the date of the Change in Control (assuming continued employment during the entirety of such two-year period), then the Eligible Employee shall be deemed to be eligible for a subsidized early retirement benefit on his “Prior Plan Formula” (as defined in the MSD Pension Plan) under the MSD Pension Plan commencing in accordance with the terms of the MSD Plan.

2.For an Eligible Employee who participates in the MSD Pension Plan or the Legacy Schering Retirement Plan, or their successors (collectively the “Pension Plan”) and on his or her Separation Date is not at least age 65 but would attain at least age 65 within two years following the date of the Change in Control (assuming continued employment during the entirety of such two-year period), then the Eligible Employee shall be deemed to be eligible for a Prior Plan Formula benefit unreduced for early commencement under the Pension Plan commencing in accordance with the terms of the Pension Plan.

3.For an Eligible Employee who participates in the MSD Pension Plan and on his or her Separation Date is not eligible for the “Rule of 85 Transition Benefit” (as such term is defined in the MSD Pension Plan) but would have been eligible for the Rule of 85 Transition Benefit within two years following the date of the Change in Control (assuming continued employment during the entirety of such two-year period), then the Eligible Employee shall be deemed to be eligible for the Rule of 85 Transition Benefit upon commencement of his or her pension benefit under the MSD Pension Plan.

4,    For an Eligible Employee who participates in the Pension Plan on his or her Separation Date who is not vested in his or her accrued benefit under the Pension Plan, he or she shall be vested in his accrued benefit under the Pension Plan on his or her Separation Date.

II.The benefits described in this Schedule D shall be payable from the Pension Plan and, to the extent that such benefits cannot be paid from the Pension Plan the Employer may, to the extent it deems necessary or appropriate (including to comply with applicable law and to preserve grandfathered status of arrangements subject to Section 409A of the Code), cause such benefits to be paid under a Supplemental Retirement Plan of MSD or the Legacy Schering Benefits Excess Plan, as applicable and any successors thereto (collectively, the “Supplemental Plan”) or under new arrangements or from the Employer's general assets.

31

SCHEDULE E (Change in Control/Retiree Medical)

Description of Change-in-Control Benefits under Health Plan

This Schedule describes benefits under the Health Plan provided to an Eligible Employee under the Plan if such Eligible Employee signs and returns the Release of Claims in use under the CIC Plan and in accordance with the process established under the CIC Plan.

I.If an Eligible Employee’s employment is terminated in circumstances entitling him or her to the benefits provided in Section 3.1 (c) of the Plan:

If the Eligible Employee is eligible to participate in the Health Plan and on his or her Separation Date is not at least age 55 with the requisite amount of service with an Employer to satisfy the requirements to be considered a retiree eligible for subsidized retiree medical benefits under the Health Plan but would attain at least age 50 and meet the service requirements to be considered a retiree eligible for subsidized retiree medical benefits under the Health Plan within two years following the date of the Change in Control (assuming continued employment during the entirety of such two-year period), then the Eligible Employee shall be eligible for subsidized retiree medical benefits under the Health Plan on the date his or her Benefits Continuation Period Ends on the same terms and conditions applicable to salaried U.S.- based employees of the Employer whose employment terminated the last day of the month prior to the Eligible Employee’s Separation Date who were treated as retirees eligible for subsidized retiree medical benefits under the Health Plan as of that date.

II.The Employer may, to the extent it deems necessary or appropriate (including to comply with applicable law and to preserve grandfathered status of arrangements subject to Section 409A of the Code), cause the benefits set forth in this Schedule E to be provided from insured arrangements, or pursuant to new arrangements, individual arrangements or otherwise. Further, notwithstanding anything to the contrary, to the extent any benefits to which an Eligible Employee is entitled under this Schedule E would reasonably be likely to constitute a discriminatory benefit under Section 105(h) of the Code or a similar law or regulation at the time the benefit is to be provided to the Eligible Employee, as determined in the sole discretion of the Parent, the Employer may, to the extent it deems necessary or appropriate (including to comply with applicable law), modify the benefit so that the benefit would no longer constitute a discriminatory benefit under Section 105(h) of the Code or such similar law, including, but not limited to, eliminating all subsidy from the Parent or the Employer, requiring that the Eligible Employee pay for participation in the benefit program with after-tax funds or causing the full employer and employee portions of the cost of the benefit to be imputed as gross income to the Eligible Employee.

III.For purposes of this Schedule E, “Health Plan” means one or more plans sponsored by the Parent or one of its subsidiaries that provide medical benefits to Eligible Employees and to former Eligible Employees who are considered retirees thereunder and to the eligible dependents of each of the foregoing.

32

AMENDMENT 2019-1

MERCK & CO., INC. U.S. SEPARATION BENEFITS PLAN

(as Amended and Restated as of January 1, 2019)

WHEREAS, Merck, Sharp & Dohme Corp. (the "Company"), a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. ("Merck"), sponsors the Merck & Co., Inc. U.S. Separation Benefits Plan (as Amended and Restated as of January 1, 2019) (the "Plan");

WHEREAS, pursuant to Article 8.1 of the Plan, the Company (or its duly authorized representative) has reserved the right to amend or terminate the Plan at any time;

WHEREAS, pursuant to the grant of authority of Merck's Chief Executive Officer, the Company has delegated the authority to amend the Plan to the Merck & Co., Inc. Executive Oversight Committee (the "Executive Committee") in accordance with its charter;

WHEREAS, in accordance with its charter the Executive Committee has delegated to the Merck & Co., Inc. Oversight Committee (the "Committee"} the authority to make certain amendments to the Plan in accordance with the charter of the Committee; and

WHEREAS, the Committee desires to ratify and adopt the amendment to the Plan described herein.

NOW, THEREFORE, an amendment to the Plan be and hereby is ratified and adopted and is incorporated as follows:

1.Section 2.7 of the Plan is hereby amended in its entirety to read as follows:

"2.7    "Claims Reviewer" means the Merck & Co., Inc. Employee Benefits Committee (or its delegate); provided, however, for Section 16 Officers, Claims Reviewer means the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board of Directors of Parent or its delegate."

2.The first paragraph of Section 5.3 is hereby amended and restated to read as follows:

"5.3    Forfeiture of Benefits. The Employer reserves the right, in its sole and absolute discretion, to cancel all Separation Plan Benefits and seek the return of Separation Pay in the event a Participant engages in any activity that the Employer considers detrimental to its interests (or the interests of the Parent or any of its subsidiaries) as determined by the Parent's Executive Vice President and General Counsel and the Parent's Executive Vice President & Chief Human Resources Officer or by such other individual who acts as the successor or equivalent thereto of either of the aforementioned positions. Activities that the Employer considers detrimental to its interest (or the interests of the Parent or any of its subsidiaries) include, but are not limited to:"

3.The first paragraph of Section 6.3 is hereby amended to read as follows:

"6.3    Additional Discretionary Authority. The Plan Administrator may, upon written approval of the Parent's Executive Vice President & Chief Human Resources Officer, or by such other individual who acts as the successor or equivalent thereto of such position, (written approval of the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board of Directors of the Parent or its delegate with respect to Section 16 Officers), take the following actions under the Plan:"

4.Schedule A of the Plan is hereby updated to read as follows:

"SCHEDULE A

List of Participating Employers:

All U. S. direct and indirect wholly owned subsidiaries of Merck & Co., Inc. excluding the following and their subsidiaries:

•Comsort, Inc. (and its subsidiaries)

•Merck Global Health Innovation Fund LLC (and its subsidiaries)

•HMR Weight Management Services Corp. (and its subsidiaries)

•ILUM Health Solutions, LLC (and its subsidiaries)

•Peloton Therapeutics, Inc. (and its subsidiaries) for the period of time after the date Peloton Therapeutics, Inc. became a subsidiary of the Company and before January 1, 2020

•Tilos Therapeutics (and its subsidiaries) for the period of time after the date Tilos Therapeutics became a subsidiary of the Company and before January 1, 2020

•Antelliq Corporation (and its subsidiaries) for the period of time after the date Antelliq Corporation became a subsidiary of the Company and before such date in 2020 as of which the Plan Administrator determines Antelliq Corporation shall become an Employer."

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Committee has caused this Amendment 2019-1 to the Plan to be executed by the undersigned on this 19th day of December, 2019.

By /s/ Michael Arseneault

Michael Arseneault

Executive Director, Managing Counsel Global Compensation and Benefits

2

AMENDMENT 2020-1

MERCK & CO., INC. U.S. SEPARATION BENEFITS PLAN

(as Amended and Restated as of January 1, 2019)

WHEREAS, Merck, Sharp & Dohme Corp. (the "Company"), a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. ("Merck"), sponsors the Merck & Co., Inc. U.S. Separation Benefits Plan (as Amended and Restated as of January 1, 2019) (the "Plan");

WHEREAS, pursuant to Article 8.1 of the Plan, the Company (or its duly authorized representative) has reserved the right to amend or terminate the Plan at any time;

WHEREAS, pursuant to the grant of authority of Merck's Chief Executive Officer, the Company has delegated the authority to amend the Plan to the Merck & Co., Inc. Executive Oversight Committee (the "Executive Committee") in accordance with its charter;

WHEREAS, in accordance with its charter the Executive Committee has delegated to the Merck & Co., Inc. Oversight Committee (the "Committee") the authority to make certain amendments to the Plan in accordance with the charter of the Committee; and

WHEREAS, the Committee desires to ratify and adopt the amendment to the Plan described herein.

NOW, THEREFORE, an amendment to the Plan be and hereby is ratified and adopted and is incorporated as follows:

1.    The first paragraph of Section 6.3 is hereby amended to read as follows:

"6.3    Additional Discretionary Authority. The Plan Administrator may, upon written approval of the Parent's Executive Vice President & Chief Human Resources Officer (or his or her delegate), or by such other individual who acts as the successor or equivalent thereto of such position (or his or her delegate), (written approval of the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board of Directors of the Parent or its delegate with respect to Section 16 Officers), take the following actions under the Plan:"

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Committee has caused this Amendment 2020-1 to the Plan to be executed by the undersigned on this 25th day of February. 2020.

By /s/ Michael Arseneault

Michael Arseneault

Executive Director, Managing Counsel Global Compensation and Benefits

U.S. SEPARATION BENEFITS PLAN CHANGE

RESOLVED, that effective as of January 1, 2020, Amendment 2020-1 to the Merck & Co., Inc. U.S. Separation Benefits Plan as Amended and Restated as of January 1, 2019 (the “Plan”) be and hereby is adopted, in substantially the same form as attached hereto as Appendix A;

FURTHER RESOLVED, that Michael Arseneault, Exec. Dir., Managing Counsel Global Compensation & Employee Benefits/Merck Office of General Counsel is provided with the authority to make such changes as necessary and proper to the terms of the Plan the intent of the Resolutions and to ensure that such documents comply with the Resolutions described herein and to prepare such other documents as are necessary to implement the Resolutions described herein, applicable law and the administration of applicable plans.

AMENDMENT 2020-2

MERCK & CO. INC. U.S. SEPARATION BENEFITS PLAN

(Amended and Restated as of January 1, 2019)

WHEREAS, Merck & Co, Inc. (the “Company”), a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. (“Merck”), sponsors the Merck & Co., Inc. U.S. Separation Benefits Plan (Amended and Restated as of January 1, 2019) (the “Plan”);

WHEREAS, pursuant to Article 8.1 of the Plan, the Company (or its duly authorized representative) has reserved the right to amend or terminate the Plan at any time;

WHEREAS, pursuant to the grant of authority of Merck’s Chief Executive Officer, the Company has delegated the authority to amend the Plan to the Merck & Co., Inc. Executive Oversight Committee (the “Executive Committee”) in accordance with its charter;

WHEREAS, in accordance with its charter the Executive Committee has delegated to the Merck & Co., Inc. Oversight Committee (the “Committee”) the authority to make certain amendments to the Plan in accordance with the charter of the Committee; and

WHEREAS, the Committee desires to ratify and adopt the amendment to the Plan described herein.

NOW, THEREFORE, an amendment to the Plan be and hereby is ratified and adopted and is incorporated as follows:

1.A new definition of Legacy Quantified Ag, Antelliq Corporation, or ArQule, Inc. Employee is hereby added to the Plan’s Article II in the correct alphabetical order to read as follows:

“Legacy Quantified Ag, Antelliq Corporation or ArQule, Inc. Employee” means an Eligible Employee who was formerly an employee of Quantified Ag, Antelliq Corporation, or ArQule, Inc. respectively who became an employee of Merck & Co, Inc. or one of its subsidiaries in 2019 or 2020 and continues to be employed by such entity until his/her Separation Date, and as of his/her Separation Date is employed by an Employer.”

2.Section 2.9 “Complete Years of Continuous Service” of the Plan is hereby amended in its entirety to read as follows:

“2.9 “Complete Years of Continuous Service” means (a) for a Legacy Schering Employee, a year from the Participant’s Most Recent Hire Date with a Legacy Schering Entity to its anniversary, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next, (b) for a Legacy Merck Employee, a year from the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Legacy Merck Entity to its anniversary, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next, (c) for a Legacy Inspire Employee, a year from the Participant’s Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity to its anniversary, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next, (d) for a Legacy Quantified Ag, Antelliq Corporation or ArQule, Inc., Employee a year from the

Participant’s Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity to its anniversary, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next, and (e) for a Non-Legacy Company Employee, from the Participant’s Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next.”

3.Section 2.10 “Continuous Service” of the Plan is hereby amended in its entirety to read as follows:

“2.10 “Continuous Service” means (a) for a Legacy Schering Employee, the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Legacy Schering Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Legacy Schering Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database, (b) for a Legacy Merck Employee, the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Legacy Merck Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Legacy Merck Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database, (c) for a Legacy Inspire Employee, the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Merck Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database, (d) for a Legacy Quantified Ag, Antelliq Corporation or ArQule, Inc. Employee the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Merck Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database, and (e) for a Non-Legacy Company Employee, the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Merck Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database. For the avoidance of doubt, service prior to November 4, 2009 by a Legacy Schering Employee with a Legacy Merck Entity or a Legacy Merck Employee with a Legacy Schering Entity is excluded from “Continuous Service.” Notwithstanding anything contained in this Plan to the contrary, employment with a Legacy Schering Entity, Legacy Merck Entity or a Merck Entity as an Excluded Person does not count as "Continuous Service".

4.Section 2.24 “Most Recent Hire Date” of the Plan is hereby amended in its entirety to read as follows:

“2.24 Most Recent Hire Date” means (a) for a Legacy Schering Employee, his or her most recent hire date at a Legacy Schering Entity or an entity acquired by a Legacy Schering Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system, (b) for a Legacy Merck Employee, his or her most recent hire date at a Legacy Merck Entity or an entity acquired by a Legacy Merck Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system,

(c)for a Legacy Inspire Employee, his or her most recent hire date at a Merck Entity or an entity acquired by a Merck Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system,

(d)for a Legacy Quantified Ag, Antelliq Corporation or ArQule, Inc. Employee his or her most recent hire date at a Merck Entity or an entity acquired by a Merck Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system, and (e) for a Non-Legacy Company Employee, his or her most recent hire date at a Merck Entity or an entity acquired by a Merck Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the

2

most recent hire date for a Legacy Merck Employee who was employed by a Legacy Merck Entity on December 31, 1997, transferred from that entity to Merial as of January 1, 1998, remained continuously employed by Merial through the date he or she transferred employment from Merial to a Legacy Merck Entity and whose transfer to a Legacy Merck Entity occurred between October 1, 2000 and June 1, 2001, is his or her most recent hire date on the Employer's employee data system at a Legacy Merck Entity prior to his or her transfer to Merial. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the most recent hire date for a Legacy Merck Employee who was employed by a Legacy Merck Entity on December 31, 2007, transferred from that entity to PRWT as of January 1, 2008, remained continuously employed by PRWT through September 3, 2010 and who was rehired by a Legacy Merck Entity as of September 3, 2010, is his or her most recent hire date on the Employer’s employee data system at a Legacy Merck Entity prior to his or her transfer to PRWT.”

5.Section 3.1(a) Eligibility of the Plan is hereby amended in its entirety to read as follows:

“3.1(a) Eligibility.

(a) An Eligible Employee will be eligible for Separation Plan Benefits described in Section 4 (excluding Section 4.5) when he/she experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring; provided, however, that (1) a Legacy Inspire Employee will be eligible for Separation Plan Benefits described in Section 4 (excluding Section 4.5) only if he/she experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring on or after May 17, 2013 and

(2) a Legacy Quantified Ag, Antelliq Corporation or ArQule, Inc. Employee will be eligible for Separation Plan Benefits described in Section 4 (excluding Section 4.5) only if he/she experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring after the date in 2020 as of which he/she first became entitled to benefits under the Plan and which is set forth on Schedule A to the Plan and provided further that in no case shall an eligible Legacy ArQule, Inc. Employee receive benefits under the Plan equal to less than six months of Annul Base Salary. A Grandfathered Legacy Schering Employee will be eligible for Separation Plan Benefits described in Section 4 (excluding Section 4.5) if he or she experiences a Grandfathered Legacy Schering Termination. Separation Plan Benefits shall be provided under this Plan to an Eligible Employee who experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring or to a Grandfathered Legacy Schering Employee who experiences a Grandfathered Legacy Schering Termination, in each case only if the Eligible Employee or Grandfathered Legacy Schering Employee has executed and, if a revocation period is applicable, not revoked a Release of Claims in a form satisfactory to the Employer or Parent in its sole and nonreviewable discretion. An Eligible Employee or a Grandfathered Legacy Schering Employee who has executed and, if a revocation period is applicable, not revoked a Release of Claims is a Participant.”

6.Schedule A of the Plan is hereby updated to read as follows:

“SCHEDULE A

List of participating Employers:

3

All U. S. direct and indirect wholly owned subsidiaries of Merck & Co. Inc. excluding the following and their subsidiaries:

•Comsort, Inc. (and its subsidiaries)

•Merck Global Health Innovation Fund LLC (and its subsidiaries)

•HMR Weight Management Services Corp. (and its subsidiaries)

•ILUM Health Solutions, LLC (and its subsidiaries)

•Peloton Therapeutics, Inc. (and its subsidiaries) for the period of time after the date Peloton Therapeutics, Inc. became a subsidiary of the Company and before January 1, 2020

•Effective for the period between June 17, 2020 through October 1, 2020, Quantified Ag. Effective as of October 1, 2020, Quantified Ag became an employer under the Plan.

•Effective for the period between April 1, 2019, through July 1, 2020 Antelliq Corporation. Effective as of July 1, 2020, Antelliq Corporation became an employer under the Plan.

•Effective for the period between January 1, 2020, through January 31, 2020 ArQule, Inc. Effective as of February 1, 2020, ArQule, Inc. became an employer under the Plan.”

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Merck & Co, Inc. Oversight Committee has caused this Amendment 2020-2 of the Merck & Co., Inc. U.S. Separation Benefits Plan (Amended and Restated as of January 1, 2019) (the “Plan”); to be executed as of the 10th day of December, 2020.

By /s/ Michael Arseneault

Michael Arseneault

Exec. Dir., Managing Counsel Global Compensation & Employee Benefits/Merck Office of General Counsel

4

AMENDMENT 2021-1 TO THE

MERCK & CO., INC., U.S. SEPARATION BENEFITS PLAN

(Amended and Restated as of January 1, 2019)

WHEREAS, Merck & Co, Inc. (the “Company”), a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. (“Merck”), sponsors the Merck & Co., Inc., U.S. Separation Benefits Plan (Amended and Restated as of January 1, 2019) (the “Plan”);

WHEREAS, pursuant to Article 8.1 of the Plan, the Company (or its duly authorized representative) has reserved the right to amend or terminate the Plan at any time;

WHEREAS, pursuant to the grant of authority of Merck’s Chief Executive Officer, the Company has delegated the authority to amend the Plan to the Merck & Co., Inc. Executive Oversight Committee (the “Executive Committee”) in accordance with its charter;

WHEREAS, in accordance with its charter the Executive Committee has delegated to the Merck & Co., Inc. Oversight Committee (the “Committee”) the authority to make certain amendments to the Plan in accordance with the charter of the Committee; and

WHEREAS, the Committee desires to ratify and adopt the amendment to the Plan described herein.

NOW, THEREFORE, an amendment to the Plan be and hereby is ratified and adopted and is incorporated as follows:

1.A new definition of Legacy Pandion Employee is hereby added to the Plan’s Article II in the correct alphabetical order to read as follows:

“Legacy Pandion Employee” means an Eligible Employee who was formerly an employee of Pandion Therapeutics, Inc. who became an employee of Merck & Co, Inc. or one of its subsidiaries in 2021 and continues to be employed by such entity until his/her Separation Date, and as of his/her Separation Date is employed by an Employer.”

2.Section 2.9 “Complete Years of Continuous Service” of the Plan is hereby amended in its entirety to read as follows:

“2.9 “Complete Years of Continuous Service” means (a) for a Legacy Schering Employee, a year from the Participant’s Most Recent Hire Date with a Legacy Schering Entity to its anniversary, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next, (b) for a Legacy Merck Employee, a year from the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Legacy Merck Entity to its anniversary, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next, (c) for a Legacy Inspire Employee, a year from the Participant’s Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity to its anniversary, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next, (d) for a Legacy Quantified Ag, Antelliq Corporation or ArQule, Inc., Employee a year from the Participant’s Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity to its anniversary, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next, (e) for a Legacy Pandion Employee a year from the Participant’s Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity to its anniversary, and thereafter

from each anniversary to the next, and (f) for a Non-Legacy Company Employee, from the Participant’s Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next.”

3.Section 2.10 “Continuous Service” of the Plan is hereby amended in its entirety to read as follows:

“2.10 “Continuous Service” means (a) for a Legacy Schering Employee, the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Legacy Schering Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Legacy Schering Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database, (b) for a Legacy Merck Employee, the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Legacy Merck Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Legacy Merck Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database, (c) for a Legacy Inspire Employee, the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Merck Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database, (d) for a Legacy Quantified Ag, Antelliq Corporation or ArQule, Inc. Employee the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Merck Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database, (d) for a Legacy Pandion Employee the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Merck Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database, and (f) for a Non-Legacy Company Employee, the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Merck Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database. For the avoidance of doubt, service prior to November 4, 2009 by a Legacy Schering Employee with a Legacy Merck Entity or a Legacy Merck Employee with a Legacy Schering Entity is excluded from “Continuous Service.” Notwithstanding anything contained in this Plan to the contrary, employment with a Legacy Schering Entity, Legacy Merck Entity or a Merck Entity as an Excluded Person does not count as "Continuous Service."

4.Section 2.27 “Most Recent Hire Date” of the Plan is hereby amended in its entirety to read as follows:

“2.27 Most Recent Hire Date” means (a) for a Legacy Schering Employee, his or her most recent hire date at a Legacy Schering Entity or an entity acquired by a Legacy Schering Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system, (b) for a Legacy Merck Employee, his or her most recent hire date at a Legacy Merck Entity or an entity acquired by a Legacy Merck Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system,

(c) for a Legacy Inspire Employee, his or her most recent hire date at a Merck Entity or an entity acquired by a Merck Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system,

(d) for a Legacy Quantified Ag, Antelliq Corporation or ArQule, Inc. Employee his or her most recent hire date at a Merck Entity or an entity acquired by a Merck Entity as reflected

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on the Employer’s employee data system, (d) for a Legacy Pandion Employee his or her most recent hire date at a Merck Entity or an entity acquired by a Merck Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system, and (e) for a Non-Legacy Company Employee, his or her most recent hire date at a Merck Entity or an entity acquired by a Merck Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the most recent hire date for a Legacy Merck Employee who was employed by a Legacy Merck Entity on December 31, 1997, transferred from that entity to Merial as of January 1, 1998, remained continuously employed by Merial through the date he or she transferred employment from Merial to a Legacy Merck Entity and whose transfer to a Legacy Merck Entity occurred between October 1, 2000 and June 1, 2001, is his or her most recent hire date on the Employer's employee data system at a Legacy Merck Entity prior to his or her transfer to Merial. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the most recent hire date for a Legacy Merck Employee who was employed by a Legacy Merck Entity on December 31, 2007, transferred from that entity to PRWT as of January 1, 2008, remained continuously employed by PRWT through September 3, 2010 and who was rehired by a Legacy Merck Entity as of September 3, 2010, is his or her most recent hire date on the Employer’s employee data system at a Legacy Merck Entity prior to his or her transfer to PRWT.”

5.Section 3.1(a) Eligibility of the Plan is hereby amended in its entirety to read as follows: “3.1(a) Eligibility.

(a)An Eligible Employee will be eligible for Separation Plan Benefits described in Section 4 (excluding Section 4.5) when he/she experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring; provided, however, that (1) a Legacy Inspire Employee will be eligible for Separation Plan Benefits described in Section 4 (excluding Section 4.5) only if he/she experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring on or after May 17, 2013, (2) a Legacy Quantified Ag, Antelliq Corporation or ArQule, Inc. Employee will be eligible for Separation Plan Benefits described in Section 4 (excluding Section 4.5) only if he/she experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring after the date in 2020 as of which he/she first became entitled to benefits under the Plan and which is set forth on Schedule A to the Plan and provided further that in no case shall an eligible Legacy ArQule, Inc. Employee receive benefits under the Plan equal to less than six months of Annual Base Salary, and (3) a Legacy Pandion Employee will be eligible for Separation Plan Benefits described in Section 4 (excluding Section 4.5) only if he/she experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring after the date in 2021 as of which he/she first became entitled to benefits under the Plan and which is set forth on Schedule A to the Plan and provided further that in the case of a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring that occurs on or before April 1, 2022 (i) an eligible Legacy Pandion Employee shall receive benefits under the Plan equal to no less than 26 weeks of Annual Base Salary and (ii) notwithstanding the foregoing clause (iii), the two individuals specified in Section 7.1(a) of the Company Disclosure Letter to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of February 24, 2021 among Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Panama Merger Sub, Inc. and Pandion Therapeutics, Inc. shall receive benefits under the Plan equal to no less than 39 weeks of Annual Base Salary if and only if such individuals otherwise qualify as eligible Legacy Pandion Employees. A Grandfathered Legacy Schering Employee will be eligible for

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Separation Plan Benefits described in Section 4 (excluding Section 4.5) if he or she experiences a Grandfathered Legacy Schering Termination. Separation Plan Benefits shall be provided under this Plan to an Eligible Employee who experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring or to a Grandfathered Legacy Schering Employee who experiences a Grandfathered Legacy Schering Termination, in each case only if the Eligible Employee or Grandfathered Legacy Schering Employee has executed and, if a revocation period is applicable, not revoked a Release of Claims in a form satisfactory to the Employer or Parent in its sole and nonreviewable discretion. An Eligible Employee or a Grandfathered Legacy Schering Employee who has executed and, if a revocation period is applicable, not revoked a Release of Claims is a Participant.”

6.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Merck & Co, Inc. Oversight Committee has caused this Amendment 2021-1 of the Merck & Co., Inc., U.S. Separation Benefits Plan (Amended and Restated as of January 1, 2019) (the “Plan”); to be executed as of the 31st day of March, 2021.

By /s/ Michael Arseneault

Michael Arseneault

Exec. Dir., Managing Counsel Global Compensation & Employee Benefits/Merck Office of General Counsel

4

AMENDMENT 2021-2 TO THE

MERCK & CO., INC., U.S. SEPARATION BENEFITS PLAN

(Amended and Restated as of January 1, 2019)

WHEREAS, Merck & Co, Inc. (the “Company”), a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. (“Merck”), sponsors the Merck & Co., Inc., U.S. Separation Benefits Plan (Amended and Restated as of January 1, 2019) (the “Plan”);

WHEREAS, pursuant to Article 8.1 of the Plan, the Company (or its duly authorized representative) has reserved the right to amend or terminate the Plan at any time;

WHEREAS, pursuant to the grant of authority of Merck’s Chief Executive Officer, the Company has delegated the authority to amend the Plan to the Merck & Co., Inc. Executive Oversight Committee (the “Executive Committee”) in accordance with its charter;

WHEREAS, in accordance with its charter the Executive Committee has delegated to the Merck & Co., Inc. Oversight Committee (the “Committee”) the authority to make certain amendments to the Plan in accordance with the charter of the Committee; and

WHEREAS, the Committee desires to ratify and adopt the amendment to the Plan described herein.

NOW, THEREFORE, an amendment to the Plan be and hereby is ratified and adopted and is incorporated as follows:

1.A new definition of Legacy Pandion Employee is hereby added to the Plan’s Article II in the correct alphabetical order to read as follows:

“Legacy IdentiGEN Employee” means an Eligible Employee who was formerly an employee of IdentiGEN who became an employee of Merck & Co, Inc. or one of its subsidiaries in 2020 and continues to be employed by such entity until his/her Separation Date, and as of his/her Separation Date is employed by an Employer.”

2.Section 2.9 “Complete Years of Continuous Service” of the Plan is hereby amended in its entirety to read as follows:

“2.9 “Complete Years of Continuous Service” means (a) for a Legacy Schering Employee, a year from the Participant’s Most Recent Hire Date with a Legacy Schering Entity to its anniversary, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next, (b) for a Legacy Merck Employee, a year from the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Legacy Merck Entity to its anniversary, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next, (c) for a Legacy Inspire Employee, a year from the Participant’s Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity to its anniversary, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next, (d) for a Legacy Quantified Ag, Antelliq Corporation or ArQule, Inc., Employee a year from the Participant’s Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity to its anniversary, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next, (e) for a Legacy Pandion Employee a year from the Participant’s Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity to its anniversary, and thereafter

from each anniversary to the next, (f) for a Legacy IdentiGEN Employee a year from the Participant’s Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity to its anniversary, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next, and (g) for a Non-Legacy Company Employee, from the Participant’s Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next.”

3.Section 2.10 “Continuous Service” of the Plan is hereby amended in its entirety to read as follows:

“2.10 “Continuous Service” means (a) for a Legacy Schering Employee, the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Legacy Schering Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Legacy Schering Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database, (b) for a Legacy Merck Employee, the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Legacy Merck Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Legacy Merck Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database, (c) for a Legacy Inspire Employee, the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Merck Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database, (d) for a Legacy Quantified Ag, Antelliq Corporation or ArQule, Inc. Employee the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Merck Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database, (d) for a Legacy Pandion Employee the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Merck Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database, (e) for a Legacy IdentiGEN Employee the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Merck Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database, and (f) for a Non-Legacy Company Employee, the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Merck Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database. For the avoidance of doubt, service prior to November 4, 2009 by a Legacy Schering Employee with a Legacy Merck Entity or a Legacy Merck Employee with a Legacy Schering Entity is excluded from “Continuous Service.” Notwithstanding anything contained in this Plan to the contrary, employment with a Legacy Schering Entity, Legacy Merck Entity or a Merck Entity as an Excluded Person does not count as "Continuous Service."

4.Section 2.27 “Most Recent Hire Date” of the Plan is hereby amended in its entirety to read as follows:

“2.27 Most Recent Hire Date” means (a) for a Legacy Schering Employee, his or her most recent hire date at a Legacy Schering Entity or an entity acquired by a Legacy Schering Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system, (b) for a Legacy Merck Employee, his or her most recent hire date at a Legacy Merck Entity or an entity acquired by a Legacy Merck Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system, (c)or a Legacy Inspire Employee, his or her most recent hire date at a Merck Entity or an entity acquired by a Merck Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system, (d) for a Legacy Quantified Ag, Antelliq Corporation or ArQule, Inc. Employee his or her most recent hire date at a Merck Entity or an entity acquired by a Merck Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system, (d) for a Legacy Pandion Employee his or her most recent hire date at a Merck Entity or an entity acquired by a Merck Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system, (e) for a Legacy IdentiGEN Employee his or her most recent hire date at a Merck Entity or an entity acquired by a Merck Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system and (f) for a Non-Legacy Company Employee his or her most recent hire date at a Merck Entity or an entity acquired by a Merck Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the most recent hire date for a Legacy Merck Employee who was employed by a Legacy Merck Entity on December 31, 1997, transferred from that entity to Merial as of January 1, 1998,remained continuously employed by Merial through the

2

date he or she transferred employment from Merial to a Legacy Merck Entity and whose transfer to a Legacy Merck Entity occurred between October 1, 2000 and June 1, 2001, is his or her most recent hire date on the Employer's employee data system at a Legacy Merck Entity prior to his or her transfer to Merial. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the most recent hire date for a Legacy Merck Employee who was employed by a Legacy Merck Entity on December 31, 2007, transferred from that entity to PRWT as of January 1, 2008, remained continuously employed by PRWT through September 3, 2010 and who was rehired by a Legacy Merck Entity as of September 3, 2010, is his or her most recent hire date on the Employer’s employee data system at a Legacy Merck Entity prior to his or her transfer to PRWT.”

5.Section 3.1(a) Eligibility of the Plan is hereby amended in its entirety to read as follows: “3.1(a) Eligibility.

(a) An Eligible Employee will be eligible for Separation Plan Benefits described in Section 4 (excluding Section 4.5) when he/she experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring; provided, however, that (1) a Legacy Inspire Employee will be eligible for Separation Plan Benefits described in Section 4 (excluding Section 4.5) only if he/she experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring on or after May 17, 2013, (2) a Legacy Quantified Ag, Antelliq Corporation or ArQule, Inc. Employee will be eligible for Separation Plan Benefits described in Section 4 (excluding Section 4.5) only if he/she experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring after the date in 2020 as of which he/she first became entitled to benefits under the Plan and which is set forth on Schedule A to the Plan and provided further that in no case shall an eligible Legacy ArQule, Inc. Employee receive benefits under the Plan equal to less than six months of Annual Base Salary, (3) a Legacy Pandion Employee will be eligible for Separation Plan Benefits described in Section 4 (excluding Section 4.5) only if he/she experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring after the date in 2021 as of which he/she first became entitled to benefits under the Plan and which is set forth on Schedule A to the Plan and provided further that in the case of a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring that occurs on or before April 1, 2022 (i) an eligible Legacy Pandion Employee shall receive benefits under the Plan equal to no less than 26 weeks of Annual Base Salary and (ii) notwithstanding the foregoing clause (iii), the two individuals specified in Section 7.1(a) of the Company Disclosure Letter to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of February 24, 2021 among Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Panama Merger Sub, Inc. and Pandion Therapeutics, Inc. shall receive benefits under the Plan equal to no less than 39 weeks of Annual Base Salary if and only if such individuals otherwise qualify as eligible Legacy Pandion Employees, and (4) a Legacy IdentiGEN Employee will be eligible for Separation Plan Benefits described in Section 4 (excluding Section 4.5) only if he/she experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring after the date in 2021 as of which he/she first became entitled to benefits under the Plan and which is set forth on Schedule A to the Plan A Grandfathered Legacy Schering Employee will be eligible for Separation Plan Benefits described in Section 4 (excluding Section 4.5) if he or she experiences a Grandfathered Legacy Schering Termination. Separation Plan Benefits shall be provided under this Plan to an Eligible Employee who experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring or to a Grandfathered Legacy Schering Employee who experiences a Grandfathered Legacy Schering Termination, in each case only if the Eligible Employee or Grandfathered Legacy Schering Employee has executed and, if a revocation period is applicable, not revoked a Release of Claims in a form satisfactory to the Employer or Parent in its sole and nonreviewable discretion. An Eligible Employee or a Grandfathered Legacy Schering Employee who has executed and, if a revocation period is applicable, not revoked a Release of Claims is a Participant.”

6.Schedule A of the Plan is hereby updated to read as follows:

SCHEDULE A

List of participating Employers:

3

All U. S. direct and indirect wholly owned subsidiaries of Merck & Co. Inc. excluding the following and their subsidiaries:

•Antimicrobial Stewardship, LLC

•Merck Global Health Innovation Fund LLC (and its subsidiaries)

•Peloton Therapeutics, Inc. (and its subsidiaries) for the period of time after the date Peloton Therapeutics, Inc. became a subsidiary of the Company and before January 1, 2020

•Effective for the period between June 17, 2020 through September 30, 2020, Quantified Ag. Effective as of October 1, 2020, Quantified Ag became an employer under the Plan.

•Effective for the period between April 1, 2019, through June 30, 2020 Antelliq Corporation. Effective as of July 1, 2020, Antelliq Corporation became an employer under the Plan.

•Effective for the period between January 1, 2020, through January 31, 2020 ArQule, Inc. Effective as of February 1, 2020, ArQule, Inc. became an employer under the Plan.

•Effective February 25, 2021, Pandion, Inc. became an employer under the Plan

•Effective for the period between August 5, 2020, through December 31, 2021 IdentiGEN Effective as of January 1, 2022, IdentiGEN, Inc. became an employer under the Plan”

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Merck & Co, Inc. Oversight Committee has caused this Amendment 2021-2 of the Merck & Co., Inc. U.S. Separation Benefits Plan (Amended and Restated as of January 1, 2019)(the “Plan”); to be executed as of the 16th day of December, 2021.

By /s/ Michael Arseneault

Michael Arseneault

Exec. Dir., Managing Counsel Global Compensation & Employee Benefits/Merck Office of General Counsel

5

AMENDMENT NUMBER 2022-1 TO

MERCK & CO. INC. U.S. SEPARATION BENEFITS PLAN

As Amended and Restated effective January 1, 2013

The Merck & Co., Inc. U.S. Separation Benefits Plan (the “Plan”) is hereby amended effective as of May 1, 2022, as follows:

1.The Preamble of the Plan is hereby amended to insert the following new paragraph after the 3rd paragraph to read as follows:

“On May 1, 2022, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. converted to a limited liability company named Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC.”

2.Section 2.16 of the Plan is amended in its entirety to read as follows:

“’IAM Agreement” means a collective bargaining agreement between Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC or Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., and District 15, Lodge 315 of the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers.”

3.Section 2.26 of the Plan is amended to add “LLC” after the words “Merck Sharp & Dohme”

4.Section 2. 33 of the Plan is amended in its entirety to read as follows:

“Old Merck” means Merck & Co., Inc. prior to November 4, 2009 (subsequently known on and after November 4, 2009 and prior to May 1, 2022 as Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., and on and after May 1, 2022 as Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC).”

5.Section 3.1 Paragraph #4 of the Plan is amended in its entirety to read as follows:

“#4. notwithstanding the foregoing sub-clause (A), the two individuals specified in Section 7.1(a) of the Company Disclosure Letter to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of February 24, 2021 among Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, Panama Merger Sub, Inc. and Pandion Therapeutics, Inc. shall receive benefits under Schedule B-1 of the Plan equal to no less than 39 weeks of Annual Base Salary if and only if such individuals otherwise qualify as eligible Legacy Pandion Employees; and”

6.Schedule A of the Plan is amended in its entirety to read as follows:

“All U. S. direct and indirect wholly owned subsidiaries of Merck & Co., Inc. excluding the following and their subsidiaries:

•Comsort Inc. (and its subsidiaries)

•Merck Global Health Innovation Fund LLC (and its subsidiaries)

•Antimicrobrial Stewardship LLC (and its subsidiaries)

•Peloton Therapeutics, Inc. (and its subsidiaries) for the period of time after the date Peloton Therapeutics, Inc. became a subsidiary of the Company and before January 1, 2020

•Tilos Therapeutics (and its subsidiaries) for the period of time after the date Tilos Therapeutics became a subsidiary of the Company and before January 1, 2020

•Antelliq Corporation (and its subsidiaries) for the period of time after the date Antelliq Corporation became a subsidiary of the Company and before such date in 2020 as of which the Plan Administrator determines Antelliq Corporation shall become an Employer.”

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Director, Global Compensation & Employee Benefits, Merck Office of General Counsel on behalf of the Merck & Co, Inc. Oversight Committee has caused this Amendment 2022- 1 of the Plan to be executed as of this 14th day of December, 2022.

By /s/ Michael Arseneault

Michael Arseneault

Dir., Global Compensation & Employee Benefits Merck Office of General Counsel

AMENDMENT 2022-2

TO THE

MERCK & CO., INC., U.S. SEPARATION BENEFITS PLAN

(Amended and Restated as of January 1, 2019)

WHEREAS, Merck & Co, Inc. (the “Company”), a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. (“Merck”), sponsors the Merck & Co., Inc., U.S. Separation Benefits Plan (Amended and Restated as of January 1, 2019) (the “Plan”);

WHEREAS, pursuant to Article 8.1 of the Plan, the Company (or its duly authorized representative) has reserved the right to amend or terminate the Plan at any time;

WHEREAS, pursuant to the grant of authority of Merck’s Chief Executive Officer, the Company has delegated the authority to amend the Plan to the Merck & Co., Inc. Executive Oversight Committee (the “Executive Committee”) in accordance with its charter;

WHEREAS, in accordance with its charter the Executive Committee has delegated to the Merck & Co., Inc. Oversight Committee (the “Committee”) the authority to make certain amendments to the Plan in accordance with the charter of the Committee; and

WHEREAS, the Committee desires to ratify and adopt the amendment to the Plan described herein.

NOW, THEREFORE, an amendment to the Plan be and hereby is ratified and adopted and is incorporated as follows:

1.A new definition of Acceleron Pharma Inc. Employee and Vence employee is hereby

added to the Plan’s Article II in the correct alphabetical order to read as follows:

“Acceleron Pharma Inc. Employee” means an Eligible Employee who was formerly an employee of Acceleron Pharma Inc. who became an employee of Merck & Co, Inc. or one of its subsidiaries in 2021 and continues to be employed by such entity until his/her Separation Date, and as of his/her Separation Date is employed by an Employer.”

“Vence Employee” means an Eligible Employee who was formerly an employee of Vence who became an employee of Merck & Co, Inc. or one of its subsidiaries in 2022 and continues to be employed by such entity until his/her Separation Date, and as of his/her Separation Date is employed by an Employer.”

2.Section 2.10 “Complete Years of Continuous Service” of the Plan is hereby amended

In its entirety to read as follows:

“2.10 “Complete Years of Continuous Service” means (a) for a Legacy Schering Employee, a year from the Participant’s Most Recent Hire Date with a Legacy Schering Entity to its anniversary, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next, (b) for a Legacy Merck Employee, a year from the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Legacy Merck Entity to its anniversary, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next, (c) for a Legacy Inspire Employee, a year from the Participant’s Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity to its anniversary, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next, (d) for a Legacy Quantified Ag, Antelliq Corporation, ArQule, Inc., Pandion Employee, IdentiGEN, Acceleron Pharma Inc. or Vence from the Participant’s Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next and (e) for a Non-Legacy Company Employee, from the Participant’s Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity, and thereafter from each anniversary to the next.”

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3.    Section 2.11 “Continuous Service” of the Plan is hereby amended in its entirety to read as follows:

“2.11 “Continuous Service” means (a) for a Legacy Schering Employee, the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Legacy Schering Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Legacy Schering Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database, (b) for a Legacy Merck Employee, the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Legacy Merck Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Legacy Merck Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database, (c) for a Legacy Inspire Employee, the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Merck Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database, (d) for a Legacy Quantified Ag, Antelliq Corporation, ArQule, Inc., Pandion, IdentiGEN, Acceleron Pharma or Vence Employee, the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Legacy and Merck Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database, and (e) for a Non-Legacy Company Employee, the period of a Participant's continuous employment with a Merck Entity commencing on the Participant's Most Recent Hire Date with a Merck Entity and ending on the Separation Date as reflected on the Employer’s employee database. For the avoidance of doubt, service prior to November 4, 2009 by a Legacy Schering Employee with a Legacy Merck Entity or a Legacy Merck Employee with a Legacy Schering Entity is excluded from “Continuous Service.” Notwithstanding anything contained in this Plan to the contrary, employment with a Legacy Schering Entity, Legacy Merck Entity or a Merck Entity as an Excluded Person does not count as "Continuous Service."

4.    Section 2.29 “Most Recent Hire Date” of the Plan is hereby amended in its entirety to read as follows:

“2.29 Most Recent Hire Date” means (a) for a Legacy Schering Employee, his or her most recent hire date at a Legacy Schering Entity or an entity acquired by a Legacy Schering Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system, (b) for a Legacy Merck Employee, his or her most recent hire date at a Legacy Merck Entity or an entity acquired by a Legacy Merck Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system, (c) for a Legacy Inspire Employee, his or her most recent hire date at a Merck Entity or an entity acquired by a Merck Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system, (d) for a Legacy Quantified Ag, Antelliq Corporation or ArQule, Inc. Employee his or her most recent hire date at a Merck Entity or an entity acquired by a Merck Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system, (d) for a Legacy Pandion, IdentiGEN, Acceleron Pharma, Inc. or Vence Employee his or her most recent hire date at a Merck Entity or an entity acquired by a Merck Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system, and (e) for a Non-Legacy Company Employee, his or her most recent hire date at a Merck Entity or an entity acquired by a Merck Entity as reflected on the Employer’s employee data system. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the most recent hire date for a Legacy Merck Employee who was employed by a Legacy Merck Entity on December 31, 1997, transferred from that entity to Merial as of January 1, 1998, remained continuously employed by Merial through the date he or she transferred employment from Merial to a Legacy Merck Entity and whose transfer to a Legacy Merck Entity occurred between October 1, 2000 and June 1, 2001, is his or her most recent hire date on the Employer's employee data system at a Legacy Merck Entity prior to his or her transfer to Merial. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the most recent hire date for a Legacy Merck Employee who was employed by a Legacy Merck Entity on December 31, 2007, transferred from that entity to PRWT as of January 1, 2008, remained continuously employed by PRWT through September 3, 2010 and who was rehired by a Legacy Merck Entity as of September 3, 2010, is his or her most recent hire date on the Employer’s employee data system at a Legacy Merck Entity prior to his or her transfer to PRWT.”

2

Section 3.1(a) Eligibility of the Plan is hereby amended in its entirety to read as follows:

“3.1(a) Eligibility.

(a) An Eligible Employee will be eligible for Separation Plan Benefits described in Section 4 (excluding Section 4.5) when he/she experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring; provided, however, that (1) a Legacy Inspire Employee will be eligible for Separation Plan Benefits described in Section 4 (excluding Section 4.5) only if he/she experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring on or after May 17, 2013, (2) a Legacy Quantified Ag, Antelliq Corporation or ArQule, Inc. Employee will be eligible for Separation Plan Benefits described in Section 4 (excluding Section 4.5) only if he/she experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring after the date in 2020 as of which he/she first became entitled to benefits under the Plan and which is set forth on Schedule A to the Plan and provided further that in no case shall an eligible Legacy ArQule, Inc. Employee receive benefits under the Plan equal to less than six months of Annual Base Salary, (3) a Legacy Pandion, IdentiGEN, Acceleron or Vence Employee will be eligible for Separation Plan Benefits described in Section 4 (excluding Section 4.5) only if he/she experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring after the date as of which he/she first became entitled to benefits under the Plan and which is set forth on Schedule A to the Plan and provided further that in the case of a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring that occurs on or before April 1, 2022 (i) an eligible Legacy Pandion Employee shall receive benefits under the Plan equal to no less than 26 weeks of Annual Base Salary and (ii) notwithstanding the foregoing clause (iii), the two individuals specified in Section 7.1(a) of the Company Disclosure Letter to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of February 24, 2021 among Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Panama Merger Sub, Inc. and Pandion Therapeutics, Inc. shall receive benefits under the Plan equal to no less than 39 weeks of Annual Base Salary if and only if such individuals otherwise qualify as eligible Legacy Pandion Employees, and (4) a Legacy IdentiGEN Employee will be eligible for Separation Plan Benefits described in Section 4 (excluding Section 4.5) only if he/she experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring after the date in 2021 as of which he/she first became entitled to benefits under the Plan and which is set forth on Schedule A to the Plan A Grandfathered Legacy Schering Employee will be eligible for Separation Plan Benefits described in Section 4 (excluding Section 4.5) if he or she experiences a Grandfathered Legacy Schering Termination. Separation Plan Benefits shall be provided under this Plan to an Eligible Employee who experiences a Termination due to Workforce Restructuring or to a Grandfathered Legacy Schering Employee who experiences a Grandfathered Legacy Schering Termination, in each case only if the Eligible Employee or Grandfathered Legacy Schering Employee has executed and, if a revocation period is applicable, not revoked a Release of Claims in a form satisfactory to the Employer or Parent in its sole and nonreviewable discretion. An Eligible Employee or a Grandfathered Legacy Schering Employee who has executed and, if a revocation period is applicable, not revoked a Release of Claims is a Participant.”

3.Schedule A of the Plan is hereby updated to read as follows:

“SCHEDULE A

List of participating Employers:

All U. S. direct and indirect wholly owned subsidiaries of Merck & Co. Inc. excluding the following and their subsidiaries:

•Antimicrobial Stewardship, LLC

•Merck Global Health Innovation Fund LLC (and its subsidiaries)

•Peloton Therapeutics, Inc. (and its subsidiaries) for the period of time after the date Peloton Therapeutics, Inc. became a subsidiary of the Company and before January 1, 2020

3

•Effective for the period between June 17, 2020 through September 30, 2020, Quantified Ag. Effective as of October 1, 2020, Quantified Ag became an employer under the Plan.

•Effective for the period between April 1, 2019, through June 30, 2020 Antelliq Corporation. Effective as of July 1, 2020, Antelliq Corporation became an employer under the Plan.

•Effective for the period between January 1, 2020, through January 31, 2020 ArQule, Inc. Effective as of February 1, 2020, ArQule, Inc. became an employer under the Plan.

•Effective February 25, 2021, Pandion, Inc. became an employer under the Plan

•Effective for the period between August 5, 2020, through December 31, 2021 IdentiGEN Effective as of January 1, 2022, IdentiGEN, Inc. became an employer under the Plan

•Effective as of November 19, 2022, Acceleron Pharma Inc. became an employer under the Plan

•Effective January 1, 2023, Vence shall become and employer under the Plan”

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Merck & Co, Inc. Oversight Committee has caused this Amendment 2022-2 of the Merck & Co., Inc. U.S. Separation Benefits Plan (Amended and Restated as of January 1, 2019)(the “Plan”); to be executed as of the 13th day of December, 2021

By/s/ Michael Arseneault

Michael Arseneault

Counsel, Global Compensation & Employee Benefits/Merck Office of General Counsel

4

EX-10.23

Exhibit 10.23

TERMS FOR

2019 STOCK OPTION CEO GRANT

UNDER THE

MERCK & CO., INC. 2010 INCENTIVE STOCK PLAN

This is a summary of the terms applicable to the stock option specified in this document. Different terms may apply to any prior or future stock option.

Grant Type:	CEO Grant	Exercisable Date	Portion Becoming Exercisable
Option Price:	$77.62	May 3, 2020	First: 33.333%
Grant Date:	May 3, 2019	May 3, 2021	Second: 33.333%
Expiration Date:	November 30, 2027	May 3, 2022	Balance

I.GENERAL INFORMATION

IMPORTANT NOTICE: This grant requires you to affirmatively accept it. You MUST log onto the Morgan Stanley website at (http://www.morganstanley.com/spc/knowledge/managing- equity/managing-your-existing-awards/accepting-awards- grants/) to accept the grant.

Follow the procedure described on the Morgan Stanley website to accept your stock option within 90 days. Failure to accept the terms and conditions of your stock option within 90 days may result in forfeiture of the stock option.

This stock option expires on its Expiration Date, which is the day before the tenth anniversary of the Grant Date. If your employment with the Company is terminated, your right to exercise this stock option will be determined according to the terms in Section II. The vesting and exercisability of this option is also subject to the Restrictive Covenants set forth in Appendix B.

Eligibility: Eligibility for grants is determined under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2010 Incentive Stock Plan for employees of the Company, its subsidiaries, its affiliates or its joint ventures if designated by the Compensation and Benefits Committee of Merck’s Board of Directors, or its delegate (the “Committee”).

Subject to Recoupment, Forfeiture and Clawback: This Stock Option Award will be subject to recoupment in the event of certain violations of Company policy in accordance with the Company’s policy for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations, as set forth in Appendix A (as may be amended from time to time).

II.VESTING; EXERCISE; EMPLOYMENT TERMINATION

A.Vesting: This option will vest in its entirety if your employment continues through December 31, 2019, or immediately if you die before then.

B.Exercisability. This option will become exercisable in equal installments (subject to a rounding process) on the Exercisable Dates indicated in the accompanying box above.

C.Termination. Any portion of this option that is vested will expire unless exercised before the New York Stock Exchange closes (the “Close of Business”) on the day before the fifth anniversary of the date your employment terminates due to your retirement (the “Termination Date”) but in no event after the Expiration Date. Close of Business for any day on which the New York Stock Exchange is not open means the close of business prior to that date when the Exchange is open.

D.Misconduct. If your employment is terminated as a result of your deliberate, willful or gross misconduct, this stock option (whether vested or unvested) will expire immediately upon your receipt of notice of such termination.

E.Death. If your employment terminates as a result of your death, the portion of this stock option that is unvested will vest immediately upon your death. Whether already vested on the date of your death or vested as a result of your death, this stock option will expire on the day before the second anniversary of your death, even if such date is later than the Original Expiration date. you die while any portion of this stock option remains outstanding, but after your employment terminates, the

portion that remains outstanding after such employment termination will become immediately exercisable and will continue to be exercisable until the expiration date prescribed in paragraph C (and at least a year from your death in those jurisdictions where such extension is required by law).

F.Change in Control. If the Company involuntarily terminates your employment without Cause before the second anniversary after the closing of a change in control, each unvested Stock Option that is outstanding immediately prior to the change in control will immediately become fully vested and exercisable. All options, including options vested prior to such time, will expire on the day before the fifth anniversary of the termination of your employment following a change in control (but not beyond the Expiration Date). This extended exercise period does not apply in the case of termination under Paragraph C. If this stock option does not remain outstanding following the change in control and is not converted into a successor stock option, then you will be entitled to receive cash for this option in an amount at least equal to the difference between the price paid to stockholders in the change in control and the Option Price of this stock option. A "change in control" has the same meaning that it has under the Merck & Co., Inc. Change in Control Separation Benefits Plan (excluding an MSD Change in Control).

G.Joint Venture. Employment with a joint venture or other entity in which the Company has determined that it has a significant business or ownership interest (a “JV”) is not considered termination of employment for purposes of this stock option. If you transfer employment from the Company to a JV or from a JV to the Company, such employment must be approved by, and contiguous with employment by, the Company or the JV. The terms set out in paragraphs A through F above apply to this stock option while the option holder is employed by the JV.

III. TRANSFERABILITY

This stock option is not transferable and may not be assigned or otherwise transferred except, under specific terms, by executives who hold or who retired within the prior 12 months from a Section 16 officer position.

IV.ELECTRONIC ACCEPTANCE

The Company may, in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to the stock option or future options that may be granted under the Plan by electronic means or request your consent to participate in the Plan by electronic means. You hereby consent to receive such documents by electronic delivery and agree to participate in the Plan through an online or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or a third party designated by the Company.

V.ADMINISTRATION

The Committee is responsible for construing and interpreting this grant, including the right to construe disputed or doubtful plan provisions, and may establish, amend and construe such rules and regulations as it may deem necessary or desirable for the proper administration of this grant. Any decision or action taken or to be taken by the Committee, arising out of or in connection with the construction, administration, interpretation and effect of this grant shall, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, be within its absolute discretion (except as otherwise specifically provided herein) and shall be final, binding and conclusive upon the Company, all eligible employees and any person claiming under or through any eligible employee. All determinations by the Committee including, without limitation, determinations of the eligible employees, the form, amount and timing of incentives, the terms and provisions of incentives and the writings evidencing incentives, need not be uniform and may be made selectively among eligible employees who receive, or are eligible to receive, Incentives hereunder, whether or not such eligible employees are similarly situated.

VI.GRANTS NOT PART OF EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT

Notwithstanding reference to grants of incentives in letters offering employment or in specific employment agreements, incentives do not constitute part of any employment contract between the Company or JV and the grantee, whether the employment contract arises as a matter of agreement or applicable law. The value of any grant or of the proceeds of any exercise of Incentives are not included in calculating compensation for purposes of pension payments, separation pay, termination indemnities or other similar payments due upon termination of employment.

This stock option is subject to the provisions of the 2010 Incentive Stock Plan, including but not limited to choice of law. For further information regarding your stock options, you may access the Merck Global Long-Term Incentives homepage via http://one.merck.com.

APPENDIX A

RECOUPMENT OF COMPENSATION FOR COMPLIANCE VIOLATIONS

POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

Policy

It is the policy of the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Committee”) that the Committee will exercise its discretion to determine whether to seek Recoupment of any bonus and/or other incentive compensation paid or awarded to an Affected Employee with respect to any performance period beginning after December 31, 2013, where it determines, in consultation with the Audit Committee, that: a) the Affected Employee engaged in misconduct, or failed to reasonably supervise an employee who engaged in misconduct, that resulted in a Material Policy Violation relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products; and b) the Committee concludes that the Material Policy Violation caused Significant Harm to the Company, as those terms are defined in this policy. The Committee’s exercise of its discretion may take into account any considerations determined by the Committee to be relevant.

Definitions

1.“Recoupment” is defined to include any and all of the following actions to the extent permitted by law: (a) reducing the amount of a current or future bonus or other cash or non- cash incentive compensation award, (b) requiring reimbursement of a bonus or other cash-based incentive compensation award paid with respect to the most recently completed performance period, (c) cancelling all or a portion of a future-vesting equity award, (d) cancelling all or a portion of an equity award that vested within the previous twelve-month period, (e) requiring return of shares paid upon vesting and/or reimbursement of any proceeds received from the sale of an equity award, in each case that vested within the previous twelve-month period, and (f) any other method of reducing the total compensation paid to an employee for any prior twelve- month period or any current or future period.

2.A “Material Policy Violation” is defined as a material violation of a Company policy relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products.

3.An “Affected Employee” is an employee in Band 600 or higher who (i) engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation; or (ii) failed in his or her supervisory responsibilities to reasonably manage or monitor the conduct of an employee who engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation.

4.“Significant Harm” means a significant negative impact on the Company’s financial operating results or reputation.

Procedures

1.The Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, shall administer this policy and have full discretion to interpret and to make any and all determinations under this policy, subject to the approval of the full Board of Directors in the case of a determination to seek or waive Recoupment from the Chief Executive Officer.

2.The General Counsel, in consultation with the Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer and the Executive Vice President, Human Resources, is responsible for determining whether to refer a matter to the Committee for review under this policy and for assisting the Committee with its review. The Committee may consult with other Board Committees and any external or internal advisors as it deems appropriate.

3.If the Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, determines that there is a basis for seeking Recoupment under this policy, the Committee shall exercise its discretion to determine for each Affected Employee, on an individual basis, whether, and to what extent and in which manner, to seek Recoupment.

4.In exercising its discretion, the Committee may take into consideration, as it deems appropriate, all of the facts and circumstances of the particular matter and the general interests of the Company.

Delegation to Management for Certain Recoupment Decisions

The Committee hereby delegates to the Chief Executive Officer (who may further delegate as he deems appropriate) the authority to administer this policy and to make any and all decisions under it regarding Affected Employees who are not Section 16 Officers of the Company. Section 16 Officers are employees of the Company who are subject to Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Management shall report to the Committee on any affirmative decisions to seek recoupment pursuant to this delegation.

Disclosure of Recoupment Decisions

The Company will comply with all applicable securities laws and regulations, including Securities and Exchange Commission disclosure requirements regarding executive compensation. The Company may also, but is not obligated to, provide additional disclosure beyond that required by law when the Company deems it to be appropriate and determines that such disclosure is in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders.

Miscellaneous

Nothing in this policy shall limit or otherwise affect any of the following: 1) management’s ability to take any disciplinary action with respect to any Affected Employee; 2) the Committee’s ability to use its negative discretion with respect to any incentive compensation performance target at any time; or 3) the Committee’s or management’s ability to reduce the amount (in whole or in part) of a current or future bonus or other cash or non-cash incentive compensation award to any executive or other employee for any reason as they may deem appropriate and to the extent permitted by law. Nothing in this policy shall replace or otherwise limit or affect the Clawback Policy for EIP Awards Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results and/or the Clawback Policy for PSUs upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results.

APPENDIX B

RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS

You agree that to the extent permitted by law, during your employment with the Company and/or one of its affiliates and until this Award is fully exercisable (the “Restricted Period”) you will not, without the prior written consent of the Board, engage, directly or indirectly, whether as officer, director, board member, owner, principal, agent, distributor, representative, consultant, employee, partner, advisor or in any other capacity with any company that is directly or indirectly engaged in the business of researching, developing, producing, marketing or selling any products, technology or services that competes with or upon commercialization will compete with any (a) product, technology  or service developed,  marketed or sold by the Company or any of its Affiliates or (b) product, technology or service known by you to be in development by the Company or any of its Affiliates .  Nothing herein will prohibit you from acquiring or holding not more than 1 percent of any class of publicly traded securities of any business.

During the Restricted Period, you will not, directly or indirectly, solicit, or induce any other person to solicit, any employee of the Company or its affiliates to leave his or her employment.

Forfeiture. If the Company determines that you have violated the restrictive covenants set forth in this Appendix B, then you agree and covenant that any Unexercisable portion of this Award will be immediately forfeited. This remedy is not the Company’s exclusive remedy. The Company reserves all other rights and remedies available to it at law or in equity.

EX-10.24

Exhibit 10.24

TERMS FOR

2019 RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT GRANTS

UNDER THE MERCK & CO., INC. 2010 INCENTIVE STOCK PLAN

This is a summary of the terms applicable to the Restricted Stock Unit (RSU) Award specified in this document. Different terms may apply to any prior or future RSU Awards.

Grant Type:	RSU
Grant Date:	May 3, 2019
Vesting Date	Portion that Vests
May 3, 2020	First: 33.333%
May 3, 2021	Second: 33.333%
May 3, 2022	Balance

Eligibility: Eligibility for grants is determined under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2010 Incentive Stock Plan for employees of the Company, its subsidiaries, its affiliates or its joint ventures if designated by the Compensation and Benefits Committee of Merck’s Board of Directors, or its delegate (the “Committee”).

I.GENERAL INFORMATION

IMPORTANT NOTICE: This grant requires you to affirmatively accept it. You MUST log onto the Morgan Stanley website at

(http://www.morganstanley.com/spc/knowledge/managing-equity/managing-your-existing-awards/accepting-awards-grants/) to accept the grant.

Follow the procedure described on the Morgan Stanley website to accept your RSU Award within 90 days. Failure to accept the terms and conditions of your RSU Award within 90 days may result in Forfeiture of the RS Award.

A.Restricted Period. The Restricted Period is the period during which this RSU Award is restricted and subject to forfeiture. The Restricted Period ends with respect to one-third of this RSU Award on each of the First, Second and Third anniversaries of the Grant Date as shown in the box above, unless ended earlier under Article II below. No voting rights apply to this RSU Award. No fractional shares will be awarded: all calculations are subject to rounding.

B.Dividend Equivalents. During the Restricted Period, dividend equivalents will be accrued for the holder (“you”) if and to the extent dividends are paid by the Company on Merck Common Stock. Payment of such dividends will be made, without interest or earnings, at the time of distribution. If any portion of this RSU Award lapses, is forfeited or expires, no dividend equivalents will be credited or paid on such portion. Any payment of dividend equivalents will be reduced to the extent necessary for the Company to satisfy any tax or other withholding obligations.

C.Distribution. Upon the expiration of the Restricted Period if you are then employed, you will be entitled to receive a number of shares of Merck common stock equal to the number of RSUs that have become unrestricted and the dividend equivalents that accrued on that portion. Prior to distribution, you must deliver to the Company an amount the Company determines to be sufficient to satisfy any amount required to be withheld, including applicable taxes. The Company may, in its sole discretion, withhold from the RSU Award distribution a number of shares to pay applicable withholding (including taxes).

D.409A Compliance. Anything to the contrary notwithstanding, no distribution of RSUs may be made unless in compliance with Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code or any successor thereto. Specifically, distributions made due to a separation from service (as defined in Section 409A) to a “Specified Employee” as defined in Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.409A-1(i) or

any successor thereto, to the extent required by Section 409A of the Code will not be made until administratively feasible following the first day of the sixth month following the separation from service, in the same form as they would have been made had this restriction not applied; provided further, that dividend equivalents that otherwise would have accrued will accrue during the period during which distribution is suspended.

E.Subject to Recoupment. For employees in Band 600 and above, this RSU Award will be subject to recoupment in the event of certain violations of Company policy in accordance with the Company’s policy for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations, as set forth in Appendix A (as may be amended from time to time).

II.TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT

If your employment with the Company is terminated during the Restricted Period, your right to this RSU Award will be determined according to the terms in this Section II.

A.General Rule. If your employment is terminated during the Restricted Period for any reason other than those specified in the following paragraphs, the unvested portion of this RSU Award (and any accrued dividend equivalents) will be forfeited on the date your employment ends. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this grant nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

B.Sale. If your employment is terminated during the Restricted Period and the Company determines that such termination resulted from the sale of your subsidiary, division or joint venture, the following portion of your RSU Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be distributed to you at such time as it would have been paid if your employment had continued: one-third if employment terminates on or after the Grant Date but before the first anniversary thereof; and all if employment terminates on or after the first anniversary of the Grant Date. The remainder will be forfeited on the date your employment ends. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this grant nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

C.Involuntary Termination. If the company determines that your employment is involuntarily terminated during the Restricted Period but on or after the First Anniversary , a pro rata portion of your unvested RSU Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be distributed to you at such time as they would have been paid if your employment had continued. The pro rata portion will equal the full amount of this RSU Award (whether or not vested) times the number of completed months during the Restricted Period and prior to the date employment terminates, divided by 36; reduced by the number of RSUs that have vested pursuant to Paragraph A. The remainder and any accrued dividends will be forfeited on the date your employment ends. An “involuntary termination” includes termination of your employment by the Company as the result of a restructuring or job elimination, but excludes non-performance of your duties and the reasons listed under paragraphs B, or D through H of this section. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this grant nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

D.Retirement. If your employment terminates by retirement during the Restricted Period, a pro rata portion of your unvested RSU Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be distributed to you at such time as they would have been paid if your employment had continued. The pro rata portion will equal the full amount of this RSU Award (whether or not vested)

times the number of completed months during the Restricted Period and prior to the date employment terminates, divided by 36; reduced by the number of RSUs that have vested pursuant to Paragraph A. The remainder and any accrued dividends will be forfeited on the date your employment ends. For grantees who are employed in the U.S., “retirement” means a termination of employment after attaining the earliest of (a) age 55 with at least 10 years of service (b) such age and service that provides eligibility for subsidized retiree medical coverage or (c) age 65 without regard to years of service. For other grantees, “retirement” is determined by the Company. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this grant nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

E.Death. If your employment terminates due to your death during the Restricted Period, all of this RSU Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be distributed to your estate as soon as possible after your death. If you die during the Restricted Period but after your employment terminates for the reasons listed under paragraphs B, C, D, G or H of this section, the remaining, non-forfeited portion of this RSU Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be distributed to your estate as soon as possible after your death.

F.Misconduct. If your employment is terminated as a result of your deliberate, willful or gross misconduct, this RSU Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be forfeited immediately upon your receipt of notice of such termination.

G.Disability. If your employment is terminated during the Restricted Period and the Company determines that such termination resulted from inability to perform the material duties of your role by reason of a physical or mental infirmity that is expected to last for at least six months or to result in your death, whether or not you are eligible for disability benefits from any applicable disability program, then this RSU Award will continue and be distributable in accordance with its terms as if employment had continued and will be distributed at the time active RSU Grantees receive distributions with respect to this RSU Award.

H.Change in Control. If the Company involuntarily terminates your employment during the Restricted Period without Cause before the second anniversary after the closing of any change in control, then this RSU Award will continue in accordance with its terms as if employment had continued and will be distributed at the time active RSU Grantees receive distributions with respect to this RSU Award. If this RSU does not remain outstanding following the change in control and is not converted into a successor RSU, then you will be entitled to receive cash for this RSU in an amount equal to the fair market value of the consideration paid to Merck stockholders for a share of Merck common stock in the change in control payable within 30 days of the closing of the change in control. On the second anniversary of the closing of the change in control, this paragraph shall expire. Change in control is defined in the Merck & Co., Inc. Change in Control Separation Benefits Plan (excluding an MSD Change in Control), but if RSUs are considered “deferred compensation” under Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code, the definition of change in control will be modified to the extent necessary to comply with Section 409A.

I.Joint Venture. Employment with a joint venture or other entity in which the Company has a significant business or ownership interest is not considered termination of employment for purposes of this RSU Award. Such employment must be approved by, and contiguous with employment by, the Company. The terms set out in paragraphs A-H above apply to this RSU Award while you are employed by the joint venture or other entity.

III.TRANSFERABILITY

This RSU Award is not transferable and may not be assigned or otherwise transferred.

IV. ELECTRONIC ACCEPTANCE

The Company may, in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to the RSU or future RSUs that may be granted under the Plan by electronic means or request your consent to participate in the Plan by electronic means. You hereby consent to receive such documents by electronic delivery and agree to participate in the Plan through an online or

electronic system established and maintained by the Company or a third party designated by the Company.

V.ADMINISTRATION

The Committee is responsible for construing and interpreting this grant, including the right to construe disputed or doubtful plan provisions, and may establish, amend and construe such rules and regulations as it may deem necessary or desirable for the proper administration of this grant. Any decision or action taken or to be taken by the Committee, arising out of or in connection with the construction, administration, interpretation and effect of this grant shall, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, be within its absolute discretion (except as otherwise specifically provided herein) and shall be final, binding and conclusive upon the Company, all eligible employees and any person claiming under or through any eligible employee. All determinations by the Committee including, without limitation, determinations of the eligible employees, the form, amount and timing of incentives, the terms and provisions of incentives and the writings evidencing incentives, need not be uniform and may be made selectively among eligible employees who receive, or are eligible to receive, Incentives hereunder, whether or not such eligible employees are similarly situated.

VI. GRANTS NOT PART OF EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT

Notwithstanding reference to grants of incentives in letters offering employment or in specific employment agreements, incentives do not constitute part of any employment contract between the Company or JV and the grantee, whether the employment contract arises as a matter of agreement or applicable law. The value of any grant or of the proceeds of any exercise of incentives are not included in calculating compensation for purposes of pension payments, separation pay, termination indemnities or other similar payments due upon termination of employment.

This RSU Award is subject to the provisions of the 2010 Incentive Stock Plan. For further information regarding your RSU Award, you may access the Merck Global Long-Term Incentives homepage via http://one.merck.com

Appendix A

Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations

POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

Policy

It is the policy of the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Committee”) that the Committee will exercise its discretion to determine whether to seek Recoupment of any bonus and/or other incentive compensation paid or awarded to an Affected Employee with respect to any performance period beginning after December 31, 2013, where it determines, in consultation with the Audit Committee, that: a) the Affected Employee engaged in misconduct, or failed to reasonably supervise an employee who engaged in misconduct, that resulted in a Material Policy Violation relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products; and b) the Committee concludes that the Material Policy Violation caused Significant Harm to the Company, as those terms are defined in this policy. The Committee’s exercise of its discretion may take into account any considerations determined by the Committee to be relevant.

Definitions

1.“Recoupment” is defined to include any and all of the following actions to the extent permitted by law: (a) reducing the amount of a current or future bonus or other cash or non-cash incentive compensation award, (b) requiring reimbursement of a bonus or other cash-based incentive compensation award paid with respect to the most recently completed performance period, (c) cancelling all or a portion of a future-vesting equity award, (d) cancelling all or a portion of an equity award that vested within the previous twelve- month period, (e) requiring return of shares paid upon vesting and/or reimbursement of any proceeds received from the sale of an equity award, in each case that vested within the previous twelve-month period, and (f) any other method of reducing the total compensation paid to an employee for any prior twelve-month period or any current or future period.

2.A “Material Policy Violation” is defined as a material violation of a Company policy relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products.

3.An “Affected Employee” is an employee in Band 600 or higher who (i) engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation; or (ii) failed in his or her supervisory responsibilities to reasonably manage or monitor the conduct of an employee who engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation.

4.“Significant Harm” means a significant negative impact on the Company’s financial operating results or reputation.

Procedures

1.The Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, shall administer this policy and have full discretion to interpret and to make any and all determinations under this policy, subject to the approval of the full Board of Directors in the case of a determination to seek or waive Recoupment from the Chief Executive Officer.

2.The General Counsel, in consultation with the Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer and the Executive Vice President, Human Resources, is responsible for determining whether to refer a matter to the Committee for review under this policy and for assisting the Committee with its review. The Committee may consult with other Board Committees and any external or internal advisors as it deems appropriate.

3.If the Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, determines that there is a basis for seeking Recoupment under this policy, the Committee shall exercise its discretion to determine for each Affected Employee, on an

individual basis, whether, and to what extent and in which manner, to seek Recoupment.

4.In exercising its discretion, the Committee may take into consideration, as it deems appropriate, all of the facts and circumstances of the particular matter and the general interests of the Company.

Delegation to Management for Certain Recoupment Decisions The Committee hereby delegates to the Chief Executive Officer (who may further delegate as he deems appropriate) the authority to administer this policy and to make any and all decisions under it regarding Affected Employees who are not Section 16 Officers of the Company. Section 16 Officers are employees of the Company who are subject to Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Management shall report to the Committee on any affirmative decisions to seek Recoupment pursuant to this delegation.

Disclosure of Recoupment Decisions

The Company will comply with all applicable securities laws and regulations, including Securities and Exchange Commission disclosure requirements regarding executive compensation. The Company may also, but is not obligated to, provide additional disclosure beyond that required by law when the Company deems it to be appropriate and determines that such disclosure is in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders.

Miscellaneous

Nothing in this policy shall limit or otherwise affect any of the following: 1) management’s ability to take any disciplinary action with respect to any Affected Employee; 2) the Committee’s ability to use its negative discretion with respect to any incentive compensation performance target at any time; or 3) the Committee’s or management’s ability to reduce the amount (in whole or in part) of a current or future bonus or other cash or non- cash incentive compensation award to any executive or other employee for any reason as they may deem appropriate and to the extent permitted by law. Nothing in this policy shall replace or otherwise limit or affect the Clawback Policy for EIP Awards Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results and/or the Clawback Policy for PSUs Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results.

EX-10.25

Exhibit 10.25

TERMS FOR

2020 NON-QUALIFIED STOCK OPTION (NQSO) GRANTS

UNDER THE MERCK & CO., INC. 2019 INCENTIVE STOCK PLAN

This is a summary of the terms applicable to the stock option specified in this document. Different terms may apply to any prior or future stock option.

Grant Type:	NQSO – Annual
Option Price:	$77.67
Grant Date:	May 1, 2020
Expiration Date:	April 31, 2030
Vesting Dates	Portion that Vests
May 1, 2021	First: 33.333%
May 1, 2022	Second: 33.333%
May 1, 2023	Third: Balance

I.GENERAL INFORMATION

IMPORTANT NOTICE: This grant requires you to affirmatively accept it. You MUST log onto the Morgan Stanley website at:

(http://www.morganstanley.com/spc/knowledge/managing-equity/managing-your-existing-awards/accepting-awards-grants/) to accept the grant.

Follow the procedure described on the Morgan Stanley website to accept your stock option within 90 days. Failure to accept the terms and conditions of your stock option within 90 days may result in Forfeiture of the stock option.

This stock option becomes exercisable in equal installments (subject to a rounding process) on the Vesting Dates indicated in the accompanying box. This stock option expires on its Expiration Date, which is the day before the tenth anniversary of the Grant Date. If your employment with the Company is terminated, your right to exercise this stock option will be determined according to the terms in Section II.

Eligibility: Eligibility for grants is determined under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan for employees of the Company, its subsidiaries, its affiliates or its joint ventures if designated by the Compensation and Benefits Committee of Merck’s Board of Directors, or its delegate (the “Committee”).

Subject to Recoupment: For employees in Band 600 and above, this Stock Option Award will be subject to recoupment in the event of certain violations of Company policy in accordance with the Company’s policy for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations, as set forth in Appendix A (as may be amended from time to time).

II.TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT

A.General Rule. If your employment is terminated for any reason other than those specified in the following paragraphs, the portion of this stock option that is unvested will expire on the date your employment ends; the portion of this stock option that is vested will expire unless exercised before the New York Stock Exchange closes (the “Close of Business”) on the day before the same day of the third month (“Within Three Months”) after the date of the termination (but in no event after the expiration of the Option Period). Close of Business for any day on which the New York Stock Exchange is not open means the close of business prior to that date when the Exchange is open. Where there is no corresponding day of a month, the last day of the month is deemed to be the same day as a later date (e.g., November 28, 29 and 30 all correspond to February 28 in non-leap years). If you are rehired by the Company or JV, this option nevertheless will expire unless exercised Within Three Months, or the original Expiration Date if earlier.

B.Retirement. If you retire from service with the Company the portion of this stock option that would have become exercisable according to its original schedule within one year of the date your employment terminates will vest and become exercisable on its applicable Vesting Date and the remainder will expire immediately. Whether already vested on the date your employment terminates or vested as a result of such retirement, this option will expire on the earlier of (a) the day before the fifth anniversary of the termination date or (b) its original Expiration Date. For grantees who are employed in the U.S., “retirement” means a termination of employment after attaining the earliest of (a) age 55 with at least 10 years of service (b) such age and service that provides eligibility for subsidized retiree medical coverage or (c) age 65 without regard to years of service. For other grantees, “retirement” is determined by the Company. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this option nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

C.Involuntary Termination. If your employment is terminated by the Company and the Company determines that such termination was involuntary, including the result of a restructuring or job elimination, but excluding non-performance of your duties and the reasons listed under paragraphs B or D through H, the portion of this stock option that is unvested will expire on the date your employment ends; the portion of this stock option that is vested will expire on the day before the one year anniversary of the date your employment ends, but in no event later than the original Expiration Date. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this option nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

D.Sale. If your employment is terminated and the Company determines that such termination resulted from the sale of your subsidiary, division or joint venture, the following portion of this stock option award will vest and become exercisable immediately upon such termination: one-third if employment terminates on or after the Grant Date but before the first anniversary thereof; and all if employment terminates on or after the first anniversary of the Grant Date. Whether already vested on the date your employment terminates or vested as a result of such sale, this stock option will expire the day before the first anniversary of the date your employment with the Company ends, but in no event later than the original Expiration Date. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Committee may determine, for purposes of this stock option grant, whether employment with an entity that is established from the Company’s spin off, split off, split up or distribution of equity securities in connection with that entity constitutes a termination of employment, and may make adjustments, if any, as it deems appropriate, at the time of the distribution of such equity securities, in the kind and/or number of shares subject to this option, and/or in the option price of such option. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this option nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

E.Misconduct. If your employment is terminated as a result of your deliberate, willful or gross misconduct, this stock option (whether vested or unvested) will expire immediately upon your receipt of notice of such termination.

F.Death. If your employment terminates as a result of your death, the portion of this stock option that is unvested will vest immediately upon your death. Whether already vested on the date of your death or vested as a result of your death, this stock option will expire on the day before the second anniversary of your death, even if such date is later than the Original Expiration date. This stock option will expire on such earlier date than otherwise specified in this paragraph as may be required under applicable non-U.S. law (e.g., in France, six months from the date of death). If you die while any portion of this stock option remains outstanding, but after your employment terminates for the reasons listed under paragraphs B, C, D, G or H of this section, the portion that remains outstanding after such employment termination will become immediately exercisable and will continue to be exercisable until the expiration date prescribed in paragraph B, C, D, G or H as applicable (and at least a year from your death in those jurisdictions where such extension is required by law).

G.Disability. If your employment is terminated and the Company determines that such termination resulted from your inability to perform the material duties of your role by reason of a physical or mental infirmity that is expected to last for at least six months or to result in your death, whether or not you are eligible for disability benefits from any applicable disability program, then this stock option will continue to become exercisable on applicable Vesting Dates and will expire on the earlier of (a) the day before the fifth anniversary of the day your employment terminates and (b) its original Expiration Date. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this option nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

H.Change in Control. If the Company involuntarily terminates your employment without Cause before the second anniversary after the closing of a change in control, each unvested Stock Option that is outstanding immediately prior to the change in control will immediately become fully vested and exercisable. All options, including options vested prior to such time, will expire on the day before the fifth anniversary of the termination of your employment following a change in control (but not beyond the Expiration Date). This extended exercise period does not apply in the case of termination by reasons of retirement, involuntary termination, sale, misconduct, death or disability, as described in paragraphs B through G above or termination prior to a change in control. If this stock option does not remain outstanding following the change in control and is not converted into a successor stock option, then you will be entitled to receive cash for this option in an amount at least equal to the difference between the price paid to stockholders in the change in control and the Option Price of this stock option. A "change in control" has the same meaning that it has under the Merck & Co., Inc. Change in Control Separation Benefits Plan (excluding an MSD Change in Control).

I.Joint Venture. Employment with a joint venture or other entity in which the Company has determined that it has a significant business or ownership interest (a “JV”) is not considered termination of employment for purposes of this stock option. If you transfer employment from the Company to a JV or from a JV to the Company, such employment must be approved by, and contiguous with employment by, the Company or the JV. The terms set out in paragraphs A through H above apply to this stock option while the option holder is employed by the JV.

III.TRANSFERABILITY

This stock option is not transferable and may not be assigned or otherwise transferred except, under specific terms, by executives who hold or who retired within the prior 12 months from a Section 16 officer position.

IV.ELECTRONIC ACCEPTANCE

The Company may, in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to the stock option or future options that may be granted under the Plan by electronic means or request your consent to participate in the Plan by electronic means. You hereby consent to receive such documents by electronic delivery and agree to participate in the Plan through an online or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or a third party designated by the Company.

V.ADMINISTRATION

The Committee is responsible for construing and interpreting this grant, including the right to construe disputed or doubtful plan provisions, and may establish, amend and construe such rules and regulations as it may deem necessary or desirable for the proper administration of this grant. Any decision or action taken or to be taken by the Committee, arising out of or in connection with the construction, administration, interpretation and effect of this grant shall, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, be within its absolute discretion (except as otherwise specifically provided herein) and shall be final, binding and conclusive upon the Company, all eligible employees and any person claiming under or through any eligible employee. All determinations by the Committee including, without limitation, determinations of the eligible employees, the form, amount and timing of incentives, the terms and provisions of incentives and the writings evidencing incentives, need not be uniform and may be made selectively among eligible employees who receive, or are eligible to receive, Incentives hereunder, whether or not such eligible employees are similarly situated.

VI.GRANTS NOT PART OF EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT

Notwithstanding reference to grants of incentives in letters offering employment or in specific employment agreements, incentives do not constitute part of any employment contract between the Company or JV and the grantee, whether the employment contract arises as a matter of agreement or applicable law. The value of any grant or of the proceeds of any exercise of Incentives are not included in calculating compensation for purposes of pension payments, separation pay, termination indemnities or other similar payments due upon termination of employment.

This stock option is subject to the provisions of the 2019 Incentive Stock Plan. For further information regarding Merck’s LTI program and your stock options, visit the Long-Term Incentives page on Sync > HR portal.

Appendix A

Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations

POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

Policy

It is the policy of the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Committee”) that the Committee will exercise its discretion to determine whether to seek Recoupment of any bonus and/or other incentive compensation paid or awarded to an Affected Employee with respect to any performance period beginning after December 31, 2013, where it determines, in consultation with the Audit Committee, that: a) the Affected Employee engaged in misconduct, or failed to reasonably supervise an employee who engaged in misconduct, that resulted in a Material Policy Violation relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products; and b) the Committee concludes that the Material Policy Violation caused Significant Harm to the Company, as those terms are defined in this policy. The Committee’s exercise of its discretion may take into account any considerations determined by the Committee to be relevant.

Definitions

1.“Recoupment” is defined to include any and all of the following actions to the extent permitted by law: (a) reducing the amount of a current or future bonus or other cash or non- cash incentive compensation award, (b) requiring reimbursement of a bonus or other cash-based incentive compensation award paid with respect to the most recently completed performance period, (c) cancelling all or a portion of a future-vesting equity award, (d) cancelling all or a portion of an equity award that vested within the previous twelve-month period, (e) requiring return of shares paid upon vesting and/or reimbursement of any proceeds received from the sale of an equity award, in each case that vested within the previous twelve-month period, and (f) any other method of reducing the total compensation paid to an employee for any prior twelve- month period or any current or future period.

2.A “Material Policy Violation” is defined as a material violation of a Company policy relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products.

3.An “Affected Employee” is an employee in Band 600 or higher who (i) engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation; or (ii) failed in his or her supervisory responsibilities to reasonably manage or monitor the conduct of an employee who engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation.

4.“Significant Harm” means a significant negative impact on the Company’s financial operating results or reputation.

Procedures

1.The Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, shall administer this policy and have full discretion to interpret and to make any and all determinations under this policy, subject to the approval of the full Board of Directors in the case of a determination to seek or waive Recoupment from the Chief Executive Officer.

2.The General Counsel, in consultation with the Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer and the Executive Vice President, Human Resources, is responsible for determining whether torefer a matter to the Committee for review under this policy and for assisting the Committee with its review. The Committee may consult with other Board Committees and any external or internal advisors as it deems appropriate.

3.If the Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, determines that there is a basis for seeking Recoupment under this policy, the Committee shall exercise its discretion to determine for each Affected Employee, on an individual basis, whether, and to what extent and in which manner, to seek Recoupment.

4.In exercising its discretion, the Committee may take into consideration, as it deems appropriate, all of the facts and circumstances of the particular matter and the general interests of the Company.

Delegation to Management for Certain Recoupment Decisions

The Committee hereby delegates to the Chief Executive Officer (who may further delegate as he deems appropriate) the authority to administer this policy and to make any and all decisions under it regarding Affected Employees who are not Section 16 Officers of the Company. Section 16 Officers are employees of the Company who are subject to Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Management shall report to the Committee on any affirmative decisions to seek Recoupment pursuant to this delegation.

Disclosure of Recoupment Decisions

The Company will comply with all applicable securities laws and regulations, including Securities and Exchange Commission disclosure requirements regarding executive compensation. The Company may also, but is not obligated to, provide additional disclosure beyond that required by law when the Company deems it to be appropriate and determines that such disclosure is in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders.

Miscellaneous

Nothing in this policy shall limit or otherwise affect any of the following: 1) management’s ability to take any disciplinary action with respect to any Affected Employee; 2) the Committee’s ability to use its negative discretion with respect to any incentive compensation performance target at any time; or 3) the Committee’s or management’s ability to reduce the amount (in whole or in part) of a current or future bonus or other cash or non-cash incentive compensation award to any executive or other employee for any reason as they may deem appropriate and to the extent permitted by law. Nothing in this policy shall replace or otherwise limit or affect the Clawback Policy for EIP Awards Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results and/or the Clawback Policy for PSUs upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results.

EX-10.26

Exhibit 10.26

TERMS FOR

2020 STOCK OPTION CEO GRANT

UNDER THE

MERCK & CO., INC. 2019 INCENTIVE STOCK PLAN

This is a summary of the terms applicable to the stock option specified in this document. Different terms may apply to any prior or future stock option.

Grant Type:	CEO Grant	Exercisable Date	Portion Becoming Exercisable
Option Price:	$75.36	May 1, 2021	First: 33.333%
Grant Date:	May 1, 2020	May 1, 2022	Second: 33.333%
Expiration Date:	November 30, 2027	May 1, 2023	Balance

I.GENERAL INFORMATION

IMPORTANT NOTICE: This grant requires you to affirmatively accept it. You MUST log onto the Morgan Stanley website at (http://www.morganstanley.com/spc/knowledge/managing- equity/managing-your-existing-awards/accepting-awards- grants/) to accept the grant.

Follow the procedure described on the Morgan Stanley website to accept your stock option within 90 days. Failure to accept the terms and conditions of your stock option within 90 days may result in forfeiture of the stock option.

This stock option expires on its Expiration Date, which is the day before the tenth anniversary of the Grant Date. If your employment with the Company is terminated, your right to exercise this stock option will be determined according to the terms in Section II. The vesting and exercisability of this option is also subject to the Restrictive Covenants set forth in Appendix B.

Eligibility: Eligibility for grants is determined under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan for employees of the Company, its subsidiaries, its affiliates or its joint ventures if designated by the Compensation and Benefits Committee of Merck’s Board of Directors, or its delegate (the “Committee”).

Subject to Recoupment, Forfeiture and Clawback: This Stock Option Award will be subject to recoupment in the event of certain violations of Company policy in accordance with the Company’s policy for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations, as set forth in Appendix A (as may be amended from time to time).

II.VESTING; EXERCISE; EMPLOYMENT TERMINATION

A.Vesting: This option will vest in its entirety if your employment continues through December 31, 2020, or immediately if you die before then.

B.Exercisability. This option will become exercisable in equal installments (subject to a rounding process) on the Exercisable Dates indicated in the accompanying box above.

C.Termination. Any portion of this option that is vested will expire unless exercised before the New York Stock Exchange closes (the “Close of Business”) on the day before the fifth anniversary of the date your employment terminates due to your retirement (the “Termination Date”) but in no event after the Expiration Date. Close of Business for any day on which the New York Stock Exchange is not open means the close of business prior to that date when the Exchange is open.

D.Misconduct. If your employment is terminated as a result of your deliberate, willful or gross misconduct, this stock option (whether vested or unvested) will expire immediately upon your receipt of notice of such termination.

E.Death. If your employment terminates as a result of your death, the portion of this stock option that is unvested will vest immediately upon your death. Whether already vested on the date of your death or vested as a result of your death, this stock option will expire on the day before the second anniversary of your death, even if such date is later than the Original Expiration date. you die while any portion of this stock option remains outstanding, but after your employment terminates, the

portion that remains outstanding after such employment termination will become immediately exercisable and will continue to be exercisable until the expiration date prescribed in paragraph C (and at least a year from your death in those jurisdictions where such extension is required by law).

F.Change in Control. If the Company involuntarily terminates your employment without Cause before the second anniversary after the closing of a change in control, each unvested Stock Option that is outstanding immediately prior to the change in control will immediately become fully vested and exercisable. All options, including options vested prior to such time, will expire on the day before the fifth anniversary of the termination of your employment following a change in control (but not beyond the Expiration Date). This extended exercise period does not apply in the case of termination under Paragraph C. If this stock option does not remain outstanding following the change in control and is not converted into a successor stock option, then you will be entitled to receive cash for this option in an amount at least equal to the difference between the price paid to stockholders in the change in control and the Option Price of this stock option. A "change in control" has the same meaning that it has under the Merck & Co., Inc. Change in Control Separation Benefits Plan (excluding an MSD Change in Control).

G.Joint Venture. Employment with a joint venture or other entity in which the Company has determined that it has a significant business or ownership interest (a “JV”) is not considered termination of employment for purposes of this stock option. If you transfer employment from the Company to a JV or from a JV to the Company, such employment must be approved by, and contiguous with employment by, the Company or the JV. The terms set out in paragraphs A through F above apply to this stock option while the option holder is employed by the JV.

III.TRANSFERABILITY

This stock option is not transferable and may not be assigned or otherwise transferred except, under specific terms, by executives who hold or who retired within the prior 12 months from a Section 16 officer position.

IV.ELECTRONIC ACCEPTANCE

The Company may, in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to the stock option or future options that may be granted under the Plan by electronic means or request your consent to participate in the Plan by electronic means. You hereby consent to receive such documents by electronic delivery and agree to participate in the Plan through an online or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or a third party designated by the Company.

V.ADMINISTRATION

The Committee is responsible for construing and interpreting this grant, including the right to construe disputed or doubtful plan provisions, and may establish, amend and construe such rules and regulations as it may deem necessary or desirable for the proper administration of this grant. Any decision or action taken or to be taken by the Committee, arising out of or in connection with the construction, administration, interpretation and effect of this grant shall, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, be within its absolute discretion (except as otherwise specifically provided herein) and shall be final, binding and conclusive upon the Company, all eligible employees and any person claiming under or through any eligible employee. All determinations by the Committee including, without limitation, determinations of the eligible employees, the form, amount and timing of incentives, the terms and provisions of incentives and the writings evidencing incentives, need not be uniform and may be made selectively among eligible employees who receive, or are eligible to receive, Incentives hereunder, whether or not such eligible employees are similarly situated.

VI.GRANTS NOT PART OF EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT

Notwithstanding reference to grants of incentives in letters offering employment or in specific employment agreements, incentives do not constitute part of any employment contract between the Company or JV and the grantee, whether the employment contract arises as a matter of agreement or applicable law. The value of any grant or of the proceeds of any exercise of Incentives are not included in calculating compensation for purposes of pension payments, separation pay, termination indemnities or other similar payments due upon termination of employment.

This stock option is subject to the provisions of the 2019 Incentive Stock Plan, including but not limited to choice of law. For further information regarding Merck’s LTI program and your stock options, visit the Long-Term Incentives page onSync > HR portal.

APPENDIX A

RECOUPMENT OF COMPENSATION FOR COMPLIANCE VIOLATIONS

POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

Policy

It is the policy of the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Committee”) that the Committee will exercise its discretion to determine whether to seek Recoupment of any bonus and/or other incentive compensation paid or awarded to an Affected Employee with respect to any performance period beginning after December 31, 2013, where it determines, in consultation with the Audit Committee, that: a) the Affected Employee engaged in misconduct, or failed to reasonably supervise an employee who engaged in misconduct, that resulted in a Material Policy Violation relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products; and b) the Committee concludes that the Material Policy Violation caused Significant Harm to the Company, as those terms are defined in this policy. The Committee’s exercise of its discretion may take into account any considerations determined by the Committee to be relevant.

Definitions

1.“Recoupment” is defined to include any and all of the following actions to the extent permitted by law: (a) reducing the amount of a current or future bonus or other cash or non- cash incentive compensation award, (b) requiring reimbursement of a bonus or other cash-based incentive compensation award paid with respect to the most recently completed performance period, (c) cancelling all or a portion of a future-vesting equity award, (d) cancelling all or a portion of an equity award that vested within the previous twelve-month period, (e) requiring return of shares paid upon vesting and/or reimbursement of any proceeds received from the sale of an equity award, in each case that vested within the previous twelve-month period, and (f) any other method of reducing the total compensation paid to an employee for any prior twelve- month period or any current or future period.

2.A “Material Policy Violation” is defined as a material violation of a Company policy relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products.

3.An “Affected Employee” is an employee in Band 600 or higher who (i) engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation; or (ii) failed in his or her supervisory responsibilities to reasonably manage or monitor the conduct of an employee who engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation.

4.“Significant Harm” means a significant negative impact on the Company’s financial operating results or reputation.

Procedures

1.The Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, shall administer this policy and have full discretion to interpret and to make any and all determinations under this policy, subject to the approval of the full Board of Directors in the case of a determination to seek or waive Recoupment from the Chief Executive Officer.

2.The General Counsel, in consultation with the Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer and the Executive Vice President, Human Resources, is responsible for determining whether to refer a matter to the Committee for review under this policy and for assisting the Committee with its review. The Committee may consult with other Board Committees and any external or internal advisors as it deems appropriate.

3.If the Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, determines that there is a basis for seeking Recoupment under this policy, the Committee shall exercise its discretion to determine for each Affected Employee, on an individual basis, whether, and to what extent and in which manner, to seek Recoupment.

4.In exercising its discretion, the Committee may take into consideration, as it deems appropriate, all of the facts and circumstances of the particular matter and the general interests of the Company.

Delegation to Management for Certain Recoupment Decisions

The Committee hereby delegates to the Chief Executive Officer (who may further delegate as he deems appropriate) the authority to administer this policy and to make any and all decisions under it regarding Affected Employees who are not Section 16 Officers of the Company. Section 16 Officers are employees of the Company who are subject to Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Management shall report to the Committee on any affirmative decisions to seek recoupment pursuant to this delegation.

Disclosure of Recoupment Decisions

The Company will comply with all applicable securities laws and regulations, including Securities and Exchange Commission disclosure requirements regarding executive compensation. The Company may also, but is not obligated to, provide additional disclosure beyond that required by law when the Company deems it to be appropriate and determines that such disclosure is in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders.

Miscellaneous

Nothing in this policy shall limit or otherwise affect any of the following: 1) management’s ability to take any disciplinary action with respect to any Affected Employee; 2) the Committee’s ability to use its negative discretion with respect to any incentive compensation performance target at any time; or 3) the Committee’s or management’s ability to reduce the amount (in whole or in part) of a current or future bonus or other cash or non-cash incentive compensation award to any executive or other employee for any reason as they may deem appropriate and to the extent permitted by law. Nothing in this policy shall replace or otherwise limit or affect the Clawback Policy for EIP Awards Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results and/or the Clawback Policy for PSUs upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results.

APPENDIX B

RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS

You agree that to the extent permitted by law, during your employment with the Company and/or one of its affiliates and until this Award is fully exercisable (the “Restricted Period”) you will not, without the prior written consent of the Board, engage, directly or indirectly, whether as officer, director, board member, owner, principal, agent, distributor, representative, consultant, employee, partner, advisor or in any other capacity with any company that is directly or indirectly engaged in the business of researching, developing, producing, marketing or selling any products, technology or services that competes with or upon commercialization will compete with any (a) product, technology  or service developed,  marketed or sold by the Company or any of its Affiliates or (b) product, technology or service known by you to be in development by the Company or any of its Affiliates .  Nothing herein will prohibit you from acquiring or holding not more than 1 percent of any class of publicly traded securities of any business.

During the Restricted Period, you will not, directly or indirectly, solicit, or induce any other person to solicit, any employee of the Company or its affiliates to leave his or her employment.

Forfeiture. If the Company determines that you have violated the restrictive covenants set forth in this Appendix B, then you agree and covenant that any Unexercisable portion of this Award will be immediately forfeited. This remedy is not the Company’s exclusive remedy. The Company reserves all other rights and remedies available to it at law or in equity.

EX-10.27

Exhibit 10.27

TERMS FOR

2020 RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT GRANTS

UNDER THE MERCK & CO., 2019 INCENTIVE STOCK PLAN

This is a summary of the terms applicable to the Restricted Stock Unit (RSU) Award specified in this document.

Different terms may apply to any prior or future RSU Awards.

Grant Type:	RSU - Annual
Grant Date:	May 1, 2020
Vesting Dates	Portion that Vests
May 1, 2021	First: 33.333%
May 1, 2022	Second: 33.333%
May 1, 2023	Third: Balance

Eligibility: Eligibility for grants is determined under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan for employees of the Company, its subsidiaries, its affiliates or its joint ventures if designated by the Compensation and Benefits Committee of Merck’s Board of Directors, or its delegate (the “Committee”).

I.GENERAL INFORMATION

IMPORTANT NOTICE: This grant requires you to affirmatively accept it. You MUST log onto the Morgan Stanley website at (http://www.morganstanley.com/spc/knowledge/managing-equity/managing-your-existing-awards/accepting-awards-grants/) to accept the grant.

Follow the procedure described on the Morgan Stanley website to accept your RSU Award within 90 days. Failure to accept the terms and conditions of your RSU Award within 90 days may result in Forfeiture of the RSU Award.

A.Restricted Period. The Restricted is the period during which this RSU Award is restricted and subject to forfeiture. The Restricted Period ends with respect to one-third of this RSU Award on each of the First, Second, and Third anniversaries of the Grant Date as shown in the box above, unless ended earlier under Article II below. No voting rights apply to this RSU Award. No fractional shares will be awarded: all calculations are subject to rounding.

B.Dividend Equivalents. During the Restricted Period, dividend equivalents will be accrued for the holder (“you”) if and to the extent dividends are paid by the Company on Merck Common Stock. Payment of such dividends will be made, without interest or earnings, at the time of distribution. If any portion of this RSU award lapses, is forfeited or expires, no dividend equivalents will be credited or paid on such portion. Any payment of dividend equivalents will be reduced to the extent necessary for the Company to satisfy any tax or other withholding obligations.

C.Distribution. Upon the expiration of the Restricted Period if you are then employed, you will be entitled to receive a number of shares of Merck common stock equal to the number of RSUs that have become unrestricted and the dividend equivalents that accrued on that portion. Prior to distribution, you must deliver to the Company an amount the Company determines to be sufficient to satisfy any amount required to be withheld, including applicable taxes. The Company may, in its sole discretion, withhold from the RSU Award distribution a number of shares to pay applicable withholding (including taxes).

D.409A Compliance. Anything to the contrary notwithstanding, no distribution of RSUs may be made unless in compliance with Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code or any successor thereto. Specifically, distributions made due to a separation from service (as defined in Section 409A) to a “Specified Employee” as defined in Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.409A-1(i) or any successor thereto, to the extent required by Section 409A of the Code will not be made until administratively feasible following the first day of the sixth month following the separation from service, in the same form as they would have been made had this restriction not applied; provided further, that dividend equivalents that otherwise would have accrued will accrue during the period during which distribution is suspended.

E.Subject to Recoupment. For employees in Band 600 and above, this RSU Award will be subject to recoupment in the event of certain violations of Company policy in accordance with the Company’s policy for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations, as set forth in Appendix A (as may be amended from time to time).

II.TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT

If your employment with the Company is terminated during the Restricted Period, your right to the RSU Award will be determined according to the terms in this Section II.

A.General Rule. If your employment is terminated during the Restricted Period for any reason other than those specified in the following paragraphs, the unvested portion of this RSU Award (and any accrued dividend equivalents) will be forfeited on the date your employment ends. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this grant nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

B.Sale. If your employment is terminated during the Restricted Period and the Company determines that such termination resulted from the sale of your subsidiary, division or joint venture, the following portion of your RSU Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be distributed to you at such time as it would have been paid if your employment had continued: one-third if employment terminates on or after the Grant Date but before the first anniversary thereof; and all if employment terminates on or after the first anniversary of the Grant Date. The remainder will be forfeited on the date your employment ends. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this grant nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

C.Involuntary Termination. If the company determines that your employment is involuntarily terminated during the Restricted Period but on or after the First Anniversary, a pro rata portion of your unvested RSU Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be distributed to you at such time as they would have been paid if your employment had continued. The pro rata portion will equal the full amount of this RSU Award (whether or not vested) times the number of completed months during the Restricted Period and prior to the date employment terminates, divided by 36; reduced by the number of RSUs that have vested pursuant to Paragraph A. The remainder and any accrued dividends will be forfeited on the date your employment ends. An “involuntary termination” includes termination of your employment by the Company as the result of a restructuring or job elimination, but excludes non-performance of your duties and the reasons listed under paragraphs B, or D through H of this section. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this grant nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

D.Retirement. If your employment terminates by retirement during the Restricted Period, a pro rata portion of your unvested RSU Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be distributed to you at such time as they would have been paid if your employment had continued. The pro rata portion will equal the full amount of this RSU Award (whether or not vested) times the number of completed months during the Restricted Period and prior to the date employment terminates, divided by 36; reduced by the number of RSUs that have vested pursuant to Paragraph A. The remainder and any accrued dividends will be forfeited on the date your employment ends. For grantees who are employed in the U.S., “retirement” means a termination of employment after attaining the earliest of (a) age 55 with at least 10 years of service (b) such age and service that provides eligibility for subsidized retiree medical coverage or (c) age 65 without regard to years of service. For other grantees, “retirement” is determined by the Company. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this grant nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

E.Death. If your employment terminates due to your death during the Restricted Period, all of this RSU Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be distributed to your estate as soon as possible after your death. If you die during the Restricted Period, but after your employment terminates for the reasons listed under paragraphs B, C, D, G or H of this section, the remaining, non-forfeited portion of this RSU Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be distributed to your estate as soon as possible after your death.

F.Misconduct. If your employment is terminated as a result of your deliberate, willful or gross misconduct, this RSU Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be forfeited immediately upon your receipt of notice of such termination.

G.Disability. If your employment is terminated during the Restricted Period and the Company determines that such termination resulted from inability to perform the material duties of your role by reason of a physical or mental infirmity that is expected to last for at least six months or to result in your death, whether or not you are eligible for disability benefits from any applicable disability program, then this RSU Award will continue and be distributable in accordance with its terms as if employment had continued and will be distributed at the time active RSU Grantees receive distributions with respect to this RSU Award.

H.Change in Control. If the Company involuntarily terminates your employment during the Restricted Period without Cause before the second anniversary after the closing of any change in control, then this RSU Award will continue in accordance with its terms as if employment had continued and will be distributed at the time active RSU Grantees receive distributions with respect to this RSU Award. If this RSU does not remain outstanding following the change in control and is not converted into a successor RSU, then you will be entitled to receive cash for this RSU in an amount equal to the fair market value of the consideration paid to Merck stockholders for a share of Merck common stock in the change in control payable within 30 days of the closing of the change in control. On the second anniversary of the closing of the change in control, this paragraph shall expire. Change in control is defined in the Merck & Co., Inc. Change in Control Separation Benefits Plan (excluding an MSD Change in Control), but if RSUs are considered “deferred compensation” under Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code, the definition of change in control will be modified to the extent necessary to comply with Section 409A.

I.Joint Venture. Employment with a joint venture or other entity in which the Company has a significant business or ownership interest is not considered termination of employment for purposes of this RSU Award. Such employment must be approved by, and contiguous with employment by, the Company. The terms set out in paragraphs A-H above apply to this RSU Award while you are employed by the joint venture or other entity.

III.TRANSFERABILITY

This RSU Award is not transferable and may not be assigned or otherwise transferred.

IV.ELECTRONIC ACCEPTANCE

The Company may, in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to the RSU or future RSUs that may be granted under the Plan by electronic means or request your consent to participate in the Plan by electronic means. You hereby consent to receive such documents by electronic delivery and agree to participate in the Plan through an online or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or a third party designated by the Company.

V.ADMINISTRATION

The Committee is responsible for construing and interpreting this grant, including the right to construe disputed or doubtful plan provisions, and may establish, amend and construe such rules and regulations as it may deem necessary or desirable for the proper administration of this grant. Any decision or action taken or to be taken by the Committee, arising out of or in connection with the construction, administration, interpretation and effect of this grant shall, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, be within its absolute discretion (except as otherwise specifically provided herein) and shall be final, binding and conclusive upon the Company, all eligible employees and any person claiming under or through any eligible employee. All determinations by the Committee including, without limitation, determinations of the eligible employees, the form, amount and timing of incentives, the terms and provisions of incentives and the writings evidencing incentives, need not be uniform and may be made selectively among eligible employees who receive, or are eligible to receive, Incentives hereunder, whether or not such eligible employees are similarly situated.

VI.GRANTS NOT PART OF THE EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT

Notwithstanding reference to grants of incentives in letters offering employment or in specific employment agreements, incentives do not constitute part of any employment contract between the Company or JV and the grantee, whether the employment contract arises as a matter of agreement or applicable law. The value of any grant or of the proceeds of any exercise of incentives are not included in calculating compensation for purposes of pension payments, separation pay, termination indemnities or other similar payments due upon termination of employment.

This RSU Award is subject to the provisions of the 2019 Incentive Stock Plan. For further information regarding your RSU Award, you may access the Merck Global Long-Term Incentives homepage via http://one.merck.com

Appendix

Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations

POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

Policy

It is the policy of the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Committee”) that the Committee will exercise its discretion to determine whether to seek Recoupment of any bonus and/or other incentive compensation paid or awarded to an Affected Employee with respect to any performance period beginning after December 31, 2013, where it determines, in consultation with the Audit Committee, that: a) the Affected Employee engaged in misconduct, or failed to reasonably supervise an employee who engaged in misconduct, that resulted in a Material Policy Violation relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products; and b) the Committee concludes that the Material Policy Violation caused Significant Harm to the Company, as those terms are defined in this policy. The Committee’s exercise of its discretion may take into account any considerations determined by the Committee to be relevant.

Definitions

1.“Recoupment” is defined to include any and all of the following actions to the extent permitted by law: (a) reducing the amount of a current or future bonus or other cash or non-cash incentive compensation award, (b) requiring reimbursement of a bonus or other cash-based incentive compensation award paid with respect to the most recently completed performance period, (c) cancelling all or a portion of a future-vesting equity award, (d) cancelling all or a portion of an equity award that vested within the previous twelve- month period, (e) requiring return of shares paid upon vesting and/or reimbursement of any proceeds received from the sale of an equity award, in each case that vested within the previous twelve-month period, and (f) any other method of reducing the total compensation paid to an employee for any prior twelve-month period or any current or future period.

2.A “Material Policy Violation” is defined as a material violation of a Company policy relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products.

3.An “Affected Employee” is an employee in Band 600 or higher who (i) engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation; or (ii) failed in his or her supervisory responsibilities to reasonably manage or monitor the conduct of an employee who engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation.

4.“Significant Harm” means a significant negative impact on the Company’s financial operating results or reputation.

Procedures

1.The Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, shall administer this policy and have full discretion to interpret and to make any and all determinations under this policy, subject to the approval of the full Board of Directors in the case of a determination to seek or waive Recoupment from the Chief Executive Officer.

2.The General Counsel, in consultation with the Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer and the Executive Vice President, Human Resources, is responsible for determining whether to refer a matter to the Committee for review under this policy and for assisting the Committee with its review. The Committee may consult with other Board Committees and any external or internal advisors as it deems appropriate.

3.If the Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, determines that there is a basis for seeking Recoupment under this policy, the Committee shall exercise its discretion to determine for each Affected Employee, on an individual basis, and to what extent and in which manner, to seek Recoupment.

4.In exercising its discretion, the Committee may take into consideration, as it deems appropriate, all of the facts and circumstances of the particular matter and the general interests of the Company.

Delegation to Management for Certain Recoupment Decisions

The Committee hereby delegates to the Chief Executive Officer (who may further delegate as he deems appropriate) the authority to administer this policy and to make any and all decisions under it regarding Affected Employees who are not Section 16 Officers of the Company. Section 16 Officers are employees of the Company who are subject to Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Management shall report to the Committee on any affirmative decisions to seek Recoupment pursuant to this delegation.

Disclosure of Recoupment Decisions

The Company will comply with all applicable securities laws and regulations, including Securities and Exchange Commission disclosure requirements regarding executive compensation. The Company may also, but is not obligated to, provide additional disclosure beyond that required by law when the Company deems it to be appropriate and determines that such disclosure is in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders.

Miscellaneous

Nothing in this policy shall limit or otherwise affect any of the following: 1) management’s ability to take any disciplinary action with respect to any Affected Employee; 2) the Committee’s ability to use its negative discretion with respect to any incentive compensation performance target at any time; or 3) the Committee’s or management’s ability to reduce the amount (in whole or in part) of a current or future bonus or other cash or non- cash incentive compensation award to any executive or other employee for any reason as they may deem appropriate and to the extent permitted by law. Nothing in this policy shall replace or otherwise limit or affect the Clawback Policy for EIP Awards Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results and/or the Clawback Policy for PSUs Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results.

EX-10.28

Exhibit 10.28

2020 PERFORMANCE SHARE

UNIT AWARD TERMS

UNDER THE

MERCK & CO., INC. 2019 STOCK INCENTIVE PLAN

I.GENERAL. These Performance Share Units (“PSUs”) are granted under and subject to the following Award Terms and the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Stock Incentive Plan (the "Merck ISP"). The Company has announced its intention to spin-off (the “Spin-Off”) certain products into a new, yet-to-be-named, independent, publicly traded company (“NewCo”) during the first half of 2021 (“Spin-Date”). As appropriate, the Company will be referred to as OriginalCo before the Spin-Date, and on and after the Spin-Date as RemainCo. Collectively, OriginalCo and RemainCo are the “Company.”

Grant Type:	PSU - Annual
Grant Date:	March 31, 2020
Award Period:	Jan. 1, 2020 – Dec. 31, 2022

IMPORTANT NOTICE: This grant requires you to affirmatively accept it. You MUST log onto the Morgan Stanley website at

(http://www.morganstanley.com/spc/knowledge/managing-equity/managing-your-existing-awards/accepting-awards-grants/) to accept the grant.

Follow the procedure described on the Morgan Stanley website to accept your PSU Award within 90 days. Failure to accept the terms and conditions of your PSU Award within 90 days may result in forfeiture of the PSU Award.

II.DEFINITIONS. For the purpose of these Award Terms:

“Award Period” means the three-year period commencing on January 1, 2020 and ending on December 31, 2022.

“Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 or any successor thereto.

“Earnings Per Share or EPS” means the Company’s net income divided by the weighted average of the number of shares of Company common stock on a fully diluted basis during the Award Period.

The above result shall be adjusted to exclude charges or items from the measurement of performance relating to (1) fluctuations in foreign exchange rates versus Plan rates; (2) the impact of significant unplanned acquisitions and/or divestitures, extraordinary items and other unusual or non-recurring charges and/or events; (3) an event either not directly related to Company operations or not reasonably within the control of Company management; (4) the effects of significant accounting changes in accordance with U.S. GAAP, or other significant legislative changes; (5) gains or losses arising from investments in equity securities, whether realized or unrealized and (6) the impact of share repurchases above or below Plan levels.

“EPS Performance Payout” means the percentage of Target Shares to be paid out based upon the Company’s EPS goal as determined under paragraph C of Section III.

“Final Award” means the percentage of the Target described in Section III hereof.

“Grant Date” means the date as of which a Performance Share Unit is granted.

“Peer Healthcare Companies" are the healthcare companies used by the Committee in evaluating the Company’s TSR Performance for the entire Award Period. For 2020 and for so long thereafter during the Award Period that such companies are publicly traded on a nationally recognized stock exchange, the following are the Peer Healthcare Companies except as described below.

AbbVie	Eli Lilly	Novartis
Amgen	GlaxoSmithKline	Pfizer
Astra Zeneca Bristol-Myers Squibb	Roche Johnson & Johnson	Sanofi-Aventis

The Committee intends that the Peer Healthcare Companies be subject to such adjustment as may be necessary to reflect merger, reorganization, recapitalization, extraordinary cash dividend, combination of shares, consolidation, rights offering, spin off, split off, split up, bankruptcy, liquidation, acquisition, or other similar change in any Peer Healthcare Company.

“Performance Share” means a phantom share of Common Stock. Until distributed pursuant to Article VI, Performance Shares shall not entitle the holder to any of the rights of a holder of Common Stock, including voting rights; provided, however, that the Committee retains the right to make adjustments as described in Section 7 of the Merck ISP.

“Performance Unit Grantee” or “Grantee” means an eligible employee who receives a Performance Share Unit.

“Performance Share Unit” or “PSU” means an award of Performance Shares as described in these Award Terms.

“Target Shares” means the number of Performance Shares that will be distributable if the Performance Measures are achieved at the level identified as “target” for the entire Award Period.

“Total Shareholder Return” or “TSR” means the change in value of one share of a company’s Common Stock over the Award Period, taking into account both stock price appreciation (or depreciation) and the reinvestment of dividends. The beginning and ending stock prices will be based on the average closing stock prices during the months of December as applicable. TSR will be calculated on a compound annualized basis over the Award Period.

“TSR Performance Payout” means the percentage of Target Shares to be paid out based upon the Company’s TSR Performance as determined under paragraph B of Section III.

III.CALCULATION OF FINAL AWARD OF PERFORMANCE SHARE UNITS

The Performance Unit Grantee shall vest in the number of PSUs to the extent provided for in this Section III unless otherwise provided for in Section V (“Termination of Employment”).

A.Performance Metrics. The Final Award will equal the TSR Performance Payout plus the EPS Performance Payout in the proportions determined in Paragraph D below.

B.TSR Performance Payout. The TSR Performance Payout shall be determined as follows:

1.     If the Company’s annualized TSR is greater than the median of the annualized TSR of the Peer Healthcare Companies, then the TSR Performance Payout will equal 100% plus five times the difference in percentage points up to a maximum of 200%; provided, however, that if the Company’s annualized TSR is negative, then in no event will the TSR Performance Payout be greater than 100%.

For example, if the Company’s annualized TSR is 25% and the median annualized TSR of the Peer Healthcare Companies is 20%, then the TSR Performance Payout would be 125% [100% + ((25% - 20%) x 5%)].

2.    If the Company’s TSR is less than the median of the annualized TSR among the Peer Healthcare Companies, then the TSR Performance Payout will equal 100% minus five times the difference in percentage points; provided, however, that if such median exceeds the Company’s TSR by more than 10 percentage points, no TSR Performance Payout will be earned with respect to this portion of the PSU.

C.EPS Performance Payout. The EPS Performance Payout shall be determined in accordance with the following performance schedule:

2020 OriginalCo EPS

Earnings Per Share Goals	Payout Percentage
Less than $5.18	0%
$5.18 (Threshold)	25%
$5.69 (Target)	100%
$6.03	150%
$6.38 (Stretch)	200%

2020 through 2022 for OriginalCo and RemainCo

Earnings Per Share Goals	Payout Percentage
Less than $17.11	0%
$17.11 (Threshold)	25%
$18.80 (Target)	100%
$19.93	150%
$21.05 (Stretch)	200%

Payout Percentages corresponding to performance between two discrete values in the table will be interpolated.

D.The Final Award will depend upon whether and when the Spin-Off occurs and whether the grantee is an employee of RemainCo (a “RemainCo Grantee”) or NewCo (a “NewCo Grantee”) on the Spin-Date and is subject to Article IX except as noted below.

1.     If the Spin-Date is after January 1, 2020 and before December 31, 2021,

    a.    For RemainCo Grantees, the Final Award will equal the sum of (x) TSR Payout Percent for the entire Award Period TIMES Target Shares TIMES 66.67 percent and (y) the 2020 OriginalCo EPS Payout Percentage TIMES Target Shares TIMES 33.33 percent.

    b.    For NewCo Grantees, the Final Award will equal 100 percent Target Shares.

2.    If the Spin-Off does not occur, the Final Award for all grantees will equal the sum of (x) TSR Payout Percent for the entire Award Period TIMES Target Shares TIMES 50 percent and (y) 2020 through 2022 EPS Payout Percentage for OriginalCo and RemainCo TIMES Target Shares TIMES 50 percent.

E.Maximum Award. Anything in these Award Terms to the contrary notwithstanding, the Final Award shall be reduced to the extent necessary to reflect that the value of the Final Award may not exceed four times the Target Share, valued as of the Grant Date.

IV.DIVIDENDS

During the Award Period, dividend equivalents will be accrued on the Performance Shares if and to the extent dividends are paid by the Company on Merck Common Stock. Payment of such dividends will be made, without interest or earnings, at the end of the Award only on the Final Award. Such dividends shall be paid as additional shares in an amount equal to the sum of the dividends paid during the Award Period on the Final Award divided by the price of a share of Merck common stock on the date the Final Award is determined. If any portion of this PSU award lapses, is forfeited or expires, no dividend equivalents will be credited or paid on such portion. Any payment of dividend equivalents will be reduced to the extent necessary for the Company to satisfy any tax or other withholding obligations.

V.TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT

A.General Rule. If a Grantee’s employment is terminated during the Award Period for any reason other than those specified in the following paragraphs, this PSU award will be forfeited on the date employment ends.

B.Involuntary Termination. If a Grantee’s employment terminates during the Award Period and the Company determines that employment was involuntarily terminated on or after the first anniversary of the first day of the Award Period, a pro rata portion (based on the number of completed months held during the Award Period prior to the date employment terminated) of this PSU Award will be distributed at such time as it would have been paid if employment had continued, based on actual performance during the Award Period as determined in accordance with Section III. The remainder will be forfeited on the date employment ends. The pro rata portion shall be determined by multiplying the Final Award by a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of completed months in the Award Period during which the Grantee was employed by the Company or JV, and the denominator of which is 36. An “involuntary termination” includes termination of employment by the Company as the result of a restructuring or job elimination, but excludes non-performance of duties and the reasons listed under paragraphs C through G of this section.

C.Sale. If a Grantee’s employment is terminated during the Award Period and the Company determines that such termination resulted from the sale of his or her subsidiary, division or joint venture, the following portion of this PSU Award will be distributed at such time as it would have been paid if employment had continued, based on the Final Award: one third if employment terminates on or after the Grant Date but before the first anniversary of the Award Period thereof; and all if employment terminates on or after the first anniversary of the first day of the Award Period. The remainder will be forfeited on the date a Grantee’s employment ends.

D.Retirement. If a Grantee terminates employment during the Award Period by retirement (including early and disability retirement), then this PSU Award will continue and be distributable on a pro rata basis at the time active Grantees receive such distributions with respect to that Award Period based on the Final Award. The pro rata portion shall be determined by multiplying the Final Award by a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of completed months in the Award Period during which the Grantee was employed by the Company or JV, and the denominator of which is 36. For Grantees who are employed in the U.S., “retirement” means a termination of employment after attaining the earliest of (a) age 55 with at least 10 years of service (b) such age and service that provides eligibility for subsidized retiree medical coverage or (c) age 65 without regard to years of service. For other Grantees, “retirement” is determined by the Company.

E.Death. If a Grantee’s employment terminates due to death during the Award Period, all of this PSU Award will continue and be distributed to his or her estate at the time active Grantees receive such distributions with respect to this PSU Award, based on the Final Award. If a Grantee dies while any portion of this PSU Award remains outstanding, but after employment terminates for the reasons listed under paragraphs B, C, D or G of this section, the portion that remains outstanding will continue and be distributable at the time active Grantees receive such distributions with respect to that Award Period based on the Final Award.

F.Misconduct. If a Grantee’s employment is terminated as a result of deliberate, willful or gross misconduct, this PSU Award will be forfeited immediately upon the Grantee’s receipt of notice of such termination.

G.Disability. If a Grantee’s employment is terminated during the Award Period and the Company determines that such termination resulted from inability to perform the material duties of his or her role by reason of a physical or mental infirmity that is expected to last for at least six months or to result in death, whether or not he or she is eligible for disability benefits from any applicable disability program, then this PSU Award will continue and be distributable in accordance with its terms as if employment had continued based on the Final Award and will be distributed at the time active PSU Grantees receive distributions with respect to this PSU Award.

H.Joint Venture Service. A transfer of a Grantee’s employment to a joint venture, including, in the case of grants to Legacy Merck Employees, any other entity in which the Company has determined that it has a significant business or ownership interest, is not considered termination of employment for purposes of this PSU Award. Such employment must be approved by, and contiguous with employment by, the Company. The terms set out in paragraphs A-G above apply to this PSU Award while a Grantee is employed by the joint venture or other entity.

VI.DISTRIBUTION OF PERFORMANCE SHARES

A.General Rule. Following the end of the Award Period, each Grantee shall be entitled to receive a number of shares of Common Stock equal to the Final Award plus the shares for accrued dividend equivalents set forth in Section IV, rounded to the nearest whole number (no fractional shares shall be issued). Such distribution shall be made as soon as administratively feasible, but in no event later than the

end of the calendar year in which the Final Award is determined in accordance with Section III. Unless otherwise determined by the Committee, the Company shall withhold any applicable taxes directly from a Performance Share Unit before it is denominated in actual shares of Common Stock.

B.Death. In the case of distribution on account of a Grantee’s death, the portion of the Performance Share Unit distributable shall be distributed to the Grantee’s estate. Unless the Committee determines otherwise, the Company will withhold any applicable taxes directly from a Performance Unit before it is denominated in actual shares of Common Stock.

VII.TRANSFERABILITY

Prior to distribution pursuant to Section VI, the PSU Award shall not be transferable, assignable or alienable except by will or the laws of descent or distribution following a Grantee’s death.

VIII.ELECTRONIC ACCEPTANCE

The Company may, in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to the PSU or future PSUs that may be granted under the Plan by electronic means or request your consent to participate in the Plan by electronic means. You hereby consent to receive such documents by electronic delivery and agree to participate in the Plan through an online or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or a third party designated by the Company.

IX.ADMINISTRATIVE POWERS

In addition to the Committee’s powers set forth in the Merck ISP, anything in these Award Terms to the contrary notwithstanding, the Committee may revise the terms of any PSU not yet granted or, granted but prior to the end of an Award Period if unforeseen events occur and which, in the judgment of the Committee, make the application of the Terms of this PSU Award unfair and contrary to their intentions unless a revision is made.

X.CLAWBACK POLICY FOR PSUS UPON SIGNIFICANT RESTATEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESULTS AND CERTAIN COMPLIANCE VIOLATIONS

A.PSUs Subject to Clawback. For employees in Band 600 and above, this PSU Award will be subject to recoupment in the event of violations of the Company policy for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance violations as set forth in Appendix A as amended from time to time. In addition, PSUs, and any proceeds therefrom, are subject to the Company’s right to reclaim their benefits in the event of a significant restatement of financial results for any Award Period, pursuant to the process described below.

1.The Audit Committee of the Board will review the issues and circumstances that resulted in a restatement of financial results to determine if the restatement was significant and make an initial determination of the cause of the restatement—that is whether the restatement was caused, in whole or in part, by Executive Fault (as those terms are defined below); and

2.The Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board will (a) recalculate the Company's results for any Award Period with respect to PSUs that included an Award Period which occurred during the restatement period; and (b) if it is determined that such restatement was caused in whole or in part by the Executive's Fault, the Compensation and Benefits Committee will seek reimbursement from the Executive of that portion of the payout of the PSU that the Executive received within 18 months of the restatement based on the erroneous financial results.

B.“Executive” means executive officers for the purposes of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

C.“Fault” means fraud or willful misconduct. "Willful misconduct" is generally viewed as dereliction of a duty or unlawful or improper behavior committed voluntarily and intentionally; something more than negligence. If the Audit Committee determines that Fault may have been a factor causing the restatement, the Audit Committee will appoint an independent investigator whose determination shall be final and binding.

D.Exclusions from Clawback. This Section does not apply to restatements that the Audit Committee determines (1) are required or permitted under generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) in connection with the adoption or implementation of a new accounting standard or (2)

are caused due to the Company's decision to change its accounting practice as permitted under GAAP.

E.Compliance Violations. For employees in Band 600 and above, this PSU will be subject to recoupment in the event of certain violations of Company policy in accordance with the Company’s policy for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations, as set forth in Appendix A (as may be amended from time to time).

XI.Change-in-Control

Upon the occurrence of a change-in-control (as such term is defined in the Merck ISP), the Final Award shall be 100%. The Final Award will be distributed at the same time and in the same manner as described in Section VI.

If the Company terminates a Grantee’s employment except as described in Section V(F), (1) during the Award Period and (2) within two years following a change-in-control, the Final Award will be 100% and will be distributed when distributed to active Grantees.

XII.SECTION 409A COMPLIANCE.

Anything in the ISP or these Award Terms to the contrary notwithstanding, no distribution of PSUs may be made unless in compliance with Section 409A of the Code or any successor thereto. In addition, distributions, if any, to a “Specified Employee” as defined in Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.409A-1(i) or any successor thereto, to the extent required by Section 409A of the Code, made due to a separation from service (as defined in Section 409A) will not be made before the first day of the sixth month following the separation from service, in the same form as they would have been made had this restriction not applied; provided further, that no dividend or dividend equivalents will be paid, accrued or accumulated in respect of the period during which distribution was suspended.

Appendix A

Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violation

POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

Policy

It is the policy of the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Committee”) that the Committee will exercise its discretion to determine whether to seek Recoupment of any bonus and/or other incentive compensation paid or awarded to an Affected Employee with respect to any performance period beginning after December 31, 2013, where it determines, in consultation with the Audit Committee, that: a) the Affected Employee engaged in misconduct, or failed to reasonably supervise an employee who engaged in misconduct, that resulted in a Material Policy Violation relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products; and b) the Committee concludes that the Material Policy Violation caused Significant Harm to the Company, as those terms are defined in this policy. The Committee’s exercise of its discretion may take into account any considerations determined by the Committee to be relevant.

Definitions

1.“Recoupment” is defined to include any and all of the following actions to the extent permitted by law: (a) reducing the amount of a current or future bonus or other cash or non-cash incentive compensation award, (b) requiring reimbursement of a bonus or other cash-based incentive compensation award paid with respect to the most recently completed performance period, (c) cancelling all or a portion of a future-vesting equity award, (d) cancelling all or a portion of an equity award that vested within the previous twelve- month period, (e) requiring return of shares paid upon vesting and/or reimbursement of any proceeds received from the sale of an equity award, in each case that vested within the previous twelve-month period, and (f) any other method of reducing the total compensation paid to an employee for any prior twelve-month period or any current or future period.

2.A “Material Policy Violation” is defined as a material violation of a Company policy relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products.

3.An “Affected Employee” is an employee in Band 600 or higher who (i) engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation; or (ii) failed in his or her supervisory responsibilities to reasonably manage or monitor the conduct of an employee who engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation.

4.“Significant Harm” means a significant negative impact on the Company’s financial operating results or reputation.

Procedures

1.The Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, shall administer this policy and have full discretion to interpret and to make any and all determinations under this policy, subject to the approval of the full Board of Directors in the case of a determination to seek or waive Recoupment from the Chief Executive Officer.

2.The General Counsel, in consultation with the Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer and the Executive Vice President, Human Resources, is responsible for determining whether to refer a matter to the Committee for review under this policy and for assisting the Committee with its review. The Committee may consult with other Board Committees and any external or internal advisors as it deems appropriate.

3.If the Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, determines that there is a basis for seeking Recoupment under this policy, the Committee shall exercise its discretion to determine for each Affected Employee, on an individual basis, whether, and to what extent and in which manner, to seek Recoupment.

4.In exercising its discretion, the Committee may take into consideration, as it deems appropriate, all of the facts and circumstances of the particular matter and the general interests of the Company.

Delegation to Management for Certain Recoupment Decisions The Committee hereby delegates to the Chief Executive Officer (who may further delegate as he deems appropriate) the authority to administer this policy and to make any and all decisions under it regarding Affected Employees who are not Section 16 Officers of the Company. Section 16 Officers are employees of the Company who are subject to Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Management shall report to the Committee on any affirmative decisions to seek Recoupment pursuant to this delegation.

Disclosure of Recoupment Decisions

The Company will comply with all applicable securities laws and regulations, including Securities and Exchange Commission disclosure requirements regarding executive compensation. The Company may also, but is not obligated to, provide additional disclosure beyond that required by law when the Company deems it to be appropriate and determines that such disclosure is in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders.

Miscellaneous

Nothing in this policy shall limit or otherwise affect any of the following: 1) management’s ability to take any disciplinary action with respect to any Affected Employee; 2) the Committee’s ability to use its negative discretion with respect to any incentive compensation performance target at any time; or 3) the Committee’s or management’s ability to reduce the amount (in whole or in part) of a current or future bonus or other cash or non- cash incentive compensation award to any executive or other employee for any reason as they may deem appropriate and to the extent permitted by law. Nothing in this policy shall replace or otherwise limit or affect the Clawback Policy for EIP Awards Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results and/or the Clawback Policy for PSUs Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results.

EX-10.29

Exhibit 10.29

2020 CEO PERFORMANCE SHARE UNIT AWARD TERMS

UNDER THE

MERCK & CO., INC. 2019 STOCK INCENTIVE PLAN

I.GENERAL. These Performance Share Units (“PSUs”) are granted under and subject to the following Award Terms and the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Stock Incentive Plan (the "Merck ISP"). The Company has announced its intention to spin-off (the “Spin-Off”) certain products into a new, yet-to-be-named, independent, publicly traded company (“NewCo”) during the first half of 2021 (“Spin-Date”). As appropriate, the Company will be referred to as OriginalCo before the Spin-Date, and on and after the Spin-Date as RemainCo. Collectively, OriginalCo and RemainCo are the “Company.”

Grant Type:	PSU – CEO
Grant Date: Award	March 31, 2020
Period:	Jan. 1, 2020 – Dec. 31, 2022

IMPORTANT NOTICE: This grant requires you to affirmatively accept it. You MUST log onto the Morgan Stanley website at

(http://www.morganstanley.com/spc/knowledge/managing-equity/managing-your-existing-awards/accepting-awards-grants/) to accept the grant.

Follow the procedure described on the Morgan Stanley website to accept your PSU Award within 90 days. Failure to accept the terms and conditions of your PSU Award within 90 days may result in forfeiture of the PSU Award.

II.DEFINITIONS. For the purpose of these Award Terms:

“Award Period” means the three-year period commencing on January 1, 2020 and ending on December 31, 2022.

“Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 or any successor thereto.

“Earnings Per Share or EPS” means the Company’s net income divided by the weighted average of the number of shares of Company common stock on a fully diluted basis during the Award Period.

The above result shall be adjusted to exclude charges or items from the measurement of performance relating to (1) fluctuations in foreign exchange rates versus Plan rates; (2) the impact of significant unplanned acquisitions and/or divestitures, extraordinary items and other unusual or non-recurring charges and/or events; (3) an event either not directly related to Company operations or not reasonably within the control of Company management; (4) the effects of significant accounting changes in accordance with U.S. GAAP, or other significant legislative changes; (5) gains or losses arising from investments in equity securities, whether realized or unrealized and (6) the impact of share repurchases above or below Plan levels.

“EPS Performance Payout” means the percentage of Target Shares to be paid out based upon the Company’s EPS goal as determined under paragraph C of Section III.

“Final Award” means the percentage of the Target described in Section III hereof.

“Grant Date” means the date as of which a Performance Share Unit is granted.

“Peer Healthcare Companies" are the healthcare companies used by the Committee in evaluating the Company’s TSR Performance for the entire Award Period. For 2020 and for so long thereafter during the Award Period that such companies are publicly traded on a nationally recognized stock exchange, the following are the Peer Healthcare Companies except as described below.

AbbVie	Eli Lilly	Novartis
Amgen	GlaxoSmithKline	Pfizer
Astra Zeneca Bristol-Myers Squibb	Roche Johnson & Johnson	Sanofi-Aventis

The Committee intends that the Peer Healthcare Companies be subject to such adjustment as may be necessary to reflect merger, reorganization, recapitalization, extraordinary cash dividend, combination of shares, consolidation, rights offering, spin off, split off, split up, bankruptcy, liquidation, acquisition, or other similar change in any Peer Healthcare Company.

“Performance Share” means a phantom share of Common Stock. Until distributed pursuant to Article VI, Performance Shares shall not entitle the holder to any of the rights of a holder of Common Stock, including voting rights; provided, however, that the Committee retains the right to make adjustments as described in Section 7 of the Merck ISP.

“Performance Unit Grantee” or “Grantee” means an eligible employee who receives a Performance Share Unit.

“Performance Share Unit” or “PSU” means an award of Performance Shares as described in these Award Terms.

“Restricted Period” has the meaning set forth in Appendix B.

“Target Shares” means the number of Performance Shares that will be distributable if the Performance Measures are achieved at the level identified as “target” for the entire Award Period.

“Total Shareholder Return” or “TSR” means the change in value of one share of a company’s Common Stock over the Award Period, taking into account both stock price appreciation (or depreciation) and the reinvestment of dividends. The beginning and ending stock prices will be based on the average closing stock prices during the months of December as applicable. TSR will be calculated on a compound annualized basis over the Award Period.

“TSR Performance Payout” means the percentage of Target Shares to be paid out based upon the Company’s TSR Performance as determined under paragraph B of Section III.

III.CALCULATION OF FINAL AWARD OF PERFORMANCE SHARE UNITS

The Performance Unit Grantee shall vest in the number of PSUs to the extent provided for in this Section III unless otherwise provided for in Section V (“Termination of Employment”).

A.Performance Metrics. The Final Award will equal the TSR Performance Payout plus the EPS Performance Payout in the proportions determined in Paragraph D below.

B.TSR Performance Payout. The TSR Performance Payout shall be determined as follows:

1.     If the Company’s annualized TSR is greater than the median of the annualized TSR of the Peer Healthcare Companies, then the TSR Performance Payout will equal 100% plus five times the difference in percentage points up to a maximum of 200%; provided, however, that if the Company’s annualized TSR is negative, then in no event will the TSR Performance Payout be greater than 100%.

For example, if the Company’s annualized TSR is 25% and the median annualized TSR of the Peer Healthcare Companies is 20%, then the TSR Performance Payout would be 125% [100% + ((25% - 20%) x 5%)].

2.    If the Company’s TSR is less than the median of the annualized TSR among the Peer Healthcare Companies, then the TSR Performance Payout will equal 100% minus five times the difference in percentage points; provided, however, that if such median exceeds the Company’s TSR by more than 10 percentage points, no TSR Performance Payout will be earned with respect to this portion of the PSU.

C.EPS Performance Payout. The EPS Performance Payout shall be determined in accordance with the following performance schedule:

2020 OriginalCo EPS

Earnings Per Share Goals	Payout Percentage
Less than $5.18	0%
$5.18 (Threshold)	25%
$5.69 (Target)	100%
$6.03	150%
$6.38 (Stretch)	200%

2020 through 2022 for OriginalCo and RemainCo

Earnings Per Share Goals	Payout Percentage
Less than $17.11	0%
$17.11 (Threshold)	25%
$18.80 (Target)	100%
$19.93	150%
$21.05 (Stretch)	200%

Payout Percentages corresponding to performance between two discrete values in the table will be interpolated.

D.The Final Award will depend upon whether and when the Spin-Off occurs and whether the grantee is an employee of RemainCo (a “RemainCo Grantee”) or NewCo (a “NewCo Grantee”) on the Spin-Date and is subject to Article IX except as noted below.

1.     If the Spin-Date is after January 1, 2020 and before December 31, 2021,

    a.    For RemainCo Grantees, the Final Award will equal the sum of (x) TSR Payout Percent for the entire Award Period TIMES Target Shares TIMES 66.67 percent and (y) the 2020 OriginalCo EPS Payout Percentage TIMES Target Shares TIMES 33.33 percent.

    b.    For NewCo Grantees, the Final Award will equal 100 percent Target Shares.

2.    If the Spin-Off does not occur, the Final Award for all grantees will equal the sum of (x) TSR Payout Percent for the entire Award Period TIMES Target Shares TIMES 50 percent and (y) 2020 through 2022 EPS Payout Percentage for OriginalCo and RemainCo TIMES Target Shares TIMES 50 percent.

E.Maximum Award. Anything in these Award Terms to the contrary notwithstanding, the Final Award shall be reduced to the extent necessary to reflect that the value of the Final Award may not exceed four times the Target Share, valued as of the Grant Date.

IV.DIVIDENDS

During the Award Period, dividend equivalents will be accrued on the Performance Shares if and to the extent dividends are paid by the Company on Merck Common Stock. Payment of such dividends will be made, without interest or earnings, at the end of the Award only on the Final Award. Such dividends shall be paid as additional shares in an amount equal to the sum of the dividends paid during the Award Period on the Final Award divided by the price of a share of Merck common stock on the date the Final Award is determined. If any portion of this PSU award lapses, is forfeited or expires, no dividend equivalents will be credited or paid on such portion. Any payment of dividend equivalents will be reduced to the extent necessary for the Company to satisfy any tax or other withholding obligations.

V.TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT

A.General Rule. If the Grantee’s employment is terminated during the Award Period before January 1, 2021 for any reason other than those specified in the following paragraphs, this PSU award will be forfeited on the date employment ends.

B.Retirement or Other Reason. If the Grantee’s employment terminates for retirement or any other reason not specified in this Article V on or after January 1, 2021, then this PSU Award will continue and be distributable in

full at the time active Grantees receive distributions with respect to the Award Period based on the Final Award as if employment had continued.

C.Death. If the Grantee’s employment terminates due to death during the Award Period, all of this PSU Award will continue and be distributed to his or her estate at the time active Grantees receive such distributions with respect to this PSU Award, based on the Final Award. If the Grantee dies while any portion of this PSU Award remains outstanding, but after employment terminates for the reasons listed under paragraphs B or E of this section, the portion that remains outstanding will continue and be distributable at the time active Grantees receive such distributions with respect to that Award Period based on the Final Award.

D.Misconduct. If the Grantee’s employment is terminated as a result of deliberate, willful or gross misconduct, this PSU Award will be forfeited immediately upon the Grantee’s receipt of notice of such termination.

E.Disability. If the Grantee’s employment is terminated during the Award Period and the Company determines that such termination resulted from inability to perform the material duties of his or her role by reason of a physical or mental infirmity that is expected to last for at least six months or to result in death, whether or not he or she is eligible for disability benefits from any applicable disability program, then this PSU Award will continue and be distributable in accordance with its terms as if employment had continued based on the Final Award and will be distributed at the time active PSU Grantees receive distributions with respect to this PSU Award.

F.Joint Venture Service. A transfer of the Grantee’s employment to a joint venture, including, in the case of grants to Legacy Merck Employees, any other entity in which the Company has determined that it has a significant business or ownership interest, is not considered termination of employment for purposes of this PSU Award. Such employment must be approved by, and contiguous with employment by, the Company. The terms set out in paragraphs A-E above apply to this PSU Award while the Grantee is employed by the joint venture or other entity.

VI.DISTRIBUTION OF PERFORMANCE SHARES

A.General Rule. Following the end of the Award Period, each Grantee shall be entitled to receive a number of shares of Common Stock equal to the Final Award plus the shares for accrued dividend equivalents set forth in Section IV, rounded to the nearest whole number (no fractional shares shall be issued). Such distribution shall be made as soon as administratively feasible, but in no event later than the end of the calendar year in which the Final Award is determined in accordance with Section III. Unless otherwise determined by the Committee, the Company shall withhold any applicable taxes directly from a Performance Share Unit before it is denominated in actual shares of Common Stock.

B.Death. In the case of distribution on account of the Grantee’s death, the portion of the Performance Share Unit distributable shall be distributed to the Grantee’s estate. Unless the Committee determines otherwise, the Company will withhold any applicable taxes directly from a Performance Unit before it is denominated in actual shares of Common Stock.

C.Violation of Restrictive Covenants. If the Grantee violates the Restrictive Covenants as set forth in Appendix B during the Restricted Period, this entire Award, and any accumulated dividend equivalents, shall immediately lapse and be forfeited.

VII.TRANSFERABILITY

Prior to distribution pursuant to Section VI, the PSU Award shall not be transferable, assignable or alienable except by will or the laws of descent or distribution following the Grantee’s death.

VIII.ELECTRONIC ACCEPTANCE

The Company may, in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to the PSU or future PSUs that may be granted under the Plan by electronic means or request your consent to participate in the Plan by electronic means. You hereby consent to receive such documents by electronic delivery and agree to participate in the Plan through an online or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or a third party designated by the Company.

IX.ADMINISTRATIVE POWERS

In addition to the Committee’s powers set forth in the Merck ISP, anything in these Award Terms to the contrary notwithstanding, the Committee may revise the terms of any PSU not yet granted or, granted but prior to the end of an Award Period if unforeseen events occur and which, in the judgment of the Committee, make the application of the Terms of this PSU Award unfair and contrary to their intentions unless a revision is made.

X.CLAWBACK POLICY FOR PSUS UPON SIGNIFICANT RESTATEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESULTS AND CERTAIN COMPLIANCE VIOLATIONS

A.PSUs Subject to Clawback. This PSU Award will be subject to recoupment in the event of violations of the Company policy for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance violations as set forth in Appendix A as amended from time to time. In addition, PSUs, and any proceeds therefrom, are subject to the Company’s right to reclaim their benefits in the event of a significant restatement of financial results for any Award Period, pursuant to the process described below.

1.The Audit Committee of the Board will review the issues and circumstances that resulted in a restatement of financial results to determine if the restatement was significant and make an initial determination of the cause of the restatement—that is whether the restatement was caused, in whole or in part, by Executive Fault (as those terms are defined below); and

2.The Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board will (a) recalculate the Company's results for any Award Period with respect to PSUs that included an Award Period which occurred during the restatement period; and (b) if it is determined that such restatement was caused in whole or in part by the Executive's Fault, the Compensation and Benefits Committee will seek reimbursement from the Executive of that portion of the payout of the PSU that the Executive received within 18 months of the restatement based on the erroneous financial results.

B.“Executive” means executive officers for the purposes of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

C.“Fault” means fraud or willful misconduct. "Willful misconduct" is generally viewed as dereliction of a duty or unlawful or improper behavior committed voluntarily and intentionally; something more than negligence. If the Audit Committee determines that Fault may have been a factor causing the restatement, the Audit Committee will appoint an independent investigator whose determination shall be final and binding.

D.Exclusions from Clawback. This Section does not apply to restatements that the Audit Committee determines (1) are required or permitted under generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) in connection with the adoption or implementation of a new accounting standard or (2) are caused due to the Company's decision to change its accounting practice as permitted under GAAP.

E.Compliance Violations. For employees in Band 600 and above, this PSU will be subject to recoupment in the event of certain violations of Company policy in accordance with the Company’s policy for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations, as set forth in Appendix A (as may be amended from time to time).

XI.CHANGE-IN-CONTROL

Upon the occurrence of a Change-in-Control (as such term is defined in the Merck ISP), the Final Award shall be 100%. The Final Award will be distributed at the same time and in the same manner as described in Section VI.

If the Company terminates the Grantee’s employment for any reason other than Misconduct, as provided above (1) during the Award Period and (2) within two years following a Change-in-Control, the Final Award will be 100% and will be distributed when distributed to active Grantees.

XII.SECTION 409A COMPLIANCE.

Anything in the ISP or these Award Terms to the contrary notwithstanding, no distribution of PSUs may be made unless in compliance with Section 409A of the Code or any successor thereto. In addition, distributions, if any, to a “Specified Employee” as defined in Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.409A-1(i) or any successor thereto, to the extent required by Section 409A of the Code, made due to a separation from service (as defined in Section 409A) will not be made before the first day of the sixth month following the separation from service, in the same form as they would have been made had this restriction not applied; provided further, that no dividend or dividend equivalents will be paid, accrued or accumulated in respect of the period during which distribution was suspended.

Appendix A

Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violation

POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

Policy

It is the policy of the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Committee”) that the Committee will exercise its discretion to determine whether to seek Recoupment of any bonus and/or other incentive compensation paid or awarded to an Affected Employee with respect to any performance period beginning after December 31, 2013, where it determines, in consultation with the Audit Committee, that: a) the Affected Employee engaged in misconduct, or failed to reasonably supervise an employee who engaged in misconduct, that resulted in a Material Policy Violation relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products; and b) the Committee concludes that the Material Policy Violation caused Significant Harm to the Company, as those terms are defined in this policy. The Committee’s exercise of its discretion may take into account any considerations determined by the Committee to be relevant.

Definitions

1.“Recoupment” is defined to include any and all of the following actions to the extent permitted by law: (a) reducing the amount of a current or future bonus or other cash or non-cash incentive compensation award, (b) requiring reimbursement of a bonus or other cash-based incentive compensation award paid with respect to the most recently completed performance period, (c) cancelling all or a portion of a future-vesting equity award, (d) cancelling all or a portion of an equity award that vested within the previous twelve- month period, (e) requiring return of shares paid upon vesting and/or reimbursement of any proceeds received from the sale of an equity award, in each case that vested within the previous twelve-month period, and (f) any other method of reducing the total compensation paid to an employee for any prior twelve-month period or any current or future period.

2.A “Material Policy Violation” is defined as a material violation of a Company policy relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products.

3.An “Affected Employee” is an employee in Band 600 or higher who (i) engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation; or (ii) failed in his or her supervisory responsibilities to reasonably manage or monitor the conduct of an employee who engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation.

4.“Significant Harm” means a significant negative impact on the Company’s financial operating results or reputation.

Procedures

1.The Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, shall administer this policy and have full discretion to interpret and to make any and all determinations under this policy, subject to the approval of the full Board of Directors in the case of a determination to seek or waive Recoupment from the Chief Executive Officer.

2.The General Counsel, in consultation with the Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer and the Executive Vice President, Human Resources, is responsible for determining whether to refer a matter to the Committee for review under this policy and for assisting the Committee with its review. The Committee may consult with other Board Committees and any external or internal advisors as it deems appropriate.

3.If the Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, determines that there is a basis for seeking Recoupment under this policy, the Committee shall exercise its discretion to determine for each Affected Employee, on an individual basis, whether, and to what extent and in which manner, to seek Recoupment.

4.In exercising its discretion, the Committee may take into consideration, as it deems appropriate, all of the facts and circumstances of the particular matter and the general interests of the Company.

Delegation to Management for Certain Recoupment Decisions The Committee hereby delegates to the Chief Executive Officer (who may further delegate as he deems appropriate) the authority to administer this policy and to make any and all decisions under it regarding Affected Employees who are not Section 16 Officers of the Company. Section 16 Officers are employees of the Company who are subject to Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Management shall report to the Committee on any affirmative decisions to seek Recoupment pursuant to this delegation.

Disclosure of Recoupment Decisions

The Company will comply with all applicable securities laws and regulations, including Securities and Exchange Commission disclosure requirements regarding executive compensation. The Company may also, but is not obligated to, provide additional disclosure beyond that required by law when the Company deems it to be appropriate and determines that such disclosure is in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders.

Miscellaneous

Nothing in this policy shall limit or otherwise affect any of the following: 1) management’s ability to take any disciplinary action with respect to any Affected Employee; 2) the Committee’s ability to use its negative discretion with respect to any incentive compensation performance target at any time; or 3) the Committee’s or management’s ability to reduce the amount (in whole or in part) of a current or future bonus or other cash or non- cash incentive compensation award to any executive or other employee for any reason as they may deem appropriate and to the extent permitted by law. Nothing in this policy shall replace or otherwise limit or affect the Clawback Policy for EIP Awards Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results and/or the Clawback

Policy for PSUs Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results.

APPENDIX B

Restrictive Covenants

Non-Compete. The Grantee agrees that to the extent permitted by law, during his employment with the Company and/or one of its affiliates and until December 31, 2022 (the “Restricted Period”) he will not, without the prior written consent of the Board, engage, directly or indirectly, whether as officer, director, board member, owner, principal, agent, distributor, representative, consultant, employee, partner, advisor or in any other capacity with any company that is directly or indirectly engaged in the business of researching, developing, producing, marketing or selling any products, technology or services that competes with or upon commercialization will compete with any (a) product, technology  or service developed,  marketed or sold by the Company or any of its Affiliates or (b) product, technology or service known by him to be in development by the Company or any of its Affiliates.  Nothing herein will prohibit the Grantee from acquiring or holding not more than 1 percent of any class of publicly traded securities of any business.

Non-Solicit. During the Restricted Period, the Grantee will not, directly or indirectly, solicit, or induce any other person to solicit, any employee of the Company or its affiliates to leave his or her employment.

Forfeiture. If the Company determines that the Grantee has violated the restrictive covenants set forth in this Appendix B, then he agrees and covenants that this entire Award, including any accumulated dividends, will be immediately forfeited. This remedy is not the Company’s exclusive remedy. The Company reserves all other rights and remedies available to it at law or in equity.

EX-10.30

Exhibit 10.30

TERMS FOR

2021 STOCK OPTION CEO GRANT

UNDER THE

MERCK & CO., INC. 2019 INCENTIVE STOCK PLAN

This is a summary of the terms applicable to the stock option specified in this document. Different terms may apply to any prior or future stock option.

Grant Type:	CEO Grant	Exercisable Date	Portion Becoming Exercisable
Option Price:	$73.73	May 4, 2022	First: 33.333%
Grant Date:	May 4, 2021	May 4, 2023	Second: 33.333%
Expiration Date:	November 30, 2027	May 4, 2024	Balance

I.GENERAL INFORMATION

IMPORTANT NOTICE: This grant requires you to affirmatively accept it. You MUST log onto the Morgan Stanley website at (http://www.morganstanley.com/spc/knowledge/managing-equity/managing-your-existing-awards/accepting-awards- grants/) to accept the grant.

Follow the procedure described on the Morgan Stanley website to accept your stock option within 90 days. Failure to accept the terms and conditions of your stock option within 90 days may result in forfeiture of the stock option.

This stock option expires on its Expiration Date, which is the day before the tenth anniversary of the Grant Date. If your employment with the Company is terminated, your right to exercise this stock option will be determined according to the terms in Section II. The vesting and exercisability of this option is also subject to the Restrictive Covenants set forth in Appendix B.

Eligibility: Eligibility for grants is determined under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan for employees of the Company, its subsidiaries, its affiliates or its joint ventures if designated by the Compensation and Benefits Committee of Merck’s Board of Directors, or its delegate (the “Committee”).

Subject to Recoupment, Forfeiture and Clawback: This Stock Option Award will be subject to recoupment in the event of certain violations of Company policy in accordance with the Company’s policy for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations, as set forth in Appendix A (as may be amended from time to time).

II.VESTING; EXERCISE; EMPLOYMENT TERMINATION

A.Vesting: This option will vest in its entirety if your employment continues through September 30, 2021, or immediately if you die before then.

B.Exercisability. This option will become exercisable in equal installments (subject to a rounding process) on the Exercisable Dates indicated in the accompanying box above.

C.Termination. Any portion of this option that is vested will expire unless exercised before the New York Stock Exchange closes (the “Close of Business”) on the day before the fifth anniversary of the date your employment terminates due to your retirement (the “Termination Date”) but in no event after the Expiration Date. Close of Business for any day on which the New York Stock Exchange is not open means the close of business prior to that date when the Exchange is open.

D.Misconduct. If your employment is terminated as a result of your deliberate, willful or gross misconduct, this stock option (whether vested or unvested) will expire immediately upon your receipt of notice of such termination.

E.Death. If your employment terminates as a result of your death, the portion of this stock option that is unvested will vest immediately upon your death. Whether already vested on the date of your death or vested as a result of your death, this stock option will expire on the day before the second anniversary of your death, even if such date is later than the Original Expiration date. you die while any portion of this stock option remains outstanding, but after your employment terminates, the

portion that remains outstanding after such employment termination will become immediately exercisable and will continue to be exercisable until the expiration date prescribed in paragraph C (and at least a year from your death in those jurisdictions where such extension is required by law).

F.Change in Control. If the Company involuntarily terminates your employment without Cause before the second anniversary after the closing of a change in control, each unvested Stock Option that is outstanding immediately prior to the change in control will immediately become fully vested and exercisable. All options, including options vested prior to such time, will expire on the day before the fifth anniversary of the termination of your employment following a change in control (but not beyond the Expiration Date). This extended exercise period does not apply in the case of termination under Paragraph C. If this stock option does not remain outstanding following the change in control and is not converted into a successor stock option, then you will be entitled to receive cash for this option in an amount at least equal to the difference between the price paid to stockholders in the change in control and the Option Price of this stock option. A "change in control" has the same meaning that it has under the Merck & Co., Inc. Change in Control Separation Benefits Plan (excluding an MSD Change in Control).

G.Joint Venture. Employment with a joint venture or other entity in which the Company has determined that it has a significant business or ownership interest (a “JV”) is not considered termination of employment for purposes of this stock option. If you transfer employment from the Company to a JV or from a JV to the Company, such employment must be approved by, and contiguous with employment by, the Company or the JV. The terms set out in paragraphs A through F above apply to this stock option while the option holder is employed by the JV.

III. TRANSFERABILITY

This stock option is not transferable and may not be assigned or otherwise transferred except, under specific terms, by executives who hold or who retired within the prior 12 months from a Section 16 officer position.

IV.ELECTRONIC ACCEPTANCE

The Company may, in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to the stock option or future options that may be granted under the Plan by electronic means or request your consent to participate in the Plan by electronic means. You hereby consent to receive such documents by electronic delivery and agree to participate in the Plan through an online or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or a third party designated by the Company.

V. ADMINISTRATION

The Committee is responsible for construing and interpreting this grant, including the right to construe disputed or doubtful plan provisions, and may establish, amend and construe such rules and regulations as it may deem necessary or desirable for the proper administration of this grant. Any decision or action taken or to be taken by the Committee, arising out of or in connection with the construction, administration, interpretation and effect of this grant shall, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, be within its absolute discretion (except as otherwise specifically provided herein) and shall be final, binding and conclusive upon the Company, all eligible employees and any person claiming under or through any eligible employee. All determinations by the Committee including, without limitation, determinations of the eligible employees, the form, amount and timing of incentives, the terms and provisions of incentives and the writings evidencing incentives, need not be uniform and may be made selectively among eligible employees who receive, or are eligible to receive, Incentives hereunder, whether or not such eligible employees are similarly situated.

VI.GRANTS NOT PART OF EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT

Notwithstanding reference to grants of incentives in letters offering employment or in specific employment agreements, incentives do not constitute part of any employment contract between the Company or JV and the grantee, whether the employment contract arises as a matter of agreement or applicable law. The value of any grant or of the proceeds of any exercise of Incentives are not included in calculating compensation for purposes of pension payments, separation pay, termination indemnities or other similar payments due upon termination of employment.

This stock option is subject to the provisions of the 2019 Incentive Stock Plan, including but not limited to choice of law. For further information regarding your stock options, you may access the Merck Global Long-Term Incentives homepage via Sync > HR > Money > Long-Term Incentive Program.

APPENDIX A

RECOUPMENT OF COMPENSATION FOR COMPLIANCE VIOLATIONS

POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

Policy

It is the policy of the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Committee”) that the Committee will exercise its discretion to determine whether to seek Recoupment of any bonus and/or other incentive compensation paid or awarded to an Affected Employee with respect to any performance period beginning after December 31, 2013, where it determines, in consultation with the Audit Committee, that: a) the Affected Employee engaged in misconduct, or failed to reasonably supervise an employee who engaged in misconduct, that resulted in a Material Policy Violation relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products; and b) the Committee concludes that the Material Policy Violation caused Significant Harm to the Company, as those terms are defined in this policy. The Committee’s exercise of its discretion may take into account any considerations determined by the Committee to be relevant.

Definitions

1.“Recoupment” is defined to include any and all of the following actions to the extent permitted by law: (a) reducing the amount of a current or future bonus or other cash or non- cash incentive compensation award, (b) requiring reimbursement of a bonus or other cash-based incentive compensation award paid with respect to the most recently completed performance period, (c) cancelling all or a portion of a future-vesting equity award, (d) cancelling all or a portion of an equity award that vested within the previous twelve-month period, (e) requiring return of shares paid upon vesting and/or reimbursement of any proceeds received from the sale of an equity award, in each case that vested within the previous twelve-month period, and (f) any other method of reducing the total compensation paid to an employee for any prior twelve- month period or any current or future period.

2.A “Material Policy Violation” is defined as a material violation of a Company policy relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products.

3.An “Affected Employee” is an employee in Band 600 or higher who (i) engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation; or (ii) failed in his or her supervisory responsibilities to reasonably manage or monitor the conduct of an employee who engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation.

4.“Significant Harm” means a significant negative impact on the Company’s financial operating results or reputation.

Procedures

1.The Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, shall administer this policy and have full discretion to interpret and to make any and all determinations under this policy, subject to the approval of the full Board of Directors in the case of a determination to seek or waive Recoupment from the Chief Executive Officer.

2.The General Counsel, in consultation with the Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer and the Executive Vice President, Human Resources, is responsible for determining whether to refer a matter to the Committee for review under this policy and for assisting the Committee with its review. The Committee may consult with other Board Committees and any external or internal advisors as it deems appropriate.

3.If the Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, determines that there is a basis for seeking Recoupment under this policy, the Committee shall exercise its discretion to determine for each Affected Employee, on an individual basis, whether, and to what extent and in which manner, to seek Recoupment.

4.In exercising its discretion, the Committee may take into consideration, as it deems appropriate, all of the facts and circumstances of the particular matter and the general interests of the Company.

Delegation to Management for Certain Recoupment Decisions

The Committee hereby delegates to the Chief Executive Officer (who may further delegate as he deems appropriate) the authority to administer this policy and to make any and all decisions under it regarding Affected Employees who are not Section 16 Officers of the Company. Section 16 Officers are employees of the Company who are subject to Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Management shall report to the Committee on any affirmative decisions to seek recoupment pursuant to this delegation.

Disclosure of Recoupment Decisions

The Company will comply with all applicable securities laws and regulations, including Securities and Exchange Commission disclosure requirements regarding executive compensation. The Company may also, but is not obligated to, provide additional disclosure beyond that required by law when the Company deems it to be appropriate and determines that such disclosure is in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders.

Miscellaneous

Nothing in this policy shall limit or otherwise affect any of the following: 1) management’s ability to take any disciplinary action with respect to any Affected Employee; 2) the Committee’s ability to use its negative discretion with respect to any incentive compensation performance target at any time; or 3) the Committee’s or management’s ability to reduce the amount (in whole or in part) of a current or future bonus or other cash or non-cash incentive compensation award to any executive or other employee for any reason as they may deem appropriate and to the extent permitted by law. Nothing in this policy shall replace or otherwise limit or affect the Clawback Policy for EIP Awards Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results and/or the Clawback Policy for PSUs upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results.

APPENDIX B

RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS

You agree that to the extent permitted by law, during your employment with the Company and/or one of its affiliates and until this Award is fully exercisable (the “Restricted Period”) you will not, without the prior written consent of the Board, engage, directly or indirectly, whether as officer, director, board member, owner, principal, agent, distributor, representative, consultant, employee, partner, advisor or in any other capacity with any company that is directly or indirectly engaged in the business of researching, developing, producing, marketing or selling any products, technology or services that competes with or upon commercialization will compete with any (a) product, technology  or service developed,  marketed or sold by the Company or any of its Affiliates or (b) product, technology or service known by you to be in development by the Company or any of its Affiliates .  Nothing herein will prohibit you from acquiring or holding not more than 1 percent of any class of publicly traded securities of any business.

During the Restricted Period, you will not, directly or indirectly, solicit, or induce any other person to solicit, any employee of the Company or its affiliates to leave his or her employment.

Forfeiture. If the Company determines that you have violated the restrictive covenants set forth in this Appendix B, then you agree and covenant that any Unexercisable portion of this Award will be immediately forfeited. This remedy is not the Company’s exclusive remedy. The Company reserves all other rights and remedies available to it at law or in equity.

EX-10.31

Exhibit 10.31

2021 PERFORMANCE SHARE UNIT AWARD TERMS

UNDER THE

MERCK & CO., INC. 2019 STOCK INCENTIVE PLAN

I.GENERAL. These Performance Share Units (“PSUs”) are granted under and subject to the following Award Terms and the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Stock Incentive Plan (the "Merck ISP"). The Company has announced its intention to spin-off (the “Spin-Off”) certain products into a new, independent, publicly traded company, Organon & Co. (“NewCo”) during the first half of 2021 (“Spin-Date”). As appropriate, the Company will be referred to as OriginalCo before the Spin-Date, and on and after the Spin-Date as RemainCo. Collectively, OriginalCo and RemainCo are the “Company.”

Grant Type:	PSU – Annual
Grant Date:	March 31, 2021
Award Period:	Jan. 1, 2021 – Dec. 31, 2023

IMPORTANT NOTICE: This grant requires you to affirmatively accept it. You MUST log onto the Morgan Stanley website at

(http://www.morganstanley.com/spc/knowledge/managing-equity/managing-your-existing-awards/accepting-awards-grants/) to accept the grant.

Follow the procedure described on the Morgan Stanley website to accept your PSU Award within 90 days. Failure to accept the terms and conditions of your PSU Award within 90 days may result in forfeiture of the PSU Award.

II.DEFINITIONS. For the purpose of these Award Terms:

“Award Period” means the three-year period commencing on January 1, 2021 and ending on December 31, 2023.

“Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 or any successor thereto.

“Earnings Per Share or EPS” means the Company’s net income divided by the weighted average of the number of shares of Company common stock on a fully diluted basis during the Award Period.

The above result shall be adjusted to exclude charges or items from the measurement of performance relating to (1) fluctuations in foreign exchange rates versus Plan rates; (2) the impact of significant unplanned acquisitions and/or divestitures, extraordinary items and other unusual or non-recurring charges and/or events; (3) an event either not directly related to Company operations or not reasonably within the control of Company management; (4) the effects of significant accounting changes in accordance with U.S. GAAP, or other significant legislative changes; (5) gains or losses arising from investments in equity securities, whether realized or unrealized and (6) the impact of share repurchases above or below Plan levels.

“EPS Performance Payout” means the percentage of Target Shares to be paid out based upon the Company’s EPS goal as determined under paragraph C of Section III.

“Final Award” means the percentage of the Target described in Section III hereof.

“Grant Date” means the date as of which a Performance Share Unit is granted.

“Peer Healthcare Companies" are the healthcare companies used by the Committee in evaluating the Company’s TSR Performance for the entire Award Period. For 2021 and for so long thereafter during the Award Period that such companies are publicly traded on a nationally recognized stock exchange, the following are the Peer Healthcare Companies except as described below.

AbbVie	Eli Lilly	Novartis
Amgen	GlaxoSmithKline	Pfizer
Astra Zeneca Bristol-Myers Squibb	Roche Johnson & Johnson	Sanofi-Aventis

The Committee intends that the Peer Healthcare Companies be subject to such adjustment as may be necessary to reflect merger, reorganization, recapitalization, extraordinary cash dividend, combination of shares, consolidation, rights offering, spin off, split off, split up, bankruptcy, liquidation, acquisition, or other similar change in any Peer Healthcare Company.

“Performance Share” means a phantom share of Common Stock. Until distributed pursuant to Article VI, Performance Shares shall not entitle the holder to any of the rights of a holder of Common Stock, including voting rights; provided, however, that the Committee retains the right to make adjustments as described in Section 7 of the Merck ISP.

“Performance Unit Grantee” or “Grantee” means an eligible employee who receives a Performance Share Unit.

“Performance Share Unit” or “PSU” means an award of Performance Shares as described in these Award Terms.

“Target Shares” means the number of Performance Shares that will be distributable if the Performance Measures are achieved at the level identified as “target” for the entire Award Period.

“Total Shareholder Return” or “TSR” means the change in value of one share of a company’s Common Stock over the Award Period, taking into account both stock price appreciation (or depreciation) and the reinvestment of dividends. The beginning and ending stock prices will be based on the average closing stock prices during the months of December as applicable. TSR will be calculated on a compound annualized basis over the Award Period.

“TSR Performance Payout” means the percentage of Target Shares to be paid out based upon the Company’s TSR Performance as determined under paragraph B of Section III.

III.CALCULATION OF FINAL AWARD OF PERFORMANCE SHARE UNITS

The Performance Unit Grantee shall vest in the number of PSUs to the extent provided for in this Section III unless otherwise provided for in Section V (“Termination of Employment”).

A.Performance Metrics. The Final Award will equal the TSR Performance Payout plus the EPS Performance Payout in the proportions determined in Paragraph D below.

B.TSR Performance Payout. The TSR Performance Payout shall be determined as follows:

1.     If the Company’s annualized TSR is greater than the median of the annualized TSR of the Peer Healthcare Companies, then the TSR Performance Payout will equal 100% plus five times the difference in percentage points up to a maximum of 200%; provided, however, that if the Company’s annualized TSR is negative, then in no event will the TSR Performance Payout be greater than 100%.

For example, if the Company’s annualized TSR is 25% and the median annualized TSR of the Peer Healthcare Companies is 20%, then the TSR Performance Payout would be 125% [100% + ((25% - 20%) x 5%)].

2.    If the Company’s TSR is less than the median of the annualized TSR among the Peer Healthcare Companies, then the TSR Performance Payout will equal 100% minus five times the difference in percentage points; provided, however, that if such median exceeds the Company’s TSR by more than 10 percentage points, no TSR Performance Payout will be earned with respect to this portion of the PSU.

C.EPS Performance Payout. The EPS Performance Payout shall be determined in accordance with the following performance schedule:

2021 OriginalCo EPS

Earnings Per Share Goals	Payout Percentage
Less than $5.98	0%
$5.98 (Threshold)	25%
$6.58 (Target)	100%
$6.97	150%
$7.36 (Stretch)	200%

2021 through 2023 for OriginalCo and RemainCo

Earnings Per Share Goals	Payout Percentage
Less than $20.66	0%
$20.66 (Threshold)	25%
$22.70 (Target)	100%
$24.06	150%
$25.42 (Stretch)	200%

Payout Percentages corresponding to performance between two discrete values in the table will be interpolated.

D.The Final Award will depend upon whether and when the Spin-Off occurs and whether the grantee is an employee of RemainCo (a “RemainCo Grantee”) or NewCo (a “NewCo Grantee”) on the Spin-Date and is subject to Article IX except as noted below.

1.     If the Spin-Date is during 2021,

    a.    For RemainCo Grantees, the Final Award will equal the sum of (x) TSR Payout Percent for the entire Award Period TIMES Target Shares TIMES 66.67 percent and (y) the 2021 OriginalCo EPS Payout Percentage TIMES Target Shares TIMES 33.33 percent.

    b.    For NewCo Grantees, the Final Award will equal 100 percent Target Shares.

2.    If the Spin-Off does not occur, the Final Award for all grantees will equal the sum of (x) TSR Payout Percent for the entire Award Period TIMES Target Shares TIMES 50 percent and (y) 2021 through 2023 EPS Payout Percentage for OriginalCo and RemainCo TIMES Target Shares TIMES 50 percent.

E.Maximum Award. Anything in these Award Terms to the contrary notwithstanding, the Final Award shall be reduced to the extent necessary to reflect that the value of the Final Award may not exceed four times the Target Share, valued as of the Grant Date.

IV.DIVIDENDS

During the Award Period, dividend equivalents will be accrued on the Performance Shares if and to the extent dividends are paid by the Company on Merck Common Stock. Payment of such dividends will be made, without interest or earnings, at the end of the Award only on the Final Award. Such dividends shall be paid as additional shares in an amount equal to the sum of the dividends paid during the Award Period on the Final Award divided by the price of a share of Merck common stock on the date the Final Award is determined. If any portion of this PSU award lapses, is forfeited or expires, no dividend equivalents will be credited or paid on such portion. Any payment of dividend equivalents will be reduced to the extent necessary for the Company to satisfy any tax or other withholding obligations.

V.TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT

A.General Rule. If a Grantee’s employment is terminated during the Award Period for any reason other than those specified in the following paragraphs, this PSU award will be forfeited on the date employment ends.

B.Involuntary Termination. If a Grantee’s employment terminates during the Award Period and the Company determines that employment was involuntarily terminated on or after the first anniversary of the first day of the Award Period, a pro rata portion (based on the number of completed months held during the Award Period prior to the date employment terminated) of this PSU Award will be distributed at such time as it would have been paid if employment had continued, based on actual performance during the Award Period as determined in accordance with Section III. The remainder will be forfeited on the date employment ends. The pro rata portion shall be determined by multiplying the Final Award by a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of completed months in the Award Period during which the Grantee was employed by the Company or JV, and the denominator of which is 36. An “involuntary termination” includes termination of employment by the Company as the result of a restructuring or job elimination, but excludes non-performance of duties and the reasons listed under paragraphs C through G of this section.

C.Sale. If a Grantee’s employment is terminated during the Award Period and the Company determines that such termination resulted from the sale of his or her subsidiary, division or joint venture, the following portion of this PSU Award will be distributed at such time as it would have been paid if employment had continued, based on the Final Award: one third if employment terminates on or after the Grant Date but before the first anniversary of the Award Period thereof; and all if employment terminates on or after the first anniversary of the first day of the Award Period. The remainder will be forfeited on the date a Grantee’s employment ends.

D.Retirement. If a Grantee terminates employment during the Award Period by retirement (including early and disability retirement), then this PSU Award will continue and be distributable on a pro rata basis at the time active Grantees receive such distributions with respect to that Award Period based on the Final Award. The pro rata portion shall be determined by multiplying the Final Award by a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of completed months in the Award Period during which the Grantee was employed by the Company or JV, and the denominator of which is 36. For Grantees who are employed in the U.S., “retirement” means a termination of employment after attaining the earliest of (a) age 55 with at least 10 years of service (b) such age and service that provides eligibility for subsidized retiree medical coverage or (c) age 65 without regard to years of service. For other Grantees, “retirement” is determined by the Company.

E.Death. If a Grantee’s employment terminates due to death during the Award Period, all of this PSU Award will continue and be distributed to his or her estate at the time active Grantees receive such distributions with respect to this PSU Award, based on the Final Award. If a Grantee dies while any portion of this PSU Award remains outstanding, but after employment terminates for the reasons listed under paragraphs B, C, D or G of this section, the portion that remains outstanding will continue and be distributable at the time active Grantees receive such distributions with respect to that Award Period based on the Final Award.

F.Misconduct. If a Grantee’s employment is terminated as a result of deliberate, willful or gross misconduct, this PSU Award will be forfeited immediately upon the Grantee’s receipt of notice of such termination.

G.Disability. If a Grantee’s employment is terminated during the Award Period and the Company determines that such termination resulted from inability to perform the material duties of his or her role by reason of a physical or mental infirmity that is expected to last for at least six months or to result in death, whether or not he or she is eligible for disability benefits from any applicable disability program, then this PSU Award will continue and be distributable in accordance with its terms as if employment had continued based on the Final Award and will be distributed at the time active PSU Grantees receive distributions with respect to this PSU Award.

H.Joint Venture Service. A transfer of a Grantee’s employment to a joint venture, including, in the case of grants to Legacy Merck Employees, any other entity in which the Company has determined that it has a significant business or ownership interest, is not considered termination of employment for purposes of this PSU Award. Such employment must be approved by, and contiguous with employment by, the Company. The terms set out in paragraphs A-G above apply to this PSU Award while a Grantee is employed by the joint venture or other entity.

VI.DISTRIBUTION OF PERFORMANCE SHARES

A.General Rule. Following the end of the Award Period, each Grantee shall be entitled to receive a number of shares of Common Stock equal to the Final Award plus the shares for accrued dividend equivalents set forth in Section IV, rounded to the nearest whole number (no fractional shares shall be

issued). Such distribution shall be made as soon as administratively feasible, but in no event later than the end of the calendar year in which the Final Award is determined in accordance with Section III. Unless otherwise determined by the Committee, the Company shall withhold any applicable taxes directly from a Performance Share Unit before it is denominated in actual shares of Common Stock.

B.Death. In the case of distribution on account of a Grantee’s death, the portion of the Performance Share Unit distributable shall be distributed to the Grantee’s estate. Unless the Committee determines otherwise, the Company will withhold any applicable taxes directly from a Performance Unit before it is denominated in actual shares of Common Stock.

VII.TRANSFERABILITY

Prior to distribution pursuant to Section VI, the PSU Award shall not be transferable, assignable or alienable except by will or the laws of descent or distribution following a Grantee’s death.

VIII.ELECTRONIC ACCEPTANCE

The Company may, in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to the PSU or future PSUs that may be granted under the Plan by electronic means or request your consent to participate in the Plan by electronic means. You hereby consent to receive such documents by electronic delivery and agree to participate in the Plan through an online or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or a third party designated by the Company.

IX.ADMINISTRATIVE POWERS

In addition to the Committee’s powers set forth in the Merck ISP, anything in these Award Terms to the contrary notwithstanding, the Committee may revise the terms of any PSU not yet granted or, granted but prior to the end of an Award Period if unforeseen events occur and which, in the judgment of the Committee, make the application of the Terms of this PSU Award unfair and contrary to their intentions unless a revision is made.

X.CLAWBACK POLICY FOR PSUS UPON SIGNIFICANT RESTATEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESULTS AND CERTAIN COMPLIANCE VIOLATIONS

A.PSUs Subject to Clawback. For employees in Band 600 and above, this PSU Award will be subject to recoupment in the event of violations of the Company policy for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance violations as set forth in Appendix A as amended from time to time. In addition, PSUs, and any proceeds therefrom, are subject to the Company’s right to reclaim their benefits in the event of a significant restatement of financial results for any Award Period, pursuant to the process described below.

1.The Audit Committee of the Board will review the issues and circumstances that resulted in a restatement of financial results to determine if the restatement was significant and make an initial determination of the cause of the restatement—that is whether the restatement was caused, in whole or in part, by Executive Fault (as those terms are defined below); and

2.The Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board will (a) recalculate the Company's results for any Award Period with respect to PSUs that included an Award Period which occurred during the restatement period; and (b) if it is determined that such restatement was caused in whole or in part by the Executive's Fault, the Compensation and Benefits Committee will seek reimbursement from the Executive of that portion of the payout of the PSU that the Executive received within 18 months of the restatement based on the erroneous financial results.

B.“Executive” means executive officers for the purposes of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

C.“Fault” means fraud or willful misconduct. "Willful misconduct" is generally viewed as dereliction of a duty or unlawful or improper behavior committed voluntarily and intentionally; something more than negligence. If the Audit Committee determines that Fault may have been a factor causing the restatement, the Audit Committee will appoint an independent investigator whose determination shall be final and binding.

D.Exclusions from Clawback. This Section does not apply to restatements that the Audit Committee determines (1) are required or permitted under generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) in connection with the adoption or implementation of a new accounting standard or (2)

are caused due to the Company's decision to change its accounting practice as permitted under GAAP.

E.Compliance Violations. For employees in Band 600 and above, this PSU will be subject to recoupment in the event of certain violations of Company policy in accordance with the Company’s policy for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations, as set forth in Appendix A (as may be amended from time to time).

XI.Change-in-Control

Upon the occurrence of a change-in-control (as such term is defined in the Merck ISP), the Final Award shall be 100%. The Final Award will be distributed at the same time and in the same manner as described in Section VI.

If the Company terminates a Grantee’s employment except as described in Section V(F), (1) during the Award Period and (2) within two years following a change-in-control, the Final Award will be 100% and will be distributed when distributed to active Grantees.

XII.SECTION 409A COMPLIANCE.

Anything in the ISP or these Award Terms to the contrary notwithstanding, no distribution of PSUs may be made unless in compliance with Section 409A of the Code or any successor thereto. In addition, distributions, if any, to a “Specified Employee” as defined in Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.409A-1(i) or any successor thereto, to the extent required by Section 409A of the Code, made due to a separation from service (as defined in Section 409A) will not be made before the first day of the sixth month following the separation from service, in the same form as they would have been made had this restriction not applied; provided further, that no dividend or dividend equivalents will be paid, accrued or accumulated in respect of the period during which distribution was suspended.

Appendix A

Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violation

POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

Policy

It is the policy of the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Committee”) that the Committee will exercise its discretion to determine whether to seek Recoupment of any bonus and/or other incentive compensation paid or awarded to an Affected Employee with respect to any performance period beginning after December 31, 2013, where it determines, in consultation with the Audit Committee, that: a) the Affected Employee engaged in misconduct, or failed to reasonably supervise an employee who engaged in misconduct, that resulted in a Material Policy Violation relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products; and b) the Committee concludes that the Material Policy Violation caused Significant Harm to the Company, as those terms are defined in this policy. The Committee’s exercise of its discretion may take into account any considerations determined by the Committee to be relevant.

Definitions

1.“Recoupment” is defined to include any and all of the following actions to the extent permitted by law: (a) reducing the amount of a current or future bonus or other cash or non-cash incentive compensation award, (b) requiring reimbursement of a bonus or other cash-based incentive compensation award paid with respect to the most recently completed performance period, (c) cancelling all or a portion of a future-vesting equity award, (d) cancelling all or a portion of an equity award that vested within the previous twelve- month period, (e) requiring return of shares paid upon vesting and/or reimbursement of any proceeds received from the sale of an equity award, in each case that vested within the previous twelve-month period, and (f) any other method of reducing the total compensation paid to an employee for any prior twelve-month period or any current or future period.

2.A “Material Policy Violation” is defined as a material violation of a Company policy relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products.

3.An “Affected Employee” is an employee in Band 600 or higher who (i) engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation; or (ii) failed in his or her supervisory responsibilities to reasonably manage or monitor the conduct of an employee who engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation.

4.“Significant Harm” means a significant negative impact on the Company’s financial operating results or reputation.

Procedures

1.The Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, shall administer this policy and have full discretion to interpret and to make any and all determinations under this policy, subject to the approval of the full Board of Directors in the case of a determination to seek or waive Recoupment from the Chief Executive Officer.

2.The General Counsel, in consultation with the Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer and the Executive Vice President, Human Resources, is responsible for determining whether to refer a matter to the Committee for review under this policy and for assisting the Committee with its review. The Committee may consult with other Board Committees and any external or internal advisors as it deems appropriate.

3.If the Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, determines that there is a basis for seeking Recoupment under this policy, the Committee shall exercise its discretion to determine for each Affected Employee, on an individual basis, whether, and to what extent and in which manner, to seek Recoupment.

4.In exercising its discretion, the Committee may take into consideration, as it deems appropriate, all of the facts and circumstances of the particular matter and the general interests of the Company.

Delegation to Management for Certain Recoupment Decisions The Committee hereby delegates to the Chief Executive Officer (who may further delegate as he deems appropriate) the authority to administer this policy and to make any and all decisions under it regarding Affected Employees who are not Section 16 Officers of the Company. Section 16 Officers are employees of the Company who are subject to Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Management shall report to the Committee on any affirmative decisions to seek Recoupment pursuant to this delegation.

Disclosure of Recoupment Decisions

The Company will comply with all applicable securities laws and regulations, including Securities and Exchange Commission disclosure requirements regarding executive compensation. The Company may also, but is not obligated to, provide additional disclosure beyond that required by law when the Company deems it to be appropriate and determines that such disclosure is in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders.

Miscellaneous

Nothing in this policy shall limit or otherwise affect any of the following: 1) management’s ability to take any disciplinary action with respect to any Affected Employee; 2) the Committee’s ability to use its negative discretion with respect to any incentive compensation performance target at any time; or 3) the Committee’s or management’s ability to reduce the amount (in whole or in part) of a current or future bonus or other cash or non- cash incentive compensation award to any executive or other employee for any reason as they may deem appropriate and to the extent permitted by law. Nothing in this policy shall replace or otherwise limit or affect the Clawback Policy for EIP Awards Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results and/or the Clawback Policy for PSUs Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results.

EX-10.32

Exhibit 10.32

2021 CEO PERFORMANCE SHARE UNIT AWARD TERMS

UNDER THE

MERCK & CO., INC. 2019 STOCK INCENTIVE PLAN

I.GENERAL. These Performance Share Units (“PSUs”) are granted under and subject to the following Award Terms and the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Stock Incentive Plan (the "Merck ISP"). The Company has announced its intention to spin-off (the “Spin-Off”) certain products into a new, independent, publicly traded company, Organon & Co. (“NewCo”) during the first half of 2021 (“Spin-Date”). As appropriate, the Company will be referred to as OriginalCo before the Spin-Date, and on and after the Spin-Date as RemainCo. Collectively, OriginalCo and RemainCo are the “Company.”

Grant Type:	PSU – CEO
Grant Date: Award	March 31, 2021
Period:	Jan. 1, 2021 – Dec. 31, 2023

IMPORTANT NOTICE: This grant requires you to affirmatively accept it. You MUST log onto the Morgan Stanley website at

(http://www.morganstanley.com/spc/knowledge/managing-equity/managing-your-existing-awards/accepting-awards-grants/) to accept the grant.

Follow the procedure described on the Morgan Stanley website to accept your PSU Award within 90 days. Failure to accept the terms and conditions of your PSU Award within 90 days may result in forfeiture of the PSU Award.

II.DEFINITIONS. For the purpose of these Award Terms:

“Award Period” means the three-year period commencing on January 1, 2021 and ending on December 31, 2023.

“Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 or any successor thereto.

“Earnings Per Share or EPS” means the Company’s net income divided by the weighted average of the number of shares of Company common stock on a fully diluted basis during the Award Period.

The above result shall be adjusted to exclude charges or items from the measurement of performance relating to (1) fluctuations in foreign exchange rates versus Plan rates; (2) the impact of significant unplanned acquisitions and/or divestitures, extraordinary items and other unusual or non-recurring charges and/or events; (3) an event either not directly related to Company operations or not reasonably within the control of Company management; (4) the effects of significant accounting changes in accordance with U.S. GAAP, or other significant legislative changes; (5) gains or losses arising from investments in equity securities, whether realized or unrealized and (6) the impact of share repurchases above or below Plan levels.

“EPS Performance Payout” means the percentage of Target Shares to be paid out based upon the Company’s EPS goal as determined under paragraph C of Section III.

“Final Award” means the percentage of the Target described in Section III hereof.

“Grant Date” means the date as of which a Performance Share Unit is granted.

“Peer Healthcare Companies" are the healthcare companies used by the Committee in evaluating the Company’s TSR Performance for the entire Award Period. For 2021 and for so long thereafter during the Award Period that such companies are publicly traded on a nationally recognized stock exchange, the following are the Peer Healthcare Companies except as described below.

AbbVie	Eli Lilly	Pfizer
Amgen	GlaxoSmithKline	Roche
Astra Zeneca Bristol-Myers Squibb	Johnson & Johnson Novartis	Sanofi-Aventis

The Committee intends that the Peer Healthcare Companies be subject to such adjustment as may be necessary to reflect merger, reorganization, recapitalization, extraordinary cash dividend, combination of shares, consolidation, rights offering, spin off, split off, split up, bankruptcy, liquidation, acquisition, or other similar change in any Peer Healthcare Company.

“Performance Share” means a phantom share of Common Stock. Until distributed pursuant to Article VI, Performance Shares shall not entitle the holder to any of the rights of a holder of Common Stock, including voting rights; provided, however, that the Committee retains the right to make adjustments as described in Section 7 of the Merck ISP.

“Performance Unit Grantee” or “Grantee” means an eligible employee who receives a Performance Share Unit.

“Performance Share Unit” or “PSU” means an award of Performance Shares as described in these Award Terms.

“Restricted Period” has the meaning set forth in Appendix B.

“Target Shares” means the number of Performance Shares that will be distributable if the Performance Measures are achieved at the level identified as “target” for the entire Award Period.

“Total Shareholder Return” or “TSR” means the change in value of one share of a company’s Common Stock over the Award Period, taking into account both stock price appreciation (or depreciation) and the reinvestment of dividends. The beginning and ending stock prices will be based on the average closing stock prices during the months of December as applicable. TSR will be calculated on a compound annualized basis over the Award Period.

“TSR Performance Payout” means the percentage of Target Shares to be paid out based upon the Company’s TSR Performance as determined under paragraph B of Section III.

III.CALCULATION OF FINAL AWARD OF PERFORMANCE SHARE UNITS

The Performance Unit Grantee shall vest in the number of PSUs to the extent provided for in this Section III unless otherwise provided for in Section V (“Termination of Employment”).

A.Performance Metrics. The Final Award will equal the TSR Performance Payout plus the EPS Performance Payout in the proportions determined in Paragraph D below.

B.TSR Performance Payout. The TSR Performance Payout shall be determined as follows:

1.     If the Company’s annualized TSR is greater than the median of the annualized TSR of the Peer Healthcare Companies, then the TSR Performance Payout will equal 100% plus five times the difference in percentage points up to a maximum of 200%; provided, however, that if the Company’s annualized TSR is negative, then in no event will the TSR Performance Payout be greater than 100%.

For example, if the Company’s annualized TSR is 25% and the median annualized TSR of the Peer Healthcare Companies is 20%, then the TSR Performance Payout would be 125% [100% + ((25% - 20%) x 5%)].

2.    If the Company’s TSR is less than the median of the annualized TSR among the Peer Healthcare Companies, then the TSR Performance Payout will equal 100% minus five times the difference in percentage points; provided, however, that if such median exceeds the Company’s TSR by more than 10 percentage points, no TSR Performance Payout will be earned with respect to this portion of the PSU.

C.EPS Performance Payout. The EPS Performance Payout shall be determined in accordance with the following performance schedule:

2021 OriginalCo EPS

Earnings Per Share Goals	Payout Percentage
Less than $5.98	0%
$5.98 (Threshold)	25%
$6.58 (Target)	100%
$6.97	150%
$7.36 (Stretch)	200%

2021 through 2023 for OriginalCo and RemainCo

Earnings Per Share Goals	Payout Percentage
Less than $20.66	0%
$20.66 (Threshold)	25%
$22.70 (Target)	100%
$24.06	150%
$25.42 (Stretch)	200%

Payout Percentages corresponding to performance between two discrete values in the table will be interpolated.

D.The Final Award will depend upon whether and when the Spin-Off occurs and whether the grantee is an employee of RemainCo (a “RemainCo Grantee”) or NewCo (a “NewCo Grantee”) on the Spin-Date and is subject to Article IX except as noted below.

1.     If the Spin-Date is during 2021,

    a.    For RemainCo Grantees, the Final Award will equal the sum of (x) TSR Payout Percent for the entire Award Period TIMES Target Shares TIMES 66.67 percent and (y) the 2021 OriginalCo EPS Payout Percentage TIMES Target Shares TIMES 33.33 percent.

    b.    For NewCo Grantees, the Final Award will equal 100 percent Target Shares.

2.    If the Spin-Off does not occur, the Final Award for all grantees will equal the sum of (x) TSR Payout Percent for the entire Award Period TIMES Target Shares TIMES 50 percent and (y) 2021 through 2023 EPS Payout Percentage for OriginalCo and RemainCo TIMES Target Shares TIMES 50 percent.

E.Maximum Award. Anything in these Award Terms to the contrary notwithstanding, the Final Award shall be reduced to the extent necessary to reflect that the value of the Final Award may not exceed four times the Target Share, valued as of the Grant Date.

IV.DIVIDENDS

During the Award Period, dividend equivalents will be accrued on the Performance Shares if and to the extent dividends are paid by the Company on Merck Common Stock. Payment of such dividends will be made, without interest or earnings, at the end of the Award only on the Final Award. Such dividends shall be paid as additional shares in an amount equal to the sum of the dividends paid during the Award Period on the Final Award divided by the price of a share of Merck common stock on the date the Final Award is determined. If any portion of this PSU award lapses, is forfeited or expires, no dividend equivalents will be credited or paid on such portion. Any payment of dividend equivalents will be reduced to the extent necessary for the Company to satisfy any tax or other withholding obligations.

V.TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT

A.General Rule. If the Grantee’s employment is terminated during the Award Period before September 30, 2021 for any reason other than those specified in the following paragraphs, this PSU award will be forfeited on the date employment ends.

B.Retirement or Other Reason. If the Grantee’s employment terminates for retirement or any other reason not specified in this Article V on or after September 30, 2021, then this PSU Award will continue and be distributable in full at the time active Grantees receive distributions with respect to the Award Period based on the Final Award as if employment had continued.

C.Death. If the Grantee’s employment terminates due to death during the Award Period, all of this PSU Award will continue and be distributed to his or her estate at the time active Grantees receive such distributions with respect to this PSU Award, based on the Final Award. If the Grantee dies while any portion of this PSU Award remains outstanding, but after employment terminates for the reasons listed under paragraphs B or E of this section, the portion that remains outstanding will continue and be distributable at the time active Grantees receive such distributions with respect to that Award Period based on the Final Award.

D.Misconduct. If the Grantee’s employment is terminated as a result of deliberate, willful or gross misconduct, this PSU Award will be forfeited immediately upon the Grantee’s receipt of notice of such termination.

E.Disability. If the Grantee’s employment is terminated during the Award Period and the Company determines that such termination resulted from inability to perform the material duties of his or her role by reason of a physical or mental infirmity that is expected to last for at least six months or to result in death, whether or not he or she is eligible for disability benefits from any applicable disability program, then this PSU Award will continue and be distributable in accordance with its terms as if employment had continued based on the Final Award and will be distributed at the time active PSU Grantees receive distributions with respect to this PSU Award.

F.Joint Venture Service. A transfer of the Grantee’s employment to a joint venture, including, in the case of grants to Legacy Merck Employees, any other entity in which the Company has determined that it has a significant business or ownership interest, is not considered termination of employment for purposes of this PSU Award. Such employment must be approved by, and contiguous with employment by, the Company. The terms set out in paragraphs A-E above apply to this PSU Award while the Grantee is employed by the joint venture or other entity.

VI.DISTRIBUTION OF PERFORMANCE SHARES

A.General Rule. Following the end of the Award Period, each Grantee shall be entitled to receive a number of shares of Common Stock equal to the Final Award plus the shares for accrued dividend equivalents set forth in Section IV, rounded to the nearest whole number (no fractional shares shall be issued). Such distribution shall be made as soon as administratively feasible, but in no event later than the end of the calendar year in which the Final Award is determined in accordance with Section III. Unless otherwise determined by the Committee, the Company shall withhold any applicable taxes directly from a Performance Share Unit before it is denominated in actual shares of Common Stock.

B.Death. In the case of distribution on account of the Grantee’s death, the portion of the Performance Share Unit distributable shall be distributed to the Grantee’s estate. Unless the Committee determines otherwise, the Company will withhold any applicable taxes directly from a Performance Unit before it is denominated in actual shares of Common Stock.

C.Violation of Restrictive Covenants. If the Grantee violates the Restrictive Covenants as set forth in Appendix B during the Restricted Period, this entire Award, and any accumulated dividend equivalents, shall immediately lapse and be forfeited.

VII.TRANSFERABILITY

Prior to distribution pursuant to Section VI, the PSU Award shall not be transferable, assignable or alienable except by will or the laws of descent or distribution following the Grantee’s death.

VIII.ELECTRONIC ACCEPTANCE

The Company may, in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to the PSU or future PSUs that may be granted under the Plan by electronic means or request your consent to participate in the Plan by electronic means. You hereby consent to receive such documents by electronic delivery and agree to participate in the Plan through an online or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or a third party designated by the Company.

IX.ADMINISTRATIVE POWERS

In addition to the Committee’s powers set forth in the Merck ISP, anything in these Award Terms to the contrary notwithstanding, the Committee may revise the terms of any PSU not yet granted or, granted but prior to the end of

an Award Period if unforeseen events occur and which, in the judgment of the Committee, make the application of the Terms of this PSU Award unfair and contrary to their intentions unless a revision is made.

X.CLAWBACK POLICY FOR PSUS UPON SIGNIFICANT RESTATEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESULTS AND CERTAIN COMPLIANCE VIOLATIONS

A.PSUs Subject to Clawback. This PSU Award will be subject to recoupment in the event of violations of the Company policy for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance violations as set forth in Appendix A as amended from time to time. In addition, PSUs, and any proceeds therefrom, are subject to the Company’s right to reclaim their benefits in the event of a significant restatement of financial results for any Award Period, pursuant to the process described below.

1.The Audit Committee of the Board will review the issues and circumstances that resulted in a restatement of financial results to determine if the restatement was significant and make an initial determination of the cause of the restatement—that is whether the restatement was caused, in whole or in part, by Executive Fault (as those terms are defined below); and

2.The Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board will (a) recalculate the Company's results for any Award Period with respect to PSUs that included an Award Period which occurred during the restatement period; and (b) if it is determined that such restatement was caused in whole or in part by the Executive's Fault, the Compensation and Benefits Committee will seek reimbursement from the Executive of that portion of the payout of the PSU that the Executive received within 18 months of the restatement based on the erroneous financial results.

B.“Executive” means executive officers for the purposes of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

C.“Fault” means fraud or willful misconduct. "Willful misconduct" is generally viewed as dereliction of a duty or unlawful or improper behavior committed voluntarily and intentionally; something more than negligence. If the Audit Committee determines that Fault may have been a factor causing the restatement, the Audit Committee will appoint an independent investigator whose determination shall be final and binding.

D.Exclusions from Clawback. This Section does not apply to restatements that the Audit Committee determines (1) are required or permitted under generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) in connection with the adoption or implementation of a new accounting standard or (2) are caused due to the Company's decision to change its accounting practice as permitted under GAAP.

E.Compliance Violations. For employees in Band 600 and above, this PSU will be subject to recoupment in the event of certain violations of Company policy in accordance with the Company’s policy for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations, as set forth in Appendix A (as may be amended from time to time).

XI.CHANGE-IN-CONTROL

Upon the occurrence of a Change-in-Control (as such term is defined in the Merck ISP), the Final Award shall be 100%. The Final Award will be distributed at the same time and in the same manner as described in Section VI.

If the Company terminates the Grantee’s employment for any reason other than Misconduct, as provided above (1) during the Award Period and (2) within two years following a Change-in-Control, the Final Award will be 100% and will be distributed when distributed to active Grantees.

XII.SECTION 409A COMPLIANCE.

Anything in the ISP or these Award Terms to the contrary notwithstanding, no distribution of PSUs may be made unless in compliance with Section 409A of the Code or any successor thereto. In addition, distributions, if any, to a “Specified Employee” as defined in Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.409A-1(i) or any successor thereto, to the extent required by Section 409A of the Code, made due to a separation from service (as defined in Section 409A) will not be made before the first day of the sixth month following the separation from service, in the same form as they would have been made had this restriction not applied; provided further, that no dividend or dividend equivalents will be paid, accrued or accumulated in respect of the period during which distribution was suspended.

Appendix A

Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violation

POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

Policy

It is the policy of the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Committee”) that the Committee will exercise its discretion to determine whether to seek Recoupment of any bonus and/or other incentive compensation paid or awarded to an Affected Employee with respect to any performance period beginning after December 31, 2013, where it determines, in consultation with the Audit Committee, that: a) the Affected Employee engaged in misconduct, or failed to reasonably supervise an employee who engaged in misconduct, that resulted in a Material Policy Violation relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products; and b) the Committee concludes that the Material Policy Violation caused Significant Harm to the Company, as those terms are defined in this policy. The Committee’s exercise of its discretion may take into account any considerations determined by the Committee to be relevant.

Definitions

1.“Recoupment” is defined to include any and all of the following actions to the extent permitted by law: (a) reducing the amount of a current or future bonus or other cash or non-cash incentive compensation award, (b) requiring reimbursement of a bonus or other cash-based incentive compensation award paid with respect to the most recently completed performance period, (c) cancelling all or a portion of a future-vesting equity award, (d) cancelling all or a portion of an equity award that vested within the previous twelve- month period, (e) requiring return of shares paid upon vesting and/or reimbursement of any proceeds received from the sale of an equity award, in each case that vested within the previous twelve-month period, and (f) any other method of reducing the total compensation paid to an employee for any prior twelve-month period or any current or future period.

2.A “Material Policy Violation” is defined as a material violation of a Company policy relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products.

3.An “Affected Employee” is an employee in Band 600 or higher who (i) engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation; or (ii) failed in his or her supervisory responsibilities to reasonably manage or monitor the conduct of an employee who engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation.

4.“Significant Harm” means a significant negative impact on the Company’s financial operating results or reputation.

Procedures

1.The Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, shall administer this policy and have full discretion to interpret and to make any and all determinations under this policy, subject to the approval of the full Board of Directors in the case of a determination to seek or waive Recoupment from the Chief Executive Officer.

2.The General Counsel, in consultation with the Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer and the Executive Vice President, Human Resources, is responsible for determining whether to refer a matter to the Committee for review under this policy and for assisting the Committee with its review. The Committee may consult with other Board Committees and any external or internal advisors as it deems appropriate.

3.If the Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, determines that there is a basis for seeking Recoupment under this policy, the Committee shall exercise its discretion to determine for each Affected Employee, on an individual basis, whether, and to what extent and in which manner, to seek Recoupment.

4.In exercising its discretion, the Committee may take into consideration, as it deems appropriate, all of the facts and circumstances of the particular matter and the general interests of the Company.

Delegation to Management for Certain Recoupment Decisions The Committee hereby delegates to the Chief Executive Officer (who may further delegate as he deems appropriate) the authority to administer this policy and to make any and all decisions under it regarding Affected Employees who are not Section 16 Officers of the Company. Section 16 Officers are employees of the Company who are subject to Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Management shall report to the Committee on any affirmative decisions to seek Recoupment pursuant to this delegation.

Disclosure of Recoupment Decisions

The Company will comply with all applicable securities laws and regulations, including Securities and Exchange Commission disclosure requirements regarding executive compensation. The Company may also, but is not obligated to, provide additional disclosure beyond that required by law when the Company deems it to be appropriate and determines that such disclosure is in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders.

Miscellaneous

Nothing in this policy shall limit or otherwise affect any of the following: 1) management’s ability to take any disciplinary action with respect to any Affected Employee; 2) the Committee’s ability to use its negative discretion with respect to any incentive compensation performance target at any time; or 3) the Committee’s or management’s ability to reduce the amount (in whole or in part) of a current or future bonus or other cash or non- cash incentive compensation award to any executive or other employee for any reason as they may deem appropriate and to the extent permitted by law. Nothing in this policy shall replace or otherwise limit or affect the Clawback Policy for EIP Awards Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results and/or the Clawback

Policy for PSUs Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results.

APPENDIX B

Restrictive Covenants

Non-Compete. The Grantee agrees that to the extent permitted by law, during his employment with the Company and/or one of its affiliates and until December 31, 2022 (the “Restricted Period”) he will not, without the prior written consent of the Board, engage, directly or indirectly, whether as officer, director, board member, owner, principal, agent, distributor, representative, consultant, employee, partner, advisor or in any other capacity with any company that is directly or indirectly engaged in the business of researching, developing, producing, marketing or selling any products, technology or services that competes with or upon commercialization will compete with any (a) product, technology  or service developed,  marketed or sold by the Company or any of its Affiliates or (b) product, technology or service known by him to be in development by the Company or any of its Affiliates.  Nothing herein will prohibit the Grantee from acquiring or holding not more than 1 percent of any class of publicly traded securities of any business.

Non-Solicit. During the Restricted Period, the Grantee will not, directly or indirectly, solicit, or induce any other person to solicit, any employee of the Company or its affiliates to leave his or her employment.

Forfeiture. If the Company determines that the Grantee has violated the restrictive covenants set forth in this Appendix B, then he agrees and covenants that this entire Award, including any accumulated dividends, will be immediately forfeited. This remedy is not the Company’s exclusive remedy. The Company reserves all other rights and remedies available to it at law or in equity.

EX-10.33

Exhibit 10.33

TERMS FOR

2021 RETENTION RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT GRANTS

UNDER THE MERCK & CO., 2019 INCENTIVE STOCK PLAN

This is a summary of the terms applicable to the Restricted Stock Unit (RSU) Award specified in this document.

Different terms may apply to any prior or future RSU Awards.

Grant Type:	RSU
Grant Date:	May 4, 2021
Vesting Date	Portion that Vests
May 4, 2024	100%

Eligibility: Eligibility for grants is determined under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan for employees of the Company, its subsidiaries, its affiliates or its joint ventures if designated by the Compensation and Benefits Committee of Merck’s Board of Directors, or its delegate (the “Committee”).

I.GENERAL INFORMATION

IMPORTANT NOTICE: This grant requires you to affirmatively accept it. You MUST log onto the Morgan Stanley website at (http://www.morganstanley.com/spc/knowledge/managing-equity/managing-your-existing-awards/accepting-awards-grants/) to accept the grant.

Follow the procedure described on the Morgan Stanley website to accept your RSU Award within 90 days. Failure to accept the terms and conditions of your RSU Award within 90 days may result in Forfeiture of the RSU Award.

A.Restricted Period. The Restricted is the period during which this RSU Award is restricted and subject to forfeiture. The Restricted Period begins on the Grant Date and ends on the third anniversary of the Grant Date unless ended earlier under Article II below. No voting rights apply to this RSU Award. No fractional shares will be awarded: all calculations are subject to rounding.

B.Dividend Equivalents. During the Restricted Period, dividend equivalents will be accrued for the holder (“you”) if and to the extent dividends are paid by the Company on Merck Common Stock. Payment of such dividends will be made, without interest or earnings, at the end of the Restricted Period. If any portion of this RSU award lapses, is forfeited or expires, no dividend equivalents will be credited or paid on such portion. Any payment of dividend equivalents will be reduced to the extent necessary for the Company to satisfy any tax or other withholding obligations.

C.Distribution. Upon the expiration of the Restricted Period if you are then employed, you will be entitled to receive a number of shares of Merck common stock equal to the number of RSUs that have become unrestricted and the dividend equivalents that accrued on that portion. Prior to distribution, you must deliver to the Company an amount the Company determines to be sufficient to satisfy any amount required to be withheld, including applicable taxes. The Company may, in its sole discretion, withhold from the RSU Award distribution a number of shares to pay applicable withholding (including taxes).

D.409A Compliance. Anything to the contrary notwithstanding, no distribution of RSUs may be made unless in compliance with Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code or any successor thereto. Specifically, distributions made due to a separation from service (as defined in Section 409A) to a “Specified Employee” as defined in Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.409A-1(i) or any successor thereto, to the extent required by Section 409A of the Code will not be made until administratively feasible following the first day of the sixth month following the separation from service, in the same form as they would have been made had this restriction not applied; provided further, that dividend equivalents that otherwise would have accrued will accrue during the period during which distribution is suspended.

E.Subject to Recoupment. For employees in Band 600 and above, this RSU Award will be subject to recoupment in the event of certain violations of Company policy in accordance with the Company’s policy for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations, as set forth in Appendix A (as may be amended from time to time).

II.TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT

If your employment with the Company is terminated during the Restricted Period, your right to the RSU Award will be determined according to the terms in this Section II.

A.General Rule. If your employment is terminated during the Restricted Period for any reason other than those specified in the following paragraphs, the unvested portion of this RSU Award (and any accrued dividend equivalents) will be forfeited on the date your employment ends. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this grant nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

B.Sale. If your employment is terminated during the Restricted Period and the Company determines that such termination resulted from the sale of your subsidiary, division or joint venture, the following portion of your RSU Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be distributed to you at such time as it would have been paid if your employment had continued: one-third if employment terminates on or after the Grant Date but before the first anniversary thereof; and all if employment terminates on or after the first anniversary of the Grant Date. The remainder will be forfeited on the date your employment ends. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this grant nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

C.Involuntary Termination. If the company determines that your employment is involuntarily terminated during the Restricted Period, a pro rata portion of your unvested RSU Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be distributed to you at such time as they would have been paid if your employment had continued. The pro rata portion will equal the full amount of this RSU Award times the number of completed months during the Restricted Period and prior to the date employment terminates, divided by 36. The remainder and any accrued dividends will be forfeited on the date your employment ends. An “involuntary termination” includes termination of your employment by the Company as the result of a restructuring or job

elimination, but excludes non-performance of your duties and the reasons listed under paragraphs B, or D through H of this section. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this grant nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

D.Retirement. If your employment terminates by retirement during the Restricted Period, the unvested portion of this RSU Award and any accrued dividend equivalents will be forfeited on the date your employment terminates. For grantees who are employed in the U.S., “retirement” means a termination of employment after attaining the earliest of (a) age 55 with at least 10 years of service (b) such age and service that provides eligibility for subsidized retiree medical coverage or (c) age 65 without regard to years of service. For other grantees, “retirement” is determined by the Company. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or JV, this grant nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

E.Death. If your employment terminates due to your death during the Restricted Period, a pro rata portion of your unvested RSU Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be distributed to your estate as soon as possible after your death. The pro rata portion will equal the full amount of this RSU Award times the number of completed months during the Restricted Period and prior to the date employment terminates, divided by 36. The remainder and any accrued dividends will be forfeited on the date of your death.. If you die during the Restricted Period, but after your employment terminates for the reasons listed under paragraphs B, C, G or H of this section, the remaining, non-forfeited portion of this RSU Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be distributed to your estate as soon as possible after your death.

F.Misconduct. If your employment is terminated as a result of your deliberate, willful or gross misconduct, this RSU Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be forfeited immediately upon your receipt of notice of such termination.

G.Disability. If your employment is terminated during the Restricted Period and the Company determines that such termination resulted from inability to perform the material duties of your role by reason of a physical or mental infirmity that is expected to last for at least six months or to result in your death, whether or not you are eligible for disability benefits from any applicable disability program, then a pro rata portion of your unvested RSU Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be distributed to you at such time as they would have been paid if your employment had continued. The pro rata portion will equal the full amount of this RSU Award times the number of completed months during the Restricted Period and prior to the date employment terminates, divided by 36. The remainder and any accrued dividends will be forfeited on the date your employment ends..

H.Change in Control. If the Company involuntarily terminates your employment during the Restricted Period without Cause before the second anniversary after the closing of any change in control, then this RSU Award will continue in accordance with its terms as if employment had continued and will be distributed at the time active RSU Grantees receive distributions with respect to this RSU Award. If this RSU does not remain outstanding following the change in control and is not converted into a successor RSU, then you will be entitled to receive cash for this RSU in an amount equal to the fair market value of the consideration paid to Merck stockholders for a share of Merck common stock in the change in control payable within 30 days of the closing of the change in control. On the second anniversary of the closing of the change in control, this paragraph shall expire. Change in control is defined in the Merck & Co., Inc. Change in Control Separation Benefits Plan (excluding an MSD Change in Control), but if RSUs are considered “deferred compensation” under Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code, the definition of change in control will be modified to the extent necessary to comply with Section 409A.

I.Joint Venture. Employment with a joint venture or other entity in which the Company has a significant business or ownership interest is not considered termination of employment for purposes of this RSU Award. Such employment must be approved by, and contiguous with employment by, the Company. The terms set out in paragraphs A-H above apply to this RSU Award while you are employed by the joint venture or other entity.

III.TRANSFERABILITY

This RSU Award is not transferable and may not be assigned or otherwise transferred.

IV.ELECTRONIC ACCEPTANCE

The Company may, in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to the RSU or future RSUs that may be granted under the Plan by electronic means or request your consent to participate in the Plan by electronic means. You hereby consent to receive such documents by electronic delivery and agree to participate in the Plan through an online or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or a third party designated by the Company.

V.ADMINISTRATION

The Committee is responsible for construing and interpreting this grant, including the right to construe disputed or doubtful plan provisions, and may establish, amend and construe such rules and regulations as it may deem necessary or desirable for the proper administration of this grant. Any decision or action taken or to be taken by the Committee, arising out of or in connection with the construction, administration, interpretation and effect of this grant shall, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, be within its absolute discretion (except as otherwise specifically provided herein) and shall be final, binding and conclusive upon the Company, all eligible employees and any person claiming under or through any eligible employee. All determinations by the Committee including, without limitation, determinations of the eligible employees, the form, amount and timing of incentives, the terms and provisions of incentives and the writings evidencing incentives, need not be uniform and may be made selectively among eligible employees who receive, or are eligible to receive, Incentives hereunder, whether or not such eligible employees are similarly situated.

VI.GRANTS NOT PART OF THE EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT

Notwithstanding reference to grants of incentives in letters offering employment or in specific employment agreements, incentives do not constitute part of any employment contract between the Company or JV and the grantee, whether the employment contract arises as a matter of agreement or applicable law. The value of any grant or of the proceeds of any exercise of incentives are not included in calculating compensation for purposes of pension payments, separation pay, termination indemnities or other similar payments due upon termination of employment.

This RSU Award is subject to the provisions of the 2019 Incentive Stock Plan. For further information regarding your RSU Award, you may access the Merck Global Long-Term Incentives homepage via Sync > HR > Money > Long-Term Incentive Program.

Appendix

Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations

POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

Policy

It is the policy of the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Committee”) that the Committee will exercise its discretion to determine whether to seek Recoupment of any bonus and/or other incentive compensation paid or awarded to an Affected Employee with respect to any performance period beginning after December 31, 2013, where it determines, in consultation with the Audit Committee, that: a) the Affected Employee engaged in misconduct, or failed to reasonably supervise an employee who engaged in misconduct, that resulted in a Material Policy Violation relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products; and b) the Committee concludes that the Material Policy Violation caused Significant Harm to the Company, as those terms are defined in this policy. The Committee’s exercise of its discretion may take into account any considerations determined by the Committee to be relevant.

Definitions

1.“Recoupment” is defined to include any and all of the following actions to the extent permitted by law: (a) reducing the amount of a current or future bonus or other cash or non-cash incentive compensation award, (b) requiring reimbursement of a bonus or other cash-based incentive compensation award paid with respect to the most recently completed performance period, (c) cancelling all or a portion of a future-vesting equity award, (d) cancelling all or a portion of an equity award that vested within the previous twelve- month period, (e) requiring return of shares paid upon vesting and/or reimbursement of any proceeds received from the sale of an equity award, in each case that vested within the previous twelve-month period, and (f) any other method of reducing the total compensation paid to an employee for any prior twelve-month period or any current or future period.

2.A “Material Policy Violation” is defined as a material violation of a Company policy relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products.

3.An “Affected Employee” is an employee in Band 600 or higher who (i) engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation; or (ii) failed in his or her supervisory responsibilities to reasonably manage or monitor the conduct of an employee who engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Policy Violation.

4.“Significant Harm” means a significant negative impact on the Company’s financial operating results or reputation.

Procedures

1.The Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, shall administer this policy and have full discretion to interpret and to make any and all determinations under this policy, subject to the approval of the full Board of Directors in the case of a determination to seek or waive Recoupment from the Chief Executive Officer.

2.The General Counsel, in consultation with the Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer and the Executive Vice President, Human Resources, is responsible for determining whether to refer a matter to the Committee for review under this policy and for assisting the Committee with its review. The Committee may consult with other Board Committees and any external or internal advisors as it deems appropriate.

3.If the Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, determines that there is a basis for seeking Recoupment under this policy, the Committee shall exercise its discretion to determine for each Affected Employee, on an individual basis, and to what extent and in which manner, to seek Recoupment.

4.In exercising its discretion, the Committee may take into consideration, as it deems appropriate, all of the facts and circumstances of the particular matter and the general interests of the Company.

Delegation to Management for Certain Recoupment Decisions

The Committee hereby delegates to the Chief Executive Officer (who may further delegate as he deems appropriate) the authority to administer this policy and to make any and all decisions under it regarding Affected Employees who are not Section 16 Officers of the Company. Section 16 Officers are employees of the Company who are subject to Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Management shall report to the Committee on any affirmative decisions to seek Recoupment pursuant to this delegation.

Disclosure of Recoupment Decisions

The Company will comply with all applicable securities laws and regulations, including Securities and Exchange Commission disclosure requirements regarding executive compensation. The Company may also, but is not obligated to, provide additional disclosure beyond that required by law when the Company deems it to be appropriate and determines that such disclosure is in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders.

Miscellaneous

Nothing in this policy shall limit or otherwise affect any of the following: 1) management’s ability to take any disciplinary action with respect to any Affected Employee; 2) the Committee’s ability to use its negative discretion with respect to any incentive compensation performance target at any time; or 3) the Committee’s or management’s ability to reduce the amount (in whole or in part) of a current or future bonus or other cash or non- cash incentive compensation award to any executive or other employee for any reason as they may deem appropriate and to the extent permitted by law. Nothing in this policy shall replace or otherwise limit or affect the Clawback Policy for EIP Awards Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results and/or the Clawback Policy for PSUs Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results.

EX-10.34

Exhibit 10.34

TERMS AND CONDITIONS

2022 EXECUTIVE CHAIRMAN RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT GRANT

UNDER THE MERCK & CO., INC. 2019 INCENTIVE STOCK PLAN

I.GENERAL. Merck & Co., Inc. (the “Company”) has granted to you the Restricted Stock Unit (“RSU”) award specified in this document (“RSU Award”) pursuant to the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan (the “Plan”). This RSU Award is subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan and these Terms and Conditions (the “Terms”). Unless otherwise defined in this document, capitalized terms used in these Terms are as defined in the Plan.

Grant Type:	RSU - Annual
Grant Date:	May 3, 2022
Vesting Date	Portion that Vests
May 3, 2023	100%

IMPORTANT NOTICE: This grant requires you to affirmatively accept it. You MUST log onto the Morgan Stanley website at (http://www.morganstanley.com/spc/knowledge/managing-equity/managing-your-existing-awards/accepting-awards-grants/) to accept the grant.

Follow the procedure described on the Morgan Stanley website to accept your RSU Award within 90 days. Failure to accept the terms and conditions of your RSU Award within 90 days may result in Forfeiture of the RSU Award.

A.Restricted (Vesting) Period. The Restricted Period is the period during which this RSU Award is subject to forfeiture and is eligible to vest. The RSU Award will vest on May 3, 2023 as shown in the box above, except as otherwise provided in Article II below. No voting rights apply to this RSU Award. No fractional shares will be issued upon settlement of the RSU Award; all calculations are subject to rounding.

B.Dividend Equivalents. During the period commencing on the Grant Date and ending on the date immediately prior to the date the RSU Awards are settled in accordance with paragraph I(C), dividend equivalents will be accrued for the holder (“you”) if and to the extent dividends are paid by the Company on Merck Common Stock. Payment of such dividends will be made in cash via local payroll, without interest or earnings, at or around the time of distribution of the shares of Common Stock in settlement of the underlying RSUs. If any portion of this RSU Award lapses, is forfeited or expires, no dividend equivalents will be credited or paid on such portion. Any payment of dividend equivalents will be reduced to the extent necessary for the Company to satisfy any tax or other withholding obligations in accordance with paragraph IV.

C.Distribution (Settlement of RSU Award). Upon vesting of the RSU Award (including as a result of the events set forth in Article II), you (or your estate, in the event the RSU Award vests pursuant to paragraph II(E)) will be issued a number of shares of Merck Common Stock equal to the number of RSUs (unless otherwise provided in paragraph II(H)) with respect to which the RSU Award has vested and the dividend equivalents that accrued on that portion; provided, however, that in the event the RSU Awards vests upon a Change in Control (as defined below) pursuant to paragraph II(H) that does not constitute a “change in control event” within the meaning of U.S. Treasury Regulations Section 1.409A-3(i)(5), the RSU Awards will instead be settled on the original Vesting Dates set forth in paragraph I(A). Any amount required to be withheld, including amounts required to satisfy Tax-Related Items, in connection with the distribution of the RSU Award (or otherwise arising from your participation in the Plan) will be recovered from you as described in paragraph IV.

D.409A Compliance. Anything to the contrary notwithstanding, no distribution of RSUs may be made unless in compliance with Section 409A of the Code or any successor thereto. Specifically, distributions made upon or by reference to the date of an employment termination shall not be paid unless such termination constitutes a “separation from service (as defined in Section 409A)” and any such payment to a “Specified Employee” as defined in Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.409A-1(i) or any successor thereto, to the extent required by Section 409A of the Code will instead be made on the first day the seventh month following the separation from service, in the same form as they would have been made had this restriction not applied; provided further, that dividend equivalents that otherwise would have accrued will accrue during the period during which distribution is suspended.

E.Subject to Recoupment. This RSU Award will be subject to recoupment in the event of certain violations of Company policy in accordance with the Company’s Policies and Procedures for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations and for Significant Restatement of Financial Results, as set forth in Appendix A (as may be amended from time to time).

F.Violation of Restrictive Covenants. If the grantee violates the Restrictive Covenants as set forth in Appendix B during the Restricted Period, this entire Award, and any accumulated dividend equivalents, shall immediately lapse and be forfeited.

II.TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT

If your employment with the Company or, if different, the subsidiary, affiliate or joint venture (“JV”) of the Company by which you are employed (the “Employer”) is terminated during the Restricted Period described in paragraph I(A), your right to the RSU Award will be determined according to the terms in this Article II.

A.General Rule. If your employment is terminated during the Restricted Period for any reason other than those specified in the following paragraphs, the unvested portion of this RSU Award (and any accrued dividend equivalents) will be forfeited on the date your employment terminates. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or the Employer, as applicable, this grant nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

B.Retirement or Other Reason. If your employment terminates by retirement or any other reason not specified in this Article II prior to July 1, 2022, the RSU Award will vest on the Vesting Date following your termination with respect to a pro rata portion of your unvested RSU Award and dividend equivalents that have accrued through the corresponding Vesting Date equal to (i) the total number of RSUs subject to this RSU Award (whether or not vested), multiplied by (ii) a fraction, the numerator of which is equal to the number of completed monthly periods during the period commencing on January 1, 2022 and ending on the date employment terminates, and the denominator of which is 6. The remaining portion of the RSU Award and any accrued dividends will be forfeited on the date your employment terminates. If your employment terminates by retirement or any other reason not specified in this Article II on or after July 1, 2022 and prior to the Vesting Date, the RSU Award will vest in full on the Vesting Date following your termination. For grantees who are employed in the U.S., “retirement” means a termination of employment after attaining the earliest of (a) age 55 with at least 10 years of service (b) such age and service that provides eligibility for subsidized retiree medical coverage or (c) age 65 without regard to years of service.

C.Death. If your employment terminates due to your death during the Restricted Period but prior to an employment termination contemplated under paragraphs B, or E, the RSU Award will immediately vest and dividend equivalents that have accrued though such date. If you die during the Restricted Period, but after your employment terminates for the reasons listed under paragraphs B, or E of this section, the RSU Award will immediately vest with respect to the remaining, non-forfeited portion of this RSU Award and dividend equivalents that have accrued through the date of death.

D.Misconduct. If your employment is terminated as a result of your deliberate, willful or gross misconduct, this RSU Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be forfeited immediately upon your receipt of notice of such termination.

E.Disability. If your employment is terminated during the Restricted Period and the Company determines that such termination resulted from inability to perform the material duties of your role by reason of a physical or mental infirmity that is expected to last for at least six months or to result in your death, whether or not you are eligible for disability benefits from any applicable disability program, then the RSU Award will continue to vest on the original Vesting Date set forth in paragraph I(A) and dividend equivalents that have accrued through the corresponding Vesting Date. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or the Employer, as applicable, this RSU Award nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

III.TRANSFERABILITY

Prior to distribution pursuant to Article I(C), the RSU Award and any interest therein shall not be sold, assigned, transferred, pledged or otherwise disposed of, alienated or encumbered, either voluntarily or involuntarily, other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution in connection with your death.

IV.TAX WITHHOLDING

Regardless of any action the Company and/or the Employer take with respect to any or all income tax, social insurance, payroll tax, payment on account or other tax-related items arising out of your participation in the Plan and legally applicable or deemed applicable to you (“Tax-Related Items”), you acknowledge that the ultimate liability for all Tax-Related Items is and remains your responsibility and may exceed the amount actually withheld by the Company and/or the Employer, if any. You further acknowledge that the Company and/or the Employer (i) make no representations or undertakings regarding the treatment of any Tax-Related Items in connection with any aspect of the RSU Award or underlying shares of Common Stock, including, but not limited to, the grant, vesting or settlement of the RSU, the subsequent sale of shares of Common Stock acquired upon the lapsing of the Restricted Period and the receipt of any dividends and/or dividend equivalents; and (ii) do not commit and are under no obligation to structure the terms of the grant or any aspect of the RSU Award to reduce or eliminate your liability for Tax-Related Items or achieve any particular tax result. Furthermore, if you have become subject to tax in more than one jurisdiction, you acknowledge that the Company and/or the Employer (or former employer, as applicable) may be required to withhold or account for Tax-Related Items in more than one jurisdiction.

Prior to the relevant taxable or tax withholding event, as applicable, you shall pay or make arrangements satisfactory to the Company and/or the Employer to satisfy any applicable withholding obligations or rights with regard to all Tax-Related Items. In this regard, you authorize the Company and/or the Employer, or their respective agents, at their discretion, to satisfy the Tax-Related Items by one or a combination of the following: (i) withholding from your wages or other cash compensation paid to you by the Company, the Employer and/or any subsidiary, affiliate or JV of the Company; or (ii) withholding from proceeds of the sale of shares of Common Stock acquired at lapsing of the Restricted Period either through a voluntary sale or through a mandatory sale arranged by the Company (on your behalf pursuant to this authorization); or (iii) withholding in shares of Common Stock to be issued upon lapsing of the Restricted Period; provided, however, that if you are a Section 16 officer of the Company under the Exchange Act, then the Company will satisfy the Tax-Related Items (other than U.S. Federal Insurance Contribution Act taxes or other Tax-Related Items which become payable in a year prior to the year in which shares of Common Stock are issued upon settlement of the RSUs by withholding in shares of Common Stock pursuant to (iii) above, unless the use of such withholding method is problematic under applicable tax or securities law or has materially adverse accounting consequences, in which case, the obligation for Tax-Related Items may be satisfied by a one or a combination of (i) or (ii) above.

The Company may withhold or account for Tax-Related Items by considering applicable minimum statutory withholding amounts or other applicable withholding rates, including maximum applicable rates in your jurisdiction(s). In the event of over-withholding, you may receive a refund of any over-withheld amount in cash (with no entitlement to the equivalent in Common Stock), or if not refunded, you may seek a refund from the local tax authorities. In the event of under-withholding, you may be required to pay additional Tax-Related Items directly to the applicable tax authority or to the Company and/or the Employer. If the obligation for Tax-Related Items is satisfied by withholding in shares of Common Stock, for tax purposes, you will be deemed to have been issued the full number of shares of Common Stock subject to the vested RSUs, notwithstanding that a number of the shares is held back solely for the purpose of paying the Tax-Related Items due as a result of any aspect of your participation in the Plan.

You shall pay to the Company or the Employer any amount of Tax-Related Items that the Company or the Employer may be required to withhold or account for as a result of your participation in the Plan that cannot be satisfied by the means previously described in this section. The Company may refuse to issue or deliver the shares of Common Stock or the proceeds of the sale of shares if you fail to comply with your obligations in connection with the Tax-Related Items.

V.DATA PRIVACY

The Company is located at 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Building K-1 Kenilworth, New Jersey, U.S.A. 07033 and grants employees of the Company and any subsidiary, affiliate or JV of the Company, the opportunity to participate in the Plan, at the Company's sole discretion. If you would like to participate in the Plan, you understand that you should review the following information about the Company’s data processing practices and declare your consent.

A.Data Collection and Usage. The Company collects, processes and uses your personal data, including, name, home address, email address and telephone number, date of birth, social insurance number or other identification number, salary, citizenship, job title, any shares of Common Stock or directorships held in the Company, and details of all awards, canceled, vested, or outstanding in your favor, which the Company receives from you or your Employer. If the Company offers you the opportunity to participate in the Plan, then the Company will collect your personal data for purposes of allocating Common Stock and implementing, administering and managing the Plan. The Company’s legal basis for the processing of your personal data would be your consent.

B.Stock Plan Administration Service Providers. The Company transfers participant data to Morgan Stanley, an independent service provider based in the United States, which assists the Company with the implementation, administration and management of the Plan. In the future, the Company may select a different service provider and share your data with another company that serves in a similar manner. The Company’s service provider will open an account for you. You will be asked to agree on separate terms and data processing practices with the service provider, which is a condition to your ability to participate in the Plan.

C.International Data Transfers. The Company and its service providers are based in the United States. If you are outside of the United States, you should note that your country has enacted data privacy laws that are different from the United States. The Company’s legal basis for the transfer of your personal data is your consent.

D.Voluntariness and Consequences of Consent Denial or Withdrawal. Your participation in the Plan and your grant of consent is purely voluntary. You may deny or withdraw your consent at any time. If you do not consent, or if you withdraw your consent, you cannot participate in the Plan. This would not affect your salary as an employee; you would merely forfeit the opportunities associated with the Plan.

E.Data Subject Rights. You have a number of rights under data privacy laws in your country. Depending on where you are based, your rights may include the right to (i) request access or copies of personal data the Company processes, (ii) rectification of incorrect data, (iii) deletion of data, (iv) restrictions on processing, (v) portability of data, (vi) to lodge complaints with competent authorities in your country, and/or (vii) a list with the names and addresses of any potential recipients of the your personal data. To receive clarification regarding your rights or to exercise your rights please contact the Company at Attn: Global Privacy Office, 351 N. Sumneytown Pike, North Wales, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. 19454.

F.The collection, use and transfer of your personal data for the purpose of implementing, administering and managing your participation in the Plan is conducted in accordance with the Company’s Global Privacy and Data Protection Policy. You also understand that the Company may, in the future, request you to provide another data privacy consent.  If applicable and upon request of the Company, you agree to provide an executed acknowledgement or data privacy consent form to the Company or the Employer (or any other acknowledgements, agreements or consents) that the Company and/or the Employer may deem necessary to obtain under the data privacy laws in your country, either now or in the future.  You understand that you will not be able to participate in the Plan if you fail to execute any such acknowledgement, agreement or consent requested by the Company and/or the Employer.

If you agree with the data processing practices described in this Article, you will declare your consent by clicking to "Accept" these Terms on the Morgan Stanley website.

VI.GOVERNING LAW

This document may be amended only by another written agreement between the parties. This document will be interpreted and enforced under the laws of the State of New Jersey, United States (without regard to its choice-of-law provisions). For purposes of litigating any dispute that arises directly or indirectly from the relationship of the parties evidenced by this grant or this document, the parties hereby submit to and consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of the State of New Jersey and agree that such litigation shall be conducted only in the courts of Union County, New Jersey, or the federal courts for the United States for the District of New Jersey, and no other courts, where this grant is made and/or to be performed.

VII.SEVERABILITY

The provisions of this document are severable and if any one or more provisions are determined to be illegal or otherwise unenforceable, in whole or in part, the remaining provisions shall nevertheless be binding and enforceable.

VIII.WAIVER

You acknowledge that a waiver by the Company of breach of any provision of these Terms shall not operate or be construed as a waiver of any other provision of these Terms or of any subsequent breach by you or any other grantee.

IX.ELECTRONIC ACCEPTANCE

The Company may, in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to the RSU or future RSUs that may be granted under the Plan by electronic means or request your consent to participate in the Plan by electronic means. You hereby consent to receive such documents by electronic delivery and agree to participate in the Plan through an online or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or a third party designated by the Company.

X.ADMINISTRATION

The Committee is responsible for construing and interpreting this grant, including the right to construe disputed or doubtful Plan provisions, and may establish, amend and construe such rules and regulations as it may deem necessary or desirable for the proper administration of this RSU Award. Any decision or action taken or to be taken by the Committee, arising out of or in connection with the construction, administration, interpretation and effect of this RSU Award shall, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, be within its absolute discretion (except as otherwise specifically provided herein) and shall be final, binding and conclusive upon the Company, all Eligible Employees and any person claiming under or through any Eligible Employee. All determinations by the Committee including, without limitation, determinations of the Eligible Employees, the form, amount and timing of Incentives, the terms and provisions of Incentives and the writings evidencing Incentives, need not be uniform and may be made selectively among eligible employees who receive, or are eligible to receive, Incentives hereunder, whether or not such Eligible Employees are similarly situated.

This RSU Award is subject to the provisions of the 2019 Incentive Stock Plan. For further information regarding your RSU Award, you may access the Merck Global Long-Term Incentives homepage via Sync > HR > Money > Long-Term Incentive Program

APPENDIX A

Policies and Procedures for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations and for Significant Restatement of Financial Results

Policy

It is the policy of the Compensation and Management Development Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Committee”) that the Committee will exercise its discretion to determine whether to seek Recoupment of any bonus and/or other incentive compensation paid or awarded to an Affected Employee, where it determines, in consultation with the Audit Committee, that: a) the Affected Employee engaged in misconduct, or failed to reasonably supervise an employee who engaged in misconduct, that resulted in a Material Violation relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products or the overall goodwill or reputation of the Company; and b) the Committee concludes that the Material Violation caused Significant Harm to the Company, as those terms are defined in this policy. The Committee’s exercise of its discretion may take into account any considerations determined by the Committee to be relevant.

In addition, awards under the Executive Incentive Plan (“EIP”) and Performance Share Units (“PSU”) under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Stock Incentive Plan, or any successor thereto, are also subject to the Company’s right to reclaim their benefits in the event a significant restatement of financial results for any performance period, pursuant to the process described below.

Definitions

1.“Recoupment” is defined to include any and all of the following actions to the extent permitted by law: (a) reducing the amount of a current or future bonus or other cash or non-cash incentive compensation award, (b) requiring reimbursement of a bonus or other cash-based incentive compensation award paid with respect to the most recently completed performance period, (c) cancelling all or a portion of a future-vesting equity award, (d) cancelling all or a portion of an equity award that vested within the previous twelve-month period, (e) requiring return of shares paid upon vesting and/or reimbursement of any proceeds received from the sale of an equity award, in each case that vested within the previous twelve-month period, and (f) any other method of reducing the total compensation paid to an employee for any prior twelve-month period or any current or future period.

2.A “Material Violation” is defined as (i) a material violation of a written Company policy relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products or (ii) conduct detrimental to the Company, including the Company’s overall goodwill or reputation.

3.An “Affected Employee” is an employee in Band 600 or higher who (i) engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Violation; or (ii) failed in his or her supervisory responsibilities to reasonably manage or monitor the conduct of an employee who engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Violation.

4.“Executive” means current and former executive officers for the purposes of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

5.“Fault” means fraud or willful misconduct. "Willful misconduct" is generally viewed as dereliction of a duty or unlawful or improper behavior committed voluntarily and intentionally; something more than negligence. If the Audit Committee determines that Fault may have been a factor causing the financial restatement, the Audit Committee will appoint an independent investigator whose determination shall be final and binding.

6.“Significant Harm” means a significant negative impact on the Company’s financial operating results or reputation.

Procedures

For Compliance Violations

1.The Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, shall administer this policy and have

2.full discretion to interpret and to make any and all determinations under this policy, subject to the approval of the full Board of Directors in the case of a determination to seek or waive Recoupment from the

3.Chief Executive Officer.

4.The General Counsel, in consultation with the Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer and the Executive Vice President, Human Resources, is responsible for determining whether to refer a matter to the Committee for review under this policy and for assisting the Committee with its review. The Committee may consult with other Board Committees and any external or internal advisors as it deems appropriate.

5.If the Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, determines that there is a basis for seeking

Recoupment under this policy, the Committee shall exercise its discretion to determine for each Affected Employee, on an individual basis, whether, and to what extent and in which manner, to seek Recoupment.

6.In exercising its discretion, the Committee may take into consideration, as it deems appropriate, all of the facts and circumstances of the particular matter and the general interests of the Company.

For EIP Awards and PSUs Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results

EIP Awards and PSUs for Executives are subject to the Company’s right to reclaim their benefits in the event of a significant restatement of financial results for any Award Period, pursuant to the process described below.

1.    The Audit Committee will review the issues and circumstances that resulted in a restatement of financial results to determine if the restatement was significant and make an initial determination of the cause of the restatement—that is whether the restatement was caused, in whole or in part, by Executive Fault (as defined above); and

2.    In the case of PSUs, the Committee will (a) recalculate the Company's results for any Award Period with respect to PSUs that included an Award Period which occurred during the restatement period; and (b) if it is determined that such restatement was caused in whole or in part by the Executive's Fault, the Committee will seek reimbursement from each Executive of that portion of the payout of the PSU that the Executive received within 18 months of the restatement based on the erroneous financial results.

3.    In the case of EIP Awards, the Committee will (a) review the EIP award received by each Executive with respect to the restatement period and determine whether all or a portion of such Award was determined based on the achievement of erroneous financial results; and (b) if it is determined that such restatement was caused in whole or in part by the Executive's Fault, the Committee will seek reimbursement from the Executive of that portion of any EIP Award that the Executive received within 18 months of the restatement based on the erroneous financial results.

4.    The clawback for EIP Awards and PSUs does not apply to restatements that the Audit Committee determines (1) are required or permitted under generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) in connection with the adoption or implementation of a new accounting standard or (2) are caused due to the Company's decision to change its accounting practice as permitted under GAAP.

Delegation to Management for Certain Recoupment Decisions

Only in the case of Compliance Violations, the Committee hereby delegates to the Chief Executive Officer (who may further delegate as deemed appropriate) the authority to administer this policy and to make any and all decisions under it regarding Affected Employees who are not Executives of the Company. Management shall report to the Committee on any affirmative decisions to seek Recoupment pursuant to this delegation.

Disclosure of Recoupment Decisions

The Company will comply with all applicable securities laws and regulations, including Securities and Exchange Commission disclosure requirements regarding executive compensation and any applicable New York Stock Exchange listing standard or requirements. The Company may also, but is not obligated to, provide additional disclosure beyond that required by law when the Company deems it to be appropriate and determines that such disclosure is in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders.

Miscellaneous

Nothing in this policy shall limit or otherwise affect any of the following: 1) management’s ability to take any disciplinary action with respect to any Affected Employee; 2) the Committee’s ability to use its negative discretion with respect to any incentive compensation performance target at any time; or 3) the Committee’s or management’s ability to reduce the amount (in whole or in part) of a current or future bonus or other cash or non-cash incentive compensation award to any Executive or other employee for any reason as they may deem appropriate and to the

extent permitted by law. Any right of Recoupment under this policy is in addition to, and not in lieu of, any other remedies or rights of Recoupment that may be available to the Company pursuant to the terms of any similar policy in any employment agreement, equity award agreement, or similar agreement and any other legal remedies available to the Company.

The Committee shall have sole discretion to make all determinations under this policy. Any determinations made by the Committee shall be final, binding, and conclusive on all Executives and affected individuals.

This policy shall be interpreted in a manner that is consistent with any applicable rules or regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, New York Stock Exchange and any other applicable law (the “Applicable Rules”). To the extent the Applicable Rules require recovery of any bonus and/or other incentive compensation, including EIP Awards and PSUs, in additional circumstances besides those specified above, nothing in this policy shall be deemed to limit or restrict the right or obligation of the Company to recover such compensation to the fullest extent required by the Applicable Rules.

The Company shall not indemnify or agree to indemnify any Executive against the loss of incentive compensation subject to this Policy nor shall the Company pay or agree to pay any insurance premium to cover the loss of such incentive compensation.

The Board or the Committee may amend, modify, or terminate this policy in whole or in part at any time and from time to time in its sole discretion.

APPENDIX B

Restrictive Covenants

Non-Compete. The grantee agrees that to the extent permitted by law, during his employment with the Company and/or one of its affiliates and until May 3, 2023 (the “Restricted Period”) he will not, without the prior written consent of the Board, engage, directly or indirectly, whether as officer, director, board member, owner, principal, agent, distributor, representative, consultant, employee, partner, advisor or in any other capacity with any company that is directly or indirectly engaged in the business of researching, developing, producing, marketing or selling any products, technology or services that competes with or upon commercialization will compete with any (a) product, technology  or service developed,  marketed or sold by the Company or any of its Affiliates or (b) product, technology or service known by him to be in development by the Company or any of its Affiliates.  Nothing herein will prohibit the grantee from acquiring or holding not more than 1 percent of any class of publicly traded securities of any business.

Non-Solicit. During the Restricted Period, the grantee will not, directly or indirectly, solicit, or induce any other person to solicit, any employee of the Company or its affiliates to leave his or her employment.

Forfeiture. If the Company determines that the grantee has violated the restrictive covenants set forth in this Appendix B, then he agrees and covenants that this entire Award, including any accumulated dividends, will be immediately forfeited. This remedy is not the Company’s exclusive remedy. The Company reserves all other rights and remedies available to it at law or in equity.

TERMS AND CONDITIONS

2022 EXECUTIVE CHAIRMAN RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT GRANT

UNDER THE MERCK & CO., INC. 2019 INCENTIVE STOCK PLAN

I.GENERAL. Merck & Co., Inc. (the “Company”) has granted to you the Restricted Stock Unit (“RSU”) award specified in this document (“RSU Award”) pursuant to the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan (the “Plan”). This RSU Award is subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan and these Terms and Conditions (the “Terms”). Unless otherwise defined in this document, capitalized terms used in these Terms are as defined in the Plan.

Grant Type:	RSU - Annual
Grant Date:	August 3, 2022
Vesting Date	Portion that Vests
August 3, 2023	100%

IMPORTANT NOTICE: This grant requires you to affirmatively accept it. You MUST log onto the Morgan Stanley website at (http://www.morganstanley.com/spc/knowledge/managing-equity/managing-your-existing-awards/accepting-awards-grants/) to accept the grant.

Follow the procedure described on the Morgan Stanley website to accept your RSU Award within 90 days. Failure to accept the terms and conditions of your RSU Award within 90 days may result in Forfeiture of the RSU Award.

A.Restricted (Vesting) Period. The Restricted Period is the period during which this RSU Award is subject to forfeiture and is eligible to vest. The RSU Award will vest on August 3, 2023 as shown in the box above, except as otherwise provided in Article II below. No voting rights apply to this RSU Award. No fractional shares will be issued upon settlement of the RSU Award; all calculations are subject to rounding.

B.Dividend Equivalents. During the period commencing on the Grant Date and ending on the date immediately prior to the date the RSU Awards are settled in accordance with paragraph I(C), dividend equivalents will be accrued for the holder (“you”) if and to the extent dividends are paid by the Company on Merck Common Stock. Payment of such dividends will be made in cash via local payroll, without interest or earnings, at or around the time of distribution of the shares of Common Stock in settlement of the underlying RSUs. If any portion of this RSU Award lapses, is forfeited or expires, no dividend equivalents will be credited or paid on such portion. Any payment of dividend equivalents will be reduced to the extent necessary for the Company to satisfy any tax or other withholding obligations in accordance with paragraph IV.

C.Distribution (Settlement of RSU Award). Upon vesting of the RSU Award (including as a result of the events set forth in Article II), you (or your estate, in the event the RSU Award vests pursuant to paragraph II(E)) will be issued a number of shares of Merck Common Stock equal to the number of RSUs (unless otherwise provided in paragraph II(H)) with respect to which the RSU Award has vested and the dividend equivalents that accrued on that portion; provided, however, that in the event the RSU Awards vests upon a Change in Control (as defined below) pursuant to paragraph II(H) that does not constitute a “change in control event” within the meaning of U.S. Treasury Regulations Section 1.409A-3(i)(5), the RSU Awards will instead be settled on the original Vesting Dates set forth in paragraph I(A). Any amount required to be withheld, including amounts required to satisfy Tax-Related Items, in connection with the distribution of the RSU Award (or otherwise arising from your participation in the Plan) will be recovered from you as described in paragraph IV.

D.409A Compliance. Anything to the contrary notwithstanding, no distribution of RSUs may be made unless in compliance with Section 409A of the Code or any successor thereto. Specifically, distributions made upon or by reference to the date of an employment termination shall not be paid unless such termination constitutes a “separation from service (as defined in Section 409A)” and any such payment to a “Specified Employee” as defined in Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.409A-1(i) or any successor thereto, to the extent required by Section 409A of the Code will instead be made on the first day the seventh month following the separation from service, in the same form as they would have been made had this restriction not applied; provided further, that dividend equivalents that otherwise would have accrued will accrue during the period during which distribution is suspended.

E.Subject to Recoupment. This RSU Award will be subject to recoupment in the event of certain violations of Company policy in accordance with the Company’s Policies and Procedures for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations and for Significant Restatement of Financial Results, as set forth in Appendix A (as may be amended from time to time).

F.Violation of Restrictive Covenants. If the grantee violates the Restrictive Covenants as set forth in Appendix B during the Restricted Period, this entire Award, and any accumulated dividend equivalents, shall immediately lapse and be forfeited.

II.TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT

If your employment with the Company or, if different, the subsidiary, affiliate or joint venture (“JV”) of the Company by which you are employed (the “Employer”) is terminated during the Restricted Period described in paragraph I(A), your right to the RSU Award will be determined according to the terms in this Article II.

A.General Rule. If your employment is terminated during the Restricted Period for any reason other than those specified in the following paragraphs, the unvested portion of this RSU Award (and any accrued dividend equivalents) will be forfeited on the date your employment terminates. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or the Employer, as applicable, this grant nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

B.Retirement or Other Reason. If your employment terminates by retirement or any other reason not specified in this Article II prior to January 1, 2023, the RSU Award will vest on the Vesting Date following your termination with respect to a pro rata portion of your unvested RSU Award and dividend equivalents that have accrued through the corresponding Vesting Date equal to (i) the total number of RSUs subject to this RSU Award (whether or not vested), multiplied by (ii) a fraction, the numerator of which is equal to the number of completed monthly periods during the period commencing on July 1, 2022 and ending on the date employment terminates, and the denominator of which is 6. The remaining portion of the RSU Award and any accrued dividends will be forfeited on the date your employment terminates. If your employment terminates by retirement or any other reason not specified in this Article II on or after January 1, 2023 and prior to the Vesting Date, the RSU Award will vest in full on the Vesting Date following your termination. For grantees who are employed in the U.S., “retirement” means a termination of employment after attaining the earliest of (a) age 55 with at least 10 years of service (b) such age and service that provides eligibility for subsidized retiree medical coverage or (c) age 65 without regard to years of service.

C.Death. If your employment terminates due to your death during the Restricted Period but prior to an employment termination contemplated under paragraphs B, or E, the RSU Award will immediately vest and dividend equivalents that have accrued though such date. If you die during the Restricted Period, but after your employment terminates for the reasons listed under paragraphs B, or E of this section, the RSU Award will immediately vest with respect to the remaining, non-forfeited portion of this RSU Award and dividend equivalents that have accrued through the date of death.

D.Misconduct. If your employment is terminated as a result of your deliberate, willful or gross misconduct, this RSU Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be forfeited immediately upon your receipt of notice of such termination.

E.Disability. If your employment is terminated during the Restricted Period and the Company determines that such termination resulted from inability to perform the material duties of your role by reason of a physical or mental infirmity that is expected to last for at least six months or to result in your death, whether or not you are eligible for disability benefits from any applicable disability program, then the RSU Award will continue to vest on the original Vesting Date set forth in paragraph I(A) and dividend equivalents that have accrued through the corresponding Vesting Date. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or the Employer, as applicable, this RSU Award nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

III.TRANSFERABILITY

Prior to distribution pursuant to Article I(C), the RSU Award and any interest therein shall not be sold, assigned, transferred, pledged or otherwise disposed of, alienated or encumbered, either voluntarily or involuntarily, other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution in connection with your death.

IV.TAX WITHHOLDING

Regardless of any action the Company and/or the Employer take with respect to any or all income tax, social insurance, payroll tax, payment on account or other tax-related items arising out of your participation in the Plan and legally applicable or deemed applicable to you (“Tax-Related Items”), you acknowledge that the ultimate liability for all Tax-Related Items is and remains your responsibility and may exceed the amount actually withheld by the Company and/or the Employer, if any. You further acknowledge that the Company and/or the Employer (i) make no representations or undertakings regarding the treatment of any Tax-Related Items in connection with any aspect of the RSU Award or underlying shares of Common Stock, including, but not limited to, the grant, vesting or settlement of the RSU, the subsequent sale of shares of Common Stock acquired upon the lapsing of the Restricted Period and the receipt of any dividends and/or dividend equivalents; and (ii) do not commit and are under no obligation to structure the terms of the grant or any aspect of the RSU Award to reduce or eliminate your liability for Tax-Related Items or achieve any particular tax result. Furthermore, if you have become subject to tax in more than one jurisdiction, you acknowledge that the Company and/or the Employer (or former employer, as applicable) may be required to withhold or account for Tax-Related Items in more than one jurisdiction.

Prior to the relevant taxable or tax withholding event, as applicable, you shall pay or make arrangements satisfactory to the Company and/or the Employer to satisfy any applicable withholding obligations or rights with regard to all Tax-Related Items. In this regard, you authorize the Company and/or the Employer, or their respective agents, at their discretion, to satisfy the Tax-Related Items by one or a combination of the following: (i) withholding from your wages or other cash compensation paid to you by the Company, the Employer and/or any subsidiary, affiliate or JV of the Company; or (ii) withholding from proceeds of the sale of shares of Common Stock acquired at lapsing of the Restricted Period either through a voluntary sale or through a mandatory sale arranged by the Company (on your behalf pursuant to this authorization); or (iii) withholding in shares of Common Stock to be issued upon lapsing of the Restricted Period; provided, however, that if you are a Section 16 officer of the Company under the Exchange Act, then the Company will satisfy the Tax-Related Items (other than U.S. Federal Insurance Contribution Act taxes or other Tax-Related Items which become payable in a year prior to the year in which shares of Common Stock are issued upon settlement of the RSUs by withholding in shares of Common Stock pursuant to (iii) above, unless the use of such withholding method is problematic under applicable tax or securities law or has materially adverse accounting consequences, in which case, the obligation for Tax-Related Items may be satisfied by a one or a combination of (i) or (ii) above.

The Company may withhold or account for Tax-Related Items by considering applicable minimum statutory withholding amounts or other applicable withholding rates, including maximum applicable rates in your jurisdiction(s). In the event of over-withholding, you may receive a refund of any over-withheld amount in cash (with no entitlement to the equivalent in Common Stock), or if not refunded, you may seek a refund from the local tax authorities. In the event of under-withholding, you may be required to pay additional Tax-Related Items directly to the applicable tax authority or to the Company and/or the Employer. If the obligation for Tax-Related Items is satisfied by withholding in shares of Common Stock, for tax purposes, you will be deemed to have been issued the full number of shares of Common Stock subject to the vested RSUs, notwithstanding that a number of the shares is held back solely for the purpose of paying the Tax-Related Items due as a result of any aspect of your participation in the Plan.

You shall pay to the Company or the Employer any amount of Tax-Related Items that the Company or the Employer may be required to withhold or account for as a result of your participation in the Plan that cannot be satisfied by the means previously described in this section. The Company may refuse to issue or deliver the shares of Common Stock or the proceeds of the sale of shares if you fail to comply with your obligations in connection with the Tax-Related Items.

V.DATA PRIVACY

The Company is located at 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Building K-1 Kenilworth, New Jersey, U.S.A. 07033 and grants employees of the Company and any subsidiary, affiliate or JV of the Company, the opportunity to participate in the Plan, at the Company's sole discretion. If you would like to participate in the Plan, you understand that you should review the following information about the Company’s data processing practices and declare your consent.

F.Data Collection and Usage. The Company collects, processes and uses your personal data, including, name, home address, email address and telephone number, date of birth, social insurance number or other identification number, salary, citizenship, job title, any shares of Common Stock or directorships held in the Company, and details of all awards, canceled, vested, or outstanding in your favor, which

the Company receives from you or your Employer. If the Company offers you the opportunity to participate in the Plan, then the Company will collect your personal data for purposes of allocating Common Stock and implementing, administering and managing the Plan. The Company’s legal basis for the processing of your personal data would be your consent.

A.Stock Plan Administration Service Providers. The Company transfers participant data to Morgan Stanley, an independent service provider based in the United States, which assists the Company with the implementation, administration and management of the Plan. In the future, the Company may select a different service provider and share your data with another company that serves in a similar manner. The Company’s service provider will open an account for you. You will be asked to agree on separate terms and data processing practices with the service provider, which is a condition to your ability to participate in the Plan.

B.International Data Transfers. The Company and its service providers are based in the United States. If you are outside of the United States, you should note that your country has enacted data privacy laws that are different from the United States. The Company’s legal basis for the transfer of your personal data is your consent.

C.Voluntariness and Consequences of Consent Denial or Withdrawal. Your participation in the Plan and your grant of consent is purely voluntary. You may deny or withdraw your consent at any time. If you do not consent, or if you withdraw your consent, you cannot participate in the Plan. This would not affect your salary as an employee; you would merely forfeit the opportunities associated with the Plan.

D.Data Subject Rights. You have a number of rights under data privacy laws in your country. Depending on where you are based, your rights may include the right to (i) request access or copies of personal data the Company processes, (ii) rectification of incorrect data, (iii) deletion of data, (iv) restrictions on processing, (v) portability of data, (vi) to lodge complaints with competent authorities in your country, and/or (vii) a list with the names and addresses of any potential recipients of the your personal data. To receive clarification regarding your rights or to exercise your rights please contact the Company at Attn: Global Privacy Office, 351 N. Sumneytown Pike, North Wales, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. 19454.

E.The collection, use and transfer of your personal data for the purpose of implementing, administering and managing your participation in the Plan is conducted in accordance with the Company’s Global Privacy and Data Protection Policy. You also understand that the Company may, in the future, request you to provide another data privacy consent.  If applicable and upon request of the Company, you agree to provide an executed acknowledgement or data privacy consent form to the Company or the Employer (or any other acknowledgements, agreements or consents) that the Company and/or the Employer may deem necessary to obtain under the data privacy laws in your country, either now or in the future.  You understand that you will not be able to participate in the Plan if you fail to execute any such acknowledgement, agreement or consent requested by the Company and/or the Employer.

If you agree with the data processing practices described in this Article, you will declare your consent by clicking to "Accept" these Terms on the Morgan Stanley website.

VI.GOVERNING LAW

This document may be amended only by another written agreement between the parties. This document will be interpreted and enforced under the laws of the State of New Jersey, United States (without regard to its choice-of-law provisions). For purposes of litigating any dispute that arises directly or indirectly from the relationship of the parties evidenced by this grant or this document, the parties hereby submit to and consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of the State of New Jersey and agree that such litigation shall be conducted only in the courts of Union County, New Jersey, or the federal courts for the United States for the District of New Jersey, and no other courts, where this grant is made and/or to be performed.

VII.SEVERABILITY

The provisions of this document are severable and if any one or more provisions are determined to be illegal or otherwise unenforceable, in whole or in part, the remaining provisions shall nevertheless be binding and enforceable.

VIII.WAIVER

You acknowledge that a waiver by the Company of breach of any provision of these Terms shall not operate or be construed as a waiver of any other provision of these Terms or of any subsequent breach by you or any other grantee.

IX.ELECTRONIC ACCEPTANCE

The Company may, in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to the RSU or future RSUs that may be granted under the Plan by electronic means or request your consent to participate in the Plan by electronic means. You hereby consent to receive such documents by electronic delivery and agree to participate in the Plan through an online or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or a third party designated by the Company.

X.ADMINISTRATION

The Committee is responsible for construing and interpreting this grant, including the right to construe disputed or doubtful Plan provisions, and may establish, amend and construe such rules and regulations as it may deem necessary or desirable for the proper administration of this RSU Award. Any decision or action taken or to be taken by the Committee, arising out of or in connection with the construction, administration, interpretation and effect of this RSU Award shall, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, be within its absolute discretion (except as otherwise specifically provided herein) and shall be final, binding and conclusive upon the Company, all Eligible Employees and any person claiming under or through any Eligible Employee. All determinations by the Committee including, without limitation, determinations of the Eligible Employees, the form, amount and timing of Incentives, the terms and provisions of Incentives and the writings evidencing Incentives, need not be uniform and may be made selectively among eligible employees who receive, or are eligible to receive, Incentives hereunder, whether or not such Eligible Employees are similarly situated.

This RSU Award is subject to the provisions of the 2019 Incentive Stock Plan. For further information regarding your RSU Award, you may access the Merck Global Long-Term Incentives homepage via Sync > HR > Money > Long-Term Incentive Program

APPENDIX A

Policies and Procedures for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations and for Significant Restatement of Financial Results

Policy

It is the policy of the Compensation and Management Development Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Committee”) that the Committee will exercise its discretion to determine whether to seek Recoupment of any bonus and/or other incentive compensation paid or awarded to an Affected Employee, where it determines, in consultation with the Audit Committee, that: a) the Affected Employee engaged in misconduct, or failed to reasonably supervise an employee who engaged in misconduct, that resulted in a Material Violation relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products or the overall goodwill or reputation of the Company; and b) the Committee concludes that the Material Violation caused Significant Harm to the Company, as those terms are defined in this policy. The Committee’s exercise of its discretion may take into account any considerations determined by the Committee to be relevant.

In addition, awards under the Executive Incentive Plan (“EIP”) and Performance Share Units (“PSU”) under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Stock Incentive Plan, or any successor thereto, are also subject to the Company’s right to reclaim their benefits in the event a significant restatement of financial results for any performance period, pursuant to the process described below.

Definitions

1.“Recoupment” is defined to include any and all of the following actions to the extent permitted by law: (a) reducing the amount of a current or future bonus or other cash or non-cash incentive compensation award, (b) requiring reimbursement of a bonus or other cash-based incentive compensation award paid with respect to the most recently completed performance period, (c) cancelling all or a portion of a future-vesting equity award, (d) cancelling all or a portion of an equity award that vested within the previous twelve-month period, (e) requiring return of shares paid upon vesting and/or reimbursement of any proceeds received from the sale of an equity award, in each case that vested within the previous twelve-month period, and (f) any other method of reducing the total compensation paid to an employee for any prior twelve-month period or any current or future period.

2.A “Material Violation” is defined as (i) a material violation of a written Company policy relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products or (ii) conduct detrimental to the Company, including the Company’s overall goodwill or reputation.

3.An “Affected Employee” is an employee in Band 600 or higher who (i) engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Violation; or (ii) failed in his or her supervisory responsibilities to reasonably manage or monitor the conduct of an employee who engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Violation.

4.“Executive” means current and former executive officers for the purposes of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

5.“Fault” means fraud or willful misconduct. "Willful misconduct" is generally viewed as dereliction of a duty or unlawful or improper behavior committed voluntarily and intentionally; something more than negligence. If the Audit Committee determines that Fault may have been a factor causing the financial restatement, the Audit Committee will appoint an independent investigator whose determination shall be final and binding.

6.“Significant Harm” means a significant negative impact on the Company’s financial operating results or reputation.

Procedures

For Compliance Violations

1.The Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, shall administer this policy and have

2.full discretion to interpret and to make any and all determinations under this policy, subject to the approval of the full Board of Directors in the case of a determination to seek or waive Recoupment from the Chief Executive Officer.

3.The General Counsel, in consultation with the Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer and the Executive Vice President, Human Resources, is responsible for determining whether to refer a matter to the Committee for review under this policy and for assisting the Committee with its review. The Committee may consult with other Board Committees and any external or internal advisors as it deems appropriate.

4.If the Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, determines that there is a basis for seeking Recoupment under this policy, the Committee shall exercise its

discretion to determine for each Affected Employee, on an individual basis, whether, and to what extent and in which manner, to seek Recoupment.

5.In exercising its discretion, the Committee may take into consideration, as it deems appropriate, all of the facts and circumstances of the particular matter and the general interests of the Company.

For EIP Awards and PSUs Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results

EIP Awards and PSUs for Executives are subject to the Company’s right to reclaim their benefits in the event of a significant restatement of financial results for any Award Period, pursuant to the process described below.

1.    The Audit Committee will review the issues and circumstances that resulted in a restatement of financial results to determine if the restatement was significant and make an initial determination of the cause of the restatement—that is whether the restatement was caused, in whole or in part, by Executive Fault (as defined above); and

2.    In the case of PSUs, the Committee will (a) recalculate the Company's results for any Award Period with respect to PSUs that included an Award Period which occurred during the restatement period; and (b) if it is determined that such restatement was caused in whole or in part by the Executive's Fault, the Committee will seek reimbursement from each Executive of that portion of the payout of the PSU that the Executive received within 18 months of the restatement based on the erroneous financial results.

3.    In the case of EIP Awards, the Committee will (a) review the EIP award received by each Executive with respect to the restatement period and determine whether all or a portion of such Award was determined based on the achievement of erroneous financial results; and (b) if it is determined that such restatement was caused in whole or in part by the Executive's Fault, the Committee will seek reimbursement from the Executive of that portion of any EIP Award that the Executive received within 18 months of the restatement based on the erroneous financial results.

4.    The clawback for EIP Awards and PSUs does not apply to restatements that the Audit Committee determines (1) are required or permitted under generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) in connection with the adoption or implementation of a new accounting standard or (2) are caused due to the Company's decision to change its accounting practice as permitted under GAAP.

Delegation to Management for Certain Recoupment Decisions

Only in the case of Compliance Violations, the Committee hereby delegates to the Chief Executive Officer (who may further delegate as deemed appropriate) the authority to administer this policy and to make any and all decisions under it regarding Affected Employees who are not Executives of the Company. Management shall report to the Committee on any affirmative decisions to seek Recoupment pursuant to this delegation.

Disclosure of Recoupment Decisions

The Company will comply with all applicable securities laws and regulations, including Securities and Exchange Commission disclosure requirements regarding executive compensation and any applicable New York Stock Exchange listing standard or requirements. The Company may also, but is not obligated to, provide additional disclosure beyond that required by law when the Company deems it to be appropriate and determines that such disclosure is in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders.

Miscellaneous

Nothing in this policy shall limit or otherwise affect any of the following: 1) management’s ability to take any disciplinary action with respect to any Affected Employee; 2) the Committee’s ability to use its negative discretion with respect to any incentive compensation performance target at any time; or 3) the Committee’s or management’s ability to reduce the amount (in whole or in part) of a current or future bonus or other cash or non-cash incentive compensation award to any Executive or other employee for any reason as they may deem appropriate and to the extent permitted by law. Any right of Recoupment under this policy

is in addition to, and not in lieu of, any other remedies or rights of Recoupment that may be available to the Company pursuant to the terms of any similar policy in any employment agreement, equity award agreement, or similar agreement and any other legal remedies available to the Company.

The Committee shall have sole discretion to make all determinations under this policy. Any determinations made by the Committee shall be final, binding, and conclusive on all Executives and affected individuals.

This policy shall be interpreted in a manner that is consistent with any applicable rules or regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, New York Stock Exchange and any other applicable law (the “Applicable Rules”). To the extent the Applicable Rules require recovery of any bonus and/or other incentive compensation, including EIP Awards and PSUs, in additional circumstances besides those specified above, nothing in this policy shall be deemed to limit or restrict the right or obligation of the Company to recover such compensation to the fullest extent required by the Applicable Rules.

The Company shall not indemnify or agree to indemnify any Executive against the loss of incentive compensation subject to this Policy nor shall the Company pay or agree to pay any insurance premium to cover the loss of such incentive compensation.

The Board or the Committee may amend, modify, or terminate this policy in whole or in part at any time and from time to time in its sole discretion.

APPENDIX B

Restrictive Covenants

Non-Compete. The grantee agrees that to the extent permitted by law, during his employment with the Company and/or one of its affiliates and until August 3, 2023 (the “Restricted Period”) he will not, without the prior written consent of the Board, engage, directly or indirectly, whether as officer, director, board member, owner, principal, agent, distributor, representative, consultant, employee, partner, advisor or in any other capacity with any company that is directly or indirectly engaged in the business of researching, developing, producing, marketing or selling any products, technology or services that competes with or upon commercialization will compete with any (a) product, technology  or service developed,  marketed or sold by the Company or any of its Affiliates or (b) product, technology or service known by him to be in development by the Company or any of its Affiliates.  Nothing herein will prohibit the grantee from acquiring or holding not more than 1 percent of any class of publicly traded securities of any business.

Non-Solicit. During the Restricted Period, the grantee will not, directly or indirectly, solicit, or induce any other person to solicit, any employee of the Company or its affiliates to leave his or her employment.

Forfeiture. If the Company determines that the grantee has violated the restrictive covenants set forth in this Appendix B, then he agrees and covenants that this entire Award, including any accumulated dividends, will be immediately forfeited. This remedy is not the Company’s exclusive remedy. The Company reserves all other rights and remedies available to it at law or in equity.

EX-10.35

Exhibit 10.35

GLOBAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS

2022 RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT GRANT FOR CHIRFI GUINDO

UNDER THE MERCK & CO., INC. 2019 INCENTIVE STOCK PLAN

I.GENERAL. Merck & Co., Inc. (the “Company”) has granted to you the Restricted Stock Unit (“RSU”) award specified in this document (“RSU Award”) pursuant to the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan, including any sub-plan thereto for your country (the “Plan”). This RSU Award is subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan and these Global Terms and Conditions, including any additional terms and conditions for your country in Appendix B (the “Terms”). Unless otherwise defined in this document, capitalized terms used in these Terms are as defined in the Plan.

Grant Type:	RSU - Annual
Grant Date:	August 3, 2022
Vesting Dates	Portion that Vests
August 3, 2023	First: 33.333%
August 3, 2024	Second: 33.333%
August 3, 2025	Third: Balance

IMPORTANT NOTICE: This grant requires you to affirmatively accept it. You MUST log onto the Morgan Stanley website at (http://www.morganstanley.com/spc/knowledge/managing-equity/managing-your-existing-awards/accepting-awards-grants/) to accept the grant.

Follow the procedure described on the Morgan Stanley website to accept your RSU Award within 90 days. Failure to accept the terms and conditions of your RSU Award within 90 days may result in Forfeiture of the RSU Award.

A.Restricted (Vesting) Period. The Restricted Period is the period during which this RSU Award is subject to forfeiture and is eligible to vest. The RSU Award will vest with respect to one-third of this RSUs subject to the RSU Award on each of the First, Second, and Third anniversaries of the Grant Date (each a “Vesting Date”) as shown in the box above, except as otherwise provided in Article II below. No voting rights apply to this RSU Award. No fractional shares will be issued upon settlement of the RSU Award; all calculations are subject to rounding.

B.Dividend Equivalents. During the period commencing on the Grant Date and ending on the date immediately prior to the date the RSU Awards are settled in accordance with paragraph I(C), dividend equivalents will be accrued for the holder (“you”) if and to the extent dividends are paid by the Company on Merck Common Stock. Payment of such dividends will be made in cash via local payroll, without interest or earnings, at or around the time of distribution of the shares of Common Stock in settlement of the underlying RSUs. If any portion of this RSU Award lapses, is forfeited or expires, no dividend equivalents will be credited or paid on such portion. Any payment of dividend equivalents will be reduced to the extent necessary for the Company to satisfy any tax or other withholding obligations in accordance with paragraph IV.

C.Distribution (Settlement of RSU Award). Upon vesting of the RSU Award (including as a result of the events set forth in Article II), you (or your estate, in the event the RSU Award vests pursuant to paragraph II(E)) will be issued a number of shares of Merck Common Stock equal to the number of RSUs (unless otherwise provided in paragraph II(H)) with respect to which the RSU Award has vested and the dividend equivalents that accrued on that portion; provided, however, that in the event the RSU Awards vests upon a Change in Control (as defined below) pursuant to paragraph II(H) that does not constitute a “change in control event” within the meaning of U.S. Treasury Regulations Section 1.409A-3(i)(5), the RSU Awards will instead be settled on the original Vesting Dates set forth in paragraph I(A). Any amount required to be withheld, including amounts required to satisfy Tax-Related Items, in connection with the distribution of the RSU Award (or otherwise arising from your participation in the Plan) will be recovered from you as described in paragraph IV.

D.409A Compliance. Anything to the contrary notwithstanding, no distribution of RSUs may be made unless in compliance with Section 409A of the Code or any successor thereto. Specifically, distributions made upon or by reference to the date of an employment termination shall not be paid unless such termination constitutes a “separation from service (as defined in Section 409A)” and any

such payment to a “Specified Employee” as defined in Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.409A-1(i) or any successor thereto, to the extent required by Section 409A of the Code will instead be made on the first day the seventh month following the separation from service, in the same form as they would have been made had this restriction not applied; provided further, that dividend equivalents that otherwise would have accrued will accrue during the period during which distribution is suspended.

E.Subject to Recoupment. This RSU Award will be subject to recoupment in the event of certain violations of Company policy in accordance with the Company’s Policies and Procedures for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations and for Significant Restatement of Financial Results, as set forth in Appendix A (as may be amended from time to time).

II.TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT

If your employment with the Company or, if different, the subsidiary, affiliate or joint venture (“JV”) of the Company by which you are employed (the “Employer”) is terminated during the Restricted Period described in paragraph I(A), your right to the RSU Award will be determined according to the terms in this Article II and for grantees outside the United States, also in paragraph 12 of Section A (“Nature of Grant”) of Appendix B, Part I.

A.General Rule. If your employment is terminated during the Restricted Period for any reason other than those specified in the following paragraphs, the unvested portion of this RSU Award (and any accrued dividend equivalents) will be forfeited on the date your employment terminates. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or the Employer, as applicable, this grant nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

B.Involuntary Termination. If the Company determines that your employment is involuntarily terminated during the Restricted Period, the RSU Award, any any accrued dividends, will continue to vest on the following original Vesting Date(s), as set forth in paragraph I(A), provided you sign and refraining from revoking a severance agreement in a format prescribed by the Company, which agreement will contain a full release, non-solicitation, non-disclosure, non-disparagement and cooperation in litigation covenants and such other reasonable and customary terms as the Company provides. If the Company determines that your employment is involuntarily terminated during the Restricted Period and you do not sign and refrain from revoking a severance agreement as outlined above, and you are involuntarily terminated on or after the first anniversary of the Grant Date, the RSU Award will vest on the next subsequent Vesting Date following your employment termination with respect to a pro rata portion of your unvested RSU Award and dividend equivalents that have accrued through the corresponding Vesting Date equal to (i) the total number of RSUs subject to the RSU Award (whether or not vested), multiplied by (ii) a fraction, numerator of which is equal to the number of completed monthly periods during the period commencing on the Grant Date and ending the date employment terminates, and the denominator of which is 36, (iii) reduced by the number of RSUs that have vested pursuant to paragraph A. The remaining portion, if any, of the RSU Award and any accrued dividends will be forfeited on the date your employment terminates. An “involuntary termination” includes termination of your employment by the Company or the Employer, as applicable, as the result of a restructuring or job elimination, but excludes non-performance of your duties and the reasons listed under paragraphs C through H of this section. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or the Employer, as applicable, this RSU Award nevertheless will be forfeited according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

C.Sale. If your employment is terminated during the Restricted Period and the Company determines that such termination resulted from the sale of your subsidiary, affiliate, division or JV, the RSU Award, and any accrued dividends, will continue to vest on the following original Vesting Date(s) set forth in paragraph I(A). Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Committee may determine, for purposes of this RSU Award, whether employment with an entity that is established from the Company’s spin off, split off, split up or distribution of equity securities in connection with that entity constitutes a termination of employment, and may make adjustments, if any, as it deems appropriate, and to the extent not inconsistent with the Plan, at the time of the distribution of such equity securities, in the kind and/or number of shares subject to this RSU Award. .

D.Retirement. If your employment terminates by retirement during the Restricted Period, the RSU Award will vest on the next subsequent Vesting Date following your termination with respect to a pro rata portion of your unvested RSU Award and dividend equivalents that have accrued through the corresponding Vesting Date equal to (i) the total number of RSUs subject to this RSU Award

(whether or not vested), multiplied by (ii) a fraction, the numerator of which is equal to the number of completed monthly periods during the period commencing on the Grant Date and ending on the date employment terminates, and the denominator of which is 36, (iii) reduced by the number of RSUs that have vested pursuant to paragraph A. The remaining portion of the RSU Award and any accrued dividends will be forfeited on the date your employment terminates. For grantees who are employed in the U.S., “retirement” means a termination of employment after attaining the earliest of (a) age 55 with at least 10 years of service (b) such age and service that provides eligibility for subsidized retiree medical coverage or (c) age 65 without regard to years of service. For other grantees, “retirement” is determined by the Company. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or the Employer, as applicable, this grant nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

E.Death. If your employment terminates due to your death during the Restricted Period but prior to an employment termination contemplated under paragraphs B, C, D, G or H, the RSU Award will immediately vest with respect to any portion of this RSU Award that has not vested as of your death and dividend equivalents that have accrued though such date. If you die during the Restricted Period, but after your employment terminates for the reasons listed under paragraphs B, C, D, G or H of this section, the RSU Award will immediately vest with respect to the remaining, non-forfeited portion of this RSU Award and dividend equivalents that have accrued through the date of death.

F.Misconduct. If your employment is terminated as a result of your deliberate, willful or gross misconduct, this RSU Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be forfeited immediately upon your receipt of notice of such termination.

G.Disability. If your employment is terminated during the Restricted Period and the Company determines that such termination resulted from inability to perform the material duties of your role by reason of a physical or mental infirmity that is expected to last for at least six months or to result in your death, whether or not you are eligible for disability benefits from any applicable disability program, then the RSU Award will continue to vest on the original Vesting Dates set forth in paragraph I(A) with respect to the unvested portion of RSU Award and dividend equivalents that have accrued through the corresponding Vesting Date. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or the Employer, as applicable, this RSU Award nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

H.Change in Control. If this RSU Award is assumed, converted or otherwise remains outstanding in connection with a Change in Control and your employment is terminated during the Restricted Period without Cause before the second anniversary of the closing of the Change in Control, then the RSU Award will continue to vest on the original Vesting Dates set forth in paragraph I(A) with respect to the unvested portion of the RSU Award and dividend equivalents that have accrued through the corresponding Vesting Date. If this RSU Award does not remain outstanding following the Change in Control and is not converted into a successor RSU, then the RSU Award will immediately vest with respect to the portion of the RSU Award that is unvested as of the Change in Control and dividend equivalents that have accrued though such date and, at the election of the Company, you will be entitled to receive cash for such portion of this RSU Award in an amount equal to the fair market value of the consideration paid to Merck stockholders for a share of Merck Common Stock in the Change in Control. On the second anniversary of the closing of the Change in Control, this paragraph shall expire. “Cause” and “Change in Control” are defined in the Merck & Co., Inc. Change in Control Separation Benefits Plan (excluding an MSD Change in Control).

I.Transfer of Employment. Transfer of employment between the Company, a subsidiary, affiliate, JV, JV partner or affiliate of the Company who provides services to the JV with such partner or affiliate or other entity in which the Company has determined that it has a significant business or ownership interest (together, the “Company Group”) is not considered termination of employment for purposes of this RSU Award. Such employment must be approved by the Company and contiguous with employment by the entity in the Company Group you were employed by immediately prior to the relevant transfer. The terms set out in paragraphs A through H above shall continue to apply to this RSU Award following a transfer of employment accordance with this section.

J.Good Reason. If your employment is terminated for Good Reason, the RSU Award, and any accrued dividends, will continue to vest on the following original Vesting Date(s), as set forth in paragraph I(A), provided you sign and refraining from revoking a severance agreement in a format prescribed by the Company, which agreement will contain a full release, non-solicitation, non-disclosure, non-disparagement and cooperation in litigation covenants and such other reasonable and customary terms as the Company provides. “Good Reason” is defined to include the following: a) a material reduction in base salary without your consent, unless such reduction is part of an across-the-board reduction

affecting other Executive Team members in like proportions, b) your involuntary reassignment to any position other than a position on the Executive Team reporting to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer within the period beginning on date of hire and ending when the Sign-on Equity Grant has vested fully, or c) a material breach of this letter, provided that you deliver written notice of a claim of Good Reason to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer within thirty (30) days of the facts giving rise to such Good Reason, MSD fails to cure the circumstances giving rise to Good Reason within thirty (30) days of receiving such notice and you actually terminate employment within thirty (30) days after MSD’s failure to cure.

III.TRANSFERABILITY

Prior to distribution pursuant to Article I(C), the RSU Award and any interest therein shall not be sold, assigned, transferred, pledged or otherwise disposed of, alienated or encumbered, either voluntarily or involuntarily, other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution in connection with your death.

IV.TAX WITHHOLDING

Regardless of any action the Company and/or the Employer take with respect to any or all income tax, social insurance, payroll tax, payment on account or other tax-related items arising out of your participation in the Plan and legally applicable or deemed applicable to you (“Tax-Related Items”), you acknowledge that the ultimate liability for all Tax-Related Items is and remains your responsibility and may exceed the amount actually withheld by the Company and/or the Employer, if any. You further acknowledge that the Company and/or the Employer (i) make no representations or undertakings regarding the treatment of any Tax-Related Items in connection with any aspect of the RSU Award or underlying shares of Common Stock, including, but not limited to, the grant, vesting or settlement of the RSU, the subsequent sale of shares of Common Stock acquired upon the lapsing of the Restricted Period and the receipt of any dividends and/or dividend equivalents; and (ii) do not commit and are under no obligation to structure the terms of the grant or any aspect of the RSU Award to reduce or eliminate your liability for Tax-Related Items or achieve any particular tax result. Furthermore, if you have become subject to tax in more than one jurisdiction, you acknowledge that the Company and/or the Employer (or former employer, as applicable) may be required to withhold or account for Tax-Related Items in more than one jurisdiction.

Prior to the relevant taxable or tax withholding event, as applicable, you shall pay or make arrangements satisfactory to the Company and/or the Employer to satisfy any applicable withholding obligations or rights with regard to all Tax-Related Items. In this regard, you authorize the Company and/or the Employer, or their respective agents, at their discretion, to satisfy the Tax-Related Items by one or a combination of the following: (i) withholding from your wages or other cash compensation paid to you by the Company, the Employer and/or any subsidiary, affiliate or JV of the Company; or (ii) withholding from proceeds of the sale of shares of Common Stock acquired at lapsing of the Restricted Period either through a voluntary sale or through a mandatory sale arranged by the Company (on your behalf pursuant to this authorization); or (iii) withholding in shares of Common Stock to be issued upon lapsing of the Restricted Period; provided, however, that if you are a Section 16 officer of the Company under the Exchange Act, then the Company will satisfy the Tax-Related Items (other than U.S. Federal Insurance Contribution Act taxes or other Tax-Related Items which become payable in a year prior to the year in which shares of Common Stock are issued upon settlement of the RSUs by withholding in shares of Common Stock pursuant to (iii) above, unless the use of such withholding method is problematic under applicable tax or securities law or has materially adverse accounting consequences, in which case, the obligation for Tax-Related Items may be satisfied by a one or a combination of (i) or (ii) above.

The Company may withhold or account for Tax-Related Items by considering applicable minimum statutory withholding amounts or other applicable withholding rates, including maximum applicable rates in your jurisdiction(s). In the event of over-withholding, you may receive a refund of any over-withheld amount in cash (with no entitlement to the equivalent in Common Stock), or if not refunded, you may seek a refund from the local tax authorities. In the event of under-withholding, you may be required to pay additional Tax-Related Items directly to the applicable tax authority or to the Company and/or the Employer. If the obligation for Tax-Related Items is satisfied by withholding in shares of Common Stock, for tax purposes, you will be deemed to have been issued the full number of shares of Common Stock subject to the vested RSUs, notwithstanding that a number of the shares is held back solely for the purpose of paying the Tax-Related Items due as a result of any aspect of your participation in the Plan.

You shall pay to the Company or the Employer any amount of Tax-Related Items that the Company or the Employer may be required to withhold or account for as a result of your participation in the Plan that cannot be satisfied by the means previously described in this section. The Company may refuse to issue or

deliver the shares of Common Stock or the proceeds of the sale of shares if you fail to comply with your obligations in connection with the Tax-Related Items.

V.DATA PRIVACY

The Company is located at 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Building K-1 Kenilworth, New Jersey, U.S.A. 07033 and grants employees of the Company and any subsidiary, affiliate or JV of the Company, the opportunity to participate in the Plan, at the Company's sole discretion. If you would like to participate in the Plan, you understand that you should review the following information about the Company’s data processing practices and declare your consent.

A.Data Collection and Usage. The Company collects, processes and uses your personal data, including, name, home address, email address and telephone number, date of birth, social insurance number or other identification number, salary, citizenship, job title, any shares of Common Stock or directorships held in the Company, and details of all awards, canceled, vested, or outstanding in your favor, which the Company receives from you or your Employer. If the Company offers you the opportunity to participate in the Plan, then the Company will collect your personal data for purposes of allocating Common Stock and implementing, administering and managing the Plan. The Company’s legal basis for the processing of your personal data would be your consent.

B.Stock Plan Administration Service Providers. The Company transfers participant data to Morgan Stanley, an independent service provider based in the United States, which assists the Company with the implementation, administration and management of the Plan. In the future, the Company may select a different service provider and share your data with another company that serves in a similar manner. The Company’s service provider will open an account for you. You will be asked to agree on separate terms and data processing practices with the service provider, which is a condition to your ability to participate in the Plan.

C.International Data Transfers. The Company and its service providers are based in the United States. If you are outside of the United States, you should note that your country has enacted data privacy laws that are different from the United States. The Company’s legal basis for the transfer of your personal data is your consent.

D.Voluntariness and Consequences of Consent Denial or Withdrawal. Your participation in the Plan and your grant of consent is purely voluntary. You may deny or withdraw your consent at any time. If you do not consent, or if you withdraw your consent, you cannot participate in the Plan. This would not affect your salary as an employee; you would merely forfeit the opportunities associated with the Plan.

E.Data Subject Rights. You have a number of rights under data privacy laws in your country. Depending on where you are based, your rights may include the right to (i) request access or copies of personal data the Company processes, (ii) rectification of incorrect data, (iii) deletion of data, (iv) restrictions on processing, (v) portability of data, (vi) to lodge complaints with competent authorities in your country, and/or (vii) a list with the names and addresses of any potential recipients of the your personal data. To receive clarification regarding your rights or to exercise your rights please contact the Company at Attn: Global Privacy Office, 351 N. Sumneytown Pike, North Wales, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. 19454.

F.The collection, use and transfer of your personal data for the purpose of implementing, administering and managing your participation in the Plan is conducted in accordance with the Company’s Global Privacy and Data Protection Policy. You also understand that the Company may, in the future, request you to provide another data privacy consent.  If applicable and upon request of the Company, you agree to provide an executed acknowledgement or data privacy consent form to the Company or the Employer (or any other acknowledgements, agreements or consents) that the Company and/or the Employer may deem necessary to obtain under the data privacy laws in your country, either now or in the future.  You understand that you will not be able to participate in the Plan if you fail to execute any such acknowledgement, agreement or consent requested by the Company and/or the Employer.

If you agree with the data processing practices described in this Article, you will declare your consent by clicking to "Accept" these Terms on the Morgan Stanley website.

VI.GOVERNING LAW

This document may be amended only by another written agreement between the parties. This document will be interpreted and enforced under the laws of the State of New Jersey, United States (without regard

to its choice-of-law provisions). For purposes of litigating any dispute that arises directly or indirectly from the relationship of the parties evidenced by this grant or this document, the parties hereby submit to and consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of the State of New Jersey and agree that such litigation shall be conducted only in the courts of Union County, New Jersey, or the federal courts for the United States for the District of New Jersey, and no other courts, where this grant is made and/or to be performed.

VII.SEVERABILITY

The provisions of this document are severable and if any one or more provisions are determined to be illegal or otherwise unenforceable, in whole or in part, the remaining provisions shall nevertheless be binding and enforceable.

VIII.WAIVER

You acknowledge that a waiver by the Company of breach of any provision of these Terms shall not operate or be construed as a waiver of any other provision of these Terms or of any subsequent breach by you or any other grantee.

IX.ELECTRONIC ACCEPTANCE

The Company may, in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to the RSU or future RSUs that may be granted under the Plan by electronic means or request your consent to participate in the Plan by electronic means. You hereby consent to receive such documents by electronic delivery and agree to participate in the Plan through an online or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or a third party designated by the Company.

X.COUNTY-SPECIFIC APPENDIX

The RSU Award shall be subject to any additional provisions set forth in Appendix B for your country, if any. If you relocate to one of the countries included in Appendix B during the life of the RSU Award, the additional provisions for such country shall apply to you, to the extent the Company determines that the application of such provisions is necessary or advisable in order to comply with local law or facilitate the administration of the Plan.

XI.ADMINISTRATION

The Committee is responsible for construing and interpreting this grant, including the right to construe disputed or doubtful Plan provisions, and may establish, amend and construe such rules and regulations as it may deem necessary or desirable for the proper administration of this RSU Award. Any decision or action taken or to be taken by the Committee, arising out of or in connection with the construction, administration, interpretation and effect of this RSU Award shall, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, be within its absolute discretion (except as otherwise specifically provided herein) and shall be final, binding and conclusive upon the Company, all Eligible Employees and any person claiming under or through any Eligible Employee. All determinations by the Committee including, without limitation, determinations of the Eligible Employees, the form, amount and timing of Incentives, the terms and provisions of Incentives and the writings evidencing Incentives, need not be uniform and may be made selectively among eligible employees who receive, or are eligible to receive, Incentives hereunder, whether or not such Eligible Employees are similarly situated.

This RSU Award is subject to the provisions of the 2019 Incentive Stock Plan. For further information regarding your RSU Award, you may access the Merck Global Long-Term Incentives homepage via Sync > HR > Money > Long-Term Incentive Program

APPENDIX A

Policies and Procedures for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations and for Significant Restatement of Financial Results

Policy

It is the policy of the Compensation and Management Development Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Committee”) that the Committee will exercise its discretion to determine whether to seek Recoupment of any bonus and/or other incentive compensation paid or awarded to an Affected Employee, where it determines, in consultation with the Audit Committee, that: a) the Affected Employee engaged in misconduct, or failed to reasonably supervise an employee who engaged in misconduct, that resulted in a Material Violation relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products or the overall goodwill or reputation of the Company; and b) the Committee concludes that the Material Violation caused Significant Harm to the Company, as those terms are defined in this policy. The Committee’s exercise of its discretion may take into account any considerations determined by the Committee to be relevant.

In addition, awards under the Executive Incentive Plan (“EIP”) and Performance Share Units (“PSU”) under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Stock Incentive Plan, or any successor thereto, are also subject to the Company’s right to reclaim their benefits in the event a significant restatement of financial results for any performance period, pursuant to the process described below.

Definitions

1.“Recoupment” is defined to include any and all of the following actions to the extent permitted by law: (a) reducing the amount of a current or future bonus or other cash or non-cash incentive compensation award, (b) requiring reimbursement of a bonus or other cash-based incentive compensation award paid with respect to the most recently completed performance period, (c) cancelling all or a portion of a future-vesting equity award, (d) cancelling all or a portion of an equity award that vested within the previous twelve-month period, (e) requiring return of shares paid upon vesting and/or reimbursement of any proceeds received from the sale of an equity award, in each case that vested within the previous twelve-month period, and (f) any other method of reducing the total compensation paid to an employee for any prior twelve-month period or any current or future period.

2.A “Material Violation” is defined as (i) a material violation of a written Company policy relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products or (ii) conduct detrimental to the Company, including the Company’s overall goodwill or reputation.

3.An “Affected Employee” is an employee in Band 600 or higher who (i) engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Violation; or (ii) failed in his or her supervisory responsibilities to reasonably manage or monitor the conduct of an employee who engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Violation.

4.“Executive” means current and former executive officers for the purposes of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

5.“Fault” means fraud or willful misconduct. "Willful misconduct" is generally viewed as dereliction of a duty or unlawful or improper behavior committed voluntarily and intentionally; something more than negligence. If the Audit Committee determines that Fault may have been a factor causing the financial restatement, the Audit Committee will appoint an independent investigator whose determination shall be final and binding.

6.“Significant Harm” means a significant negative impact on the Company’s financial operating results or reputation.

Procedures

For Compliance Violations

1.The Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, shall administer this policy and have

2.full discretion to interpret and to make any and all determinations under this policy, subject to the approval of the full Board of Directors in the case of a determination to seek or waive Recoupment from the Chief Executive Officer.

3.The General Counsel, in consultation with the Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer and the Executive Vice President, Human Resources, is responsible for determining whether to refer a matter to the Committee for review under this policy and for assisting the Committee with its review. The Committee may consult with other Board Committees and any external or internal advisors as it deems appropriate.

4.If the Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, determines that there is a basis for seeking Recoupment under this policy, the Committee shall exercise its

discretion to determine for each Affected Employee, on an individual basis, whether, and to what extent and in which manner, to seek Recoupment.

5.In exercising its discretion, the Committee may take into consideration, as it deems appropriate, all of the facts and circumstances of the particular matter and the general interests of the Company.

For EIP Awards and PSUs Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results

EIP Awards and PSUs for Executives are subject to the Company’s right to reclaim their benefits in the event of a significant restatement of financial results for any Award Period, pursuant to the process described below.

1.    The Audit Committee will review the issues and circumstances that resulted in a restatement of financial results to determine if the restatement was significant and make an initial determination of the cause of the restatement—that is whether the restatement was caused, in whole or in part, by Executive Fault (as defined above); and

2.    In the case of PSUs, the Committee will (a) recalculate the Company's results for any Award Period with respect to PSUs that included an Award Period which occurred during the restatement period; and (b) if it is determined that such restatement was caused in whole or in part by the Executive's Fault, the Committee will seek reimbursement from each Executive of that portion of the payout of the PSU that the Executive received within 18 months of the restatement based on the erroneous financial results.

3.    In the case of EIP Awards, the Committee will (a) review the EIP award received by each Executive with respect to the restatement period and determine whether all or a portion of such Award was determined based on the achievement of erroneous financial results; and (b) if it is determined that such restatement was caused in whole or in part by the Executive's Fault, the Committee will seek reimbursement from the Executive of that portion of any EIP Award that the Executive received within 18 months of the restatement based on the erroneous financial results.

4.    The clawback for EIP Awards and PSUs does not apply to restatements that the Audit Committee determines (1) are required or permitted under generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) in connection with the adoption or implementation of a new accounting standard or (2) are caused due to the Company's decision to change its accounting practice as permitted under GAAP.

Delegation to Management for Certain Recoupment Decisions

Only in the case of Compliance Violations, the Committee hereby delegates to the Chief Executive Officer (who may further delegate as deemed appropriate) the authority to administer this policy and to make any and all decisions under it regarding Affected Employees who are not Executives of the Company. Management shall report to the Committee on any affirmative decisions to seek Recoupment pursuant to this delegation.

Disclosure of Recoupment Decisions

The Company will comply with all applicable securities laws and regulations, including Securities and Exchange Commission disclosure requirements regarding executive compensation and any applicable New York Stock Exchange listing standard or requirements. The Company may also, but is not obligated to, provide additional disclosure beyond that required by law when the Company deems it to be appropriate and determines that such disclosure is in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders.

Miscellaneous

Nothing in this policy shall limit or otherwise affect any of the following: 1) management’s ability to take any disciplinary action with respect to any Affected Employee; 2) the Committee’s ability to use its negative discretion with respect to any incentive compensation performance target at any time; or 3) the Committee’s or management’s ability to reduce the amount (in whole or in part) of a current or future bonus or other cash or non-cash incentive compensation award to any Executive or other employee for any reason as they may deem appropriate and to the extent permitted by law. Any right of Recoupment under this policy

is in addition to, and not in lieu of, any other remedies or rights of Recoupment that may be available to the Company pursuant to the terms of any similar policy in any employment agreement, equity award agreement, or similar agreement and any other legal remedies available to the Company.

The Committee shall have sole discretion to make all determinations under this policy. Any determinations made by the Committee shall be final, binding, and conclusive on all Executives and affected individuals.

This policy shall be interpreted in a manner that is consistent with any applicable rules or regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, New York Stock Exchange and any other applicable law (the “Applicable Rules”). To the extent the Applicable Rules require recovery of any bonus and/or other incentive compensation, including EIP Awards and PSUs, in additional circumstances besides those specified above, nothing in this policy shall be deemed to limit or restrict the right or obligation of the Company to recover such compensation to the fullest extent required by the Applicable Rules.

The Company shall not indemnify or agree to indemnify any Executive against the loss of incentive compensation subject to this Policy nor shall the Company pay or agree to pay any insurance premium to cover the loss of such incentive compensation.

The Board or the Committee may amend, modify, or terminate this policy in whole or in part at any time and from time to time in its sole discretion

APPENDIX B

ADDITIONAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR GRANTEES OUTSIDE THE U.S.

This Appendix, which is part of the Global Terms and Conditions for 2022 Restricted Stock Unit Grants under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan, contains additional “terms and conditions” that will apply to you if you reside outside the United States.

The terms and conditions in Part I of this Appendix apply to all grantees who reside outside the United States. The additional terms and conditions in Part II of this Appendix will also apply to you if you reside in one of the countries referenced in Part II.

The information in this Appendix is based on the laws in effect in the respective countries as of March 1, 2022. Such laws are often complex and change frequently. As a result, the Company strongly recommends that you not rely on the information in this Appendix B as the only source of information relating to the consequences of your participation in the Plan because the information may be out of date at the time that the Restricted Period lapses and shares of Common Stock are issued to you or you sell shares of Common Stock acquired under the Plan.

In addition, the information contained in this Appendix is general in nature and may not apply to your particular situation, and the Company is not in a position to assure you of a particular result. Accordingly, you should seek appropriate professional advice as to how the relevant laws in your country may apply to your situation.

Finally, if you are a citizen or resident of a country, or are considered a resident of a country, other than that in which you are currently working, or transfer residence and/or employment after the Grant Date, the information contained herein may not apply to you in the same manner. The Company shall, in its sole discretion, determine to what extent the terms and conditions included herein will apply under these circumstances.

APPENDIX B - PART I: ADDITIONAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR ALL COUNTRIES OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES

The following additional terms and conditions will apply to you if you reside in any country outside the United States.

A.Nature of Grant

In accepting the RSU Award, you acknowledge and agree that:

1.the Plan is established voluntarily by the Company, is discretionary in nature, and may be amended, suspended, or terminated by the Company at any time;

2.the grant of the RSU Award is exceptional, voluntary, and occasional and does not create any contractual or other right to receive future grants of RSUs, or benefits in lieu of RSUs, even if RSUs have been granted in the past;

3.all decisions with respect to future RSU grants, if any, will be at the sole discretion of the Company;

4.your participation in the Plan is voluntary;

5.your participation in the Plan shall not create a right to employment or be interpreted as forming or amending an employment or service contract with the Company and shall not interfere with the ability of the Employer to terminate your employment or service relationship (if any) at any time;

6.the RSU Award and any shares of Common Stock acquired under the Plan, and income from and value of same, are extraordinary items that do not constitute compensation of any kind for services of any kind rendered to the Employer, the Company, or any subsidiary, affiliate or JV of the Company, and that are outside the scope of your employment or service contract, if any;

7.unless otherwise agreed with the Company in writing, the RSU Award and any shares of Common Stock acquired under the Plan, and the income from and value of same, are not granted as consideration for, or in connection with, the service you may provide as a director of a subsidiary, affiliate or JV of the Company;

8.the RSU Award and any shares of Common Stock acquired under the Plan, and the income from and value of same, are not intended to replace any pension rights or compensation;

9.the RSU Award and any shares of Common Stock acquired under the Plan, and the income and value of same, are not part of normal or expected compensation or salary for any purposes, including, but not limited to, calculating any severance, resignation, termination, redundancy, dismissal, end of service payments, bonuses, long-service awards, pension or retirement or welfare benefits or similar payments, and in no event should be considered as compensation for, or relating in any way to, past services for the Employer, the Company or any subsidiary, affiliate or JV of the Company;

10.the future value of the shares of Common Stock underlying the RSU is unknown, indeterminable and cannot be predicted with certainty;

11.no claim or entitlement to compensation or damages shall arise from termination of the RSU Award resulting from termination of your employment by the Company or the Employer (for any reason whatsoever and whether or not in breach of employment laws in the jurisdiction where you are employed or the terms of your employment agreement, if any);

12.for purposes of the RSU Award, your employment relationship will be considered terminated as of the date you are no longer providing services to the Employer or the Company or any subsidiary, affiliate or JV (regardless of the reason for such termination and whether or not later found to be invalid or in breach of the employment laws in the jurisdiction where you are employed or the terms of your employment agreement, if any), and unless otherwise expressly provided in the Terms, your right to vest in the RSU under the Plan, if any, will terminate effective as of such date and will not be extended by any notice period or any period of “garden leave” or similar period mandated under local law; the Committee shall have the exclusive discretion to determine when you are no longer providing services for purposes of the

grant (including whether you may still be considered to be providing services while on a leave of absence);

13.the RSU Award and the benefits under the Plan, if any, will not automatically transfer to another company in the case of a merger, take-over or transfer of liability;

14.the Company is not providing any tax, legal, or financial advice, nor is the Company making any recommendation regarding your participation in the Plan, or the acquisition or sale of underlying shares; you should consult with your personal tax, legal and financial advisors regarding the decision to participate in the Plan and before taking any action related to the Plan; and

15.neither the Employer, nor the Company or any subsidiary, affiliate or JV shall be liable for any foreign exchange rate fluctuation between your local currency and the United States Dollar that may affect the value of the RSU Award or any amounts due to you pursuant to the vesting of the RSU Award, the subsequent sale of shares acquired under the Plan or the receipt of any dividends and/or dividend equivalents.

B.Insider Trading/Market Abuse Laws

You acknowledge that, depending on your or your broker’s country of residence or where shares of Common Stock are listed, you may be subject to insider trading restrictions and/or market abuse laws, which may affect your ability to accept, acquire, sell or otherwise dispose of shares of Common Stock, rights to shares of Common Stock (e.g., RSUs) or rights linked to the value of shares of Common Stock under the Plan during such times that you are considered to have “inside information” regarding the Company (as defined by the laws or regulations in the applicable jurisdictions or your country). Local insider trading laws and regulations may prohibit the cancellation or amendment of orders you placed before you possessed inside information. Furthermore, you could be prohibited from (i) disclosing the inside information to any third party and (ii) “tipping” third parties or causing them otherwise to buy or sell securities. You should keep in mind that third parties include fellow employees. Any restrictions under these laws or regulations are separate from and in addition to any restrictions that may be imposed under any applicable Company insider trading policy. You understand you are responsible for ensuring compliance with any restrictions and should consult with your personal legal advisor on this matter.

C.Foreign Asset/Account, Exchange Control and Tax Obligations

You acknowledge that, depending on your country, you may be subject to foreign asset/account, exchange control and/or tax reporting requirements as the result of the acquisition of shares of Common Stock or cash (including dividend equivalents, dividends, and the proceeds of the sale of shares of Common Stock) derived from your participation in the Plan, in, to and/or from a brokerage/bank account or legal entity located outside your country. The applicable laws of your country may require that you report such accounts, assets, the balances therein, the value thereof and/or the transactions related thereto to the applicable authorities in your country. You may also be required to repatriate cash received from participating in the Plan to your country within a certain time after receipt. You acknowledge that you are responsible for ensuring compliance with any applicable foreign asset/account, exchange control and tax reporting requirements and should consult your personal tax, legal and/or financial advisors regarding the same.

D.Language

You acknowledge that you are proficient in the English language or have consulted with an advisor who is sufficiently proficient, to allow you to understand the terms and conditions of this document. If you have received this document, or any other document related to the RSU Award and/or the Plan translated into a language other than English, and if the translated version is different than the English version, the English version will control.

E.Imposition of Other Requirements and Issuance of Shares

The Company reserves the right to impose other requirements on this RSU Award and the shares of Common Stock acquired pursuant to the RSU Award, to the extent the Company determines it is necessary or advisable to comply with local laws or facilitate the administration of the Plan, and to require you to sign any additional agreements or undertakings that may be necessary to accomplish the foregoing.

In particular, if advisable due to local law requirements, the Committee, in its sole and absolute discretion, may require the immediate forced sale of the shares of Common Stock issuable upon vesting of the RSUs. Alternatively, unless otherwise set forth in this Appendix, the Committee, in its sole and absolute discretion, may determine to pay out the RSUs in cash equal to the fair market value of the shares of Common Stock underlying the RSUs.

APPENDIX B - PART II: COUNTRY-SPECIFIC ADDITIONAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS AND NOTIFICATIONS

Country	Additional Terms and Conditions and Notifications
Algeria	Payment of Award Any RSU Award granted to you will be settled in cash only. This means that upon vesting of your RSU Award, you will receive in cash the value of the underlying shares of Common Stock at vesting, less any Tax-Related Items and broker’s fees or commissions, which will be remitted to you via local payroll. The Company reserves the right to settle the RSU Award in shares of Common Stock and to force the immediate sale of such shares of Common Stock depending on the development of applicable exchange control laws and regulations.
Argentina	Securities Law Information Neither the Award nor the underlying shares of Common Stock are publicly offered, listed on any stock exchange in Argentina or registered with the Argentine Securities Commission (Comisión Nacional de Valores). Labor Law Acknowledgement This provision supplements the “Nature of Grant” section in Part I of this Appendix B: In accepting the grant of the RSU Award, you acknowledge and agree that the grant of the RSU Award is made by the Company, not the Employer, in its sole discretion and the value of any RSU Award and shares of Common Stock acquired under the Plan shall not constitute salary or wages for any purpose under Argentine labor law, including, but not limited to, the calculation of (i) any labor benefits including, without limitation, vacation pay, thirteenth salary, compensation in lieu of notice, annual bonus, disability, and leave of absence payments, or (ii) any termination or severance indemnities. If, notwithstanding the foregoing, any benefits under the Plan are considered as salary or wages for any purpose under Argentine labor law, you acknowledge and agree that such benefits shall not accrue more frequently than on an annual basis.
Australia	Australian Offer Document This offer document sets out information regarding the offer to participate in the Plan for Australian resident grantees of the Company and its subsidiaries, affiliates and JVs. This information is provided by the Company to ensure compliance of the offer with Australian Securities and Investments Commission (“ASIC”) Class Order 14/1000, ASIC Regulatory Guide 49 and relevant provisions of the Corporations Act 2001. Additional Documents. In addition to the information set out in this Appendix B, you are also being provided with copies of the following documents: (a)    the Plan; (b)    the Plan Prospectus (which contains a summary of the Plan); (c)    the Terms; (d)    LTI Program Overview; and (e)    the summary of tax consequences of participation in the Plan for Australia, which is accessible by logging into your account at Morgan Stanley (collectively, the “Additional Documents”). The Additional Documents provide further information to help you make an informed investment decision about participating in the Plan. Neither the Plan nor the Plan Prospectus is a prospectus for the purposes of the Corporations Act 2001. You should not rely upon any oral statements made in relation to this offer. You should rely only upon the statements contained in this Appendix B and the Additional Documents when considering participation in the Plan. General Information Only. The information herein is general information only. It is not advice or information that takes into account your objectives, financial situation and needs. You should consider obtaining your own financial product advice from a person who is licensed by ASIC to give such advice. Risks of Participation in the Plan. Investment in shares of Common Stock involves a degree of risk. If you elect to participate in the Plan, you should monitor your participation and consider all risk factors relevant to the vesting or issuance of shares of Common Stock under the Plan as set forth below and in the Additional Documents You should have regard to risk factors relevant to investment in securities generally and, in particular, to holding shares of Common Stock of the Company. For example, the value at which an individual share of Common Stock is quoted on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) may increase or decrease due to a number of factors. There is no guarantee that the value of a share of Common Stock will increase. Factors that may affect the value of an individual share of Common Stock include fluctuations in the domestic and international market for listed stocks, general economic conditions, including interest rates, inflation rates, commodity and oil prices, changes to government fiscal, monetary or regulatory policies, legislation or regulation, the nature of the markets in which the Company operates and general operational and business risks. More information about potential factors that could affect the Company’s business and financial results will be included in the Company’s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Copies of these reports are available at http://www.sec.gov/, on the Company’s “Investor Relations” page at https://investors.merck.com/home/default.aspx, and upon request to the Company. In addition, you should be aware that the Australian dollar (“AUD”) value of any shares of Common Stock acquired under the Plan will be affected by the USD/AUD exchange rate. Participation in the Plan involves certain risks related to fluctuations in this rate of exchange. Common Stock in a U.S. Corporation. Common stock of a U.S. corporation is analogous to ordinary shares of an Australian corporation. Each holder of a share of Common Stock is entitled to one vote. Further, shares of Common Stock are not liable to any further calls for payment of capital or for other assessment by the Company and have no sinking fund provisions, pre-emptive rights, conversion rights or redemption provisions. Ascertaining the Market Value of Shares of Common Stock. You may ascertain the current market value of an individual share of Common Stock as traded on the NYSE under the symbol “MRK” at: https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:MRK. The AUD equivalent of that value can be obtained at: https://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/frequency/exchange-rates.html. This will not be a prediction of the market value of an individual share of Common Stock when the RSU Award vests or shares of Common Stock are issued under the Plan or of the applicable exchange rate on the vesting date or the date the shares of Common Stock are issued. Tax Information The Plan is a plan to which Subdivision 83A-C of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (Cth) (the “Tax Assessment Act”) applies (subject to the conditions in the Tax Assessment Act).
Austria	There are no country-specific provisions.
Belgium	There are no country-specific provisions.

Bermuda	Securities Law Information The Plan and the Terms, including this Appendix B, are not subject to, and have not received approval from either the Bermuda Monetary Authority or the Registrar of Companies in Bermuda and no statement to the contrary, explicit or implicit, is authorized to be made in this regard. If any shares of Common Stock acquired under the Plan are offered or sold in Bermuda, the offer or sale must comply with the provisions of the Investment Business Act 2003 of Bermuda. Alternatively, the shares may be sold on the New York Stock Exchange on which they are listed.
Brazil	Compliance with Law By accepting the RSU Award, you acknowledge that you agree to comply with applicable Brazilian laws and pay any and all applicable taxes associated with the expiration of the Restricted Period, the sale of shares obtained pursuant to the expiration of the Restricted Period, and the receipt of any dividends or dividend equivalents. Labor Law Acknowledgment By accepting the RSU Award, you agree that you are (i) making an investment decision and (ii) the value of the underlying shares of Common Stock is not fixed and may increase or decrease in value over the Restricted Period without compensation to you. Further, you acknowledge and agree that, for all legal purposes, (i) any benefits provided to you under the Plan are unrelated to your employment or service; (ii) the Plan is not a part of the terms and conditions of your employment or service; and (iii) the income from your participation in the Plan, if any, is not part of your remuneration from employment or service.
Bulgaria	There are no country-specific provisions.

Canada

Termination of Employment This provision replaces paragraph (9) of the “Nature of Grant” section in Part I of this Appendix B: Except to the extent explicitly required under local employment standards legislation, the RSU Award and any shares of Common Stock acquired under the Plan, and the income and value of same, are not part of normal or expected compensation or salary for any purposes, including, but not limited to, calculating any severance, resignation, termination, redundancy, dismissal, end of service payments, bonuses, long-service awards, pension or retirement or welfare benefits or similar payments, and in no event should be considered as compensation for, or relating in any way to, past services for the Employer, the Company or any parent, subsidiary, affiliate or JV of the Company; This provision replaces paragraph (11) of the “Nature of Grant” section in Part I of this Appendix B: Except to the extent explicitly required under local employment standards legislation, no claim or entitlement to compensation or damages shall arise from termination of the RSU Award resulting from termination of your employment by the Company or the Employer (for any reason whatsoever and whether or not in breach of employment laws in the jurisdiction where you are employed or the terms of your employment agreement, if any); This provision replaces paragraph (12) of the “Nature of Grant” section in Part I of this Appendix B: For purposes of the RSU Award, except to the extent expressly provided in your Terms or expressly required by applicable legislation, your employment relationship will be considered terminated (regardless of the reason for such termination) and your right to vest in the RSU Award under the Plan, if any, will terminate as of the date that is the earliest of (a) the date you are no longer employed or providing services to the Company or any parent, subsidiary, affiliate or JV, (b) the date you receive written notice of termination of employment, or (c) the date written notice of termination is delivered to your last known address (together, the “Termination Date”). Except to the extent explicitly required by applicable legislation, the Termination Date will exclude any notice period or period of pay in lieu of such notice required under statute, contract, common/civil law or otherwise. You will not earn, or be entitled to earn, any pro-rated vesting for that portion of time before the date on which your right to vest terminates, nor will you be entitled to any compensation for lost vesting. In case of any dispute as to whether termination of employment has occurred that cannot be reasonably determined under your Terms and the Plan, the Committee shall have the sole discretion, subject to applicable legislation, to determine whether such termination of employment has occurred and the effective date of such termination. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if applicable employment standards legislation explicitly requires continued entitlement to vesting during a statutory notice period, your right to vest in the RSU Award under the Plan, if any, will terminate effective as of the last day of your minimum statutory notice period, but you will not earn or be entitled to pro-rated vesting if the vesting date falls after the end of your statutory notice period, nor will you be entitled to any compensation for lost vesting. Securities Law Information You are permitted to sell shares of Common Stock acquired through the Plan through the broker designated by the Company under the Plan, if any, provided the resale of shares of Common Stock acquired under the Plan takes place outside of Canada through the facilities of a stock exchange on which the shares of Common Stock are listed. The shares are currently listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Payment of Award Notwithstanding any discretion contained in Section 11(d) of the Plan, the grant of the RSU Award does not provide any right for you to receive a cash payment and the RSU Award is payable in shares of Common Stock only. The following provisions will apply to you if you are a resident of Quebec: Language Consent The parties acknowledge that it is their express wish that the Terms, as well as all documents, notices and legal proceedings entered into, given or instituted pursuant hereto or relating directly or indirectly hereto, be drawn up in English. Les parties reconnaissent avoir exigé la rédaction en anglais de la convention, ainsi que de tous documents exécutés, avis donnés et procédures judiciaries intentées, directement ou indirectement, relativement à ou suite à la présente convention. Data Privacy This provision supplements the “Data Privacy” section in the Terms: You hereby authorize the Company and the Company’s representatives to discuss with and obtain all relevant information from all personnel, professional or not, involved in the administration and operation of the Plan. You further authorize the Company, and its subsidiaries, affiliates or JVs and Morgan Stanley Smith Barney and any other stock plan service provider that may be selected by the Company to assist with the Plan to disclose and discuss the Plan with their respective advisors. You further authorize the Company and its subsidiaries, affiliates and JVs to record such information and to keep such information in your employee file.

Chile

Securities Law Information THE OFFER OF THE RSU AWARD CONSTITUTES A PRIVATE OFFERING OF SECURITIES IN CHILE EFFECTIVE AS OF THE GRANT DATE. THE OFFER OF THE RSU AWARD IS MADE SUBJECT TO GENERAL RULING N° 336 OF THE CHILEAN COMMISSION OF THE FINANCIAL MARKET (“CMF”). THE OFFER REFERS TO SECURITIES NOT REGISTERED AT THE SECURITIES REGISTRY OR AT THE FOREIGN SECURITIES REGISTRY OF THE CMF, AND, THEREFORE, SUCH SECURITIES ARE NOT SUBJECT TO OVERSIGHT OF THE CMF. GIVEN THAT THE RSU AWARD IS NOT REGISTERED IN CHILE, THE COMPANY IS NOT REQUIRED TO PROVIDE PUBLIC INFORMATION ABOUT THE RSU AWARD OR SHARES OF COMMON STOCK IN CHILE. UNLESS THE RSU AWARD AND/OR THE SHARES OF COMMON STOCK ARE REGISTERED WITH THE CMF, A PUBLIC OFFERING OF SUCH SECURITIES CANNOT BE MADE IN CHILE.

The People's Republic of China The following terms and conditions apply only to grantees who are citizens of the PRC or are otherwise determined to be subject to the requirements imposed by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (“SAFE”) as determined by the Company. The following terms and conditions apply only if you are classified as Band 600 and higher on the Grant Date. Payment of Award and Termination of Employment You will be permitted to hold shares of Common Stock issued to you at the end of the Restricted Period. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the Plan or Terms, due to exchange control laws in China, you agree that any shares of Common Stock acquired under the Plan and held by you at the time of your termination of employment with the Company or the Employer will be sold on your behalf, pursuant to this authorization, as soon as administratively practicable following the termination of your employment, but no later than six-months following termination of employment. The Company is under no obligation to arrange for such sale at any particular price. You will receive the sale proceeds, less any broker’s fees or commissions and subject to satisfaction of any Tax-Related Items. If the Terms provide that all or a portion of your outstanding RSU Award will become distributable at some time following your termination of employment, that portion will automatically vest and be sold on your behalf as described above. Any other portion of your RSU Award that is not vested as described above will expire immediately upon your termination of employment. Due to local regulatory requirements, you agree that the Company may force the sale of any shares of Common Stock issued under the Plan. The sale may occur (i) immediately upon vesting or (ii) within any other time frame as the Company determines to be necessary or advisable for legal or administrative reasons. Broker Account Any shares of Common Stock issued to you at expiration of the Restricted Period must be maintained in an account with Morgan Stanley Smith Barney or such other stock plan service provider as may be selected by the Company in the future until the shares of Common Stock are sold through that broker. Exchange Control Compliance You understand and agree that, to comply with exchange control laws in the PRC, any cash dividends, dividend equivalents and the proceeds from the sale of the shares of Common Stock will be immediately repatriated to China through a special exchange control account established by the Company (or any subsidiary, affiliate or JV) or the Employer prior to being delivered to you. The funds may be paid to you in U.S. dollars or local currency at the Company’s discretion. To the extent the funds are paid to you in U.S. dollars, you understand that you will be required to set up a U.S. dollar bank account in China and provide the bank account details to the Employer and/or the Company so that the funds may be deposited into this account. In the more likely event that the Company converts cash received under the Plan into local currency, the Company is under no obligation to secure any exchange conversion rate and the Company may face delays in converting the proceeds to local currency due to exchange control restrictions in China. You agree to bear any currency fluctuation risk between that time and the time the funds are distributed through any such special exchange account. You further agree to comply with any other requirements that may be imposed by the Company in the future in order to facilitate compliance with exchange control requirements in China. The following terms and conditions apply only if you are classified as below Band 600 on the Grant Date. Payment of Award To facilitate compliance with exchange control laws in China, any RSU Award granted to you will be settled in cash only. This means that upon vesting of your RSU Award, you will receive in cash the value of the underlying shares of Common Stock at expiration of the Restricted Period, less any broker’s fees or commissions and Tax-Related Items, which will be remitted to you in accordance with applicable exchange control laws and regulations. You will not be permitted to hold shares of Common Stock after vesting. The Company reserves the right to settle the RSU Award in shares of Common Stock and to force the immediate sale of such shares of Common Stock depending on the development of applicable exchange control laws and regulations. Exchange Control Compliance You understand and agree that, to comply with exchange control laws in the PRC, the cash payable to you at expiration of the Restricted Period will be immediately repatriated to China through a special exchange control account established by the Company (or any subsidiary, affiliate or JV) or the Employer prior to being delivered to you. The funds may be paid to you in U.S. dollars or local currency at the Company’s discretion. To the extent the funds are paid to you in U.S. dollars, you understand that you will be required to set up a U.S. dollar bank account in China and provide the bank account details to the Employer and/or the Company so that the funds may be deposited into this account. In the more likely event that the Company converts cash received under the Plan into local currency, the Company is under no obligation to secure any exchange conversion rate and the Company may face delays in converting the proceeds to local currency due to exchange control restrictions in China. You agree to bear any currency fluctuation risk between that time and the time the funds are distributed through any such special exchange account. You further agree to comply with any other requirements that may be imposed by the Company in the future in order to facilitate compliance with exchange control requirements in China. Termination of Employment Notwithstanding any terms or conditions of the Plan or the “Termination of Employment” section of the Terms to the contrary, the cash equivalent of any shares of Common Stock that vest upon termination of your employment will be distributed to you no later than six months from the date of termination of your employment, as determined by the Company in accordance with the Terms, or within any other such timeframe as may be required by SAFE. If the Terms provide that all or a portion of your outstanding RSU Award will become distributable at some time following your termination of employment, that portion will automatically vest and become distributable immediately upon your termination of employment as described above. Any other portion of your RSU Award that is not vested as described above will expire immediately upon your termination of employment.

Colombia	Securities Law Information. The shares of Common Stock are not and will not be registered with the Colombian registry of publicly traded securities (Registro Nacional de Valores y Emisores) and therefore the shares of Common Stock may not be offered to the public in Colombia. Nothing in this Appendix B should be construed as the making of a public offer of securities in Colombia. Labor Law Acknowledgment This provision supplements the “Nature of Grant” section in Pat I of this Appendix B: You acknowledge that pursuant to Article 128 of the Colombian Labor Code, the Plan, the RSU Award and any income realized under the Plan do not constitute a component of your “salary”. Therefore, they will not be included and/or considered for purposes of calculating any and all labor benefits, such as legal/fringe benefits, vacations, indemnities, payroll taxes, social insurance contributions and/or any other labor-related amount which may be payable.
Costa Rica	There are no country-specific provisions.
Croatia	There are no country-specific provisions.
Cyprus	There are no country-specific provisions.
Czech Republic	There are no country-specific provisions.
Denmark	Labor Law Acknowledgment This provision supplements the “Nature of Grant” section in this Appendix B: By accepting the RSU Award, you understand and agree that this grant relates to future services to be performed and is not a bonus or compensation for past services. Stock Option Act You acknowledge that you received the Employer Statement (attached as Appendix C below) which summarizes select terms of your RSUs. As set forth in Section 1 of the Stock Option Act, the Stock Option Act only applies to “employees” as that term is defined in Section 2 of the Stock Option Act and to the extent you are subject to Danish law. If you are a member of the registered management of the Company's subsidiary, affiliate or JV in Denmark or otherwise do not satisfy the definition of employee or are not subject to Danish law, you will not be subject to the Stock Option Act and the Employer Statement will not apply to you. Please note the Stock Option Act was revised as of January 1, 2019. The standard termination provisions in the Terms will apply for any grants made under the Plan. The relevant termination provisions are detailed in the “Termination of Employment” section in your Terms.

Ecuador	There are no country-specific provisions.
Egypt	There are no country-specific provisions.
Estonia	Language Consent By accepting the grant of the RSU Award, you confirm having read and understood the documents related to the grant (the Terms and the Plan), which were provided in the English language, and that you do not need the translation thereof into the Estonian language. You accept the terms of those documents accordingly. Võttes vastu Award-de pakkumise kinnitad, et oled ingliskeelsena esitatud pakkumisega seotud dokumendid (Tingimused ja Plaan) läbi lugenud ja nendest aru saanud ning et ei vaja nende tõlkimist eesti keelde. Sellest tulenevalt nõustud viidatud dokumentide tingimustega
Finland	There are no country-specific provisions.
France	Tax Notification Your RSU Award is not intended to be French tax-qualified. Language Consent By accepting the RSU Award, you confirm having read and understood the Plan and your Terms, which were provided in the English language. You accept the terms of those documents accordingly. En acceptant l’attribution, vous confirmez avoir lu et compris le Plan de travail et vos conditions générales et dispositions, qui ont été transmis en langue anglaise. Vous acceptez les termes de ces documents en connaissance de cause.
Germany	There are no country-specific provisions.
Greece	There are no country-specific provisions.
Guatemala	Consent to Receive Information in English By participating in the Plan, you acknowledge that you have reviewed the Terms and are sufficiently proficient in English, or, alternatively, you will seek appropriate assistance, to understand the terms and conditions of this RSU Award.

Hong Kong	Securities Law Information Warning: The contents of this document have not been reviewed by any regulatory authority in Hong Kong. You should exercise caution in relation to the offer. If you are in any doubt about any of the contents of the Plan and the Terms, including this Appendix B, you should obtain independent professional advice. The RSU Award and any shares of Common Stock issued pursuant to the RSU Award do not constitute a public offering of securities under Hong Kong law and are available only to Eligible Employees of the Company or its subsidiaries, affiliates and JVs. The Terms, including this Appendix B, the Plan and other incidental communication materials distributed in connection with the RSU Award (i) have not been prepared in accordance with and are not intended to constitute a “prospectus” for a public offering of securities under the applicable securities legislation in Hong Kong and (ii) are intended only for the personal use of each Eligible Employee of the Employer, the Company or its subsidiaries, affiliates and JVs and may not be distributed to any other person. Payment of Award Notwithstanding any discretion contained in Section 11(d) of the Plan, the grant of the RSU Award does not provide any right for you to receive a cash payment and the RSU Award is payable in shares of Common Stock only. Sale of Shares Shares of Common Stock received at vesting are accepted as a personal investment. In the event the Restricted Period on your RSU Award expires within six months of the Grant Date and shares of Common Stock are issued to you, you agree that you will not offer to the public or otherwise dispose of the shares of Common Stock prior to the six-month anniversary of the Grant Date.
Hungary	Payment of Award Any RSU Award granted to you will be settled in cash only. This means that upon vesting of your RSU Award, you will receive in cash the value of the underlying shares of Common Stock at vesting, less any Tax-Related Items and broker’s fees or commissions, which will be remitted to you via local payroll. The Company reserves the right to settle the RSU Award in shares of Common Stock and to force the immediate sale of such shares of Common Stock depending on the development of applicable exchange control laws and regulations.
India	There are no country-specific provisions.

Indonesia	Language Acknowledgment A translation of the documents relating to this grant into Bahasa Indonesia can be provided to you upon request to mellisa.riana.dewi@merck.com. By accepting the RSU Award, you (i) confirm having read and understood the documents relating to this grant (i.e., your Terms, including this Appendix B, and the Plan) which were provided in the English language, (ii) accept the terms of these documents accordingly, and (iii) agree not to challenge the validity of this document based on Law No. 24 of 2009 on National Flag, Language, Coat of Arms and National Anthem or the implementing Presidential Regulation (when issued). Persetujuan dan Pemberitahuan Bahasa. Terjemahan dari dokumen-dokumen terkait dengan pemberian ini ke Bahasa Indonesia dapat disediakan untuk anda berdasarkan permintaan kepada mellisa.riana.dewi@merck.com. Dengan menerima Penghargaan ini, anda (i) mengkonfirmasi bahwa telah membaca dan memahami dokumen-dokumen berkaitan dengan pemberian ini (yaitu, Syarat-syarat anda, termasuk suplemen ini dan Program) yang disediakan dalam Bahasa Inggris, (ii) menerima persyaratan di dalam dokumen-dokumen tersebut, dan (iii) setuju untuk tidak mengajukan keberatan atas keberlakuan dari dokumen ini berdasarkan Undang-Undang No. 24 Tahun 2009 tentang Bendera, Bahasa dan Lambang Negara serta Lagu Kebangsaan ataupun Peraturan Presiden sebagai pelaksanaannya (ketika diterbitkan).
Ireland	There are no country-specific provisions.
Israel	Securities Law Information The grant of the RSU Award under the Plan is being made pursuant to an exemption from the requirement to file and publish a prospectus in Israel regarding the Plan obtained from the Israeli Securities Authority. Copies of the Plan and the Form S-8 registration statement for the Plan filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission will be sent to you, at no charge, on written request being mailed to Investor Relations at Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kennilworth, NJ 07033, U.S.A. The telephone number at the executive offices is 1-908-740-4000. Alternatively, copies of the Plan and the Form S-8 registration statement for the Plan filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission are available by searching the Company’s filings on the following web site: http://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch.html. Trust Arrangement You understand and agree that the RSU Award is offered subject to and in accordance with the terms of the Plan, the Addendum A - Israel to the Plan (the “Israeli Sub-Plan”), the Trust Agreement (the “Trust Agreement”) between the Company and the Company’s trustee appointed by the Company or its subsidiary or affiliate in Israel, currently ESOP Management and Trust Services Ltd. (the “Trustee”), and the Terms. In the event of any inconsistencies between the Israeli Sub-Plan, the Terms and/or the Plan, the Israeli Sub-Plan will govern the RSU Award granted to you in Israel. Capitalized terms used but not defined in this Appendix B for Israel, the Plan or the Terms have the meanings set forth in the Israeli Sub-Plan. Requirement to Return Signed Confirmation Letter You are required to execute the Confirmation Letter - Trustee 102 Awards (“Confirmation Letter”) provided to you in connection with Awards granted to you under the Israeli Sub-Plan. In particular, you must print, sign and deliver a signed copy of the Confirmation Letter to the Trustee within thirty (30) days of the Grant Date, or by such other date as may be determined by your Employer or the Trustee not to exceed ninety (90) days from the Grant Date, for the RSU Award to qualify for preferential tax treatment. By accepting this RSU Award, you acknowledge and agree that the terms and conditions of the Confirmation Letter are hereby incorporated by reference into the Terms and shall apply to shares of Common Stock acquired upon expiration of the Restricted Period of the RSU Award. If the Trustee does not receive the signed Confirmation Letter within 30 days of the Grant Date, or by such other date as may be determined by your Employer or the Trustee not to exceed ninety (90) days from the Grant Date, the RSU Award may not qualify for favorable tax treatment. For more details, please contact Daphna Ben-Ari at daphna.ben-ari@merck.com or +972 9533306. Confirmation of Section 102 Capital Gains Award Terms The RSU Award is intended to be Capital Gain Awards that qualify for the tax treatment for Approved 102 Awards that are designated by the Company to qualify under the capital gain tax treatment in accordance with the provisions of Section 102(b)(2) of the Ordinance. Notwithstanding the foregoing, by accepting the RSU Award, you acknowledge that the Company cannot guarantee that the Capital Gain Award tax treatment will apply to the Awards granted to you. By accepting the RSU Award, you: (a) acknowledge receipt of and represent that you have read and understand the Plan, the Israeli Sub-Plan, the Confirmation Letter and the Terms; (b) accept the RSU Award subject to all of the terms and conditions of the Plan, the Israeli Sub-Plan, the Confirmation Letter and the Terms; and (c) agree that the shares of Common Stock issued to upon expiration of the Restricted Period of the RSU Award will be issued to and deposited with the Trustee and shall be held in trust for your benefit as required by the Ordinance, the Israeli Sub-Plan and any approval by the Israeli Tax Authority pursuant to the terms of the Ordinance, the Israeli Sub-Plan and the Trust Agreement. Furthermore, by accepting the RSU Award, you confirm that you understand the terms and provisions of Section 102 of the Ordinance, particularly the capital gains track described in subsection (b)(2) and (b)(3) thereof, and agree that you will not require the Trustee to release the shares of Common Stock acquired upon expiration of the Restricted Period of the RSU Award to you or sell the shares of Common Stock to a third party, during the Holding Period, unless permitted to do so by the Ordinance or the Israeli Sub-Plan.

Italy	Plan Document Acknowledgment By accepting the RSU Award, you further acknowledge that you have received a copy of the Plan, have reviewed the Plan and the Terms in their entirety and fully understand and accept all provisions of the Plan and the Terms; in particular, you acknowledge that you have read and specifically and expressly approve the following provisions in the Plan and the Terms: (a) your RSU Award cannot be transferred other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution; (b) in the event of involuntary termination of your employment, your right to receive Awards and to receive distributions from Awards, if any, will terminate as of the date that you are no longer actively employed by the Employer, unless otherwise expressly provided in the Terms; (c) the Plan is discretionary in nature and may be suspended or terminated by the Company at any time; (d) you are responsible for all Tax-Related Items; (e) if a reorganization, recapitalization, reclassification or other corporate event that results in an adjustment of the shares of Common Stock described in the Plan occurs, your RSU Award may be adjusted; (f) if a Change in Control, as described in the Plan, occurs, your RSU Award may immediately vest; (g) all decisions with respect to future grants will be at the sole discretion of the Company; and (h) the “Data Privacy” section of your Terms.
Japan	There are no country-specific provisions.
Jordan	There are no country-specific provisions.
Korea	There are no country-specific provisions.
Lebanon	Securities Law Information The grant of Awards and distribution of the Plan and the Terms, including this Appendix B, to Eligible Employees does not constitute the marketing or offering of securities to the public in Lebanon pursuant to Law No. 161 (2011), the Capital Markets Law. Offers under the Plan are being made only to Eligible Employees of the Employer or the Company or any other subsidiary, affiliate or JV of the Company.
Lithuania	There are no country-specific provisions.
Malaysia	Director Notification If you are a director of the Company’s Malaysian subsidiary, affiliate or JV, you are subject to certain notification requirements under the Malaysian Companies Act. Among these requirements is an obligation to notify the Malaysian subsidiary, affiliate or JV in writing when you receive or dispose of an interest (e.g., RSU Awards or shares of Common Stock) in the Company or any related company. Such notifications must be made within 14 days of receiving or disposing of any interest in the Company or any related company. Data Privacy This provision replaces the “Data Privacy” section in your Terms: You hereby explicitly and unambiguously consent to the collection, use and transfer, in electronic or other form, of your personal data as described in the Terms and any other grant materials by and among, as applicable, the Employer, the Company and its subsidiaries, affiliates and JVs for the exclusive purpose of implementing, administering and managing your participation in the Plan. You understand that the Company and the Employer may hold certain personal information about you, including, but not limited to, your name, home address and telephone number, date of birth, social insurance number or other identification number, salary, nationality, job title, any shares of Common Stock or directorships held in the Company, details of all Awards or any other entitlement to shares of Common Stock awarded, canceled, exercised, vested, unvested or outstanding in your favor, for the exclusive purpose of implementing, administering and managing the Plan (“Data”). The Data is supplied by the Employer and also by you through information collected in connection with the Terms and the Plan. You understand that Data will be transferred to Morgan Stanley Smith Barney or such other stock plan service provider as may be selected by the Company in the future, which is assisting the Company with the implementation, administration and management of the Plan. You understand that the recipients of the Data may be located in the United States or elsewhere, and that the recipients’ country (e.g., the United States) may have different data privacy laws and protections than your country. You understand that you may request a list with the names and addresses of any potential recipients of the Data by contacting your local human resources representative at kon.li.yoong@merck.com. You authorize the Company, Morgan Stanley Smith Barney and any other possible recipients which may assist the Company (presently or in the future) with implementing, administering and managing the Plan to receive, possess, use, retain and transfer the Data, in electronic or other form, for the sole purpose of implementing, administering and managing your participation in the Plan. You understand that Data will be held only as long as is necessary to implement, administer and manage your participation in the Plan. You understand that you may, at any time, view Data, request additional information about the storage and processing of Data, require any necessary amendments to Data or refuse or withdraw the consents herein, in any case without cost, by contacting in writing your local human resources representative. Further, you understand that you are providing the consents herein on a purely voluntary basis. If you do not consent, or if you later seek to revoke your consent, your employment status or service with the Employer will not be adversely affected; the only adverse consequence of refusing or withdrawing your consent is that the Company would not be able to grant RSU Awards to the you or administer or maintain such RSU Awards. Therefore, you understand that refusing or withdrawing your consent may affect your ability to participate in the Plan. For more information on the consequences of your refusal to consent or withdrawal of consent, you understand that you may contact your local human resources representative. Privasi Data Peruntukan ini menggantikan bahagian “Privasi Data” dalam Terma-terma anda: Anda dengan ini secara eksplisit dan tanpa sebarang keraguan mengizinkan pengumpulan, penggunaan dan pemindahan, dalam bentuk elektronik atau lain-lain, data peribadi anda seperti yang diterangkan dalam Terma-terma atau apa-apa bahan geran oleh dan di antara, seperti mana yang terpakai, Majikan, Syarikat dan mana-mana anak syarikat, syarikat sekutu atau usahasamanya untuk tujuan ekslusif bagi melaksanakan, mentadbir dan menguruskan penyertaan anda dalam Pelan. Anda memahami bahawa Syarikat dan Majikan mungkin memegang maklumat peribadi tertentu tentang anda, termasuk, tetapi tidak terhad kepada, nama anda, alamat rumah dan nombor telefon, tarikh lahir, nombor insurans sosial atau nombor pengenalan lain, gaji, kewarganegaraan, jawatan, apa-apa saham atau jawatan pengarah yang dipegang dalam Syarikat, butir-butir tentang semua Anugerah atau apa-apa hak lain untuk saham biasa yang dianugerahkan, dibatalkan, dilaksanakan, terletak hak, tidak diletak hak ataupun yang belum dijelaskan bagi faedah anda, untuk tujuan eksklusif bagi melaksanakan, mentadbir dan menguruskan Pelan tersebut ("“Data"”). Data tersebut dibekalkan oleh Majikan dan juga oleh anda melalui maklumat yang dikumpul berkenaan dengan Terma-terma dan Pelan. Anda memahami bahawa Data ini akan dipindahkan kepada Morgan Stanley Smith Barney atau pembekal perkhidmatan pelan saham lain yang mungkin dipilih oleh Syarikat pada masa depan, yang membantu Syarikat dengan pelaksanaan, pentadbiran dan pengurusan Pelan. Anda memahami bahawa penerima-penerima Data mungkin berada di Amerika Syarikat atau di tempat lain, dan bahawa negara penerima (contohnya, Amerika Syarikat) mungkin mempunyai undang-undang privasi data dan perlindungan yang berbeza daripada negara anda. Anda memahami bahawa anda boleh meminta satu senarai yang mengandungi nama dan alamat penerima-penerima Data yang berpotensi dengan menghubungi wakil sumber manusia tempatan di kon.li.yoong@merck.com. Anda memberi kuasa kepada Syarikat, Morgan Stanley Smith Barney dan mana-mana penerima lain yang mungkin membantu Syarikat (pada masa kini atau masa depan) untuk melaksanakan, mentadbir dan menguruskan Pelan untuk menerima, memiliki, menggunakan, mengekalkan dan memindahkan Data, dalam bentuk elektronik atau lain-lain, semata-mata dengan tujuan untuk melaksanakan, mentadbir dan menguruskan penyertaan anda dalam Pelan. Anda memahami bahawa Data hanya akan disimpan untuk tempoh yang perlu bagi melaksanakan, mentadbir, dan menguruskan penyertaan anda dalam Pelan. Anda memahami bahawa anda boleh, pada bila-bila masa, melihat data, meminta maklumat tambahan mengenai penyimpanan dan pemprosesan Data, meminta bahawa pindaan-pindaan dilaksanakan ke atas Data atau menolak atau menarik balik persetujuan dalam ini, dalam mana-mana kes, tanpa kos, dengan menghubungi secara bertulis wakil sumber manusia tempatan. Selanjutnya, anda memahami bahawa anda memberikan persetujuan di sini secara sukarela. Jika anda tidak bersetuju, atau jika anda kemudian membatalkan persetujuan anda, status pekerjaan atau perkhidmatan anda dengan Majikan tidak akan terjejas; satu-satunya akibat buruk jika anda tidak bersetuju atau menarik balik persetujuan anda adalah bahawa Syarikat tidak akan dapat memberikan Anugerah kepada anda atau mentadbir atau mengekalkan anugerah tersebut. Oleh itu, anda memahami bahawa keengganan atau penarikan balik persetujuan anda boleh menjejaskan keupayaan anda untuk mengambil bahagian dalam Pelan. Untuk maklumat lanjut mengenai akibat keengganan anda untuk memberikan keizinan atau penarikan balik keizinan, anda memahami bahawa anda boleh menghubungi wakil sumber manusia tempatan.

Mexico Securities Law Information Any RSU Award offered under the Plan and the shares of Common Stock underlying the RSU Award have not been registered with the National Register of Securities maintained by the Mexican National Banking and Securities Commission and cannot be offered or sold publicly in Mexico. In addition, the Plan and any other document relating to any Award may not be publicly distributed in Mexico. These materials are addressed to you only because of your existing relationship with the Company and its subsidiaries, affiliates and JVs and these materials should not be reproduced or copied in any form. The offer contained in these materials does not constitute a public offering of securities but rather constitutes a private placement of securities addressed specifically to individuals who are present Employees of the Company or one of its subsidiaries, affiliates and JVs, made in accordance with the provisions of the Mexican Securities Market Law, and any rights under such offering shall not be assigned or transferred. Labor Law Acknowledgement These provisions supplement the “Nature of Grant” section in your Terms: By accepting the RSU Award, you understand and agree that: (i) the RSU Award is not related to the salary and other contractual benefits granted to you by the Employer and (ii) any modification of the Plan or its termination shall not constitute a change or impairment of the terms and conditions of your employment. Policy Statement The invitation the Company is making under the Plan is unilateral and discretionary and, therefore, the Company reserves the absolute right to amend it and discontinue it at any time without any liability to you. The Company, with registered offices at 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, U.S.A., is solely responsible for the administration of the Plan and your participation in the Plan and the acquisition of shares of Common Stock does not, in any way, establish an employment relationship between you and the Company since you are participating in the Plan on a wholly commercial basis. Based on the foregoing, you expressly recognize that the Plan and the benefits that you may derive from participating in the Plan do not establish any rights between you and the Employer and do not form part of the employment conditions and/or benefits provided by the Employer, and any modification of the Plan or its termination shall not constitute a change or impairment of the terms and conditions of your employment. Finally, you hereby declare that you do not reserve to yourself any action or right to bring any claim against the Company for any compensation or damages regarding any provision of the Plan or the benefits derived under the Plan, and you therefore grant a full and broad release to the Company, its subsidiaries, affiliates, JVs, branches, representation offices, shareholders, officers, agents or legal representatives, with respect to any claim that may arise. Plan Document Acknowledgment By accepting the RSU Award, you acknowledge that you have received a copy of the Plan, have reviewed the Plan and the Terms, including this Appendix B, in their entirety and fully understand and accept all provisions of the Plan and the Terms. In addition, by accepting the benefits under this grant, you further acknowledge that you have read and specifically and expressly approve the terms and conditions in the “Nature of Grant” section of the Terms, in which the following is clearly described and established: (i) your participation in the Plan does not constitute an acquired right; (ii) the Plan and your participation in the Plan is offered by the Company on a wholly discretionary basis; (iii) your participation in the Plan is voluntary; and (iv) the Company and its subsidiaries, affiliates and JVs are not responsible for any decrease in the value of the shares of Common Stock underlying your RSU Award.

Morocco	Payment of Award Any RSU Award granted to you will be settled in cash only. This means that upon vesting of your RSU Award, you will receive in cash the value of the underlying shares of Common Stock at vesting, less any Tax-Related Items and broker’s fees or commissions, which will be remitted to you via local payroll. The Company reserves the right to settle the RSU Award in shares of commons stock and to force the immediate sale of such shares of Common Stock depending on the development of applicable exchange control laws and regulations.
Netherlands	There are no country-specific provisions.
New Zealand	Securities Law Information WARNING: This is an offer of rights to receive shares of Common Stock upon vesting of the RSU Award subject to the terms of the Plan and the Terms. The RSU Award gives you a stake in the ownership of the Company. You may receive a return if dividends are paid on the shares of Common Stock. If the Company runs into financial difficulties and is wound up, you will be paid only after all creditors have been paid. You may lose some or all of your investment. New Zealand law normally requires people who offer financial products to give information to investors before they invest. This information is designed to help investors to make an informed decision. The usual rules do not apply to this offer because it is made under an employee share purchase scheme. As a result, you may not be given all the information usually required. You will also have fewer other legal protections for this investment. You should ask questions, read all documents carefully, and seek independent financial advice before committing to participate in the Plan. In addition, you are hereby notified that the documents listed below are available for review at http://one.merck.com/sites/hr/Lists/ChannelContent/CustDispForm.aspx?ID=63&Channel=Money. Filings made with the U.S. SEC can also be found at www.sec.gov. (i)    this Appendix B which together with the Terms and the Plan sets forth the terms and conditions of your participation in the Plan; (ii)    a copy of the Company’s most recent annual report (i.e., Form 10-K); (iii)     a copy of the Company’s most recent published financial statements; (iv)    a copy of the Plan; and (v)    a copy of the Plan Prospectus. A copy of the above documents will be sent to you free of charge on written request being mailed to Investor Relations at Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, U.S.A. The telephone number at the executive offices is 1-908-740-4000. As noted above, you are advised to carefully read the materials provided before making a decision whether to participate in the Plan. You are also encouraged to contact your tax advisor for specific information concerning your personal tax situation with regard to Plan participation.
Norway	There are no country-specific provisions.
Panama	Securities Law Information Your RSU Award is granted pursuant to the Plan and the shares of Common Stock which may be issued on the expiration of the Restricted Period are offered in a private transaction. This is not an offer to the public and the offer is not subject to the protections established by Panamanian securities laws, nor registration requirements.
Peru	Securities Law Notification The offering of the RSU Award is considered a private offering in Peru; therefore, neither the grant of the RSU Award, nor the issuance of shares at the expiration of the Restricted Period, is subject to securities registration in Peru. For more information concerning this offer, please refer to the Plan, the Terms, the Plan Prospectus and any other grant documents made available to you by the Company. For more information regarding the Company, please refer to the Company’s most recent annual report on Form 10-K and quarterly report on Form 10-Q available at www.sec.gov, as well as the Company’s “Investor Relations” website at http://investors.merck.com.

Philippines	Payment of Award Any RSU Award granted to you will be settled in cash only. This means that upon vesting of your RSU Award, you will receive in cash the value of the underlying shares of Common Stock at vesting, less any Tax-Related Items and broker’s fees or commissions, which will be remitted to you via local payroll. The Company reserves the right to settle the RSU Award in shares of Common Stock and to force the immediate sale of such shares of Common Stock depending on the development of applicable exchange control laws and regulations.
Poland	There are no country-specific provisions.
Portugal	Language Consent You hereby expressly declare that you have full knowledge of the English language and have read, understood and fully accept and agree with the terms and conditions established in the Plan and the Terms. Conhecimento da Lingua. O Contratado, pelo presente instrumento, declara expressamente que tem pleno conhecimento da língua inglesa e que leu, compreendeu e livremente aceitou e concordou com os termos e condições estabelecidas no Plano e no Acordo de Atribuição (Terms em inglês).
Puerto Rico	There are no country-specific provisions.
Romania	Language Consent By accepting the RSU Award, you acknowledge that you are proficient in reading and understanding English or have consulted with an advisor who is sufficiently proficient in English as to allow you to fully understood the terms of the documents related to the grant (the Terms, including this Appendix B and the Plan), which were provided in the English language. You accept the terms of these documents accordingly. Consimtamant cu privire la limba Prin acceptarea de aceasta Acordare, confirmati ca aveti un nivel adecvat de cunoastere in ce priveste cititirea si intelegerea limbii engleze sau ati consultat un consultant care este suficient de competent in limba engleza pentru a va permite sa intelegeti pe deplin termenii documentelor referitoare la acordare (anuntul, Acordul si Planul), care au fost furnizate in limba engleza. Acceptati termenii acestor documente in consecinta.
Russia	Payment of Award If the Company in its sole discretion determines that the issuance of shares of Common Stock pursuant to this RSU Award would not comply with applicable laws, rules and regulations and/or that the approval of a governmental agency that it deems necessary or appropriate has not been obtained or has lapsed for whatever reason by the relevant Vesting Date, the Company will settle this RSU Award in cash only. Alternatively, the Company may permit this RSU Award to vest on the Vesting Date but delay settlement of this RSU Award until such time as it determines it is permissible to issuance shares of Common Stock as determined in accordance with Section 23 of the Plan. In the event that this RSU Award is settled in cash, upon settlement of your RSU Award, you will receive in cash the value of the underlying shares of Common Stock at vesting, less any Tax-Related Items and broker’s fees or commissions, which will be remitted to you via local payroll. Securities Law Information The Terms, the Plan and all other materials that may be distributed regarding participation in the Plan do not constitute advertising or an offering of securities in Russia. Any securities issued under the Plan have not and will not be registered in Russia, nor will they be admitted for listing on any Russian exchange for trading within Russia. Thus, the securities described in the Terms, the Plan and all other materials that may be distributed regarding participation in the Plan may not be used for an offering or private or public circulation in Russia. Under the default rule applicable prior to March 1, 2022 and at least temporarily not applicable for the reasons described below, any shares of Common Stock issued pursuant to the RSU Award shall be delivered into a U.S. brokerage account; in no event will any shares of Common Stock issued to you pursuant to the RSU Award be delivered to you in Russia. Effective March 1, 2022, a set of temporary counter-measures introduced by the Russian President in Decree 79 dated February 28, 2022, and Decree 81 dated March 1, 2022 impact the ability of Russian residents to transact in securities of a foreign company. Under these rules, Russian residents (i.e., Russian citizens and foreign citizens living in Russia on the basis of a residency permit) may not acquire foreign securities (including the shares of Common Stock) and may not receive any cash amounts in their non-Russian bank accounts and/or broker accounts. Until the restrictions are lifted, the Company is prohibited from issuing shares of Common Stock to you at vesting of this RSU Award and reserves the right to settle the RSU Award in cash or alternatively, to delay the settlement of the RSU Award, as described under “Payment of Award” above.

Saudi Arabia

Payment of Award Any RSU Award granted to you will be settled in cash only. This means that upon vesting of your RSU Award, you will receive in cash the value of the underlying shares of Common Stock at vesting, less any Tax-Related Items and broker’s fees or commissions, which will be remitted to you via local payroll. The Company reserves the right to settle the RSU Award in shares of Common Stock and to force the immediate sale of such shares of Common Stock depending on the development of applicable exchange control laws and regulations.

Serbia

Securities Law Information The RSU Award is not subject to the regulations concerning public offers and private placements under the Law on Capital Market. As set forth in the Terms, the RSU Award is subject to the laws of the State of New Jersey, U.S.A. (without regard to its conflict of law provisions).

Singapore Restriction on Sale and Transferability You hereby agree that any shares of Common Stock acquired pursuant to the RSU Award will not be offered for sale in Singapore prior to the six-month anniversary of the Grant Date of the RSU Award, unless such sale or offer is made pursuant to one or more exemptions under Part XII Division 1 Subdivision (4) (other than section 280) of the Securities and Futures Act (Chap. 289, 2006 Ed.) (“SFA”) or pursuant to, and in accordance with, the conditions of any other applicable provision(s) of the SFA. Securities Law Information The RSU Award is being granted to you pursuant to the “Qualifying Person” exemption under section 273(1)(f) of the SFA, on which basis it is exempt from the prospectus and registration requirements under the SFA, and is not made to you with a view of the RSU Award being subsequently offered for sale to any other party. The Plan has not been lodged or registered as a prospectus with the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Director Notification If you are a director (including an alternate, substitute, associate or shadow director) of a Singaporean subsidiary, affiliate or JV of the Company, you are subject to certain notification requirements under the Singapore Companies Act. Among these requirements is an obligation to notify the Singapore subsidiary, affiliate or JV in writing when you receive an interest (e.g., RSU Awards, shares of Common Stock) in the Company or any related companies. In addition, you must notify the Singaporean subsidiary, affiliate or JV when you sell shares of the Company’s Common Stock or any related company (including when you sell shares of Common Stock acquired upon the expiration of the Restricted Period). These notifications must be made within two business days of acquiring or disposing of any interest in the Company or any related company. In addition, a notification must be made of your interests in the Company or any related company within two days of .either after the director becomes aware of the change in respect of the particulars of any of the aforesaid, the date on which the director becomes a holder of, or acquires an interest in, the shares, debentures, rights, contracts, participatory interests, other securities or securities-based derivatives contacts, whichever last occurs. There is no prescribed form for such disclosure, although in practice, the company secretary normally would prepare a formatted disclosure form that requests the following information: equity award granted, number of shares acquired, description of consideration, if applicable, and the date of the transaction. A director shall be deemed to have an interest in securities or securities-based derivative contracts referred to above if a family member of the director (not being him or herself a director), holds or has an interest in those securities or securities-based derivatives contract and any contract entered into by, or any grant made to, a family member of a director of a corporation (not being himself a director) shall be deemed to have been entered into by, made or exercised by or made to the director. A “family member” means a spouse, or a son, adopted son, step-son, daughter, adopted daughter or step-daughter below the age of 21 years.

Slovak Republic	There are no country-specific provisions.
Slovenia	Language Consent By accepting the grant of the RSU Award, you acknowledge that you are proficient in reading and understanding English and fully understand the terms of the documents related to the grant (this Appendix B, the Terms and the Plan), which were provided in the English language. You accept the terms of those documents accordingly. Soglasje za Uporabo Angleškega Jezika S sprejetjem dodelitve Nagrade (the RSU Award) potrjujete in priznavate, da ste sposobni brati in razumeti angleški jezik ter da v celoti razumete določila dokumentov, povezanih z dodelitvijo (ta dodatek, Določila (the Terms) in Načrt (the Plan)), ki so bili posredovani v angleškem jeziku. Skladno s tem sprejemate določila teh dokumentov.
South Africa	Tax Notification By accepting the RSU Award, you agree to notify your Employer of the amount of any gain you realize upon the expiration of the Restricted Period. If you fail to advise your Employer of the gain realized upon expiration of the Restricted Period, you may be liable for a fine. You will be responsible for paying any difference between the actual tax liability and the amount withheld. Securities Law Information In compliance with South African Securities Law, you acknowledge that you have been notified that the documents listed below are available for your review on the Company intranet site at the web addresses listed below: 1. the Company’s most recent Annual Report (Form 10-K) – http://investors.merck.com/investors/financial-reports/quarterly-financials/default.aspx 2. the Company’s most recent Plan Prospectus - http://one.merck.com/sites/hr/Lists/ChannelContent/CustDispForm.aspx?ID=63&Channel=Money You acknowledge that you may have copies of the above documents sent to you, at no charge, on written request being mailed to Investor Relations at Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, U.S.A. The telephone number at the executive offices is 1-908-740-4000.

Spain Labor Law Acknowledgment This provision supplements the “Nature of Grant” section in Part I of this Appendix B: By accepting this RSU Award, you acknowledge that you understand and agree that you consent to participation in the Plan and that you have received a copy of the Plan. You understand that the Company, in its sole discretion, has unilaterally and gratuitously decided to distribute Awards under the Plan to individuals who may be employees of the Company or its subsidiaries, affiliates or JVs throughout the world. The decision is a limited decision that is entered into upon the express assumption and condition that any grant will not economically or otherwise bind the Company or any of its subsidiaries, affiliates or JVs over and above the specific terms of the Plan on an ongoing basis. Consequently, you understand that any RSU Award is given on the assumption and condition that it shall not become a part of any employment contract (either with the Company or any of its subsidiaries, affiliates or JVs) and shall not be considered a mandatory benefit, salary for any purposes (including severance compensation) or any other right whatsoever. Further, you understand and freely accept that there is no guarantee that any benefit whatsoever shall arise from any gratuitous and discretionary Award since the future value of the RSU Award and shares of Common Stock is unknown and unpredictable. In addition, you understand that the RSU Award would not be made to you but for the assumptions and conditions referred to above; thus, you acknowledge and freely accept that should any or all of the assumptions be mistaken or should any of the conditions not be met for any reason, then any RSU Award shall be null and void. You also understand and agree that, as a condition of the grant of the RSU Award, the termination of your employment for any reason (including the reasons listed below), the RSU Award will cease vesting immediately effective on the date you are no longer providing services to the Employer or the Company or any of its subsidiaries, affiliates or JVs (unless otherwise specifically provided in the Terms). In particular, you understand and agree that the RSU Award will be forfeited without entitlement to the underlying shares of Common Stock or to any amount as indemnification in the event of a termination of your employment as described in the Terms prior to expiration of the Restricted Period by reason of, including but not limited to, resignation, retirement, disciplinary dismissal adjudged to be with cause, disciplinary dismissal adjudged or recognized to be without good cause (i.e., subject to “despido improcednte”), individual or collective dismissal on objective grounds, whether adjudged or recognized to be with or without cause, material modification of the terms of employment under Article 41 of the Workers’ Statute, relocation under Article 40 of the Workers’ Statute, Article 50 of the Workers’ Statute, unilateral withdrawal by the Employer and under Article 10.3 of the Royal Decree 1382/1985. Securities Law Information No “offer of securities to the public,” as defined under Spanish law, has taken place or will take place in the Spanish territory in connection with the grant of the RSU Award. The Plan and the Terms have not been nor will they be registered with the Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores, and do not constitute a public offering prospectus.

Sweden	Authorization to Withhold The following provision supplements the “Tax Withholding” section of the Terms: Without limiting the Company’s and the Employer’s authority to satisfy their withholding obligations for Tax-Related Items as set forth in the “Tax Withholding” section of the Terms, in accepting the RSU Award, you authorize the Company and/or the Employer to withhold shares of Common Stock or to sell shares of Common Stock otherwise deliverable to you upon vesting to satisfy Tax-Related Items, regardless of whether the Company and/or the Employer have an obligation to withhold such Tax-Related Items.
Switzerland	Securities Law Information The offering of participation in the Plan is considered a private offering in Switzerland; therefore, it is not subject to registration in Switzerland. Neither this document nor any other materials relating to the Plan (i) constitute a prospectus according to articles 35 et seq. of the Swiss Federal Act on Financial Services (“FinSA”), (ii) may be publicly distributed nor otherwise made publicly available in Switzerland to any person other than an employee of the Company or Employer or (iii) has been or will be filed with, approved or supervised by any Swiss reviewing body according to article 51 FinSA or any Swiss regulatory authority, including the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority.
Taiwan	Securities Law Information The RSU Award and the shares of Common Stock to be issued pursuant to the Plan are available only to Eligible Employees of the Company and its subsidiaries, affiliates and JVs. The grant of the RSU Award and offer of participation in the Plan does not constitute a public offer of securities by a Taiwanese company.
Thailand	There are no country-specific provisions.
Turkey	Securities Law Information Under Turkish law, you are not permitted to sell shares of the Company’s Common Stock in Turkey; instead, the sale must take place outside Turkey, which will be the case if the shares of Common Stock are sold on the New York Stock Exchange on which the shares are currently listed. You may be required to engage a Turkish financial intermediary to assist with the sale of shares of Common Stock acquired under the Plan. While you should not need to engage a Turkish financial intermediary with respect to the acquisition of such shares of Common Stock (as no consideration is paid for the RSU Award or underlying shares of Common Stock), this is less certain. In light of this uncertainty, you should consult your personal legal advisor prior to the expiration of the Restricted Period or any sale of shares of Common Stock to ensure compliance with the financial intermediary requirements.

Ukraine	Payment of Award Any RSU Award granted to you will be settled in cash only. This means that upon vesting of your RSU Award, you will receive in cash the value of the underlying shares of Common Stock at vesting, less any Tax-Related Items and broker’s fees or commissions, which will be remitted to you via local payroll. The Company reserves the right to settle the RSU Award in shares of Common Stock and to force the immediate sale of such shares of Common Stock depending on the development of applicable exchange control laws and regulations.
United Arab Emirates	Securities Law Information The Plan is only being offered to Eligible Employees of the Company and its subsidiaries, affiliates and JVs and is in the nature of an “exempt personal offer” of equity incentives to Eligible Employees of the Company’s subsidiary in the United Arab Emirates. The Plan, the Terms and any other grant documents you may receive from the Company are intended for distribution only to such Eligible Employees and must not be delivered to, or relied on by, any other person. Prospective recipients of the securities offered (i.e., shares of the Company’s Common Stock) should conduct their own due diligence on the securities. If you do not understand the contents of the Plan and the Terms, you should consult an authorized financial adviser. The Emirates Securities and Commodities Authority and the Dubai Financial Services Authority have no responsibility for reviewing or verifying any documents in connection with the Plan. The Ministry of Economy, the Dubai Department of Economic Development, Emirates Securities and Commodities Authority, Central Bank and the Dubai Financial Services Authority, as applicable depending on your Employer’s location in the United Arab Emirates, have not approved the Plan or the Terms or taken steps to verify the information set out therein, and have no responsibility for such documents.
United Kingdom	Tax Acknowledgment You agree that you are liable for all Tax-Related Items and hereby covenant to pay all such Tax-Related Items, as and when requested by the Company or, if different, your Employer or by Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (“HRMC”) (or any other tax authority or any other relevant authority). You also agree to indemnify and keep indemnified the Company and, if different, your Employer against any Tax-Related Items that they are required to pay or withhold or have paid or will pay to HMRC (or any other tax authority or any other relevant authority) on your behalf. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if you are a director or executive officer of the Company (within the meaning of Section 13(k) of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended), the amount of any income tax not collected from or paid by you within ninety (90) days of the end of the U.K. tax year in which the event giving rise to the Tax-Related Items occurs may constitute a benefit to you on which additional income tax and National Insurance contributions may be payable. You understand that you will be responsible for reporting and paying any income tax due on this additional benefit directly to HMRC under the self-assessment regime and for paying to the Company and/or the Employer (as appropriate) the amount of any employee National Insurance contributions due on this additional benefit, which may also be recovered from you through any means set forth in the “Tax Withholding” section of the Terms.

Uruguay

There are no country-specific provisions.

Vietnam

Payment of Award Any RSU Award granted to you will be settled in cash only. This means that upon vesting of your RSU Award, you will receive in cash the value of the underlying shares of Common Stock at vesting, less any Tax-Related Items and broker’s fees or commissions, which will be remitted to you via local payroll. The Company reserves the right to settle the RSU Award in shares of Common Stock and to force the immediate sale of such shares of Common Stock depending on the development of applicable exchange control laws and regulations.

APPENDIX C MERCK & CO., INC. SPECIAL NOTICE FOR EMPLOYEES IN DENMARK ARBEJDSGIVERERKLÆRING/EMPLOYER STATEMENT
I henhold til § 3, stk. 1, i lov om brug af køberet eller tegningsret til aktier m.v. i ansættelsesforhold som ændret pr. 1 . januar 2019 ("Aktieoptionsloven") er du berettiget til i en særskilt skriftlig erklæring at modtage følgende oplysninger om betingede aktieenheder ("Tildeling") tildelt dig af Merck & Co., Inc. ("Selskabet") i henhold til Selskabets 2019 Incentive Stock Plan (“Planen”). Denne erklæring indeholder kun de oplysninger, der er nævnt i Aktieoptionsloven.  De fuldstændige vilkår og betingelser, der gælder for din Tildeling, fremgår af Planen, vilkårene for 2019 tildeling af betingede aktieenheder for ikke-amerikanske medarbejdere (GlobalTerms and Conditions) (“Vilkårene”) og af landetillægget, som alle er udleveret til dig.  I tilfælde af uoverensstemmelse mellem indholdet af denne erklæring og Planen, Vilkårene, har Planen of Vilkårene forrang.	Pursuant to Section 3(1) of the Danish Act on the Use of Rights to Purchase or Subscribe for Shares etc. in Employment Relationships as amended with effect from 1 January 2019 (the “Stock Option Act”), you are entitled to receive the following information regarding restricted stock units (the “Award”) granted to you by Merck & Co., Inc.(the “Company”) under its 2019 Incentive Stock Plan (the “Plan”) in a separate written statement. This statement contains only the information mentioned in the Stock Option Act.  The terms and conditions of your Award are set forth in their entirety in the Plan andthe Global Terms and Conditions including Appendix B thereto (the “Terms”), which have been made available to you.  In the event of any inconsistency between the contents of this statement and the Plan and the Terms, the terms and conditions of the Plan and the Terms will prevail.
1. Tidspunkt for tildeling af den vederlagsfri ret til at modtage ordinære aktier mod opfyldelse af visse betingelser Tildelingstidspunktet er den dato, hvor Vederlagsudvalget under Selskabets Bestyrelse eller et underudvalg under samme, eller et eventuelt andet bestyrelsesudvalg, der måtte efterfølge dette, ("Udvalget") godkendte tildeling til dig og besluttede, at denne skulle træde i kraft som anført i Vilkårene.	1. Date of grant of unfunded right to receive shares of Common Stock upon satisfying certain conditions The Grant Date of your Award is the date that the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company or subcommittee thereof, or such other successor committee of the Board of Directors (the “Committee”) approved a grant for you and determined it would be effective, which is set forth in the Terms.
2. Vilkår for tildeling af ret til at modtage ordinære aktier mod opfyldelse af visse betingelser Tildelinger i henhold til Planen sker alene efter Udvalgets eget frie skøn.  Selskabet har meget vide beføjelser til at bestemme, hvem der kan modtage Tildelinger og hvornår, og til at fastsætte betingelserne for Tildelingerne.  Selskabet kan efter dets eget frie skøn vælge fremover ikke at give Tildelinger.   I henhold til bestemmelserne i Planen og Vilkårene har du ikke nogen ret til eller noget krav på fremtidige tildelinger i henhold til Planen.	2. Terms or conditions for grant of a right to receive shares of Common Stock upon satisfying certain conditions The grant of Awards under the Plan is made at the sole discretion of the Committee.  The Company has very broad powers to determine who will receive Awards and when, and to set the terms of the Awards.  The Company may decide, in its sole discretion, not to make any grants of Awards in the future.  Under the terms of the Plan and the Terms, you have no entitlement or claim to receive future grants under the Plan.

3. Modningstidspunkt eller -periode Din Tildeling modnes med 33,333 % på hhv. 1-, 2- og 3-årsdagen for tildelingstidspunktet, medmindre den af de i Vilkårene anførte årsager inden da er modnet eller ophørt.  På modningstidspunktet konverteres din Tildeling til et tilsvarende antal ordinære aktier i Selskabet.	3. Vesting date or period Your Award shall vest 33.333% on each of the first, second and third anniversary of the Grant Date, unless vested or terminated earlier for the reasons set forth in the Terms.  Your Award shall be converted into an equivalent number of Company shares of Common Stock upon vesting of the Award.
4. Udnyttelseskurs Der betales ingen udnyttelseskurs i forbindelse med modning af din Tildeling eller Selskabets udstedelse af ordinære aktier til dig i overensstemmelse med den ovenfor beskrevne modningstidsplan.	4. Exercise price No exercise price is payable upon the vesting of your Award or the issuance of shares of the Company’s Common Stock to you in accordance with the vesting schedule described above.

5. Din retsstilling i forbindelse med fratræden Ved din fratræden vil din Tildeling blive behandlet i overensstemmelse med bestemmelsen “Ansættelsesforholdets ophør” (defineret som Termination of Employment i Vilkårene), hvilken bestemmelse er opsummeret umiddelbart nedenfor. A. Generel regel. Hvis dit ansættelsesforhold inden for den Betingede Periode (defineret som Restricted Period i Vilkårene) ophører af nogen anden årsag end de nedenfor anførte, fortabes din Tildeling (og eventuelt optjent udbyttemodværdi) på tidspunktet for ophøret af dit ansættelsesforhold. B. Ufrivilligt ophør af ansættelsesforholdet. Hvis Selskabet vurderer, at dit ansættelsesforhold er ophørt ufrivilligt inden for den Betingede Periode, men på eller efter 1-årsdagen for Tildelingen, vil en forholdsmæssig andel af din umodnede Tildeling og eventuelt optjent udbyttemodværdi blive udbetalt til dig på det tidspunkt, hvor sådan udbetaling ville være sket, hvis dit ansættelsesforhold ikke var ophørt. Denne forholdsmæssige andel vil være svarende til Tildelingens fulde beløb (uanset om Tildelingen er modnet eller ej) gange antal fuldt forløbne måneder inden for den Betingede Periode og forud for tidspunktet for ansættelsesforholdets ophør, delt med 36; reduceret med antal modnede betingede aktieenheder. Resten, inklusive eventuelt optjent udbyttemodværdi, fortabes på tidspunktet for ansættelsesforholdets ophør. C. Salg. Hvis dit ansættelsesforhold inden for den Betingede Periode (som defineret i Vilkårene) ophører, og Selskabet vurderer, at ophøret skyldes et salg af dit datterselskab, afdeling eller joint venture, vil følgende del af din Tildeling og eventuelt optjent udbyttemodværdi blive udbetalt til dig på det tidspunkt, hvor sådan udbetaling ville være sket, hvis dit ansættelsesforhold ikke var ophørt: En tredjedel, hvis ansættelsesforholdet ophører på eller efter Tildelingstidspunktet, men før 1-årsdagen for tildelingen; og hele Tildelingen, hvis ansættelsesforholdet ophører på eller efter 1-årsdagen for tildelingen. D. Pensionering. Hvis dit ansættelsesforhold inden for den Betingede Periode ophører som følge af pensionering, vil en forholdsmæssig andel af din umodnede Tildeling og eventuelt optjent udbyttemodværdi blive udbetalt til dig på det tidspunkt, hvor sådan udbetaling ville være sket, hvis dit ansættelsesforhold ikke var ophørt. Denne forholdsmæssige andel vil være svarende til Tildelingens fulde beløb (uanset om Tildelingen er modnet eller ej) gange antal fuldt forløbne måneder inden for den Betingede Periode og forud for tidspunktet for ansættelsesforholdets ophør, delt med 36; reduceret med antal modnede betingede aktieenheder. Resten, inklusive eventuelt optjent udbyttemodværdi, fortabes på tidspunktet for ansættelsesforholdets ophør. E. Dødsfald. Død. Hvis din ansættelse opsiges på grund af din død i den begrænsede periode, men forud for en ansættelsesopsigelse, som er påtænkt i B, C, D, G eller H, vil hele denne tildeling og optjente udbytteækvivalenter straks optjenes. Hvis du dør i den begrænsede periode, men efter at dit ansættelsesforhold ophører af de årsager, der er anført i B, C, D, G eller H, vil den resterende, ikke-fortabte del af denne Award og optjente udbytteækvivalenter straks optjenes. F. Uredelighed eller pligtforsømmelse. Hvis dit ansættelsesforhold ophører som følge af bevidst uredelighed eller forsætlig eller grov pligtforsømmelse fra din side, fortabes denne Tildeling og eventuelt optjent udbyttemodværdi samtidig med din modtagelse af meddelelse om ansættelsesforholdets ophør. G. Uarbejdsdygtighed. Hvis dit ansættelsesforhold inden for den Betingede Periode ophører, og Selskabet vurderer, at ophøret skyldes din manglende evne til at opfylde de forpligtelser, der påhviler dig i kraft af din stilling, som følge af fysisk eller mental svagelighed, der forventes at ville vare ved i mindst 6 måneder eller medføre din død, vil - uanset, om du måtte være berettiget til invaliditetsydelser fra nogen invaliditetsordning - denne Tildeling forblive i kraft og kvalificeret til udbetaling i overensstemmelse med Vilkårene på samme måde, som hvis ansættelsesforholdet ikke var ophørt, idet udbetaling i så fald vil ske samtidig med tilsvarende udbetalinger til aktive medarbejdere. H. Kontrolskifte. Hvis Selskabet eller noget moderselskabs, datterselskabs, tilknyttet parts eller joint venture af Selskabet inden for den Betingede Periode uden Berettigelse (defineret som without Cause i Planen) bringer dit ansættelsesforhold til ufrivillig opsigelse, vil denne Tildeling forblive i kraft i overensstemmelse med Vilkårene på samme måde, som hvis ansættelsesforholdet ikke var ophørt, idet udbetaling i så fald vil ske samtidig med tilsvarende udbetalinger til aktive medarbejdere. Hvis denne Tildeling efter et kontrolskifte ikke længere er udestående og heller ikke er konverteret til en anden Tildeling, vil du være berettiget til for denne Tildeling at modtage kontant betaling med et beløb svarende fair markedsværdi af det vederlag, kapitalejerne i Selskabet modtog i forbindelse med kontrolskiftet til udbetaling senest 30 dage fra kontrolskiftets gennemførelse. Dette afsnit bortfalder, når der er gået 2 år fra kontrolskiftets gennemførelse. I. Joint Venture. Ansættelse i et joint venture, herunder enhver anden enhed, som Selskabet har en betydelig forretningsinteresse eller ejerandel i, anses i forhold til denne Tildeling ikke for ophør af ansættelsesforholdet. 5. Your rights upon termination of employment The treatment of your Award upon termination of employment will be determined in accordance with the “Termination of Employment” section of the Terms summarized immediately below. A. General Rule. If your employment is terminated during the Restricted Period (as defined in the Terms), for any reason other than those specified in the following paragraphs, your Award (and any accrued dividend equivalents) will be forfeited on the date your employment ends. B. Involuntary Termination. If the Company determines that your employment is involuntarily terminated during the Restricted Period but on or after the first anniversary, a pro rata portion of your unvested Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be distributed to you at such time as they would have been paid if your employment had continued. The pro rata portion will equal the full amount of the Award (whether or not vested) times the number of completed months during the Restricted Period and prior to the date employment terminates, divided by 36; reduced by the number of restricted stock units that have vested. The remainder and any accrued dividend equivalents will be forfeited on the date your employment ends. C. Sale. If your employment is terminated during the Restricted Period and the Company determines that such termination resulted from the sale of your subsidiary, affiliate, division or joint venture, the following portion of your Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be distributed to you at such time as it would have been paid if your employment had continued: one-third if employment terminates on or after the Grant Date but before the first anniversary thereof; and all if employment terminates on or after the first anniversary of the Grant Date. D. Retirement. If your employment terminates by retirement during the Restricted Period, a pro rata portion of your unvested Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be distributed to you at such time as they would have been paid if your employment had continued. The pro rata portion will equal the full amount of the Award (whether or not vested) times the number of completed months during the Restricted Period and prior to the date employment terminates, divided by 36; reduced by the number of restricted stock units that have vested. The remainder and any accrued dividend equivalents will be forfeited on the date your employment ends. E. Death. If your employment terminates due to your death during the Restricted Period but prior to an employment termination contemplated in B, C, D, G or H, all of this Award and accrued dividend equivalents will immediately vest. If you die during the Restricted Period but after your employment terminates for the reasons contemplated in B, C, D, G or H, the remaining, non-forfeited portion of this Award and accrued dividend equivalents will immediately vest. F. Misconduct. If your employment is terminated as a result of your deliberate, willful or gross misconduct, this Award and accrued dividend equivalents will be forfeited immediately upon your receipt of notice of such termination. G. Disability. If your employment is terminated during the Restricted Period and the Company determines that such termination resulted from inability to perform the material duties of your role by reason of a physical or mental infirmity that is expected to last for at least six months or to result in your death, whether or not you are eligible for disability benefits from any applicable disability program, then this Award will continue and be distributable in accordance with its terms as if employment had continued and will be distributed at the time active employees receive distributions with respect to this Award. H. Change in Control. If the Company or a parent, subsidiary, affiliate or joint venture of the Company involuntarily terminates your employment during the Restricted Period without Cause (as defined by the Plan) before the second anniversary of the closing of any change in control, then this Award will continue in accordance with its terms as if employment had continued and will be distributed at the time active employees receive distributions with respect to this Award. If this Award does not remain outstanding following the change in control and is not converted into a successor Award, then you will be entitled to receive cash for this Award in an amount equal to the fair market value of the consideration paid to Company stockholders for a share of Company Common Stock in the change in control payable within 30 days of the closing of the change in control. On the second anniversary of the closing of the change in control, this paragraph shall expire. I. Joint Venture. Employment with a joint venture including any other entity in which the Company has a significant business or ownership interest is not considered termination of employment for purposes of this Award.

6. Økonomiske aspekter ved deltagelse i Planen Tildelingen har ingen umiddelbare økonomiske konsekvenser for dig.  Det er først ved modning af Tildelingen og det efterfølgende salg af de modtagne ordinære aktier ved modning, at du vil kunne realisere nogen indtægt under Planen. Værdien af Tildelingen indgår ikke i beregningen af feriepenge, pensionsbidrag, fratrædelsesgodtgørelse, godtgørelser eller andre lovpligtige, vederlagsafhængige ydelser. Investering i aktier er ikke uden økonomisk risiko.  Værdien af aktierne på modningstidspunkterne afhænger ikke kun af Selskabets økonomiske udvikling, men også af den generelle udvikling på aktiemarkedet.  Der kan derfor ikke gives nogen garanti for, at en investering i aktier vil være overskudsgivende. Denne erklæring berører ikke de skattemæssige konsekvenser af deltagelse i Planen, modtagelse af eventuelt udbytte eller et efterfølgende salg af de i medfør af Planen erhvervede ordinære aktier.  Du anbefales at drøfte dette med din personlige økonomiske rådgiver eller skatterådgiver.

6. Financial aspects of participating in the Plan The grant of the Award has no immediate financial consequences for you.  It is not until vesting of the Award and the subsequent sale of shares of Common Stock acquired at vesting that you may realize any income under the Plan. The value of the Award is not taken into account when calculating holiday allowances, pension contributions, severance pay, statutory allowance, compensation or other statutory remuneration calculated on the basis of salary. Investing in shares of Common Stock involves some financial risk.  The value of the shares at the time of vesting and sale will not only be dependent on the Company's financial development, but also on the general development on the stock market.  Consequently, there is no guarantee that investment in shares of Common Stock will yield a profit. This statement does not address the tax consequences of participating in the Plan, the receipt of any dividends or the subsequent sale of any shares of Common Stock acquired under the Plan.  You are encouraged to discuss this matter with your personal financial or tax advisor.

MERCK & CO., INC. 2000 Galloping Hill Road Kenilworth, New Jersey U.S.A. 07033

MERCK & CO., INC. 2000 Galloping Hill Road Kenilworth, New Jersey U.S.A. 07033

EX-10.36

Exhibit 10.36

GLOBAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS

2022 SIGN-ON EQUITY GRANT OF PERFORMANCE SHARE UNITS FOR CHIRFI GUINDO

UNDER THE MERCK & CO., INC. 2019 INCENTIVE STOCK PLAN

I.GENERAL. Merck & Co., Inc. (the “Company”) has granted to you the award of Performance Share Units (“PSUs”) specified in this document (“PSU Award” or “Sign-On Equity”) pursuant to the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan, including any sub-plan thereto for your country (the “Plan”). This PSU Award is subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan and these Global Terms and Conditions, including any additional terms and conditions for your country in Appendix B (the “Terms”). Unless otherwise defined in this document, capitalized terms used in these Terms are as defined in the Plan.

Grant Type:	PSU - Annual
Grant Date:	Jan. 1, 2022
Award Period:	Jan. 1, 2022 – Dec. 31, 2024

IMPORTANT NOTICE: This grant requires you to affirmatively accept it. You MUST log onto the Morgan Stanley website at

(http://www.morganstanley.com/spc/knowledge/managing-equity/managing-your-existing-awards/accepting-awards-grants/) to accept the grant.

Follow the procedure described on the Morgan Stanley website to accept your PSU Award within 90 days. Failure to accept the terms and conditions of your PSU Award within 90 days may result in forfeiture of the PSU Award.

II.DEFINITIONS. For the purpose of these Terms:

“Award Period” means the three-year period commencing on January 1, 2022 and ending on December 31, 2024.

“Earnings Per Share or EPS” means the Company’s net income divided by the weighted average of the number of shares of Company common stock on a fully diluted basis during the Award Period.

The above result shall be adjusted to exclude charges or items from the measurement of performance relating to (1) restructurings, discontinued operations, purchase accounting items, merger-related costs, the impact of significant acquisitions and/ or divestitures, extraordinary items and other unusual or non-recurring charges and/ or events; (2) an event either not directly related to Company operations or not reasonably within the control of Company management; (3) fluctuations in foreign exchange versus Plan rates; (4) the impact of Share Repurchases above or below planned levels; and (5) the effects of accounting changes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or other significant legislative changes.

“EPS Performance Payout” means the percentage reflecting the attainment level of the Company’s EPS goal as determined under paragraph C of Section III.

“Final Award” means the number of PSUs that become eligible to vest based on the attainment level of the goals for each performance metric, as calculated in accordance with Section III hereof.

“Grant Date” means the date as of which a Performance Share Unit is granted.

“Peer Healthcare Companies” are the healthcare companies used by the Committee in evaluating the Company’s TSR performance for the entire Award Period. For 2022 and for so long thereafter during the Award Period that such companies are publicly traded on a nationally recognized stock exchange, the following are the Peer Healthcare Companies except as described below.

AbbVie	Eli Lilly	Novartis
Amgen	GlaxoSmithKline	Pfizer
Astra Zeneca Bristol-Myers Squibb	Roche Johnson & Johnson	Sanofi-Aventis Gilead Sciences

The Committee intends that the list of Peer Healthcare Companies may be subject to such adjustment as may be necessary to reflect a merger, reorganization, recapitalization, extraordinary cash dividend, combination of shares, consolidation, rights offering, spin off, split off, split up, bankruptcy, liquidation, acquisition, or other similar change in any Peer Healthcare Company.

“Performance Share Unit” or “PSU” means an award representing the right to vest in shares of Common Stock based upon the attainment level of the performance metrics in accordance with Section III and as otherwise described in these Terms. Until distributed pursuant to Section VI, these PSUs shall not entitle the holder to any of the rights of a holder of Common Stock, including voting rights; provided, however, that the Committee retains the right to make adjustments as described in Section 7 of the Plan.

“Target Shares” means the number of shares of Common Stock that would become eligible to vest if the performance metrics set forth in Section  III are each achieved at the level identified as “target” for the entire Award Period.

“Total Shareholder Return” or “TSR” means the change in value of one share of a company’s common stock over the Award Period, taking into account both stock price appreciation (or depreciation) and the reinvestment of dividends. The beginning and ending stock prices will be based on the average closing stock prices during the months of December as applicable. TSR will be calculated on a compound annualized basis over the Award Period.

“TSR Performance Payout” means the percentage reflecting the attainment level of Company’s TSR performance as determined under paragraph B of Section III.

III.CALCULATION OF FINAL AWARD OF PERFORMANCE SHARE UNITS

You shall vest in the number of PSUs to the extent provided for in this Section III unless otherwise provided for in Section V (“Termination of Employment”).

A.Performance Metrics. The Final Award will equal the TSR Performance Payout plus the EPS Performance Payout in the proportions determined in Paragraph D below.

B.TSR Performance Payout. The TSR Performance Payout shall be determined as follows:

1.     If the Company’s annualized TSR is greater than the median of the annualized TSR of the Peer Healthcare Companies, then the TSR Performance Payout will equal 100% plus five times the difference in percentage points up to a maximum of 200%; provided, however, that if the Company’s annualized TSR is negative, then in no event will the TSR Performance Payout be greater than 100%.

For example, if the Company’s annualized TSR is 25% and the median annualized TSR of the Peer Healthcare Companies is 20%, then the TSR Performance Payout would be 125% [100% + ((25% - 20%) x 5%)].

2.    If the Company’s TSR is less than the median of the annualized TSR among the Peer Healthcare Companies, then the TSR Performance Payout will equal 100% minus five times the difference in percentage points; provided, however, that if such median exceeds the Company’s annualized TSR by more than 10 percentage points, then the TSR Performance Payout will be 0%.

C.EPS Performance Payout. The EPS Performance Payout shall be determined in accordance with the following performance schedule:

Earnings Per Share Goals	Payout Percentage
Less than $19.53	0%
$19.53 (Threshold)	25%
$21.46 (Target)	100%
$22.75	%150
$24.04 (Stretch)	200%

Payout Percentages corresponding to performance between two discrete values in the table will be interpolated.

D.The Final Award will equal the sum of (x) TSR Payout Percent for the entire Award Period TIMES Target Shares TIMES 50 percent and (y) EPS Payout Percentage TIMES Target Shares TIMES 50 percent.

E.Maximum Award. Anything in these Terms to the contrary notwithstanding, the Final Award shall be reduced to the extent necessary to reflect that the value of the Final Award, valued based on the closing price of the Common Stock as of the date the Final Award is determined, may not exceed four times the value of the Target Shares, valued based on the closing price of the Common Stock as of the Grant Date.

IV.DIVIDEND EQUIVALENTS

During the Award Period, dividend equivalents will be accrued on the PSUs if and to the extent dividends are paid by the Company in the Common Stock. Payment of such dividend equivalents will be made, without interest or earnings, at the same time that the Final Award is paid. Such dividend equivalents shall be paid as additional shares in an amount equal to the sum of the dividends paid during the period between the Grant Date and the date immediately prior to the date the PSU Award is settled in accordance with Section VI divided by the price of a share of Common Stock on the date the Final Award is determined. If any portion of this PSU Award lapses, is forfeited or expires, no dividend equivalents will be credited or paid on such portion. Any payment of dividend equivalents will be reduced to the extent necessary for the Company to satisfy any tax or other withholding obligations in accordance with Section X.

V.TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT

If your employment with the Company or, if different, the subsidiary, affiliate or joint venture (“JV”) of the Company by which you are employed (the “Employer”) is terminated during the Award Period, your right to the PSU Award, where references to the Final Award in this section include any accrued dividend equivalents, will be determined according to the terms in this Section V and for grantees outside the United States, also in paragraph 12 of Section A (“Nature of Grant”) of Appendix B, Part I.

A.General Rule. If your employment is terminated during the Award Period for any reason other than those specified in the following paragraphs, this PSU Award will be forfeited on the date your employment terminates. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or the Employer, as applicable, this grant nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

B.Involuntary Termination. If your employment terminates during the Award Period and the Company determines that employment was involuntarily terminated the Final Award will become eligible to vest when the Final Award is determined, provided you sign and refrain from revoking a severance agreement in a format prescribed by Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC (“MSD”), which agreement will contain a full release, non-solicitation, non-disclosure, non-disparagement and cooperation in litigation covenants and such other reasonable and customary terms as MSD provides. If your employment terminates during the Award Period, the Company determines that employment was involuntarily terminated on or after the first anniversary of the first day of the Award Period and you do not sign and refrain from revoking a severance agreement as outlined above, a pro rata portion of the Final Award will become eligible to vest when the Final Award is determined. The pro rata portion shall be determined by multiplying the Final Award by a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of completed months in the Award Period during which you were employed by the Company or the Employer, as applicable, and the denominator of which is 36. The right to the remaining PSUs will be forfeited on the date your employment terminates. An “involuntary termination” includes termination of employment by the Company as the result of a restructuring or job elimination, but excludes non-performance of duties and

the reasons listed under paragraphs C through G of this section. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or the Employer, as applicable, this PSU Award nevertheless will be forfeited according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

C.Sale. If your employment is terminated during the Award Period and the Company determines that such termination resulted from the sale of the subsidiary, affiliate, division or JV that employed you, the Final Award will become eligible to vest on the date the Final Award is determined, provided you sign and refrain from revoking a severance agreement in a format prescribed by MSD, which agreement will contain a full release, non-solicitation, non-disclosure, non-disparagement and cooperation in litigation covenants and such other reasonable and customary terms as MSD provides. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Committee may determine, for purposes of this PSU Award, whether employment with an entity that is established from the Company’s spin off, split off, split up or distribution of equity securities in connection with that entity constitutes a termination of employment, and may make adjustments, if any, as it deems appropriate, and to the extent not inconsistent with the Plan, at the time of the distribution of such equity securities, in the kind and/or number of shares subject to this PSU Award.

D.Retirement. If you terminate employment during the Award Period by retirement (including early and disability retirement), a pro rata portion of the Final Award will become eligible to vest on the date the Final Award is determined. The pro rata portion shall be determined by multiplying the Final Award by a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of completed months in the Award Period during which you were employed by the Company or the Employer, as applicable, and the denominator of which is 36. For grantees who are employed in the U.S., “retirement” means a termination of employment after attaining the earliest of (a) age 55 with at least 10 years of service (b) such age and service that provides eligibility for subsidized retiree medical coverage or (c) age 65 without regard to years of service. For other grantees, “retirement” is determined by the Company. The right to the remaining PSUs underlying the Final Award will be forfeited on the date your employment terminates. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or the Employer, as applicable, this grant nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

E.Death. If your employment terminates due to death during the Award Period but prior to the date of an employment termination contemplated under paragraphs B, C, D, G or H the Final Award will become eligible to vest on the date the Final Award is determined. If you die during the Award Period, but after your employment terminates for the reasons listed under paragraphs B, C, D, G or H of this section, any portion of the Final Award that remains outstanding at your death will become eligible to vest on the date the Final Award is determined.

F.Cause. If your employment is terminated for Cause, this PSU Award will be forfeited immediately upon your receipt of notice of such termination. For purposes of this paragraph, “Cause” is as defined in your offer letter from MSD as an act or omission by you, which constitutes: (i) a deliberate (and not justified and appropriate in the performance of your duties) or reckless disclosure of proprietary or other confidential information relating to the Company, MSD or one of their subsidiaries (each a “Merck Entity”), its personnel, research or business; (ii) embezzlement, theft or other misappropriation of the assets of a Merck Entity; (iii) deliberate or reckless falsification of records or reports; (iv) deliberate bad faith or reckless action that causes actual or potential significant injury or loss to a Merck Entity and/or its and/or their employees; (v) insubordination (meaning the repeated refusal to carry out work assignments and/or direction); (vi) willful or repeated failure to perform assigned job duties; (vii) an illegal act on the property of a Merck Entity or in representing a Merck Entity; (viii) a material violation of a Company policy relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales or marketing of Company products or the overall goodwill or reputation of the Company; (ix) any action that would trigger the claw back provisions of any Bonus or Long-Term Incentive Plans applicable to you; or a (x) breach by you of your representations as set forth in your offer letter from MSD.

G.Disability. If your employment is terminated during the Award Period and the Company determines that such termination resulted from inability to perform the material duties of his or her role by reason of a physical or mental infirmity that is expected to last for at least six months or to result in death, whether or not he or she is eligible for disability benefits from any applicable disability program, then the Final Award will become eligible to vest on the date the Final Award is determined. If your employment is terminated as described in this paragraph and you are later rehired by the Company or the Employer, as applicable, this PSU Award nevertheless will expire according to this paragraph notwithstanding such rehire.

H.Change in Control. Upon the occurrence of a Change in Control (as such term is defined in the Plan), the Final Award shall mean a number of PSUs equal to the Target Shares. If this PSU Award is

assumed, converted or otherwise remains outstanding in connection with a Change in Control and your employment is terminated during the Award Period without Cause before the second anniversary of the closing of the Change in Control, then this PSU Award and dividend equivalents that have accrued through the end of the Award Period will continue to vest at the end of the original Award Period. If this PSU Award does not remain outstanding following the Change in Control and is not assumed, converted, or otherwise remains outstanding, then the PSU Award and dividend equivalents that have accrued through such date will immediately vest and, at the election of the Company, you will be entitled to receive cash for such portion of this PSU Award in an amount equal to the fair market value of the consideration paid to Merck stockholders for a share of Merck Common Stock in the Change in Control. On the second anniversary of the closing of the Change in Control, this paragraph shall expire. “Cause” and “Change in Control” are defined in the Merck & Co., Inc. Change in Control Separation Benefits Plan (excluding MSD Change in Control).

I.Good Reason. If you terminate employment for Good Reason, the RSU Award, and any accrued dividends, will continue to vest on the following original Vesting Date(s) set forth in paragraph I(A), provided you sign and refrain from revoking a severance agreement in a format prescribed by MSD, which agreement will contain a full release, non-solicitation, non-disclosure, non-disparagement and cooperation in litigation covenants and such other reasonable and customary terms as MSD provides. “Good Reason” is as defined in your offer letter from MSD and includes the following: a) a material reduction in base salary without your consent, unless such reduction is part of an across-the-board reduction affecting other Executive Team members in like proportions, b) your involuntary reassignment to any position other than a position on the Executive Team reporting to MSD’s Chief Executive Officer within the period beginning on date of hire and ending when the Sign-on Equity Grant has vested fully, or c) a material breach of your offer letter from MSD, provided that you deliver written notice of a claim of Good Reason to MSD’s Chief Executive Officer within thirty (30) days of the facts giving rise to such Good Reason, MSD fails to cure the circumstances giving rise to Good Reason within thirty (30) days of receiving such notice and you actually terminate employment within thirty (30) days after MSD’s failure to cure.

J.Transfer of Employment. Transfer of employment between the Company, a subsidiary, affiliate, JV, JV partner or affiliate of the Company who provides services to the JV with such partner or affiliate or other entity in which the Company has determined that it has a significant business or ownership interest (together, the “Company Group”) is not considered termination of employment for purposes of this PSU Award. Such employment must be approved by the Company and contiguous with employment by the entity in the Company Group you were employed by immediately prior to the relevant transfer. The terms set out in paragraphs A through H above shall continue to apply to this PSU Award following a transfer of employment accordance with this section.

VI.DISTRIBUTION OF SHARES

Following the end of the Award Period, you (or your estate, in the case of PSUs that vest pursuant to Section V(E)) shall be entitled to receive a number of shares of Common Stock equal to the Final Award (as modified to the extent provided under Section V and subject to Section X) plus the shares for accrued dividend equivalents set forth in Section IV, rounded to the nearest whole number (no fractional shares shall be issued). Such distribution shall be made as soon as administratively feasible following the last day of the Award Period, but in no event later than the end of the calendar year immediately following the Award Period.

VII.SECTION 409A COMPLIANCE

Anything in the Plan or these Terms to the contrary notwithstanding, no distribution of PSUs may be made unless in compliance with Section 409A of the Code or any successor thereto. In addition, distributions, if any, made upon or by reference to the date of an employment termination shall not be paid unless such termination constitutes a “separation from service (as defined in Section 409A of the Code)” and any such payment to a “Specified Employee” as defined in Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.409A-1(i) or any successor thereto, to the extent required by Section 409A of the Code will instead be made on the first day the seventh month following the separation from service, in the same form as they would have been made had this restriction not applied; provided further, that no dividend or dividend equivalents will be paid, accrued or accumulated in respect of the period during which distribution was suspended.

VIII.SUBJECT TO RECOUPMENT

This PSU Award will be subject to recoupment in the event of certain violations of Company policy in accordance with the Company’s Policies and Procedures for Recoupment of Compensation for

Compliance Violations and for Significant Restatement of Financial Results, as set forth in Appendix A (as may be amended from time to time).

IX.TRANSFERABILITY

Prior to distribution pursuant to Section VI, the PSU Award and any interest therein shall not be sold, assigned, transferred, pledged or otherwise disposed of, alienated or encumbered, either voluntarily or involuntarily, other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution in connection with your death.

X.TAX WITHHOLDING

Regardless of any action the Company and/or the Employer take with respect to any or all income tax, social insurance, payroll tax, payment on account or other tax-related items arising out of your participation in the Plan and legally applicable or deemed applicable to you (“Tax-Related Items”), you acknowledge that the ultimate liability for all Tax-Related Items is and remains your responsibility and may exceed the amount actually withheld by the Company and/or the Employer, if any. You further acknowledge that the Company and/or the Employer (i) make no representations or undertakings regarding the treatment of any Tax-Related Items in connection with any aspect of the PSU Award or underlying shares of Common Stock, including, but not limited to, the grant, vesting or settlement of the PSU, the subsequent sale of shares of Common Stock acquired upon the expiration of the Award Period and the receipt of any dividends and/or dividend equivalents; and (ii) do not commit and are under no obligation to structure the terms of the grant or any aspect of the PSU to reduce or eliminate your liability for Tax-Related Items or achieve any particular tax result. Furthermore, if you have become subject to tax in more than one jurisdiction, you acknowledge that the Company and/or the Employer (or former employer, as applicable) may be required to withhold or account for Tax-Related Items in more than one jurisdiction.

Prior to the relevant taxable or tax withholding event, as applicable, you shall pay or make arrangements satisfactory to the Company and/or the Employer to satisfy any applicable withholding obligations or rights with regard to all Tax-Related Items. In this regard, you authorize the Company and/or the Employer, or their respective agents, at their discretion, to satisfy the Tax-Related Items by one or a combination of the following: (i) withholding from your wages or other cash compensation paid to you by the Company, the Employer and/or any subsidiary, affiliate or JV of the Company; or (ii) withholding from proceeds of the sale of shares of Common Stock acquired at expiration of the Award Period either through a voluntary sale or through a mandatory sale arranged by the Company (on your behalf pursuant to this authorization); or (iii) withholding in shares of Common Stock to be issued upon expiration of the Award Period; provided, however, that if you are a Section 16 officer of the Company under the Exchange Act, then the Company will satisfy the Tax-Related Items (other than U.S. Federal Insurance Contribution Act taxes or other Tax-Related Items which become payable in a year prior to the year in which shares of Common Stock are issued upon settlement of the PSUs by withholding in shares of Common Stock pursuant to (iii) above, unless the use of such withholding method is problematic under applicable tax or securities law or has materially adverse accounting consequences, in which case, the obligation for Tax-Related Items may be satisfied by a one or a combination of (i) or (ii) above.

The Company may withhold or account for Tax-Related Items by considering applicable minimum statutory withholding amounts or other applicable withholding rates, including maximum applicable rates in your jurisdiction(s). In the event of over-withholding, you may receive a refund of any over-withheld amount in cash (with no entitlement to the equivalent in Common Stock), or if not refunded, you may seek a refund from the local tax authorities. In the event of under-withholding, you may be required to pay additional Tax-Related Items directly to the applicable tax authority or to the Company and/or the Employer. If the obligation for Tax-Related Items is satisfied by withholding in shares of Common Stock, for tax purposes, you will be deemed to have been issued the full number of shares of Common Stock subject to the vested PSUs, notwithstanding that a number of the shares is held back solely for the purpose of paying the Tax-Related Items due as a result of any aspect of your participation in the Plan.

You shall pay to the Company or the Employer any amount of Tax-Related Items that the Company or the Employer may be required to withhold or account for as a result of your participation in the Plan that cannot be satisfied by the means previously described in this section. The Company may refuse to issue or deliver the shares of Common Stock or the proceeds of the sale of shares if you fail to comply with your obligations in connection with the Tax-Related Items.

XI.DATA PRIVACY

The Company is located at 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Building K-1 Kenilworth, New Jersey, U.S.A. 07033 and grants employees of the Company and any subsidiary, affiliate or JV of the Company, the opportunity to participate in the Plan, at the Company's sole discretion. If you would like to participate in the Plan, you understand that you should review the following information about the Company’s data processing practices and declare your consent.

A.Data Collection and Usage. The Company collects, processes and uses your personal data, including, name, home address, email address and telephone number, date of birth, social insurance number or other identification number, salary, citizenship, job title, any shares of Common Stock or directorships held in the Company, and details of all awards, canceled, vested, or outstanding in your favor, which the Company receives from you or your Employer. If the Company offers you the opportunity to participate in the Plan, then the Company will collect your personal data for purposes of allocating Common Stock and implementing, administering and managing the Plan. The Company’s legal basis for the processing of your personal data would be your consent.

B.Stock Plan Administration Service Providers. The Company transfers participant data to Morgan Stanley, an independent service provider based in the United States, which assists the Company with the implementation, administration and management of the Plan. In the future, the Company may select a different service provider and share your data with another company that serves in a similar manner. The Company’s service provider will open an account for you. You will be asked to agree on separate terms and data processing practices with the service provider, which is a condition to your ability to participate in the Plan.

C.International Data Transfers. The Company and its service providers are based in the United States. If you are outside of the United States, you should note that your country has enacted data privacy laws that are different from the United States. The Company’s legal basis for the transfer of your personal data is your consent.

D.Voluntariness and Consequences of Consent Denial or Withdrawal. Your participation in the Plan and your grant of consent is purely voluntary. You may deny or withdraw your consent at any time. If you do not consent, or if you withdraw your consent, you cannot participate in the Plan. This would not affect your salary as an employee; you would merely forfeit the opportunities associated with the Plan.

E.Data Subject Rights. You have a number of rights under data privacy laws in your country. Depending on where you are based, your rights may include the right to (i) request access or copies of personal data the Company processes, (ii) rectification of incorrect data, (iii) deletion of data, (iv) restrictions on processing, (v) portability of data, (vi) to lodge complaints with competent authorities in your country, and/or (vii) a list with the names and addresses of any potential recipients of the your personal data. To receive clarification regarding your rights or to exercise your rights please contact the Company at Attn: Global Privacy Office, 351 N. Sumneytown Pike, North Wales, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. 19454.

F.The collection, use and transfer of your personal data for the purpose of implementing, administering and managing your participation in the Plan is conducted in accordance with the Company’s Global Privacy and Data Protection Policy. You also understand that the Company may, in the future, request you to provide another data privacy consent.  If applicable and upon request of the Company, you agree to provide an executed acknowledgement or data privacy consent form to the Company or the Employer (or any other acknowledgements, agreements or consents) that the Company and/or the Employer may deem necessary to obtain under the data privacy laws in your country, either now or in the future.  You understand that you will not be able to participate in the Plan if you fail to execute any such acknowledgement, agreement or consent requested by the Company and/or the Employer.

If you agree with the data processing practices described in this Section, you will declare your consent by clicking to "Accept" these Terms on the Morgan Stanley website.

XII.GOVERNING LAW

This document may be amended only by another written agreement between the parties. This document will be interpreted and enforced under the laws of the State of New Jersey, United States (without regard to its choice-of-law provisions). For purposes of litigating any dispute that arises directly or indirectly from the relationship of the parties evidenced by this grant or this document, the parties hereby submit to and consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of the State of New Jersey and agree that such litigation shall be

conducted only in the courts of Union County, New Jersey, or the federal courts for the United States for the District of New Jersey, and no other courts, where this grant is made and/or to be performed.

XIII.SEVERABILITY

The provisions of this document are severable and if any one or more provisions are determined to be illegal or otherwise unenforceable, in whole or in part, the remaining provisions shall nevertheless be binding and enforceable.

XIV.WAIVER

You acknowledge that a waiver by the Company of breach of any provision of these Terms shall not operate or be construed as a waiver of any other provision of these Terms or of any subsequent breach by you or any other grantee.

XV.ELECTRONIC ACCEPTANCE

The Company may, in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to the PSU or future PSUs that may be granted under the Plan by electronic means or request your consent to participate in the Plan by electronic means. You hereby consent to receive such documents by electronic delivery and agree to participate in the Plan through an online or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or a third party designated by the Company.

XVI.COUNTRY-SPECIFIC APPENDIX

The PSU Award shall be subject to any additional provisions set forth in Appendix B for your country, if any. If you relocate to one of the countries included in Appendix B during the life of the PSU Award, the additional provisions for such country shall apply to you, to the extent the Company determines that the application of such provisions is necessary or advisable in order to comply with local law or facilitate the administration of the Plan.

XVII.ADMINISTRATION

The Committee is responsible for construing and interpreting this PSU Award, including the right to construe disputed or doubtful Plan provisions, and may establish, amend and construe such rules and regulations as it may deem necessary or desirable for the proper administration of this PSU Award. Any decision or action taken or to be taken by the Committee, arising out of or in connection with the construction, administration, interpretation and effect of this grant shall, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, be within its absolute discretion (except as otherwise specifically provided herein) and shall be final, binding and conclusive upon the Company, all Eligible Employees and any person claiming under or through any eligible employee. All determinations by the Committee including, without limitation, determinations of the Eligible Employees, the form, amount and timing of Incentives, the terms and provisions of Incentives and the writings evidencing Incentives, need not be uniform and may be made selectively among Eligible Employees who receive, or are eligible to receive, Incentives hereunder, whether or not such Eligible Employees are similarly situated.

In addition to the Committee’s powers set forth in the Plan, anything in these Terms to the contrary notwithstanding, the Committee may revise the terms of any PSU not yet granted or, granted but prior to the end of an Award Period if unforeseen events occur and which, in the judgment of the Committee, make the application of the Terms of this PSU Award unfair and contrary to their intentions unless a revision is made.

This PSU Award is subject to the provisions of the 2019 Incentive Stock Plan. For further information regarding your PSU Award, you may access the Merck Global Long-Term Incentives homepage via Sync > HR > Money > Long-Term Incentive Program

APPENDIX A

Policies and Procedures for Recoupment of Compensation for Compliance Violations and for Significant Restatement of Financial Results

Policy

It is the policy of the Compensation and Management Development Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Committee”) that the Committee will exercise its discretion to determine whether to seek Recoupment of any bonus and/or other incentive compensation paid or awarded to an Affected Employee, where it determines, in consultation with the Audit Committee, that: a) the Affected Employee engaged in misconduct, or failed to reasonably supervise an employee who engaged in misconduct, that resulted in a Material Violation relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products or the overall goodwill or reputation of the Company; and b) the Committee concludes that the Material Violation caused Significant Harm to the Company, as those terms are defined in this policy. The Committee’s exercise of its discretion may take into account any considerations determined by the Committee to be relevant.

In addition, awards under the Executive Incentive Plan (“EIP”) and Performance Share Units (“PSU”) under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Stock Incentive Plan, or any successor thereto, are also subject to the Company’s right to reclaim their benefits in the event a significant restatement of financial results for any performance period, pursuant to the process described below.

Definitions

1.“Recoupment” is defined to include any and all of the following actions to the extent permitted by law: (a) reducing the amount of a current or future bonus or other cash or non-cash incentive compensation award, (b) requiring reimbursement of a bonus or other cash-based incentive compensation award paid with respect to the most recently completed performance period, (c) cancelling all or a portion of a future-vesting equity award, (d) cancelling all or a portion of an equity award that vested within the previous twelve-month period, (e) requiring return of shares paid upon vesting and/or reimbursement of any proceeds received from the sale of an equity award, in each case that vested within the previous twelve-month period, and (f) any other method of reducing the total compensation paid to an employee for any prior twelve-month period or any current or future period.

2.A “Material Violation” is defined as (i) a material violation of a written Company policy relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products or (ii) conduct detrimental to the Company, including the Company’s overall goodwill or reputation.

3.An “Affected Employee” is an employee in Band 600 or higher who (i) engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Violation; or (ii) failed in his or her supervisory responsibilities to reasonably manage or monitor the conduct of an employee who engaged in misconduct that results in a Material Violation.

4.“Executive” means current and former executive officers for the purposes of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

5.“Fault” means fraud or willful misconduct. "Willful misconduct" is generally viewed as dereliction of a duty or unlawful or improper behavior committed voluntarily and intentionally; something more than negligence. If the Audit Committee determines that Fault may have been a factor causing the financial restatement, the Audit Committee will appoint an independent investigator whose determination shall be final and binding.

6.“Significant Harm” means a significant negative impact on the Company’s financial operating results or reputation.

Procedures

For Compliance Violations

1.The Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, shall administer this policy and have

2.full discretion to interpret and to make any and all determinations under this policy, subject to the approval of the full Board of Directors in the case of a determination to seek or waive Recoupment from the Chief Executive Officer.

3.The General Counsel, in consultation with the Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer and the Executive Vice President, Human Resources, is responsible for determining whether to refer a matter to the Committee for review under this policy and for assisting the Committee with its review. The Committee may consult with other Board Committees and any external or internal advisors as it deems appropriate.

4.If the Committee, acting in consultation with the Audit Committee, determines that there is a basis for seeking Recoupment under this policy, the Committee shall exercise its discretion to determine for each Affected Employee, on an individual basis, whether, and to what extent and in which manner, to seek Recoupment.

5.In exercising its discretion, the Committee may take into consideration, as it deems appropriate, all of the facts and circumstances of the particular matter and the general interests of the Company.

For EIP Awards and PSUs Upon Significant Restatement of Financial Results

EIP Awards and PSUs for Executives are subject to the Company’s right to reclaim their benefits in the event of a significant restatement of financial results for any Award Period, pursuant to the process described below.

1.    The Audit Committee will review the issues and circumstances that resulted in a restatement of financial results to determine if the restatement was significant and make an initial determination of the cause of the restatement—that is whether the restatement was caused, in whole or in part, by Executive Fault (as defined above); and

2.    In the case of PSUs, the Committee will (a) recalculate the Company's results for any Award Period with respect to PSUs that included an Award Period which occurred during the restatement period; and (b) if it is determined that such restatement was caused in whole or in part by the Executive's Fault, the Committee will seek reimbursement from each Executive of that portion of the payout of the PSU that the Executive received within 18 months of the restatement based on the erroneous financial results.

3.    In the case of EIP Awards, the Committee will (a) review the EIP award received by each Executive with respect to the restatement period and determine whether all or a portion of such Award was determined based on the achievement of erroneous financial results; and (b) if it is determined that such restatement was caused in whole or in part by the Executive's Fault, the Committee will seek reimbursement from the Executive of that portion of any EIP Award that the Executive received within 18 months of the restatement based on the erroneous financial results.

4.    The clawback for EIP Awards and PSUs does not apply to restatements that the Audit Committee determines (1) are required or permitted under generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) in connection with the adoption or implementation of a new accounting standard or (2) are caused due to the Company's decision to change its accounting practice as permitted under GAAP.

Delegation to Management for Certain Recoupment Decisions

Only in the case of Compliance Violations, the Committee hereby delegates to the Chief Executive Officer (who may further delegate as deemed appropriate) the authority to administer this policy and to make any and all decisions under it regarding Affected Employees who are not Executives of the Company. Management shall report to the Committee on any affirmative decisions to seek Recoupment pursuant to this delegation.

Disclosure of Recoupment Decisions

The Company will comply with all applicable securities laws and regulations, including Securities and Exchange Commission disclosure requirements regarding executive compensation and any applicable New York Stock Exchange listing standard or requirements. The Company may also, but is not obligated to, provide additional disclosure beyond that required by law when the Company deems it to be appropriate and determines that such disclosure is in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders.

Miscellaneous

Nothing in this policy shall limit or otherwise affect any of the following: 1) management’s ability to take any disciplinary action with respect to any Affected Employee; 2) the Committee’s ability

to use its negative discretion with respect to any incentive compensation performance target at any time; or 3) the Committee’s or management’s ability to reduce the amount (in whole or in part) of a current or future bonus or other cash or non-cash incentive compensation award to any Executive or other employee for any reason as they may deem appropriate and to the extent permitted by law. Any right of Recoupment under this policy is in addition to, and not in lieu of, any other remedies or rights of Recoupment that may be available to the Company pursuant to the terms of any similar policy in any employment agreement, equity award agreement, or similar agreement and any other legal remedies available to the Company.

The Committee shall have sole discretion to make all determinations under this policy. Any determinations made by the Committee shall be final, binding, and conclusive on all Executives and affected individuals.

This policy shall be interpreted in a manner that is consistent with any applicable rules or regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, New York Stock Exchange and any other applicable law (the “Applicable Rules”). To the extent the Applicable Rules require recovery of any bonus and/or other incentive compensation, including EIP Awards and PSUs, in additional circumstances besides those specified above, nothing in this policy shall be deemed to limit or restrict the right or obligation of the Company to recover such compensation to the fullest extent required by the Applicable Rules.

The Company shall not indemnify or agree to indemnify any Executive against the loss of incentive compensation subject to this Policy nor shall the Company pay or agree to pay any insurance premium to cover the loss of such incentive compensation.

The Board or the Committee may amend, modify, or terminate this policy in whole or in part at any time and from time to time in its sole discretion.

APPENDIX B

ADDITIONAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR GRANTEES OUTSIDE THE U.S.

This Appendix, which is part of the Global Terms and Conditions for 2022 Performance Share Unit Grants under the Merck & Co., Inc. 2019 Incentive Stock Plan, contains additional “terms and conditions” that will apply to you if you reside outside the United States.

The terms and conditions in Part I of this Appendix apply to all grantees who reside outside the United States. The additional terms and conditions in Part II of this Appendix will also apply to you if you reside in one of the countries referenced in Part II.

The information in this Appendix is based on the laws in effect in the respective countries as of April 2021. Such laws are often complex and change frequently. As a result, the Company strongly recommends that you not rely on the information in this Appendix as the only source of information relating to the consequences of your participation in the Plan because the information may be out of date at the time that the Award Period expires and shares of Common Stock are issued to you or you sells shares of Common Stock acquired under the Plan.

In addition, the information contained in this Appendix is general in nature and may not apply to your particular situation, and the Company is not in a position to assure you of a particular result. Accordingly, you should seek appropriate professional advice as to how the relevant laws in your country may apply to your situation.

Finally, if you are a citizen or resident of a country, or are considered a resident of a country, other than that in which you are currently working, or transfer residence and/or employment after the Grant Date, the information contained herein may not apply to you in the same manner. The Company shall, in its sole discretion, determine to what extent the terms and conditions included herein will apply under these circumstances.

APPENDIX B - PART I: ADDITIONAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR ALL COUNTRIES OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES

The following additional terms and conditions will apply to you if you reside in any country outside the United States.

A.Nature of Grant

In accepting the PSU Award, you acknowledge and agree that:

1.the Plan is established voluntarily by the Company, is discretionary in nature, and may be amended, suspended, or terminated by the Company at any time;

2.the grant of the PSU Award is exceptional, voluntary, and occasional and does not create any contractual or other right to receive future grants of PSUs, or benefits in lieu of PSUs, even if PSUs have been granted in the past;

3.all decisions with respect to future PSU grants, if any, will be at the sole discretion of the Company;

4.your participation in the Plan is voluntary;

5.your participation in the Plan shall not create a right to employment or be interpreted as forming or amending an employment or service contract with the Company and shall not interfere with the ability of the Employer to terminate your employment or service relationship (if any) at any time;

6.the PSU Award and any shares of Common Stock acquired under the Plan, and income from and value of same, are extraordinary items that do not constitute compensation of any kind for services of any kind rendered to the Employer, the Company, or any subsidiary, affiliate, or JV of the Company, and that are outside the scope of your employment or service contract, if any;

7.unless otherwise agreed with the Company in writing, the PSU Award and any shares of Common Stock acquired under the Plan, and the income from and value of same, are not granted as consideration for, or in connection with, the service you may provide as a director of a subsidiary, affiliate, or JV of the Company;

8.the PSU Award and any shares of Common Stock acquired under the Plan, and the income from and value of same, are not intended to replace any pension rights or compensation;

9.the PSU Award and any shares of Common Stock acquired under the Plan, and the income and value of same, are not part of normal or expected compensation or salary for any purposes, including, but not limited to, calculating any severance, resignation, termination, redundancy, dismissal, end of service payments, bonuses, long-service awards, pension or retirement or welfare benefits or similar payments, and in no event should be considered as compensation for, or relating in any way to, past services for the Employer, the Company or any parent, subsidiary, affiliate or JV of the Company;

10.the future value of the shares of Common Stock underlying the PSUs is unknown, indeterminable and cannot be predicted with certainty;

11.no claim or entitlement to compensation or damages shall arise from termination of the PSU Award resulting from termination of your employment by the Company or the Employer (for any reason whatsoever and whether or not in breach of employment laws in the jurisdiction where you are employed or the terms of your employment agreement, if any);

12.for purposes of the PSU Award, your employment relationship will be considered terminated as of the date you are no longer providing services to the Employer or the Company or any subsidiary, affiliate or JV (regardless of the reason for such termination and whether or not later found to be invalid or in breach of the employment laws in the jurisdiction where you are employed or the terms of your employment agreement, if any), and unless otherwise expressly provided in this document, your right to vest in the PSUs under the Plan, if any, will terminate effective as of such date and will not be extended by any notice period or any period of “garden leave” or similar period mandated under local law; the Committee shall have the exclusive discretion to determine when you are no longer providing services for purposes

of the grant (including whether you may still be considered to be providing services while on a leave of absence);

13.the PSU Award and the benefits under the Plan, if any, will not automatically transfer to another company in the case of a merger, take-over or transfer of liability;

14.the Company is not providing any tax, legal, or financial advice, nor is the Company making any recommendation regarding your participation in the Plan, or the acquisition or sale of underlying shares; you should consult with your personal tax, legal and financial advisors regarding the decision to participate in the Plan and before taking any action related to the Plan; and

15.neither the Employer, nor the Company or any subsidiary, affiliate or JV shall be liable for any foreign exchange rate fluctuation between your local currency and the United States Dollar that may affect the value of the PSU Award or any amounts due to you pursuant to the vesting of the PSU Award, the subsequent sale of shares acquired under the Plan or the receipt of any dividends and/or dividend equivalents.

B.Insider Trading/Market Abuse Laws

You acknowledge that, depending on your or your broker’s country of residence or where shares of Common Stock are listed, you may be subject to insider trading restrictions and/or market abuse laws, which may affect your ability to accept, acquire, sell or otherwise dispose of shares of Common Stock, rights to shares of Common Stock (e.g., PSUs) or rights linked to the value of shares of Common Stock under the Plan during such times that you are considered to have “inside information” regarding the Company (as defined by the laws or regulations in the applicable jurisdictions or your country). Local insider trading laws and regulations may prohibit the cancellation or amendment of orders you placed before you possessed inside information. Furthermore, you could be prohibited from (i) disclosing the inside information to any third party and (ii) “tipping” third parties or causing them otherwise to buy or sell securities. You should keep in mind that third parties include fellow employees. Any restrictions under these laws or regulations are separate from and in addition to any restrictions that may be imposed under any applicable Company insider trading policy. You understand you are responsible for ensuring compliance with any restrictions and should consult with your personal legal advisor on this matter.

C.Foreign Asset/Account, Exchange Control and Tax Obligations

You acknowledge that, depending on your country, you may be subject to foreign asset/account, exchange control and/or tax reporting requirements as the result of the acquisition of shares of Common Stock or cash (including dividend equivalents, dividends, and the proceeds of the sale of shares of Common Stock) derived from your participation in the Plan, in, to and/or from a brokerage/bank account or legal entity located outside your country. The applicable laws of your country may require that you report such accounts, assets, the balances therein, the value thereof and/or the transactions related thereto to the applicable authorities in your country. You may also be required to repatriate cash received from participating in the Plan to your country within a certain time after receipt. You acknowledge that you are responsible for ensuring compliance with any applicable foreign asset/account, exchange control and tax reporting requirements and should consult your personal tax, legal and/or financial advisors regarding the same.

D.Language

You acknowledge that you are proficient in the English language or have consulted with an advisor who is sufficiently proficient, to allow you to understand the terms and conditions of this document. If you have received this document, or any other document related to the PSU Award and/or the Plan translated into a language other than English, and if the translated version is different than the English version, the English version will control.

E.Imposition of Other Requirements and Issuance of Shares

The Company reserves the right to impose other requirements on the PSUs and the shares of Common Stock acquired pursuant to the PSU Award, to the extent the Company determines it is necessary or advisable in order to comply with local laws or facilitate the administration of the Plan, and to require you to sign any additional agreements or undertakings that may be necessary to accomplish the foregoing.

In particular, if advisable due to local law requirements, the Committee, in its sole and absolute discretion, may require the immediate forced sale of the shares of Common Stock issuable upon settlement of the PSUs.

Alternatively, unless otherwise set forth in this Appendix, the Committee, in its sole and absolute discretion, may determine to pay out the PSUs in cash equal to the fair market value of the shares of Common Stock underlying the PSUs.

APPENDIX B - PART II: COUNTRY-SPECIFIC ADDITIONAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS AND NOTIFICATIONS

Country

Additional Terms and Conditions and Notifications

Australia

Australian Offer Document This offer document sets out information regarding the offer to participate in the Plan for Australian resident grantees of the Company and its subsidiaries, affiliates and JVs. This information is provided by the Company to ensure compliance of the offer with Australian Securities and Investments Commission (“ASIC”) Class Order 14/1000, ASIC Regulatory Guide 49 and relevant provisions of the Corporations Act 2001. Additional Documents. In addition to the information set out in this Appendix B, you are also being provided with copies of the following documents: (a)    the Plan; (b)    the Plan Prospectus (which contains a summary of the Plan); (c)    the Terms; (d)    LTI Program Overview; and (e)    the summary of tax consequences of participation in the Plan for Australia, which is accessible by logging into your account at Morgan Stanley (collectively, the “Additional Documents”). The Additional Documents provide further information to help you make an informed investment decision about participating in the Plan. Neither the Plan nor the Plan Prospectus is a prospectus for the purposes of the Corporations Act 2001. You should not rely upon any oral statements made in relation to this offer. You should rely only upon the statements contained in this Appendix B and the Additional Documents when considering participation in the Plan. General Information Only. The information herein is general information only. It is not advice or information that takes into account your objectives, financial situation and needs. You should consider obtaining your own financial product advice from a person who is licensed by ASIC to give such advice. Risks of Participation in the Plan. Investment in shares of Common Stock involves a degree of risk. If you elect to participate in the Plan, you should monitor your participation and consider all risk factors relevant to the vesting or issuance of shares of Common Stock under the Plan as set forth below and in the Additional Documents. You should have regard to risk factors relevant to investment in securities generally and, in particular, to holding shares of Common Stock of the Company. For example, the value at which an individual share of Common Stock is quoted on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) may increase or decrease due to a number of factors. There is no guarantee that the value of a share of Common Stock will increase. Factors that may affect the value of an individual share of Common Stock include fluctuations in the domestic and international market for listed stocks, general economic conditions, including interest rates, inflation rates, commodity and oil prices, changes to government fiscal, monetary or regulatory policies, legislation or regulation, the nature of the markets in which the Company operates and general operational and business risks. More information about potential factors that could affect the Company’s business and financial results will be included in the Company’s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Copies of these reports are available at http://www.sec.gov/, on the Company’s “Investor Relations” page at https://investors.merck.com/home/default.aspx, and upon request to the Company. In addition, you should be aware that the Australian dollar (“AUD”) value of any shares of Common Stock acquired under the Plan will be affected by the USD/AUD exchange rate. Participation in the Plan involves certain risks related to fluctuations in this rate of exchange. Common Stock in a U.S. Corporation. Common stock of a U.S. corporation is analogous to ordinary shares of an Australian corporation. Each holder of a share of Common Stock is entitled to one vote. Further, shares of Common Stock are not liable to any further calls for payment of capital or for other assessment by the Company and have no sinking fund provisions, pre-emptive rights, conversion rights or redemption provisions. Ascertaining the Market Value of Shares of Common Stock. You may ascertain the current market value of an individual share of Common Stock as traded on the NYSE under the symbol “MRK” at: https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:MRK. The AUD equivalent of that value can be obtained at: https://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/frequency/exchange-rates.html. This will not be a prediction of the market value of an individual share of Common Stock when the Award vests or shares of Common Stock are issued under the Plan or of the applicable exchange rate on the vesting date or the date the shares of Common Stock are issued. Tax Information The Plan is a plan to which Subdivision 83A-C of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (Cth) (the “Tax Assessment Act”) applies (subject to the conditions in the Tax Assessment Act).

Austria	There are no country-specific provisions.
Belgium	There are no country-specific provisions.
Brazil	Compliance with Law By accepting the PSU Award, you acknowledge that you agree to comply with applicable Brazilian laws and pay any and all applicable taxes associated with the settlement of the PSU Award, the sale of shares obtained pursuant to the PSU Award, and the receipt of any dividends or dividend equivalents. Labor Law Acknowledgment By accepting the PSU Award, you agree that you are (i) making an investment decision and (ii) the value of the underlying shares of Common Stock is not fixed and may increase or decrease in value over the Award Period without compensation to you. Further, you acknowledge and agree that, for all legal purposes, (i) any benefits provided to you under the Plan are unrelated to your employment or service; (ii) the Plan is not a part of the terms and conditions of your employment or service; and (iii) the income from your participation in the Plan, if any, is not part of your remuneration from employment or service.
The People's Republic of China	The following terms and conditions apply only to grantees who are citizens of the PRC or are otherwise determined to be subject to the requirements imposed by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (“SAFE”) as determined by the Company. The following terms and conditions apply only if you are classified as Band 600 and higher on the Grant Date. Payment of Award and Termination of Employment You will be permitted to hold shares of Common Stock issued to you at the end of the Award Period. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the Plan or Terms, due to exchange control laws in China, you agree that any shares of Common Stock acquired under the Plan and held by you at the time of your termination of employment with the Company or the Employer will be sold on your behalf, pursuant to this authorization, as soon as administratively practicable following the termination of your employment, but no later than six-months following termination of employment. The Company is under no obligation to arrange for such sale at any particular price. You will receive the sale proceeds, less any broker’s fees or commissions and subject to satisfaction of any Tax-Related Items. If the Terms provide that all or a portion of your outstanding PSU Award will become distributable at some time following your termination of employment, that portion will automatically vest and be sold on your behalf as described above. Any other portion of your PSU Award that is not vested as described above will expire immediately upon your termination of employment. Due to local regulatory requirements, you agree that the Company may force the sale of any shares of Common Stock issued under the Plan. The sale may occur (i) immediately upon vesting or (ii) within any other time frame as the Company determines to be necessary or advisable for legal or administrative reasons. Broker Account Any shares of Common Stock issued to you at expiration of the Award Period must be maintained in an account with Morgan Stanley Smith Barney or such other stock plan service provider as may be selected by the Company in the future until the shares of Common Stock are sold through that broker. Exchange Control Notification You understand and agree that, to comply with exchange control laws in the PRC, any cash dividends, dividend equivalents and the proceeds from the sale of the shares of Common Stock will be immediately repatriated to China through a special exchange control account established by the Company (or any subsidiary, affiliate or JV) or the Employer prior to being delivered to you. The funds may be paid to you in U.S. dollars or local currency at the Company’s discretion. To the extent the funds are paid to you in U.S. dollars, you understand that you will be required to set up a U.S. dollar bank account in China and provide the bank account details to the Employer and/or the Company so that the funds may be deposited into this account. In the more likely event that the Company converts cash received under the Plan into local currency, the Company is under no obligation to secure any exchange conversion rate and the Company may face delays in converting the proceeds to local currency due to exchange control restrictions in China. You agree to bear any currency fluctuation risk between that time and the time the funds are distributed through any such special exchange account. You further agree to comply with any other requirements that may be imposed by the Company in the future in order to facilitate compliance with exchange control requirements in China. The following terms and conditions apply only if you are classified as below Band 600 on the Grant Date. Payment of Award To facilitate compliance with exchange control laws in China, any PSU Award granted to you will be settled in cash only. This means that upon vesting of your PSU Award, you will receive in cash the value of the underlying shares of Common Stock at expiration of the Award Period, less any broker’s fees or commissions and Tax-Related Items, which will be remitted to you in accordance with applicable exchange control laws and regulations. You will not be permitted to hold shares of Common Stock after vesting. The Company reserves the right to settle the PSU Award in shares of Common Stock and to force the immediate sale of such shares of Common Stock depending on the development of applicable exchange control laws and regulations. Exchange Control Notification You understand and agree that, to comply with exchange control laws in the PRC, the cash payable to you at expiration of the Award Period will be immediately repatriated to China through a special exchange control account established by the Company (or any subsidiary, affiliate or JV) or the Employer prior to being delivered to you. The funds may be paid to you in U.S. dollars or local currency at the Company’s discretion. To the extent the funds are paid to you in U.S. dollars, you understand that you will be required to set up a U.S. dollar bank account in China and provide the bank account details to the Employer and/or the Company so that the funds may be deposited into this account. In the more likely event that the Company converts cash received under the Plan into local currency, the Company is under no obligation to secure any exchange conversion rate and the Company may face delays in converting the proceeds to local currency due to exchange control restrictions in China. You agree to bear any currency fluctuation risk between that time and the time the funds are distributed through any such special exchange account. You further agree to comply with any other requirements that may be imposed by the Company in the future in order to facilitate compliance with exchange control requirements in China. Termination of Employment Notwithstanding any terms or conditions of the Plan or the “Termination of Employment” section of the Terms to the contrary, the cash equivalent of any shares of Common Stock that vest upon termination of your employment will be distributed to you no later than six months from the date of termination of your employment, as determined by the Company in accordance with the Terms, or within any other such timeframe as may be required by SAFE. If the Terms provide that all or a portion of your outstanding PSU Award will become distributable at some time following your termination of employment, that portion will automatically vest and become distributable immediately upon your termination of employment as described above. Any other portion of your PSU Award that is not vested as described above will expire immediately upon your termination of employment.
Denmark	Labor Law Acknowledgment This provision supplements the “Nature of Grant” section of this Appendix B: By accepting the PSU Award, you understand and agree that this grant relates to future services to be performed and is not a bonus or compensation for past services.

France	Tax Notification Your PSU Award is not intended to be French tax-qualified. Language Consent By accepting the PSU Award, you confirm having read and understood the Plan and your Terms, which were provided in the English language. You accept the terms of those documents accordingly. En acceptant l’attribution, vous confirmez avoir lu et compris le Plan de travail et vos conditions générales et dispositions, qui ont été transmis en langue anglaise. Vous acceptez les termes de ces documents en connaissance de cause.
Germany	There are no country-specific provisions.
Ireland	There are no country-specific provisions.
Israel	Securities Law Information The grant of the PSU Award under the Plan is being made pursuant to an exemption from the requirement to file and publish a prospectus in Israel regarding the Plan obtained from the Israeli Securities Authority. Copies of the Plan and the Form S-8 registration statement for the Plan filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission will be sent to you, at no charge, on written request being mailed to Investor Relations at Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kennilworth, NJ 07033, U.S.A. The telephone number at the executive offices is 1-908-740-4000. Alternatively, copies of the Plan and the Form S-8 registration statement for the Plan filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission are available by searching the Company’s filings on the following web site: http://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch.html. Trust Arrangement You understand and agree that the PSU Award are offered subject to and in accordance with the terms of the Plan, the Addendum A - Israel to the Plan (the “Israeli Sub-Plan”), the Trust Agreement (the “Trust Agreement”) between the Company and the Company’s trustee appointed by the Company or its subsidiary or affiliate in Israel, currently ESOP Management and Trust Services Ltd. (the “Trustee”), and the Terms. In the event of any inconsistencies between the Israeli Sub-Plan, the Terms and/or the Plan, the Israeli Sub-Plan will govern the PSU Award granted to you in Israel. Capitalized terms used but not defined in this Appendix B for Israel, the Plan or the Terms have the meanings set forth in the Israeli Sub-Plan. Requirement to Return Signed Confirmation Letter You are required to execute the Confirmation Letter - Trustee 102 Awards (“Confirmation Letter”) provided to you in connection with the Awards granted to you under the Israeli Sub-Plan. In particular, you must print, sign and deliver a signed copy of the Confirmation Letter to the Trustee within thirty (30) days of the Grant Date, or by such other date as may be determined by your Employer or the Trustee not to exceed ninety (90) days from the Grant Date, for the PSU Award to qualify for preferential tax treatment. By accepting this PSU Award, you acknowledge and agree that the terms and conditions of the Confirmation Letter are hereby incorporated by reference into the Terms and shall apply to shares of Common Stock acquired upon expiration of the Award Period of the PSU Award. If the Trustee does not receive the signed Confirmation Letter within 30 days of the Grant Date, or by such other date as may be determined by your Employer or the Trustee not to exceed ninety (90) days from the Grant Date, the PSU Award may not qualify for favorable tax treatment. For more details, please contact Daphna Ben-Ari at daphna.ben-ari@merck.com or +972 9533306. Confirmation of Section 102 Capital Gains Award Terms The PSU Award is intended to be Capital Gain Awards that qualify for the tax treatment for Approved 102 Awards that are designated by the Company to qualify under the capital gain tax treatment in accordance with the provisions of Section 102(b)(2) of the Ordinance. Notwithstanding the foregoing, by accepting the PSU Award, you acknowledge that the Company cannot guarantee that the Capital Gain Award tax treatment will apply to the PSU Award granted to you. By accepting the PSU Award, you: (a) acknowledge receipt of and represent that you have read and understand the Plan, the Israeli Sub-Plan, the Confirmation Letter and the Terms; (b) accept the PSU Award subject to all of the terms and conditions of the Plan, the Israeli Sub-Plan, the Confirmation Letter and the Terms; and (c) agree that the shares of Common Stock issued to upon expiration of the Award Period of the PSU Award will be issued to and deposited with the Trustee and shall be held in trust for your benefit as required by the Ordinance, the Israeli Sub-Plan and any approval by the Israeli Tax Authority pursuant to the terms of the Ordinance, the Israeli Sub-Plan and the Trust Agreement. Furthermore, by accepting the PSU Award, you confirm that you understand the terms and provisions of Section 102 of the Ordinance, particularly the capital gains track described in subsection (b)(2) and (b)(3) thereof, and agree that you will not require the Trustee to release the shares of Common Stock acquired upon expiration of the Award Period of the PSU Award to you or sell the shares of Common Stock to a third party, during the Holding Period, unless permitted to do so by the Ordinance or the Israeli Sub-Plan.
Italy	Plan Document Acknowledgment By accepting the PSU Award, you further acknowledge that you have received a copy of the Plan, have reviewed the Plan and the Terms in their entirety and fully understand and accept all provisions of the Plan and the Terms; in particular, you acknowledge that you have read and specifically and expressly approve the following provisions in the Plan and the Terms: (a) your PSU Award cannot be transferred other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution; (b) in the event of involuntary termination of your employment, your right to receive Awards and to receive distributions from Awards, if any, will terminate as of the date that you are no longer actively employed by the Employer, unless otherwise expressly provided in the Terms; (c) the Plan is discretionary in nature and may be suspended or terminated by the Company at any time; (d) you are responsible for all Tax-Related Items; (e) if a reorganization, recapitalization, reclassification or other corporate event that results in an adjustment of the shares of Common Stock described in the Plan occurs, your PSU Award may be adjusted; (f) if a Change in Control, as described in the Plan, occurs, your PSU Award may immediately vest; (g) all decisions with respect to future grants will be at the sole discretion of the Company; and (h) the “Data Privacy” section of your Terms.
Japan	There are no country-specific provisions.
Netherlands	There are no country-specific provisions.

Singapore	Restriction on Sale and Transferability You hereby agree that any shares of Common Stock acquired pursuant to the PSU Award will not be offered for sale in Singapore prior to the six-month anniversary of the Grant Date of the PSU Award, unless such sale or offer is made pursuant to one or more exemptions under Part XII Division 1 Subdivision (4) (other than section 280) of the Securities and Futures Act (Chap. 289, 2006 Ed.) (“SFA”) or pursuant to, and in accordance with, the conditions of any other applicable provision(s) of the SFA. Securities Law Information The PSU Award is being granted to you pursuant to the “Qualifying Person” exemption under section 273(1)(f) of the SFA, on which basis it is exempt from the prospectus and registration requirements under the SFA, and is not made to you with a view of the PSU Award being subsequently offered for sale to any other party. The Plan has not been lodged or registered as a prospectus with the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Director Notification If you are a director (including an alternate, substitute, associate or shadow director) of a Singaporean subsidiary, affiliate or JV of the Company, you are subject to certain notification requirements under the Singapore Companies Act. Among these requirements is an obligation to notify the Singapore subsidiary, affiliate or JV in writing when you receive an interest (e.g., PSU Awards, shares of Common Stock) in the Company or any related companies. In addition, you must notify the Singaporean subsidiary, affiliate or JV when you sell shares of the Company’s common stock or any related company (including when you sell shares of Common Stock acquired upon the expiration of the Award Period). These notifications must be made within two business days of acquiring or disposing of any interest in the Company or any related company. In addition, a notification must be made of your interests in the Company or any related company within two days of either after the director becomes aware of the change in respect of the particulars of any of the aforesaid, the date on which the director becomes a holder of, or acquires an interest in, the shares, debentures, rights, contracts, participatory interests, other securities or securities-based derivatives contacts, whichever last occurs. There is no prescribed form for such disclosure, although in practice, the company secretary normally would prepare a formatted disclosure form that requests the following information: equity award granted, number of shares acquired, description of consideration, if applicable, and the date of the transaction. A director shall be deemed to have an interest in securities or securities-based derivative contracts referred to above if a family member of the director (not being him or herself a director), holds or has an interest in those securities or securities-based derivatives contract and any contract entered into by, or any grant made to, a family member of a director of a corporation (not being himself a director) shall be deemed to have been entered into by, made or exercised by or made to the director. A “family member” means a spouse, or a son, adopted son, step-son, daughter, adopted daughter or step-daughter below the age of 21 years.
Spain	Labor Law Acknowledgment This provision supplements the “Nature of Grant” section of this Appendix B: By accepting this PSU Award, you acknowledge that you understand and agree that you consent to participation in the Plan and that you have received a copy of the Plan. You understand that the Company, in its sole discretion, has unilaterally and gratuitously decided to distribute Awards under the Plan to individuals who may be employees of the Company or its subsidiaries, affiliates or JVs throughout the world. The decision is a limited decision that is entered into upon the express assumption and condition that any grant will not economically or otherwise bind the Company or any of its subsidiaries, affiliates or JVs over and above the specific terms of the Plan on an ongoing basis. Consequently, you understand that any PSU Award is given on the assumption and condition that it shall not become a part of any employment contract (either with the Company or any of its subsidiaries, affiliates or JVs) and shall not be considered a mandatory benefit, salary for any purposes (including severance compensation) or any other right whatsoever. Further, you understand and freely accept that there is no guarantee that any benefit whatsoever shall arise from any gratuitous and discretionary Award since the future value of the PSU Award and shares of Common Stock is unknown and unpredictable. In addition, you understand that the PSU Award would not be made to you but for the assumptions and conditions referred to above; thus, you acknowledge and freely accept that should any or all of the assumptions be mistaken or should any of the conditions not be met for any reason, then any PSU Award shall be null and void. You also understand and agree that, as a condition of the grant of the PSU Award, the termination of your employment for any reason (including the reasons listed below), the PSU Award will cease vesting immediately effective on the date you are no longer providing services to the Employer or the Company or any of its subsidiaries, affiliates or JVs (unless otherwise specifically provided in the Terms). In particular, you understand and agree that the PSU Award will be forfeited without entitlement to the underlying shares of Common Stock or to any amount as indemnification in the event of a termination of your employment as described in the Terms prior to expiration of the Award Period by reason of, including but not limited to, resignation, retirement, disciplinary dismissal adjudged to be with cause, disciplinary dismissal adjudged or recognized to be without good cause (i.e., subject to “despido improcednte”), individual or collective dismissal on objective grounds, whether adjudged or recognized to be with or without cause, material modification of the terms of employment under Article 41 of the Workers’ Statute, relocation under Article 40 of the Workers’ Statute, Article 50 of the Workers’ Statute, unilateral withdrawal by the Employer and under Article 10.3 of the Royal Decree 1382/1985. Securities Law Information No “offer of securities to the public,” as defined under Spanish law, has taken place or will take place in the Spanish territory in connection with the grant of the PSU Award. The Plan and the Terms have not been nor will they be registered with the Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores, and do not constitute a public offering prospectus.
Sweden	Authorization to Withhold The following provision supplements the “Tax Withholding” section of the Terms: Without limiting the Company’s and the Employer’s authority to satisfy their withholding obligations for Tax-Related Items as set forth in the “Tax Withholding” section of the Terms, in accepting the PSU Award, you authorize the Company and/or the Employer to withhold shares of Common Stock or to sell shares of Common Stock otherwise deliverable to you upon settlement to satisfy Tax-Related Items, regardless of whether the Company and/or the Employer have an obligation to withhold such Tax-Related Items.

Switzerland

Securities Law Information The offering of participation in the Plan is considered a private offering in Switzerland; therefore, it is not subject to registration in Switzerland. Neither this document nor any other materials relating to the Plan (i) constitute a prospectus according to articles 35 et seq. of the Swiss Federal Act on Financial Services (“FinSA”), (ii) may be publicly distributed nor otherwise made publicly available in Switzerland to any person other than an employee of the Company or Employer or (iii) has been or will be filed with, approved or supervised by any Swiss reviewing body according to article 51 FinSA or any Swiss regulatory authority, including the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority.

United Kingdom

Tax Acknowledgment You agree that you are liable for all Tax-Related Items and hereby covenant to pay all such Tax-Related Items, as and when requested by the Company or, if different, your Employer or by Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (“HRMC”) (or any other tax authority or any other relevant authority). You also agree to indemnify and keep indemnified the Company and, if different, your Employer against any Tax-Related Items that they are required to pay or withhold or have paid or will pay to HMRC (or any other tax authority or any other relevant authority) on your behalf. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if you are a director or executive officer of the Company (within the meaning of Section 13(k) of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended), the amount of any income tax not collected from or paid by you within ninety (90) days of the end of the U.K. tax year in which the event giving rise to the Tax-Related Items occurs may constitute a benefit to you on which additional income tax and National Insurance contributions may be payable. You understand that you will be responsible for reporting and paying any income tax due on this additional benefit directly to HMRC under the self-assessment regime and for paying to the Company and/or the Employer (as appropriate) the amount of any employee National Insurance contributions due on this additional benefit, which may also be recovered from you through any means set forth in the “Tax Withholding” section of the Terms.

EX-10.37

Exhibit 10.37

June 8, 2022

Chirfi Guindo

Dear Chirfi,

It is my pleasure to offer you a position with Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC (“MSD” or the “Company”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. (“Merck”), as its Chief Marketing Officer (the “Position”) on the terms and conditions set forth in this offer letter (“letter” or “offer letter”). We see ourselves as a company inspired to invent, and determined to discover, develop, and deliver medicines and vaccines that will improve the lives of more people in more places around the world.

Our ability to excel depends on the integrity, knowledge, imagination, skill, diversity and teamwork of people like you.  We strive to create an environment of mutual respect, encouragement and teamwork that enables our employees to achieve our mission.  As part of our global team, you'll have the opportunity to collaborate with talented and dedicated colleagues while developing and expanding your career.

Your offer of employment in the Position is subject to the approval of your appointment by the Board of Directors of Merck.  If approved, you will be a member of the Executive Team (formerly known as the “Executive Committee”), an Officer of Merck (as defined in Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) and will report to me (or my successor as Chief Executive Officer).  The Position will initially be based at our offices in Kenilworth, NJ. In 2023, with the move of our corporate headquarters, the Position will be based in Rahway, NJ. We have advised you not to alter your current employment status until all the contingencies have been satisfied.

Our offer includes the following:

Total Compensation

Base Salary:  You will be paid a gross annual salary of $700,000. This will be paid (bi-weekly) at a rate of approximately $26,923 per pay period. You will be eligible for consideration for a salary increase on an annual basis. Your base salary will be subject to applicable payroll deductions and withholdings.

Executive Incentive Plan (EIP): You will be eligible to participate in the Executive Incentive Plan (EIP) as it applies to similarly situated employees, subject to the terms of the plan. The target bonus for performance year 2022 for the Position is 80% of your annual base salary. The bonus is discretionary and the amount of the bonus, if any, will be determined based on Merck performance. To be eligible for an EIP award, you must be actively employed on or before October 1 and remain actively employed through December 31 of the plan year. Your EIP award, if any, will be pro-rated based on the time you were in an EIP-eligible position during that plan year. Bonuses, if any, for the current performance year will be paid in or about March of the following year.

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Long-Term Incentive (LTI) Program: You will be eligible for consideration for annual grants of stockbased incentives under the Incentive Stock Plan beginning in the annual cycle following the year you begin employment and, for as long as you remain employed, for each annual cycle thereafter. For Executive Team members, annual grants generally include a mix of non-qualified stock options and performance share units (PSUs), with the number and proportion of shares covered by such incentives determined by the Compensation and Management Development Committee of the Board of Directors of Merck (the "Committee"). The current annual grant value for the Position is $2,500,000, comprised of 70% PSUs and 30% non-qualified stock options. The exact number of shares granted will be determined based on the value of Merck stock on the date of grant. Currently, annual grants of Merck & Co., Inc. stock options vest in equal installments over three years and PSUs are subject to a 3-year performance period.

Distribution of shares in connection with PSUs and stock options is dependent on continued employment with Merck, MSD or one of Merck or MSD's subsidiaries ("Merck Entity"); additionally, the level of PSU payout is contingent on Merck performance. Please note that the value and terms and conditions of any future grants may change from time to time. The specific terms and conditions of your grant(s) will be provided to you shortly after the grant(s) are made.

You will be subject to our stock ownership guidelines. The guidelines are intended to reinforce our philosophy concerning "ownership" and, in a concrete way, quantify our expectations concerning ownership of Merck. The guidelines provide that you should acquire Merck stock, over time, equal in value to three times your annual base salary. Importantly, the LTI program - and retention of shares earned in connection therewith - is intended to facilitate the acquisition of shares. Also, there is no required time frame under which you will be required to achieve your stock ownership requirement, however, you will be subject to a 75% retention requirement until you achieve the required base salary multiple.

Sign-On Incentives

Sign-On Cash: You will receive a cash sign-on bonus in the aggregate amount of $530,000, less applicable payroll deductions and withholdings, payable within thirty days of your start date. Your right to retain the sign-on bonus is conditioned upon your continued employment with a Merck Entity for two years. By your signature below, you agree that, if prior to completing two years of employment, you voluntarily terminate your employment with a Merck Entity without Good Reason, as defined below, or if a Merck Entity terminates your employment for Cause, as defined below, you will reimburse the full amount of the sign-on bonus ("Repayment Obligation").  You further authorize the Company to withhold any and all monies otherwise owed to you, to the extent permitted by law, as payment against such Repayment Obligation.  In such case, such monies will be credited towards the Repayment Obligation, but will not relieve you of your obligation to pay the balance of any Repayment Obligation.

"Cause" as used in this offer letter means an act or omission by you, which constitutes: (i) a deliberate (and not justified and appropriate in the performance of your duties) or reckless disclosure of proprietary or other confidential information relating to a Merck Entity, its personnel, research or business; (ii) embezzlement, theft or other misappropriation of the assets of a Merck Entity; (iii) deliberate or reckless falsification of records or reports; (iv) deliberate bad faith or reckless action that causes actual or potential significant injury or loss to a Merck Entity and/or its and/or their employees; (v) insubordination (meaning the repeated refusal to carry out work assignments and/or direction); (vi) willful or repeated failure to perform assigned job duties; (vii) an illegal act on the property of a Merck Entity or in representing a Merck Entity; (viii) a material violation of a Company policy relating to the research, development, manufacturing, sales, or marketing of Company products or the overall goodwill or reputation of the Company; (ix) any action that would trigger the claw back provisions of any Bonus or Long-Term Incentive Plans applicable to you; or a (x) breach by you of your representations as set forth in this letter.

“Good Reason” is defined to include the following: a) a material reduction in base salary without your consent, unless such reduction is part of an across-the-board reduction affecting other Executive Team members in like proportions, b) your involuntary reassignment to any position other than a

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position on the Executive Team reporting to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer within the period beginning on date of hire and ending when the Sign-on Equity Grant has vested fully, or c) a material breach of this letter, provided that you deliver written notice of a claim of Good Reason to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer within thirty (30) days of the facts giving rise to such Good Reason, MSD fails to cure the circumstances giving rise to Good Reason within thirty (30) days of receiving such notice and you actually terminate employment within thirty (30) days after MSD’s failure to cure.

Sign-On Equity: You will receive sign-on equity incentives valued at $12,200,000, $2,500,000 in the form of Performance Share Units and $9,700,000 in the form of restricted stock units (RSUs). Merck & Co., Inc. RSU grants are currently scheduled to be made shortly after the release of company earnings each quarter. The date of your sign-on PSU and RSU grants will be the quarterly grant immediately following your start date (the next quarterly grant date is scheduled for August 2, 2022). Subject to its terms, this PSU grant is subject to a 3-year performance period and this RSU grant will vest one-third on each anniversary of the grant date. Both grants will be eligible for continued vesting as provided under the Severance section of this letter below. A summary of terms and conditions associated with this PSU and RSU grant will be provided to you shortly after the grants are made. Under current equity terms, should you die while actively employed, the terms of Merck’s PSU grants provide for vesting on the date the final award is determined and RSU grants provide for immediate vesting plus dividend equivalents accrued through your date of death. Should you become disabled and your employment is terminated as a result, the terms of Merck’s PSU grants provide for vesting on the date the final award is determined and RSU grants provide for continued vesting on the original vesting dates and dividend equivalents through such corresponding vesting dates.

Benefits

Health and Insurance Benefits Program: You will be eligible to participate in the Health and Insurance Benefits Program, which automatically provides you with basic life insurance and short-term disability coverage. It also allows you to choose from various options including medical, dental, vision, voluntary and dependent life insurance, long-term disability and flexible spending accounts. For most benefits, participation begins on your date of hire. The Benefits Service Center at Fidelity will mail a Benefits New Hire Package to you within 2 weeks of your hire date. This Package provides important information and instructions for enrolling in your benefits. You will have 30 days from the date Fidelity mails your benefits information to enroll. If you do not enroll by the date indicated in the Package, you automatically will be enrolled in medical coverage for you only in the Horizon BlueCross BlueShield PPO plan option (which includes prescription drug coverage), dental coverage for you only, company-provided basic life insurance and short-term and long-term disability coverage. If you enroll dependents under your medical coverage, you will receive an e-mail and/or letter from HMS Employer Solutions (an independent third-party vendor designated to conduct dependent eligibility verifications) requesting documentation to verify your dependent eligibility. Failure to respond or provide required documentation within the required timeframe will result in the removal of your dependent(s) from benefits coverage. In addition, your eligibility for retiree medical coverage will be determined based on Plan rules in effect, using your age and total years of service, at that time.

Pension Plan: You will be eligible to participate in the tax-qualified and non-qualified U.S. Pension Plan, which is a defined benefit pension plan that uses a cash balance formula to calculate your benefit. Your benefit is expressed as a notional account balance that grows with annual Pay Credits ranging from 4.5% to 10.0% of your total pay (based on age and service) and Interest Credits of 3% plus the annual rate of change in the Consumer Price Index (not less than 3.3%). In addition, your prior pension plan benefit will be restored and the value of your benefit will be determined based on Plan rules in effect, using your age and years of service at that time.

401(k)/Savings Plan: You will be eligible to participate in the U.S. Savings Plan (“Savings Plan”). Within 2 weeks following your date of hire, the Benefits Service Center at Fidelity will mail to you a separate enrollment package for the Savings Plan. You may contribute to the Savings Plan on a before-tax, Roth, and after-tax basis. The Savings Plan provides a 75% match of the first 6% of total pay (4.5%

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of total pay) that you contribute per pay period (subject to plan limits and IRS limits). If you do not make an active election within 60 days of your hire date, you automatically will be enrolled to contribute 6% base pay and 6% EIP on a before-tax basis, with an annual increase of 1% until you reach a contribution rate of 10%. To maximize the company match, you must contribute at least 6% of your base pay and 6% of your EIP.

Deferral Program: Beginning in 2023, you will be eligible to defer (1) a portion of your base salary and/or (2) all or part of your EIP bonus, if any. You will receive detailed information just prior to the annual enrollment period in December 2022. In addition, the company will contribute 4.5% of your eligible pay exceeding the Internal Revenue Code pay limit ($305,000 for 2022) to an account established on your behalf.

Financial Planning:  You will be eligible to participate in the executive financial planning program, which provides an annual cash allowance of $10,000 payable in December of each calendar year.  If your start date is on or before October 1 of this calendar year, you will be eligible to commence this benefit in the same calendar year. If you start after October 1, you will be eligible to commence the benefit in the subsequent calendar year.

Vacation and Paid Holiday Policy: You will be eligible for 30 vacation days per year in accordance with Company policy, as well as 12 company paid holidays and 4 year-end shutdown days between the Christmas and New Year’s Day holidays. The number of vacation days for which you are eligible in your first year of employment is dependent upon your date of hire.

Military Reservists: Merck is a Military Friendly Employer and we proudly offer a generous military leave policy for those that are eligible.

Workplace Accommodations: We support employees of all abilities. The Company’s Workplace EnABLEment program offers employees the resources they need to contribute at the highest level and to advance the business goals of the Company. If you need an accommodation, contact the Workplace Accommodation Team via email at workacc@merck.com or by phone at 1-866-675-4748.

Relocation:  You will be eligible for benefits under our Domestic Relocation Policy. As part of our standard domestic relocation benefits, MSD will pay or reimburse you for certain expenses in accordance with this Policy. A global mobility representative will be assigned to you and will be available to explain your specific benefits as well as address any questions you may have.

Severance: As an employee of MSD, you will be an employee at-will. This means that either you or MSD may terminate the employment relationship at any time for any lawful reason or for no reason. In order to accommodate any concerns you may have in joining MSD, MSD agrees that in the event MSD terminates your employment for a reason other than Cause (as defined above) or you terminate your employment for Good Reason (as defined above) prior to such time when all of your Sign-On Equity is fully vested, then you will be entitled to continue to vest in the Sign-On Equity granted to you (“Severance Benefit”); provided that your right to receive the Severance Benefit would be conditioned upon your signing and refraining from revoking a Severance Agreement in a format prescribed by MSD, which Agreement will contain a full release, non-solicitation, non-disclosure, non-disparagement and cooperation in litigation covenants and such other reasonable and customary terms as MSD provides. This Severance Benefit would be in addition to any other severance or separation pay that you may be entitled to under any applicable plan or policy of MSD or Merck.

Prior Service. For the avoidance of doubt, you will be credited for your prior service with the Company eligible in accordance with the terms and conditions on Company plans and policies as those plans and policies apply generally to other Company employees.

Change in Control

Merck has adopted a “Change in Control” (CIC) Program. The Merck CIC Program specifies the types of compensation and benefits-related protections to be provided to eligible Merck employees in the event of

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a change in control of Merck & Co., Inc. You will participate as an Executive Team member at the band level applicable under the program.

Right to Amend or Terminate Plans, Programs and Policies

The compensation and benefits described in this letter are provided under and subject to the terms and conditions of the applicable plans, programs and policies of MSD, Merck and/or the applicable Merck Entity.  Nothing in this letter in any way limits the right of Merck & Co., Inc. and/or a Merck Entity to amend or terminate those plans, programs or policies.

Section 409A

This offer letter shall be interpreted to comply with section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended and the regulations promulgated thereunder (“section 409A”) or an exemption thereto. Notwithstanding anything in this offer letter to the contrary, payments made pursuant to the offer letter may only be made in a manner and upon an event permitted by section 409A, and all payments to be paid to you upon termination of employment may only be made upon a “separation from service” as defined under section 409A. If section 409A applies to payments under this offer letter, this offer letter shall be administered in accordance with section 409A, including the six-month delay for “specified employees,” if applicable. Each payment under this offer letter, that is part of a series of installment payments, shall be treated as a separate payment for purposed of section 409A. In no event may you, directly or indirectly, designate the calendar year of any payment. You are solely responsible for any taxes under this offer letter and in no event will Merck have any liability with respect to any tax, interest or other penalty imposed under section 409A.

Except as otherwise expressly provided herein, to the extent any expense reimbursement or the provision of any in-kind benefit under this offer letter (or otherwise referenced herein) is determined to be subject to (and not exempt from) section 409A, the amount of any such expenses eligible for reimbursement, or the provision of any in-kind benefit, in one calendar year will not affect the expenses eligible for reimbursement or in-kind benefits to be provided in any other calendar year, in no event will any expenses be reimbursed after the last day of the calendar year following the calendar year in which you incurred such expenses, and in no event will any right to reimbursement or the provision of any in-kind benefit be subjected to liquidation or exchange for another benefit.

Representations

This offer is made to you based upon your representations that (i) your employment with Merck will not conflict with, or result in the breach of, or violation of, any other agreement, instrument, order, judgment or decree to which you are a party or by which you are bound, and (ii) you are not a party to or bound by any employment agreement, non-compete agreement or confidentiality agreement with any other person or entity that would restrict your employment with Merck and not provided to Merck for its independent review.

By your signature below, you affirm that these representations are true.

In addition to Board approval, this offer is contingent upon your successful completion of a pre-placement drug screen, satisfactory verification of your employment, education, criminal check, satisfactory references and background check results and, if applicable, proof of your eligibility to work in the United States. (A List of Acceptable Documents that establishes your eligibility to work in the U.S., which you are required to bring with you on your first day of work, will be forwarded to you upon your acceptance of the offer). Your employment with Merck is at-will (meaning that you and the Company remain free to end the employment relationship at any time, for any lawful reason, either with or without prior notice) and additionally will be subject to certain terms and conditions of employment, which have been provided to you with this offer. We advise you not to alter your current employment status until all of the contingencies have been satisfied.Nothing herein shall be construed as creating a contract for a specific duration between you and the Company.

Please call Steve Mizell upon receipt of this letter to acknowledge your acceptance of this offer and to begin your “on boarding” process for employment. Beth Perrone will be your initial point of contact

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throughout the on boarding process and will confirm your start date upon successful completion of the above contingencies.  In addition, please print, sign, scan and return this offer letter via email to Steve.

With your abilities and experience, I know you will be able to contribute to the Company and benefit from its growth. I believe this position offers an outstanding career opportunity and look forward to your acceptance.

Sincerely,

/s/ Robert Davis___________

Robert Davis

I accept the employment offer and its terms contained in this letter.

/s/ Chirfi Guindo June 9, 2022

Chirfi Guindo                Date

Chirfi Guindo

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EX-21

Exhibit 21 - MERCK & CO., INC. SUBSIDIARIES

changes as of 12/31/2022

    The following is a list of subsidiaries of the Company, doing business under the name stated.

Name	Country or State of Incorporation
7728026 Canada Inc.	Canada
Abmaxis Inc.	Delaware
Acceleron Pharma Inc.	Delaware
Afferent Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	Delaware
Agrident GmbH	Germany
Agro Verhen B.V.	Netherlands
Aleis Pty Ltd	Australia
Allflex Argentina S.A.	Argentina
Allflex Australia Pty. Ltd.	Australia
Allflex dan-mark ApS	Denmark
Allflex Europe Holdings 1 B.V.	Netherlands
Allflex Europe Holdings 2 B.V.	Netherlands
Allflex Europe Holdings 3 B.V.	Netherlands

1

Allflex Europe S.A.S.	France
Allflex Group Germany GmbH	Germany
Allflex Holdings 1 Inc.	Delaware
Allflex Holdings 2 Inc.	Delaware
Allflex Holdings 3 Inc.	Delaware
Allflex India Private Limited	India
Allflex International do Brasil Ltda.	Brazil
Allflex Maroc S.A.R.L.	Morocco
Allflex New Zealand Limited	New Zealand
Allflex Polska Spolka z ograniczona odpowiedzialnoscia	Poland
Allflex SCR Vostok	Belarus
Allflex Services S.A.R.L.	France
Allflex UK Group Limited	United Kingdom
Allflex USA, LLC	Delaware
Antelliq Finance, Inc.	Delaware
Antelliq Holdings France S.A.S	France
Antimicrobial Stewardship LLC	Delaware

2

ArQule, Inc.	Delaware
Beijing Allflex Plastic Products Co. Ltd	China
Beijing Protection Science & Technology Co., Ltd.	China
Biomark LLC	Idaho
BRC Ltd.	Bermuda
Burgwedel Biotech GmbH	Germany
Calporta Therapeutics, Inc.	Delaware
Cambridge Resonant Technologies Ltd	United Kingdom
Canji, Inc.	Delaware
cCam Biotherapeutics Ltd.	Israel
Cherokee Pharmaceuticals LLC	Delaware
Chevillot S.A.S.	France
Controladora MSD Mexicana Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada de Capital Variable	Mexico
Cooper Veterinary Products (Proprietary) Limited	South Africa
Corporation Allflex, Inc.	Canada
Cosmas B.V.	Netherlands
Cubist Pharmaceuticals LLC	Delaware

3

Dialstat Trading 91 Pty Ltd T/A Allflex SA	South Africa
Digital Angel S.A.	Argentina
Diosynth France S.A.S.	France
Diosynth Holding B.V.	Netherlands
Diosynth Produtos Farmo-quimicos Ltda.	Brazil
Drovers ID Pty Ltd	Australia
DSD Holding ApS	Denmark
Elastec S.R.L	Argentina
Essex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	Philippines
Essexfarm, S.A.	Ecuador
Farmacox - Companhia Farmaceutica, Lda	Portugal
Farmasix-Produtos Farmaceuticos, Lda	Portugal
Financiere MSD	France
Fontelabor-Produtos Farmaceuticos, Lda.	Portugal
Frosst Laboratories, Inc.	Delaware
Frosst Portuguesa - Produtos Farmaceuticos, Lda.	Portugal
Global Farm S.A.	Argentina

4

GlycoFi, Inc.	Delaware
Hangzhou MSD Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.1	China
Harrisvaccines LLC	Iowa
Hawk and Falcon L.L.C.	Delaware
Healthcare Services and Solutions, LLC	Delaware
Heptafarma Companhia Farmaceutica, Lda	Portugal
Hydrochemie GmbH	Germany
Idenix GmbH	Switzerland
IdentiGEN Canada Ltd.	Canada
IdentiGEN Deutschland GmbH	Germany
IdentiGEN Limited	Ireland
IdentiGEN North America Inc.	Delaware
IdentiGEN Switzerland AG	Switzerland
Immune Design Corp.	Delaware
International Indemnity Ltd.	Bermuda
Intervet (Ireland) Limited	Ireland
Intervet (Israel) Ltd.	Israel

5

Intervet (M) Sdn. Bhd.	Malaysia
Intervet (Proprietary) Limited	South Africa
Intervet (Thailand) Ltd.	Thailand
Intervet AB	Sweden
Intervet Agencies B.V.	Netherlands
Intervet Animal Health Taiwan Limited	China
Intervet Argentina S.A.	Argentina
Intervet Australia Pty Limited	Australia
Intervet Canada Corp.	Canada
Intervet Central America S. de R.L.	Panama
Intervet Deutschland GmbH	Germany
Intervet Ecuador S.A.	Ecuador
Intervet Egypt for Animal Health SAE	Egypt
Intervet GesmbH	Austria
Intervet Hellas A.E.	Greece
Intervet Holding B.V.	Netherlands
Intervet Holdings France SAS	France

6

Intervet Hungaria Értékesítő Kft	Hungary
Intervet Inc.	Delaware
Intervet India Pvt Limited	India
Intervet International B.V.	Netherlands
Intervet International GmbH	Germany
Intervet International Sarl	France
Intervet LLC	Russian Federation
Intervet Maroc S.A.	Morocco
Intervet Mexico S.A. de C.V.	Mexico
Intervet Middle East Limited	Cyprus
Intervet Nederland B.V.	Netherlands
Intervet Philippines, Inc.	Philippines
Intervet Productions S.A.	France
Intervet Productions S.r.l.	Italy
Intervet Romania SRL	Romania
Intervet S.A.	Peru
Intervet SAS	France

7

Intervet Schering-Plough Animal Health Pty. Ltd.	Australia
Intervet South Africa (Proprietary) Limited	South Africa
Intervet Sp. z.o.o.	Poland
Intervet UK Production Limited	United Kingdom
Intervet Venezolana S.A.	Venezuela
Intervet Veterinaria Chile Ltda	Chile
Intervet Veteriner Ilaclari Pazarlama ve Ticaret Ltd. Sirketi	Turkey
Intervet, s.r.o.	Czech Republic
Interveterinaria SA de CV	Mexico
IOmet Pharma Limited	United Kingdom
Laboratoires Merck Sharp & Dohme	France
Laboratorios Abello, S.A.	Spain
Laboratorios Quimico-Farmaceuticos Chibret, Lda	Portugal
Lemifar S. A.	Uruguay
Matsuken Yakuhin Kogyo K.K.1	Japan
Maya Tibbi Ürünler Ticaret Limited Sirketi	Turkey
MCM Vaccine B.V.1	Netherlands

8

Merck and Company LLC	Delaware
Merck Canada Inc.	Canada
Merck Capital Ventures, LLC1	Delaware
Merck Frosst Canada & Co.	Canada
Merck Frosst Company	Canada
Merck Global Health Innovation Fund, LLC	Delaware
Merck Global Health Innovation, Private Equity, LLC	Delaware
Merck HDAC Research, LLC	Delaware
Merck Holdings II Corp.	Delaware
Merck Holdings IV Corp.	Delaware
Merck Holdings LLC	Delaware
Merck International Holdings Corp.	Delaware
Merck Lumira Biosciences Fund L.P.1	Canada
Merck Registry Holdings, Inc.	New Jersey
Merck Research Investments LLC	Delaware
Merck Research Laboratories Massachusetts, LLC	Delaware
Merck Sharp & Dohme (Argentina) LLC	Delaware

9

Merck Sharp & Dohme (Asia) Limited	Hong Kong
Merck Sharp & Dohme (Australia) Pty. Limited	Australia
Merck Sharp & Dohme (Chile) Ltda.	Chile
Merck Sharp & Dohme (China) Limited	Hong Kong
Merck Sharp & Dohme (Enterprises) B.V.	Netherlands
Merck Sharp & Dohme (Europe) Inc.	Delaware
Merck Sharp & Dohme (Holdings) Pty Ltd	Australia
Merck Sharp & Dohme (I.A.) LLC	Delaware
Merck Sharp & Dohme (International) Limited	Bermuda
Merck Sharp & Dohme (Israel - 1996) Company Ltd.	Israel
Merck Sharp & Dohme (Malaysia) SDN. BHD.	Malaysia
Merck Sharp & Dohme (New Zealand) Limited	New Zealand
Merck Sharp & Dohme (Sweden) A.B.	Sweden
Merck Sharp & Dohme (Switzerland) GmbH	Switzerland
Merck Sharp & Dohme (UK) Limited	United Kingdom
Merck Sharp & Dohme Animal Health, S.L.	Spain
Merck Sharp & Dohme Asia Pacific Services Pte. Ltd.	Singapore

10

Merck Sharp & Dohme B.V.	Netherlands
Merck Sharp & Dohme BH d.o.o.	Bosnia
Merck Sharp & Dohme Bulgaria EOOD	Bulgaria
Merck Sharp & Dohme Colombia S.A.S.	Colombia
Merck Sharp & Dohme Comercializadora, S. de R.L. de C.V.	Mexico
Merck Sharp & Dohme Cyprus Limited	Cyprus
Merck Sharp & Dohme d.o.o.	Croatia
Merck Sharp & Dohme d.o.o. Belgrade	Serbia
Merck Sharp & Dohme de Espana SAU	Spain
Merck Sharp & Dohme Farmaceutica Ltda.	Brazil
Merck Sharp & Dohme Finance Europe Limited	United Kingdom
Merck Sharp & Dohme Gesellschaft m.b.H.	Austria
Merck Sharp & Dohme Holdings Corp.	Delaware
Merck Sharp & Dohme IDEA GmbH	Switzerland
Merck Sharp & Dohme inovativna zdravila d.o.o.	Slovenia
Merck Sharp & Dohme International Services B.V.	Netherlands
Merck Sharp & Dohme Ireland (Human Health) Ltd	Ireland

11

Merck Sharp & Dohme Latvija	Latvia
Merck Sharp & Dohme Limitada	Bolivia
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC	New Jersey
Merck Sharp & Dohme Manufacturing Unlimited Company	Ireland
Merck Sharp & Dohme OU	Estonia
Merck Sharp & Dohme Peru SRL	Peru
Merck Sharp & Dohme Pharmaceutical Industrial and Commercial Societe Anonyme	Greece
Merck Sharp & Dohme Research GmbH	Switzerland
Merck Sharp & Dohme Romania SRL	Romania
Merck Sharp & Dohme S.A.	Morocco
Merck Sharp & Dohme s.r.o.	Czech Republic
Merck Sharp & Dohme Salud Animal Colombia S.A.S.	Colombia
Merck Sharp & Dohme Saude Animal Ltda.	Brazil
Merck Sharp & Dohme Singapore Trading Pte. Ltd.	Singapore
Merck Sharp & Dohme Tunisie SARL	Tunisia
Merck Sharp & Dohme, Limitada	Portugal
Merck Sharp & Dohme, S. de R.L. de C.V.	Mexico

12

Merck Sharp & Dohme, s.r.o.	Slovakia
Merck Sharp Dohme Ilaclari Limited Sirketi	Turkey
Merck Teknika LLC	Delaware
Merko Acquisition S.A.	Belgium
Merko Dalton B.V.	Netherlands
Merko N.V.	Belgium
ML Holdings (Canada) Inc.	Canada
MRL San Francisco, LLC	Delaware
MRL Ventures Fund LLC	Delaware
MSD (I.A.) B.V.	Netherlands
MSD (L-SP) Unterstützungskasse GmbH	Germany
MSD (Ningbo) Animal Health Technology Co., Ltd.	China
MSD (Nippon Holdings) B.V.	Netherlands
MSD (Norge) AS	Norway
MSD (Proprietary) Limited	South Africa
MSD (Shanghai) Pharmaceuticals Consultancy Co., Ltd.	China
MSD (Thailand) Ltd.	Thailand

13

MSD Agencies B.V.	Netherlands
MSD Animal Health UK Limited	United Kingdom
MSD Animal Health (Phils.), Inc	Philippines
MSD Animal Health (Shanghai) Trading Co., Ltd.	China
MSD Animal Health A/S	Denmark
MSD Animal Health B.V.	Belgium
MSD Animal Health Danube Biotech GmbH	Austria
MSD Animal Health FZ-LLC	United Arab Emirates
MSD Animal Health GmbH	Switzerland
MSD Animal Health Holdings BV	Netherlands
MSD Animal Health Innovation AS	Norway
MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH	Germany
MSD Animal Health Innovation Pte. Ltd.	Singapore
MSD Animal Health Innovation SAS	France
MSD Animal Health K.K.	Japan
MSD Animal Health Korea Ltd.	Korea
MSD Animal Health Norge AS	Norway

14

MSD Animal Health Oy	Finland
MSD Animal Health Pension Trustee Limited	United Kingdom
MSD Animal Health S.r.l.	Italy
MSD Animal Health Vietnam Co. Limited	Vietnam
MSD Animal Health, Lda.	Portugal
MSD Argentina Holdings B.V.	Netherlands
MSD Argentina SRL	Argentina
MSD Asia Holdings Pte. Ltd.	Singapore
MSD Belgium BV – SRL	Belgium
MSD Biotech B.V.	Netherlands
MSD Brazil Investments B.V.	Netherlands
MSD Central America Services S. de R.L.	Panama
MSD China (Investments) B.V.	Netherlands
MSD China B.V.	Netherlands
MSD China Holding Co., Ltd.	China
MSD Cubist Holdings BV	Switzerland
MSD Cubist Holdings Unlimited Company	Ireland

15

MSD Czech Republic s.r.o.	Czech Republic
MSD Danmark ApS	Denmark
MSD Egypt LLC	Egypt
MSD EIC Unlimited Company	Ireland
MSD Eurofinance	Bermuda
MSD Europe Belgium BV	Belgium
MSD Farmaceutica C.A.	Venezuela
MSD FI BV	Netherlands
MSD Finance B.V.	Netherlands
MSD Finance Company	Bermuda
MSD Finland Oy	Finland
MSD France	France
MSD Global Holdings B.V.	Netherlands
MSD HH Vietnam Ltd	Vietnam
MSD Holdings 2 G.K.	Japan
MSD Human Health Holding B.V.	Netherlands
MSD Human Health Holding II B.V.	Netherlands

16

MSD IDEA Algerie SPA	Algeria
MSD IDEA Pharmaceuticals Nigeria Limited	Nigeria
MSD IDEA Tunisie SARL	Tunisia
MSD Innovation & Development GmbH	Switzerland
MSD International B.V.	Netherlands
MSD International Business GmbH	Switzerland
MSD International Finance B.V.	Netherlands
MSD International Finance LLC	Delaware
MSD International GmbH	Switzerland
MSD International Manufacturing GmbH	Switzerland
MSD Italia s.r.l.	Italy
MSD Japan Holdings B.V.	Netherlands
MSD Japan Holdings GK	Japan
MSD K.K.	Japan
MSD KSA GmbH	Switzerland
MSD Korea Co., Ltd.	Korea
MSD Laboratories India LLC	Delaware

17

MSD Latin America Services S. de R.L.	Panama
MSD Latin America Services S. de R.L. de C.V.	Mexico
MSD Limited	United Kingdom
MSD Luxembourg S.a.r.l.	Luxembourg
MSD Merck Sharp & Dohme AG	Switzerland
MSD NL 4 B.V.	Netherlands
MSD Panama International Services S. de R.L.	Panama
MSD Participations B.V.	Netherlands
MSD Pharma (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.	Singapore
MSD Pharma GmbH	Germany
MSD Pharma Hungary Korlatolt Felelossegu Tarsasag	Hungary
MSD Pharmaceuticals Investments 1 Unlimited Company	Ireland
MSD Pharmaceuticals Investments 3 Unlimited Company	Ireland
MSD Pharmaceuticals Ireland Unlimited Company	Ireland
MSD Pharmaceuticals LLC	Russian Federation
MSD Pharmaceuticals Private Limited	India
MSD Polska Dystrybucja Sp. z.o.o.	Poland

18

MSD Polska Sp.z.o.o.	Poland
MSD R&D (China) Co., Ltd.	China
MSD R&D Innovation Centre Limited	United Kingdom
MSD RDC Costa Rica Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada	Cost Rica
MSD Registry Holdings, Inc.	New Jersey
MSD Shared Business Services EMEA Limited	Ireland
MSD Sharp & Dohme Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung	Germany
MSD Switzerland Investments 1 Unlimited Company	Ireland
MSD Switzerland Investments 4 Unlimited Company	Ireland
MSD Switzerland Investments 5 Unlimited Company	Ireland
MSD Ukraine Limited Liability Company	Ukraine
MSD Unterstutzungskasse GmbH	Germany
MSD Vaccines Limited	United Kingdom
MSD Vaccins	France
MSD Vaccins Holdings	France
MSD Venezuela Holding GmbH	Switzerland
MSD Verwaltungs GmbH	Germany

19

MSD Vietnam Company Limited	Vietnam
MSD Vietnam Holdings B.V.	Netherlands
MSDIG Holdings Unlimited Company	Ireland
MSDRG LLC	Delaware
MSP Singapore Company, LLC	Delaware
MSP Vaccine Company1	Pennsylvania
Multilan AG	Switzerland
Nanjing Organon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.	China
Nihon MSD G.K.	Japan
Nourifarma - Produtos Quimicos e Farmaceuticos, Sociedade Uniperssoal, Lda	Portugal
O.PI.VI S.R.L.	Italy
OBS Holdings B.V.	Netherlands
Oncoethix GmbH	Switzerland
OncoImmune, Inc.	Delaware
Organon China B.V.	Netherlands
Organon Egypt Ltd	Egypt
Organon Latin America S.A.	Uruguay

20

Organon Middle East S.A.L.	Lebanon
OS ID AS	Norway
OS ID Hellas M.I.K.E	Greece
P.T. Merck Sharp & Dohme Indonesia	Indonesia
Pandion Therapeutics, Inc.	Delaware
Pandion Operations, Inc.	Delaware
Peloton Therapeutics, Inc.	Delaware
Polnet ID Spolka z ograniczona odpowiedzialnoscia	Poland
PrognostiX-Poultry Limited	United Kingdom
Prondil Sociedad Anónima	Uruguay
PT Intervet Indonesia	Indonesia
PT Organon Indonesia	Indonesia
Putexin Investments Limited	New Zealand
Rigontec GmbH	Germany
Rosetta Inpharmatics LLC	Delaware
S.C. Allflex Romania S.R.L.	Romania
S.C.R. (Engineers) Limited	Israel

21

Schering-Plough, S.A.S.	France
Schering-Plough (Ireland) Unlimited Company	Ireland
Schering-Plough Animal Health Limited	New Zealand
Schering-Plough Canada Inc.	Canada
Schering-Plough Corporation	Philippines
Schering-Plough Corporation, U.S.A.	Delaware
Schering-Plough del Peru S.A.	Peru
Schering-Plough Holdings Limited	United Kingdom
Schering-Plough S.A.	Panama
Schering-Plough S.A.	Paraguay
Schering-Plough S.A.	Spain
Schering-Plough S.A.	Uruguay
SCR Allflex Management, Ltd	Israel
Sentipharm AG	Switzerland
Servicios Veternarios Servet, Sociedad Anónima	Costa Rica
Shanghai MSD Pharmaceutical Trading Co., Ltd.	China
Siren Merger Sub Inc.	Delaware

22

Sistemas de Identificacao Animal Ltda	Brazil
SmartCells, Inc.	Delaware
SOL Limited	Bermuda
Stallmastaren AB	Sweden
SureFlap (NZ) Limited	New Zealand
SureFlap Limited	United Kingdom
Tag ID Investments, Inc.	Delaware
Themis Bio Holdings LLC	Delaware
Themis Bio Holdings B.V.	Netherlands
Themis BioScience GmbH	Austria
Theriak B.V.	Netherlands
Tilos Therapeutics, Inc.	Delaware
UAB Merck Sharp & Dohme	Lithuania
Vaki Aquaculture Systems ehf.	Iceland
VelosBio Inc.	Delaware
VelosBio Canada Inc.	Canada
Vence Corp	Delaware

23

Vence Corp AU Pty Ltd	Australia
Venco Farmaceutica S.A.	Venezuela
Venco Holding GmbH	Switzerland
Vet Pharma Friesoythe GmbH	Germany
Veterinaria Premium, Sociedad Anonima	Guatemala
VetInvent, LLC	Delaware
Vetrex B.V.	Netherlands
Vetrex Egypt L.L.C.	Egypt
Vilsan Veteriner Ilaclari Ticaret ve Sanayi Anonim Sirketi	Turkey
Viralytics Limited	Australia
Vocaltag Limited	Israel
Vree Health Italia S.r.l.	Italy
Werthenstein Biopharma GmbH	Switzerland
Zoöpharm B.V.	Netherlands

___________

1 own less than 100%

24

EX-23

Exhibit 23

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-3 (Nos. 333-254700 and 333-254703) and on Form S-8 (Nos. 333-173025, 333-173024, 333-162883, 333-162884, 333-162885, 333-162886, 333-121089, and 333-233226) of Merck & Co., Inc. of our report dated February 24, 2023 relating to the financial statements and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, which appears in this Form 10-K.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Florham Park, New Jersey

February 24, 2023

EX-24.1

Exhibit 24.1

POWER OF ATTORNEY

Each of the undersigned does hereby appoint JENNIFER ZACHARY as his/her true and lawful attorney to execute on behalf of the undersigned (whether on behalf of the Company, or as an officer or director thereof, or by attesting the seal of the Company, or otherwise) the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Merck & Co., Inc. for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including amendments thereto and all exhibits and other documents in connection therewith.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this instrument has been duly executed as of the 24th day of February 2023.

MERCK & CO., Inc.

/s/ Robert M. Davis	Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Robert M. Davis	(Principal Executive Officer; Director)
/s/ Caroline Litchfield	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Caroline Litchfield	(Principal Financial Officer)
/s/ Rita A. Karachun	Senior Vice President Finance—Global Controller
Rita A. Karachun	(Principal Accounting Officer)

DIRECTORS

/s/ Douglas M. Baker, Jr.	/s/ Paul B. Rothman
Douglas M. Baker, Jr.	Paul B. Rothman
/s/ Mary Ellen Coe	/s/ Patricia F. Russo
Mary Ellen Coe	Patricia F. Russo
/s/ Pamela J. Craig	/s/ Christine E. Seidman
Pamela J. Craig	Christine E. Seidman
/s/ Thomas H. Glocer	/s/ Inge G. Thulin
Thomas H. Glocer	Inge G. Thulin
/s/ Risa J. Lavizzo-Mourey	/s/ Kathy J. Warden
Risa J. Lavizzo-Mourey	Kathy J. Warden
/s/ Stephen L. Mayo	/s/ Peter C. Wendell
Stephen L. Mayo	Peter C. Wendell

EX-24.2

Exhibit 24.2

I, Kelly Grez, Corporate Secretary of Merck & Co., Inc. (the “Company”), a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of New Jersey, do hereby certify that the following is a true copy of a resolution adopted by unanimous written consent of the Board of Directors of the Company on February 24, 2023 in accordance with the provisions of the By-Laws of the Company:

“Special Resolution No. [13] – 2023

RESOLVED, that the proposed form of the Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, attached hereto, is hereby approved with such changes as the proper officers of the Company, with the advice of counsel, deem appropriate;

FURTHER RESOLVED, that each officer and director who may be required to execute the aforesaid Annual Report on Form 10-K or any amendments thereto (whether on behalf of the Company or as an officer or director thereof, or by attesting the seal of the Company, or otherwise) is hereby authorized to execute a power of attorney appointing Jennifer Zachary as his/her true and lawful attorney to execute in his/her name, place and stead (in any such capacity) such Annual Report on Form 10‑K and any and all amendments thereto and any and all exhibits and other documents necessary or incidental in connection therewith and to file the same with the Securities and Exchange Commission, the attorney to have power to act and to have full power and authority to do and perform in the name and on behalf of each of said officers and directors, or both, as the case may be, every act whatsoever necessary or advisable to be done in the premises as fully and to all intents and purposes as any such officer or director might or could do in person; and

FURTHER RESOLVED that an executed copy of the Action by Unanimous Written Consent be filed with the minutes of the meetings of the Board of Directors of the Company."

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto subscribed my signature and affixed the seal of the Company this 24th day of February 2023.

[Corporate Seal]	/s/ Kelly Grez
	Kelly Grez Corporate Secretary

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Robert M. Davis, certify that:

1.    I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Merck & Co., Inc.;

2.    Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.    Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.    The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)    Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)    Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)    Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)    Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.    The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)    All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)    Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: February 24, 2023

By:	/s/ Robert M. Davis
	ROBERT M. DAVIS Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, Caroline Litchfield, certify that:

1.    I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Merck & Co., Inc.;

2.    Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.    Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.    The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)    Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)    Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)    Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)    Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.    The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)    All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)    Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date:   February 24, 2023

By:	/s/ Caroline Litchfield
	CAROLINE LITCHFIELD Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

Section 1350

Certification of Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, the undersigned officer of Merck & Co., Inc. (the “Company”), hereby certifies that the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated: February 24, 2023	/s/ Robert M. Davis
	Name: ROBERT M. DAVIS
	Title: Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

Section 1350

Certification of Chief Financial Officer

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, the undersigned officer of Merck & Co., Inc. (the “Company”), hereby certifies that the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated: February 24, 2023	/s/ Caroline Litchfield
	Name: CAROLINE LITCHFIELD
	Title: Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer

XML

Cover Page - USD ($)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Jan. 31, 2023

Jun. 30, 2022

Document Information [Line Items]

Document Type

10-K

Document Annual Report

true

Document Period End Date

Dec. 31, 2022

Current Fiscal Year End Date

--12-31

Document Transition Report

false

Entity File Number

1-6571

Entity Registrant Name

Merck & Co., Inc.

Entity Address, Address Line One

126 East Lincoln Avenue

Entity Address, City or Town

Rahway

Entity Address, State or Province

NJ

Entity Address, Postal Zip Code

07065

City Area Code

908

Local Phone Number

740-4000

Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code

NJ

Entity Tax Identification Number

22-1918501

Title of 12(b) Security

Common Stock ($0.50 par value)

Trading Symbol

MRK

Security Exchange Name

NYSE

Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding

2,538,592,467

Entity Public Float

$ 230,820,000,000

Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer

Yes

Entity Voluntary Filers

No

Entity Current Reporting Status

Yes

Entity Interactive Data Current

Yes

Entity Filer Category

Large Accelerated Filer

Entity Small Business

false

Entity Emerging Growth Company

false

ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag

true

Entity Shell Company

false

Amendment Flag

false

Document Fiscal Year Focus

2022

Document Fiscal Period Focus

FY

Entity Central Index Key

0000310158

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 23, 2023, to be filed with the

Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year covered by this report

0.500% Notes due 2024

Document Information [Line Items]

Title of 12(b) Security

0.500% Notes due 2024

Trading Symbol

MRK 24

Security Exchange Name

NYSE

1.875% Notes due 2026

Document Information [Line Items]

Title of 12(b) Security

1.875% Notes due 2026

Trading Symbol

MRK/26

Security Exchange Name

NYSE

2.500% Notes due 2034

Document Information [Line Items]

Title of 12(b) Security

2.500% Notes due 2034

Trading Symbol

MRK/34

Security Exchange Name

NYSE

1.375% Notes due 2036

Document Information [Line Items]

Title of 12(b) Security

1.375% Notes due 2036

Trading Symbol

MRK 36A

Security Exchange Name

NYSE

XML

Audit Information	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Audit Information [Abstract]
Auditor Name	PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Auditor Location	Florham Park, New Jersey
Auditor Firm ID	238

XML

Consolidated Statement of Income - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Income Statement [Abstract]
Sales	$ 59,283	$ 48,704	$ 41,518
Costs, Expenses and Other
Cost of sales	17,411	13,626	13,618
Selling, general and administrative	10,042	9,634	8,955
Research and development	13,548	12,245	13,397
Restructuring costs	337	661	575
Other (income) expense, net	1,501	(1,341)	(890)
Total costs, expenses and other	42,839	34,825	35,655
Income from Continuing Operations Before Taxes	16,444	13,879	5,863
Taxes on Income from Continuing Operations	1,918	1,521	1,340
Net Income from Continuing Operations	14,526	12,358	4,523
Less: Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests	7	13	4
Net Income from Continuing Operations Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	14,519	12,345	4,519
Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests	0	704	2,548
Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	$ 14,519	$ 13,049	$ 7,067
Basic Earnings per Common Share Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders
Income from Continuing Operations (in dollars per share)	$ 5.73	$ 4.88	$ 1.79
Income from Discontinued Operations (in dollars per share)	0	0.28	1.01
Net Income (in dollars per share)	5.73	5.16	2.79
Earnings per Common Share Assuming Dilution Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders
Income from Continuing Operations (in dollars per share)	5.71	4.86	1.78
Income from Discontinued Operations (in dollars per share)	0	0.28	1.00
Net Income (in dollars per share)	$ 5.71	$ 5.14	$ 2.78

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Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	$ 14,519	$ 13,049	$ 7,067
Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income Net of Taxes:
Net unrealized (loss) gain on derivatives, net of reclassifications	(71)	410	(297)
Net unrealized loss on investments, net of reclassifications	0	0	(18)
Benefit plan net gain (loss) and prior service credit (cost), net of amortization	335	1,769	(279)
Cumulative translation adjustment	(603)	(423)	153
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	(339)	1,756	(441)
Comprehensive Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	$ 14,180	$ 14,805	$ 6,626

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Consolidated Balance Sheet - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 12,694	$ 8,096
Short-term investments	498	0
Accounts receivable (net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $72 in 2022 and $62 in 2021)	9,450	9,230
Inventories (excludes inventories of $2,938 in 2022 and $2,194 in 2021 classified in Other assets - see Note 8)	5,911	5,953
Other current assets	7,169	6,987
Total current assets	35,722	30,266
Investments	1,015	370
Property, Plant and Equipment (at cost)
Land	295	326
Buildings	13,166	12,529
Machinery, equipment and office furnishings	16,760	16,303
Construction in progress	9,186	8,313
Property, plant and equipment (at cost)	39,407	37,471
Less: accumulated depreciation	17,985	18,192
Property, plant and equipment, net	21,422	19,279
Goodwill	21,204	21,264
Other Intangibles, Net	20,269	22,933
Other Assets	9,528	11,582
Total Assets	109,160	105,694
Current Liabilities
Loans payable and current portion of long-term debt	1,946	2,412
Trade accounts payable	4,264	4,609
Accrued and other current liabilities	14,159	13,859
Income taxes payable	1,986	1,224
Dividends payable	1,884	1,768
Total current liabilities	24,239	23,872
Long-Term Debt	28,745	30,690
Deferred Income Taxes	1,795	3,441
Other Noncurrent Liabilities	8,323	9,434
Merck & Co., Inc. Stockholders’ Equity
Common stock, $0.50 par value Authorized - 6,500,000,000 shares Issued - 3,577,103,522 shares in 2022 and 2021	1,788	1,788
Other paid-in capital	44,379	44,238
Retained earnings	61,081	53,696
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(4,768)	(4,429)
Stockholders' equity before deduction for treasury stock	102,480	95,293
Less treasury stock, at cost: 1,039,269,638 shares in 2022 and 1,049,499,023 shares in 2021	56,489	57,109
Total Merck & Co., Inc. stockholders’ equity	45,991	38,184
Noncontrolling Interests	67	73
Total equity	46,058	38,257
Total Liabilities and Equity	$ 109,160	$ 105,694

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Consolidated Balance Sheet (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$ 72	$ 62
Inventory classified in Other assets	$ 2,938	$ 2,194
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.50	$ 0.50
Common stock, authorized (in shares)	6,500,000,000	6,500,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	3,577,103,522	3,577,103,522
Treasury stock, shares (in shares)	1,039,269,638	1,049,499,023

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Consolidated Statement of Equity - USD ($) $ in Millions	Total	Common Stock	Other Paid-In Capital	Retained Earnings	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss	Treasury Stock	Non- controlling Interests
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2019	$ 26,001	$ 1,788	$ 39,660	$ 46,602	$ (6,193)	$ (55,950)	$ 94
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	7,067			7,067
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	(441)				(441)
Cash dividends declared on common stock	(6,307)			(6,307)
Treasury stock shares purchased	(1,281)					(1,281)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	15						15
Distributions attributable to noncontrolling interests	(22)						(22)
Share-based compensation plans and other	372		(72)			444
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2020	25,404	1,788	39,588	47,362	(6,634)	(56,787)	87
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	13,049			13,049
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	1,756				1,756
Cash dividends declared on common stock	(6,715)			(6,715)
Treasury stock shares purchased	(840)					(840)
Spin-off of Organon & Co.	5,091		4,643		449		(1)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	16						16
Distributions attributable to noncontrolling interests	(29)						(29)
Share-based compensation plans and other	525		7			518
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2021	38,257	1,788	44,238	53,696	(4,429)	(57,109)	73
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	14,519			14,519
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	(339)				(339)
Cash dividends declared on common stock	(7,134)			(7,134)
Spin-off of Organon & Co.					449
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	7						7
Distributions attributable to noncontrolling interests	(13)						(13)
Share-based compensation plans and other	761		141			620
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 46,058	$ 1,788	$ 44,379	$ 61,081	$ (4,768)	$ (56,489)	$ 67

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Consolidated Statement of Equity (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Statement of Stockholders' Equity [Abstract]
Common stock, dividends declared (in dollars per share)	$ 2.80	$ 2.64	$ 2.48

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Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Cash Flows from Operating Activities of Continuing Operations
Net income from continuing operations	$ 14,526	$ 12,358	$ 4,523
Adjustments to reconcile net income from continuing operations to net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations:
Amortization	2,085	1,636	1,817
Depreciation	1,824	1,578	1,669
Intangible asset impairment charges	1,749	302	1,718
Loss (income) from investments in equity securities, net	1,419	(1,940)	(1,338)
Charge for the acquisition of Pandion Therapeutics, Inc.	0	1,556	0
Charge for the acquisition of VelosBio Inc.	0	0	2,660
Deferred income taxes	(1,568)	187	(566)
Share-based compensation	541	479	441
Other	1,301	805	1,294
Net changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(644)	(2,033)	(1,002)
Inventories	(161)	(674)	(895)
Trade accounts payable	(289)	405	684
Accrued and other current liabilities	(50)	277	(1,152)
Income taxes payable	380	(540)	814
Noncurrent liabilities	(545)	484	(617)
Other	(1,473)	(1,758)	(2,433)
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities of Continuing Operations	19,095	13,122	7,617
Cash Flows from Investing Activities of Continuing Operations
Capital expenditures	(4,388)	(4,448)	(4,429)
Purchase of Seagen Inc. common stock	0	0	(1,000)
Purchases of securities and other investments	(1,204)	(1)	(95)
Proceeds from sales of securities and other investments	721	1,026	2,812
Acquisition of Acceleron Pharma Inc., net of cash acquired	0	(11,174)	0
Acquisition of Pandion Therapeutics, Inc., net of cash acquired	0	(1,554)	0
Acquisition of VelosBio Inc., net of cash acquired	0	0	(2,696)
Acquisition of ArQule, Inc., net of cash acquired	0	0	(2,545)
Other acquisitions, net of cash acquired	(121)	(179)	(1,365)
Other	32	(91)	125
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities of Continuing Operations	(4,960)	(16,421)	(9,193)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities of Continuing Operations
Net change in short-term borrowings	0	(3,986)	2,549
Payments on debt	(2,251)	(2,319)	(1,957)
Proceeds from issuance of debt	0	7,936	4,419
Distribution from Organon & Co.	0	9,000	0
Purchases of treasury stock	0	(840)	(1,281)
Dividends paid to stockholders	(7,012)	(6,610)	(6,215)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	384	202	89
Other	(240)	(286)	(436)
Net Cash (Used in) Provided by Financing Activities of Continuing Operations	(9,119)	3,097	(2,832)
Cash Flows from Discontinued Operations
Net cash provided by operating activities	0	987	2,636
Net cash used in investing activities	0	(134)	(250)
Net cash used in financing activities	0	(504)	0
Net Cash Flows Provided by Discontinued Operations	0	349	2,386
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash	(410)	(133)	253
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash	4,606	14	(1,769)
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at Beginning of Year (includes $71, $103 and $258 of restricted cash at January 1, 2022, 2021 and 2020 included in Other current assets)	8,167	8,153	9,934
Less: Cash and cash equivalents related to discontinued operations	0	0	12
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at End of Year (includes $79, $71 and $103 of restricted cash at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 included in Other current assets)	$ 12,773	$ 8,167	$ 8,153

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Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Statement of Cash Flows [Abstract]
Restricted cash	$ 79	$ 71	$ 103	$ 258

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Nature of Operations

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Nature of Operations

Nature of Operations

Merck & Co., Inc. (Merck or the Company) is a global health care company that delivers innovative health solutions through its prescription medicines, including biologic therapies, vaccines and animal health products. The Company’s operations are principally managed on a product basis and include two operating segments, Pharmaceutical and Animal Health, both of which are reportable segments.

The Pharmaceutical segment includes human health pharmaceutical and vaccine products. Human health pharmaceutical products consist of therapeutic and preventive agents, generally sold by prescription, for the treatment of human disorders. The Company sells these human health pharmaceutical products primarily to drug wholesalers and retailers, hospitals, government agencies and managed health care providers such as health maintenance organizations, pharmacy benefit managers and other institutions. Human health vaccine products consist of preventive pediatric, adolescent and adult vaccines. The Company sells these human health vaccines primarily to physicians, wholesalers, physician distributors and government entities.

The Animal Health segment discovers, develops, manufactures and markets a wide range of veterinary pharmaceutical and vaccine products, as well as health management solutions and services, for the prevention, treatment and control of disease in all major livestock and companion animal species. The Company also offers an extensive suite of digitally connected identification, traceability and monitoring products. The Company sells its products to veterinarians, distributors, animal producers, farmers and pet owners.

Spin-Off of Organon & Co.

On June 2, 2021, Merck completed the spin-off of products from its women’s health, biosimilars and established brands businesses into a new, independent, publicly traded company named Organon & Co. (Organon) through a distribution of Organon’s publicly traded stock to Company shareholders. The distribution is expected to qualify and has been treated as tax-free to the Company and its shareholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The established brands included in the transaction consisted of dermatology, non-opioid pain management, respiratory, select cardiovascular products, as well as the rest of Merck’s diversified brands franchise. Merck’s existing research pipeline programs continue to be owned and developed within Merck as planned. The historical results of the businesses that were contributed to Organon in the spin-off have been reflected as discontinued operations in the Company’s consolidated financial statements through the date of the spin-off (see Note 3).

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Summary of Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Accounting Policies

Summary of Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation — The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all of its subsidiaries in which a controlling interest is maintained. Intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated. Controlling interest is determined by majority ownership interest and the absence of substantive third-party participating rights or, in the case of variable interest entities, by majority exposure to expected losses, residual returns or both. For those consolidated subsidiaries where Merck ownership is less than 100%, the outside shareholders’ interests are shown as Noncontrolling interests in equity. Investments in affiliates over which the Company has significant influence but not a controlling interest, such as interests in entities owned equally by the Company and a third party that are under shared control, are carried on the equity basis.

Acquisitions — In a business combination, the acquisition method of accounting requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recorded as of the date of the acquisition at their respective fair values with limited exceptions. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination that arise from contingencies are generally recognized at fair value. If fair value cannot be determined, the asset or liability is recognized if probable and reasonably estimable; if these criteria are not met, no asset or liability is recognized. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Accordingly, the Company may be required to value assets at fair value measures that do not reflect the Company’s intended use of those assets. Any excess of the purchase price (consideration transferred) over the estimated fair values of net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Transaction costs and costs to restructure the acquired company are expensed as incurred. The operating results of the acquired business are reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements after the date of the acquisition. If the Company determines the assets acquired do not meet the definition of a business under the acquisition method of accounting, the transaction will be accounted for as an acquisition of assets rather than a business combination and, therefore, no

goodwill will be recorded. In an asset acquisition, acquired in-process research and development (IPR&D) with no alternative future use is charged to expense and contingent consideration is not recognized at the acquisition date.

Foreign Currency Translation — The net assets of international subsidiaries where the local currencies have been determined to be the functional currencies are translated into U.S. dollars using current exchange rates and results of operations are translated at average exchange rates. The U.S. dollar effects that arise from translating the net assets of these subsidiaries at changing rates are recorded in Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) and remain in Accumulated other comprehensive loss (AOCL) until either the sale or complete or substantially complete liquidation of the subsidiary. For those subsidiaries that operate in highly inflationary economies and for those subsidiaries where the U.S. dollar has been determined to be the functional currency, non-monetary foreign currency assets and liabilities are translated using historical rates, while monetary assets and liabilities are translated at current rates, with the U.S. dollar effects of rate changes included in Other (income) expense, net.

Cash Equivalents — Cash equivalents are comprised of certain highly liquid investments with original maturities of less than three months.

Inventories — Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of a substantial majority of U.S. human health inventories is determined using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method for both financial reporting and tax purposes. The cost of all other inventories is determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. Inventories consist of currently marketed products, as well as certain inventories produced in preparation for product launches that are considered by the Company to be probable of obtaining regulatory approval. In evaluating the recoverability of inventories produced in preparation for product launches, the Company considers the likelihood that revenue will be obtained from the future sale of the related inventory together with the status of the product within the regulatory approval process.

Investments — Investments in marketable debt securities classified as available-for-sale are reported at fair value. Fair values of the Company’s investments in marketable debt securities are determined using quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or quoted prices for similar assets or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Changes in fair value that are not impairment related are reported net of taxes in OCI. The Company considers available evidence in evaluating potential impairments of its investments in marketable debt securities, including the extent to which fair value is less than cost, whether an allowance for credit loss is required, as well as adverse factors that could affect the value of the securities. An impairment has occurred if the Company does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the marketable debt security. If the Company does not intend to sell the impaired debt security, and it is not more likely than not it will be required to sell the debt security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis, the amount of the impairment recognized in earnings, recorded in Other (income) expense, net is limited to the portion attributed to credit loss. The remaining portion of the impairment related to other factors is recognized in OCI. Realized gains and losses for debt securities are included in Other (income) expense, net.

Investments in publicly traded equity securities are reported at fair value determined using quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or quoted prices for similar assets or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. Changes in fair value are included in Other (income) expense, net. Unrealized gains and losses from investments that are directly owned are determined at the end of the reporting period. Gains and losses from ownership interests in investment funds, which are accounted for as equity method investments, are reported on a one quarter lag. Investments in equity securities without readily determinable fair values are recorded at cost, plus or minus subsequent observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments, minus impairments. Such adjustments are recognized in Other (income) expense, net. Realized gains and losses for equity securities are included in Other (income) expense, net.

Revenue Recognition — Recognition of revenue requires evidence of a contract, probable collection of sales proceeds and completion of substantially all performance obligations. Merck acts as the principal in substantially all of its customer arrangements and therefore records revenue on a gross basis. The majority of the Company’s contracts related to the Pharmaceutical and Animal Health segments have a single performance obligation - the promise to transfer goods. Shipping is considered immaterial in the context of the overall customer arrangement and damages or loss of goods in transit are rare. Therefore, shipping is not deemed a separately recognized performance obligation.

The vast majority of revenues from sales of products are recognized at a point in time when control of the goods is transferred to the customer, which the Company has determined is when title and risks and rewards of ownership transfer to the customer and the Company is entitled to payment. The Company recognizes revenue from the sales of vaccines to the Federal government for placement into vaccine stockpiles in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Interpretation, Commission Guidance Regarding Accounting for Sales of Vaccines

and BioTerror Countermeasures to the Federal Government for Placement into the Pediatric Vaccine Stockpile or the Strategic National Stockpile. This interpretation allows companies to recognize revenue for sales of vaccines into U.S. government stockpiles even though these sales might not meet the criteria for revenue recognition under other accounting guidance. Some customers have bill-and-hold arrangements with the Company. Revenue for bill-and-hold arrangements is recognized when control transfers to the customer even though the customer does not yet have physical possession of the goods. Control transfers when the bill-and-hold arrangement has been requested by the customer, the product is identified as belonging to the customer and is ready for physical transfer, the product cannot be directed for use by anyone but the customer and, in certain circumstances, the customer has inspected and accepted the product at the Company’s facility. For certain services in the Animal Health segment, revenue is recognized over time, generally ratably over the contract term as services are provided. These service revenues are not material.

The nature of the Company’s business gives rise to several types of variable consideration including discounts and returns, which are estimated at the time of sale generally using the expected value method, although the most likely amount method is used for prompt pay discounts.

In the U.S., sales discounts are issued to customers at the point-of-sale, through an intermediary wholesaler (known as chargebacks), or in the form of rebates. Additionally, sales are generally made with a limited right of return under certain conditions. Revenues are recorded net of provisions for sales discounts and returns, which are established at the time of sale. In addition, if collection of accounts receivable is expected to be in excess of one year, sales are recorded net of time value of money discounts, which have not been material.

The U.S. provision for aggregate customer discounts covering chargebacks and rebates was $12.3 billion in 2022, $12.3 billion in 2021 and $11.4 billion in 2020. Chargebacks are discounts that occur when a contracted customer purchases through an intermediary wholesaler. The contracted customer generally purchases product from the wholesaler at its contracted price plus a mark-up. The wholesaler, in turn, charges the Company back for the difference between the price initially paid by the wholesaler and the contract price paid to the wholesaler by the customer. The provision for chargebacks is based on expected sell-through levels by the Company’s wholesale customers to contracted customers, as well as estimated wholesaler inventory levels. Rebates are amounts owed based upon definitive contractual agreements or legal requirements with private sector and public sector (Medicaid and Medicare Part D) benefit providers after the final dispensing of the product to a benefit plan participant. The provision for rebates is based on expected patient usage, as well as inventory levels in the distribution channel to determine the contractual obligation to the benefit providers. The Company uses historical customer segment utilization mix, sales forecasts, changes to product mix and price, inventory levels in the distribution channel, government pricing calculations and prior payment history in order to estimate the expected provision. Amounts accrued for aggregate customer discounts are evaluated on a quarterly basis through comparison of information provided by the wholesalers, health maintenance organizations, pharmacy benefit managers, federal and state agencies, and other customers to the amounts accrued. The accrued balances relative to the provisions for chargebacks and rebates included in Accounts receivable and Accrued and other current liabilities were $178 million and $2.7 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2022 and were $207 million and $2.6 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2021.

Outside of the U.S., variable consideration in the form of discounts and rebates are a combination of commercially-driven discounts in highly competitive product classes, discounts required to gain or maintain reimbursement, or legislatively mandated rebates. In certain European countries, legislatively mandated rebates are calculated based on an estimate of the government’s total unbudgeted spending and the Company’s specific payback obligation. Rebates may also be required based on specific product sales thresholds. The Company applies an estimated factor against its actual invoiced sales to represent the expected level of future discount or rebate obligations associated with the sale.

The Company maintains a returns policy that allows its U.S. pharmaceutical customers to return product within a specified period prior to and subsequent to the expiration date (generally, three to six months before and 12 months after product expiration). The estimate of the provision for returns is based upon historical experience with actual returns. Additionally, the Company considers factors such as levels of inventory in the distribution channel, product dating and expiration period, whether products have been discontinued, entrance in the market of generic or other competition, changes in formularies or launch of over-the-counter products, among others. Outside of the U.S., returns are only allowed in certain countries on a limited basis.

Merck’s payment terms for U.S. pharmaceutical customers are typically 36 days from receipt of invoice and for U.S. animal health customers are typically 30 days from receipt of invoice; however, certain products, including Keytruda, have longer payment terms, some of which are up to 90 days. Outside of the U.S., payment terms are typically 30 days to 90 days, although certain markets have longer payment terms.

See Note 19 for disaggregated revenue disclosures.

Depreciation — Depreciation is provided over the estimated useful lives of the assets, principally using the straight-line method. For tax purposes, accelerated tax methods are used. The estimated useful lives primarily range from 25 to 40 years for Buildings, and from 3 to 15 years for Machinery, equipment and office furnishings. Depreciation expense was $1.8 billion in 2022, $1.6 billion in 2021 and $1.7 billion in 2020.

Advertising and Promotion Costs — Advertising and promotion costs are expensed as incurred. The Company recorded advertising and promotion expenses of $2.2 billion in 2022, $2.0 billion in 2021 and $1.8 billion in 2020.

Software Capitalization — The Company capitalizes certain costs incurred in connection with obtaining or developing internal-use software including external direct costs of material and services, and payroll costs for employees directly involved with the software development. These costs are included in Property, plant and equipment. In addition, the Company capitalizes certain costs incurred to implement a cloud computing arrangement that is considered a service agreement, which are included in Other Assets. Capitalized software costs are being amortized over periods ranging from 3 to 10 years, with the longer lives generally associated with enterprise-wide projects implemented over multiple years. Costs incurred during the preliminary project stage and post-implementation stage, as well as maintenance and training costs, are expensed as incurred.

Goodwill — Goodwill represents the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of net assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill is assigned to reporting units and evaluated for impairment on at least an annual basis, or more frequently if impairment indicators exist, by first assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the Company concludes it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, a quantitative fair value test is performed. If the carrying value of a reporting unit is greater than its fair value, a goodwill impairment charge will be recorded for the difference (up to the carrying value of goodwill).

Acquired Intangibles — Intangibles acquired in a business combination include products and product rights, trade names and patents, licenses and other, which are initially recorded at fair value, assigned an estimated useful life, and amortized primarily on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives ranging from 2 to 24 years. The Company periodically evaluates whether current facts or circumstances indicate that the carrying values of its acquired intangibles may not be recoverable. If such circumstances are determined to exist, an estimate of the undiscounted future cash flows of these assets, or appropriate asset groupings, is compared to the carrying value to determine whether an impairment exists. If the asset is determined to be impaired, the loss is measured based on the difference between the carrying value of the intangible asset and its fair value, which is determined based on the net present value of estimated future cash flows.

Acquired In-Process Research and Development — IPR&D that the Company acquires in conjunction with the acquisition of a business represents the fair value assigned to incomplete research projects which, at the time of acquisition, have not reached technological feasibility. The amounts are capitalized and are accounted for as indefinite-lived intangible assets, subject to impairment testing until completion or abandonment of the projects. Upon successful completion of each IPR&D project, Merck will make a determination as to the then-useful life of the intangible asset, generally determined by the period in which the substantial majority of the cash flows are expected to be generated, and begin amortization. The Company evaluates IPR&D for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if impairment indicators exist, by performing a quantitative test that compares the fair value of the IPR&D intangible asset with its carrying value. If the fair value is less than the carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized in operating results.

Contingent Consideration — Certain of the Company’s acquisitions involve the potential for future payment of consideration that is contingent upon the achievement of performance milestones, including product development milestones and royalty payments on future product sales. If the transaction is accounted for as a business combination, the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities is determined at the acquisition date using unobservable inputs. These inputs include the estimated amount and timing of projected cash flows, the probability of success (achievement of the contingent event) and the risk-adjusted discount rate used to present value the probability-weighted cash flows. Subsequent to the acquisition date, at each reporting period until the contingency is resolved, the contingent consideration liability is remeasured at current fair value with changes (either expense or income) recorded in earnings. Significant events that increase or decrease the probability of achieving development and regulatory milestones or that increase or decrease projected cash flows will result in corresponding increases or decreases in the fair values of the related contingent consideration obligations.

Research and Development — Research and development is expensed as incurred. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are

expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received rather than when the payment is made. Research and development expenses include restructuring costs and IPR&D impairment charges. In addition, research and development expenses include expense or income related to changes in the estimated fair value measurement of liabilities for contingent consideration associated with IPR&D assets. Research and development expenses also include upfront and milestone payments related to asset acquisitions and licensing transactions involving clinical development programs that have not yet received regulatory approval.

Collaborative Arrangements — Merck has entered into collaborative arrangements that provide the Company with varying rights to develop, produce and market products together with its collaborative partners. When Merck is the principal on sales transactions with third parties, the Company recognizes sales, cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses on a gross basis. Profit sharing amounts it pays to its collaborative partners are recorded within Cost of sales. When the collaborative partner is the principal on sales transactions with third parties, the Company records profit sharing amounts received from its collaborative partners as alliance revenue (within Sales). Alliance revenue is recorded net of cost of sales and includes an adjustment to share commercialization costs between the partners in accordance with the collaboration agreement. The adjustment is determined by comparing the commercialization costs Merck has incurred directly and reported within Selling, general and administrative expenses with the costs the collaborative partner has incurred. Research and development costs Merck incurs related to collaborations are recorded within Research and development expenses. Cost reimbursements to the collaborative partner or payments received from the collaborative partner to share these costs pursuant to the terms of the collaboration agreements are recorded as increases or decreases to Research and development expenses.

In addition, the terms of the collaboration agreements may require the Company to make payments based upon the achievement of certain developmental, regulatory approval or commercial milestones. Upfront and milestone payments payable by Merck to collaborative partners prior to regulatory approval are expensed as incurred and included in Research and development expenses. Payments due to collaborative partners upon or subsequent to regulatory approval are capitalized and amortized to Cost of sales over the estimated useful life of the corresponding intangible asset provided that future cash flows support the amounts capitalized. Sales-based milestones payable by Merck to collaborative partners are accrued and capitalized, subject to cumulative amortization catch-up, when determined to be probable of being achieved by the Company. The amortization catch-up is calculated either from the time of the first regulatory approval for indications that were unapproved at the time the collaboration was formed, or from time of the formation of the collaboration for approved products. The related intangible asset that is recognized is amortized to Cost of sales over its remaining useful life, subject to impairment testing.

Share-Based Compensation — The Company expenses all share-based payments to employees over the requisite service period based on the grant-date fair value of the awards.

Restructuring Costs — The Company records liabilities for costs associated with exit or disposal activities in the period in which the liability is incurred. In accordance with existing benefit arrangements, future employee termination costs to be incurred in conjunction with involuntary separations are accrued when such separations are probable and estimable. When accruing these costs, the Company will recognize the amount within a range of costs that is the best estimate within the range. When no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, the Company recognizes the minimum amount within the range. Costs for one-time termination benefits in which the employee is required to render service until termination in order to receive the benefits are recognized ratably over the future service period.

Contingencies and Legal Defense Costs — The Company records accruals for contingencies and legal defense costs expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated.

Taxes on Income — Deferred taxes are recognized for the future tax effects of temporary differences between financial and income tax reporting based on enacted tax laws and rates. The Company evaluates tax positions to determine whether the benefits of tax positions are more likely than not of being sustained upon audit based on the technical merits of the tax position. For tax positions that are more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, the Company recognizes the amount of the benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement in the financial statements. For tax positions that are not more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, the Company does not recognize any portion of the benefit in the financial statements. The Company recognizes interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as a component of Taxes on Income from Continuing Operations. The Company accounts for the tax effects of the tax on global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) of certain foreign subsidiaries in the income tax provision in the period the tax arises. The Company’s policy for releasing disproportionate income tax effects from AOCL is to utilize the item-by-item approach.

Reclassifications — Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform to the current year presentation.

Use of Estimates — The consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (GAAP) and, accordingly, include certain amounts that are based on management’s best estimates and judgments. Estimates are used when accounting for amounts recorded in connection with acquisitions, including initial fair value determinations of assets and liabilities in a business combination (primarily IPR&D, other intangible assets and contingent consideration), as well as subsequent fair value measurements. Additionally, estimates are used in determining such items as provisions for sales discounts and returns, depreciable and amortizable lives, recoverability of inventories, including those produced in preparation for product launches, amounts recorded for contingencies, environmental liabilities, accruals for contingent sales-based milestone payments and other reserves, pension and other postretirement benefit plan assumptions, share-based compensation assumptions, restructuring costs, impairments of long-lived assets (including intangible assets and goodwill) and investments, and taxes on income. Because of the uncertainty inherent in such estimates, actual results may differ from these estimates.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards — In August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued amended guidance on the accounting for convertible instruments and contracts in an entity’s own equity. The guidance removes the separation model for convertible debt instruments and preferred stock, amends requirements for conversion options to be classified in equity as well as amends diluted earnings per share (EPS) calculations for certain convertible debt instruments. The Company adopted the new guidance on January 1, 2022 using a modified retrospective approach. There was no impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

In November 2021, the FASB issued new guidance to increase the transparency of transactions with a government that are accounted for by applying a grant or contribution accounting model by analogy. The guidance requires annual disclosures of such transactions to include the nature of the transactions and the significant terms and conditions, the accounting treatment and the impact to a company’s financial statements. The Company adopted the new guidance on January 1, 2022 on a prospective basis. There was no material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

In March 2020, the FASB issued optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting and subsequently issued clarifying amendments. The guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for accounting for contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The Company adopted the optional guidance on July 1, 2022 on a prospective basis. There was no material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

In October 2021, the FASB issued amended guidance that requires acquiring entities to recognize and measure contract assets and liabilities in a business combination in accordance with existing revenue recognition guidance. The Company adopted the guidance effective January 1, 2023. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements for prior acquisitions; however, the impact in future periods will be dependent upon the contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in future business combinations.

Recently Issued Accounting Standard Not Yet Adopted — In June 2022, the FASB issued guidance related to the fair value measurement of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of the equity security. The new guidance also introduces new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions that are measured at fair value. The amended guidance is effective for interim and annual periods in 2024 and is to be applied prospectively. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual periods. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adoption on its consolidated financial statements.

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Spin-Off of Organon & Co.

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Discontinued Operations and Disposal Groups [Abstract]

Spin-Off of Organon & Co.

On June 2, 2021, Merck completed the spin-off of Organon through a distribution of Organon’s publicly traded stock to Company shareholders. In connection with the spin-off, each Merck shareholder received one-tenth of a share of Organon’s common stock for each share of Merck common stock held by such shareholder. The distribution is expected to qualify and has been treated as tax free to Merck and its shareholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Indebtedness of $9.5 billion principal amount, consisting of term loans and senior notes, was issued in 2021 in connection with the spin-off and assumed by Organon. Merck is no longer the obligor of any Organon debt or financing arrangements. Cash proceeds of $9.0 billion were distributed by Organon to Merck in connection with the spin-off.

Also in connection with the spin-off, Merck and Organon entered into a separation and distribution agreement and also entered into various other agreements to effect the spin-off and provide a framework for the relationship between Merck and Organon after the spin-off, including a transition services agreement (TSA), manufacturing and supply agreements (MSAs), trademark license agreements, intellectual property license agreements, an employee matters agreement, a tax matters agreement and certain other commercial agreements. Under the TSA, Merck is providing Organon various services and, similarly, Organon is providing Merck various services. The provision of services under the TSA generally will terminate within 25 months following the spin-off; however, the provision of certain services has been extended to 35 months. Merck and Organon also entered into a series of interim operating agreements pursuant to which in various jurisdictions where Merck held licenses, permits and other rights in connection with marketing, import and/or distribution of Organon products prior to the separation, Merck is continuing to market, import and distribute such products until such time as the relevant licenses and permits are transferred to Organon. Under such interim operating agreements and in accordance with the separation and distribution agreement, Merck is continuing operations in the affected markets on behalf of Organon, with Organon receiving all of the economic benefits and burdens of such activities. Additionally, Merck and Organon entered into a number of MSAs pursuant to which Merck is (a) manufacturing and supplying certain active pharmaceutical ingredients for Organon, (b) manufacturing and supplying certain formulated pharmaceutical products for Organon, and (c) packaging and labeling certain finished pharmaceutical products for Organon. Similarly, Organon and Merck entered into a number of MSAs pursuant to which Organon is (a) manufacturing and supplying certain formulated pharmaceutical products for Merck, and (b) packaging and labeling certain finished pharmaceutical products for Merck. The terms of the MSAs range in initial duration from four years to ten years.

The amounts included in the consolidated statement of income for the above MSAs include sales of $383 million and $219 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively, and related cost of sales of $404 million and $195 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amounts included in the consolidated statement of income for the TSAs were immaterial in 2022 and 2021. The amounts due from Organon under all of the above agreements were $511 million and $964 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and are reflected in Other current assets. The amounts due to Organon under these agreements were $345 million and $400 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and are included in Accrued and other current liabilities.

The results of the women’s health, biosimilars and established brands businesses (previously included in the Pharmaceutical segment) that were contributed to Organon in the spin-off, as well as interest expense related to the debt issuance in 2021, have been reflected as discontinued operations in the Company’s consolidated statement of income as Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests for periods prior to the spin-off on June 2, 2021. Merck incurred separation costs of $556 million in 2021 and $743 million in 2020 related to the spin-off of Organon, which are also included in Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests. These costs primarily relate to professional fees for separation activities within finance, tax, legal and information technology functions, as well as investment banking fees.

Details of Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests are as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2021(1)		2020
Sales	$	2,512	$	6,476
Costs, Expenses and Other
Cost of sales	789		1,867
Selling, general and administrative	877		1,513
Research and development	103		161
Restructuring costs	1		3
Other (income) expense, net	(15)		4
	1,755		3,548
Income from discontinued operations before taxes	757		2,928
Tax provision	50		369
Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes	707		2,559
Less: Income of discontinued operations attributable to noncontrolling interests	3		11
	$	704	$	2,548

(1) Reflects amounts through the June 2, 2021 spin-off date.

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Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]

Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements

Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements

The Company continues to pursue acquisitions and the establishment of external alliances such as research collaborations and licensing agreements to complement its internal research capabilities. These arrangements often include upfront payments, as well as expense reimbursements or payments to the third party, and milestone, royalty or profit share arrangements, contingent upon the occurrence of certain future events linked to the success of the asset in development. The Company also reviews its marketed products and pipeline to examine candidates which may provide more value through out-licensing and, as part of its portfolio assessment process, may also divest certain assets. Pro forma financial information for acquired businesses is not presented if the historical financial results of the acquired entity are not significant when compared with the Company’s financial results.

Recently Completed Transactions

In February 2023, Merck and Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Kelun-Biotech) closed a license and collaboration agreement expanding their relationship in which Merck gained exclusive rights for the research, development, manufacture and commercialization of up to seven investigational preclinical antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) for the treatment of cancer. Kelun-Biotech retained the right to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize certain licensed and option ADCs for Chinese mainland, Hong Kong and Macau. Merck will make an upfront payment of $175 million, which will be recorded in Research and development expenses in 2023. In addition, Kelun-Biotech is eligible to receive future contingent development-related payments aggregating up to $1.0 billion, $2.8 billion in regulatory milestones, and $5.5 billion in sales-based milestones if Kelun-Biotech does not retain Chinese mainland, Hong Kong and Macau rights for the option ADCs and all candidates achieve regulatory approval. In addition, Kelun-Biotech is eligible to receive tiered royalties ranging from a mid-single-digit rate to a low-double-digit rate on future net sales for any commercialized ADC product. Also, in connection with the agreement, Merck invested $100 million in Kelun-Biotech’s Series B preferred shares in January 2023.

In January 2023, Merck acquired Imago BioSciences, Inc. (Imago), a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company developing new medicines for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms and other bone marrow diseases, for $1.35 billion (including payments to settle share-based equity awards) and also incurred approximately $60 million of transaction costs. Imago’s lead candidate bomedemstat, MK-3543 (formerly IMG-7289), is an investigational orally available lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitor currently being evaluated in multiple Phase 2 clinical trials for the treatment of essential thrombocythemia, myelofibrosis, and polycythemia vera, in addition to other indications. The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of an asset. Merck will record net assets of approximately $200 million and Research and development expenses of $1.2 billion in 2023 related to the transaction. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition.

2022 Transactions

In October 2022, Merck and Royalty Pharma plc (Royalty Pharma) entered into a funding arrangement under which Royalty Pharma paid Merck $50 million to co-fund Merck’s development costs for a Phase 2b trial of MK-8189, an investigational oral phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitor, which is being evaluated for the treatment of schizophrenia. As Royalty Pharma is sharing the risk of technical and regulatory success with Merck, the development funding was recognized by Merck as an obligation to perform contractual services. Accordingly, the payment received is being recognized by Merck as a reduction to Research and development expenses ratably over the estimated Phase 2b research period. Under the agreement, Royalty Pharma has no rights to MK-8189 and has no decision-making authority over the program. If Merck elects to advance MK-8189 into a Phase 3 study, Royalty Pharma has the option to provide additional funding of 50% of the development costs up to $375 million. Royalty Pharma is eligible to receive royalties on future sales. If Royalty Pharma elects to provide the additional funding noted above, Royalty Pharma becomes eligible to receive future regulatory milestone payments contingent upon certain marketing approvals, as well as a higher royalty rate. Merck will record the milestone payments as an expense within Other (income) expense, net upon receipt of the related approvals.

In September 2022, Merck exercised its option to jointly develop and commercialize personalized therapeutic cancer vaccine mRNA-4157/V940 pursuant to the terms of an existing collaboration and license agreement with Moderna, Inc. (Moderna), which resulted in a $250 million charge to Research and development expenses in 2022. mRNA-4157/V940 is currently being evaluated in combination with Keytruda (pembrolizumab), Merck’s anti-PD-1 therapy, as adjuvant treatment for patients with stage III/IV melanoma following complete resection in a Phase 2 clinical trial being conducted by Moderna. Merck and Moderna will collaborate on development and commercialization and will share costs and any profits equally under this worldwide collaboration.

In August 2022, Merck and Orna Therapeutics (Orna), a biotechnology company pioneering a new investigational class of engineered circular RNA (oRNA) therapies, entered into a collaboration agreement to discover, develop, and commercialize multiple programs, including vaccines and therapeutics in the areas of infectious disease and oncology. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck made an upfront payment to Orna of $150 million, which was recorded in Research and development expenses in 2022. In addition, Orna is eligible to receive future contingent development-related payments aggregating up to $440 million, $675 million in regulatory milestones, and $2.4 billion in sales-based milestones associated with the progress of the multiple vaccine and therapeutic programs, as well as royalties ranging from a high-single-digit rate to a low-double-digit rate on any approved products derived from the collaboration. Merck also invested $100 million in Orna’s Series B preferred shares in 2022.

In July 2022, Merck and Orion Corporation (Orion) announced a global co-development and co-commercialization agreement for Orion’s investigational candidate ODM-208 (MK-5684) and other drugs targeting cytochrome P450 11A1 (CYP11A1), an enzyme important in steroid production. MK-5684 is an oral, non-steroidal inhibitor of CYP11A1 currently being evaluated in a Phase 2 clinical trial for the treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Merck made an upfront payment to Orion of $290 million, which was recorded in Research and development expenses in 2022. Orion is responsible for the manufacture of clinical and commercial supply of MK-5684. In addition, the contract provides both parties with an option to convert the initial co-development and co-commercialization agreement into a global exclusive license to Merck. If the option is exercised, Merck would assume full responsibility for all past development and commercialization expenses associated with the program since inception of the agreement, as well as all future development and commercialization expenses. In addition, Orion would be eligible to receive milestone payments associated with progress in the development and commercialization of MK-5684, as well as tiered double-digit royalties on sales if the product is approved.

Also in July 2022, Merck and Kelun-Biotech closed a license and collaboration agreement in which Merck gained exclusive worldwide rights for the development, manufacture and commercialization of an investigational ADC (MK-1200) for the treatment of solid tumors. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck and Kelun-Biotech will collaborate on the early clinical development of the investigational ADC. Merck made an upfront payment of $35 million, which was recorded in Research and development expenses in 2022. Kelun-Biotech is also eligible to receive future contingent milestone payments aggregating up to $82 million in developmental milestones, $334 million in regulatory milestones, and $485 million in sales-based milestones. The agreement also provides for Merck to pay tiered royalties ranging from a mid-single-digit rate to a low-double-digit rate on future net sales.

In May 2022, in connection with an existing arrangement, Merck exercised its option to obtain an exclusive license outside of Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan for the development, manufacture and commercialization of Kelun-Biotech’s trophoblast antigen 2 (TROP2)-targeting ADC programs, including its lead compound, SKB-264 (MK-2870), which is currently in Phase 2 clinical development. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck and Kelun-Biotech will collaborate on certain early clinical development plans, including evaluating the potential of MK-2870 as a monotherapy and in combination with Keytruda for advanced solid tumors. Upon option

exercise, Merck made a payment of $30 million, which was recorded in Research and development expenses in 2022, and agreed to make additional payments of $30 million upon completion of specified project activities and $25 million upon technology transfer. Merck also agreed to make quarterly payments in 2022 and 2023 aggregating up to $111 million to fund Kelun-Biotech’s ongoing research and development activities, of which $51 million was paid in 2022. In addition, Kelun-Biotech is eligible to receive future contingent milestone payments (which includes all program compounds) aggregating up to $90 million in developmental milestones, $290 million in first commercial sale milestones, and $780 million in sales-based milestones. The agreement also provides for Merck to pay tiered royalties ranging from a mid-single-digit rate to a low-double-digit rate on future net sales.

2021 Transactions

In November 2021, Merck acquired Acceleron Pharma Inc. (Acceleron), a publicly traded biopharmaceutical company, for total consideration of $11.5 billion. Acceleron’s development work focused on evaluating the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily of proteins that is known to play a central role in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation and repair. Acceleron’s lead therapeutic candidate, sotatercept (MK-7962), has a novel mechanism of action with the potential to improve short-term and/or long-term clinical outcomes in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Sotatercept is in Phase 3 trials as an add-on to current standard of care for the treatment of PAH. Under a previous agreement assumed by Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS) was granted an exclusive license to develop and commercialize sotatercept outside of the pulmonary hypertension (PH) field (for which Merck would be eligible to receive contingent milestones and royalty payments), however, Merck retains the worldwide exclusive rights to develop and commercialize sotatercept in the PH field. The agreement provides for Merck to pay 22% royalties on future sales of sotatercept in the PH field to BMS.

In addition to sotatercept, Acceleron’s portfolio includes Reblozyl (luspatercept), a first-in-class erythroid maturation recombinant fusion protein that is approved in the U.S., Europe, and certain other markets for the treatment of anemia in certain rare blood disorders and is also being evaluated for additional indications for hematology therapies. Reblozyl is being developed and commercialized through a global collaboration with BMS. In connection with this ongoing collaboration, Merck receives a 20% sales royalty from BMS which could increase to a maximum of 24% based on sales levels. This royalty will be reduced by 50% upon the earlier of patent expiry or generic entry on an indication-by-indication basis in each market. Additionally, Merck received a contingent regulatory milestone payment of $20 million in 2022 and remains eligible to receive up to $80 million in sales-based milestones.

The transaction was accounted for as a business combination. The Company incurred $280 million of costs directly related to the acquisition of Acceleron, consisting primarily of share-based compensation payments to settle non-vested equity awards attributable to postcombination service, severance, as well as investment banking and legal fees. These costs were included in Selling, general and administrative expenses and Research and development costs in 2021.

The estimated fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed from Acceleron (inclusive of measurement period adjustments) is as follows:

	November 19, 2021
Cash and cash equivalents	$	340
Investments	285
Identifiable intangible assets: (1)
IPR&D - sotatercept	6,380
Products and product rights - Reblozyl (12 year useful life)	3,830
Deferred income tax liabilities, net	(1,814)
Other assets and liabilities, net	82
Total identifiable net assets	9,103
Goodwill (2)	2,411
Consideration transferred	$	11,514

(1)    The estimated fair value of the identifiable intangible assets related to sotatercept and Reblozyl were determined using an income approach, specifically the multi-period excess earnings method. The future probability-weighted net cash flows were discounted to present value utilizing a discount rate of 7.5% for sotatercept and 6.0% for Reblozyl. Actual cash flows are likely to be different than those assumed.

(2)    The goodwill recognized is largely attributable to anticipated synergies expected to arise after the acquisition and was allocated to the Pharmaceutical segment. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes.

In April 2021, Merck acquired Pandion Therapeutics, Inc. (Pandion), a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing novel therapeutics designed to address the unmet needs of patients living with autoimmune diseases. Pandion’s development work focused on advancing a pipeline of precision immune modulators targeting

critical immune control nodes. Total consideration paid of $1.9 billion included $147 million of costs primarily comprised of share-based compensation payments to settle equity awards. The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of an asset. Merck recorded net assets of $156 million (primarily cash) and Research and development expenses of $1.7 billion in 2021 related to the transaction. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition.

In March 2021, Merck and Gilead Sciences, Inc. (Gilead) entered into an agreement to jointly develop and commercialize long-acting treatments in HIV that combine Merck’s investigational nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor, islatravir, and Gilead’s investigational capsid inhibitor, lenacapavir. The collaboration will initially focus on long-acting oral formulations and long-acting injectable formulations of these combination products, with other formulations potentially added to the collaboration as mutually agreed. There was no upfront payment made by either party upon entering into the agreement.

Under the terms of the agreement, Merck and Gilead will share operational responsibilities, as well as development, commercialization and marketing costs, and any future revenues. Global development and commercialization costs will be shared 60% Gilead and 40% Merck across the oral and injectable formulation programs. For long-acting oral products, Gilead will lead commercialization in the U.S. and Merck will lead commercialization in the EU and the rest of the world. For long-acting injectable products, Merck will lead commercialization in the U.S. and Gilead will lead commercialization in the EU and the rest of the world. Gilead and Merck will co-promote in the U.S. and certain other major markets. Merck and Gilead will share global product revenues equally until product revenues surpass certain pre-agreed per formulation revenue tiers. Upon passing $2.0 billion a year in net product sales for the oral combination, the revenue split will adjust to 65% Gilead and 35% Merck for any revenues above the threshold. Upon passing $3.5 billion a year in net product sales for the injectable combination, the revenue split will adjust to 65% Gilead and 35% Merck for any revenues above the threshold.

Beyond the potential combinations of investigational lenacapavir and investigational islatravir, Gilead will have the option to license certain of Merck’s investigational oral integrase inhibitors to develop in combination with lenacapavir. Reciprocally, Merck will have the option to license certain of Gilead’s investigational oral integrase inhibitors to develop in combination with islatravir. Each company may exercise its option for an investigational oral integrase inhibitor of the other company following completion of the first Phase 1 clinical trial of that integrase inhibitor. Upon exercise of an option, the companies will split development costs and revenues, unless the non-exercising company decides to opt-out.

In December 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) placed full or partial clinical holds on investigational new drug applications for certain oral, implant and injectable formulations of islatravir based on observations of decreases in total lymphocyte and CD4+ T-cell counts in some participants receiving islatravir in clinical studies. In September 2022, Merck announced the Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating an investigational oral once-weekly combination treatment regimen of islatravir and lenacapavir in adults with HIV-1 infection who are virologically suppressed will resume under an amended protocol with a lower dose of islatravir. The investigational new drug application for the islatravir + lenacapavir once-weekly treatment regimen remains under a partial clinical hold for any studies that would use weekly oral islatravir doses higher than the doses considered for the revised clinical program. Additionally, Merck announced it will discontinue the development of once-monthly oral islatravir for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). The Company remains committed to developing compounds for long-acting HIV prevention and believes in the potential of the nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor (NRTTI) mechanism.

In January 2021, Merck entered into an exclusive license and research collaboration agreement with Artiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. (Artiva) to discover, develop and manufacture CAR-NK cells that target certain solid tumors using Artiva’s proprietary platform. Merck and Artiva agreed to engage in up to three different research programs, each covering a collaboration target. Merck has sole responsibility for all development and commercialization activities (including regulatory filing and approval). Under the terms of the agreement, Merck made an upfront payment of $30 million, which was included in Research and development expenses in 2021, for license and other rights for the first two collaboration targets and agreed to make another upfront payment of $15 million for license and other rights for the third collaboration target when it is selected by Merck and accepted by Artiva. In addition, Artiva is eligible to receive future contingent milestone payments (which span all three collaboration targets), aggregating up to $217.5 million in developmental milestones, $570 million in regulatory milestones, and $1.05 billion in sales-based milestones. The agreement also provides for Merck to pay tiered royalties ranging from 7% to 14% on future sales.

2020 Transactions

In December 2020, Merck acquired OncoImmune, a privately held, clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company, for an upfront payment of $423 million. OncoImmune’s lead therapeutic candidate (MK-7110) was being evaluated for the treatment of patients hospitalized with COVID-19. The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of an asset. Under the agreement, prior to the completion of the acquisition, OncoImmune spun-out certain rights and assets unrelated to the MK-7110 program to a new entity owned by the existing shareholders of OncoImmune. In connection with the closing of the acquisition, Merck invested $50 million for a 20% ownership interest in the new entity, which was valued at $33 million resulting in a $17 million premium. Merck also recognized other net liabilities of $22 million. The Company recorded Research and development expenses of $462 million in 2020 related to this transaction. In 2021, Merck received feedback from the FDA that additional data would be needed to support a potential Emergency Use Authorization application and therefore the Company did not expect MK-7110 would become available until the first half of 2022. Given this timeline and the technical, clinical and regulatory uncertainties, the availability of a number of medicines for patients hospitalized with COVID-19, and the need to concentrate Merck’s resources on accelerating the development and manufacture of the most viable therapeutics and vaccines, Merck decided to discontinue development of MK-7110 for the treatment of COVID-19. Due to the discontinuation, the Company recorded charges of $207 million in 2021, which are reflected in Cost of sales and relate to fixed assets and materials written off, as well as the recognition of liabilities for purchase commitments.

Also in December 2020, Merck acquired VelosBio Inc. (VelosBio), a privately held, clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company, for $2.8 billion. VelosBio’s lead investigational candidate, zilovertamab vedotin (MK-2140), is an ADC targeting receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) that is currently being evaluated for the treatment of patients with hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of an asset. Merck recorded net assets of $180 million (primarily cash) and Research and development expenses of $2.7 billion in 2020 related to the transaction. During 2021, the Company recorded adjustments to these amounts which resulted in a reduction of Research and development expenses of $43 million, an increase to total consideration paid of $47 million, and an increase to net assets recorded of $90 million.

In September 2020, Merck and Seagen Inc. (Seagen) announced an oncology collaboration to globally develop and commercialize Seagen’s ladiratuzumab vedotin (MK-6440), an investigational ADC targeting LIV-1, which is currently in Phase 2 clinical trials. The companies will equally share profits worldwide. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck made an upfront payment of $600 million and a $1.0 billion equity investment in 5 million shares of Seagen common stock at a price of $200 per share. Merck recorded $616 million in Research and development expenses in 2020 related to this transaction reflecting the upfront payment as well as a $16 million premium relating to the equity shares based on the price of Seagen common stock on the closing date. Seagen is also eligible to receive future contingent milestone payments of up to $2.6 billion, including $850 million in development milestones and $1.75 billion in sales-based milestones.

Concurrent with the above transaction, Seagen granted Merck an exclusive license to commercialize Tukysa (tucatinib), a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, for the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive cancers, in Asia, the Middle East and Latin America and other regions outside of the U.S., Canada and Europe. Merck will be responsible for marketing applications seeking approval in its territories. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck made upfront payments aggregating $210 million, which were recorded as Research and development expenses in 2020. Seagen is also eligible to receive future contingent regulatory approval milestones of up to $65 million and is receiving tiered royalties ranging from 20% to 33% based on annual sales levels of Tukysa in Merck’s territories.

Also in September 2020, Merck acquired a biologics manufacturing facility located in Dunboyne, Ireland from Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited for €256 million ($302 million). The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of an asset. Merck recorded property, plant and equipment of $289 million and other net assets of $13 million. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition.

In July 2020, Merck acquired the U.S. rights to Sentinel Flavor Tabs and Sentinel Spectrum Chews from Virbac Corporation for $410 million. Sentinel products provide protection against common parasites in dogs. The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of an asset. Merck recognized intangible assets of $401 million related to currently marketed products and inventory of $9 million at the acquisition date. The estimated fair values of the identifiable intangible assets related to currently marketed products were determined using an income approach. Actual cash flows are likely to be different than those assumed. The intangible assets related to currently marketed products are being amortized over their estimated useful lives of 15 years. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition.

Also in July 2020, Merck and Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP (Ridgeback), a closely held biotechnology company, closed a collaboration agreement to develop Lagevrio (molnupiravir), an investigational oral antiviral COVID-19 medicine. See Note 5 for additional information related to this collaboration.

In June 2020, Merck acquired privately held Themis Bioscience GmbH (Themis), a company focused on vaccines (including a COVID-19 vaccine candidate, V591) and immune-modulation therapies for infectious diseases and cancer for $366 million. The acquisition originally provided for Merck to make additional contingent payments. The transaction was accounted for as a business combination. The Company determined the fair value of the contingent consideration was $85 million at the acquisition date utilizing a probability-weighted estimated cash flow stream using an appropriate discount rate dependent on the nature and timing of the milestone payments. Merck recognized intangible assets for IPR&D of $113 million, cash of $59 million, deferred tax assets of $72 million and other net liabilities of $32 million. The excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of net assets acquired of $239 million was recorded as goodwill that was allocated to the Pharmaceutical segment and is not deductible for tax purposes. The fair values of the identifiable intangible assets related to IPR&D were determined using an income approach. In January 2021, the Company announced it was discontinuing development of V591 as discussed below. As a result, in 2020, the Company recorded an IPR&D impairment charge of $90 million within Research and development expenses. The Company also recorded a reduction in Research and development expenses resulting from a decrease in the related liability for contingent consideration of $45 million. In 2022, the Company wrote off the remaining IPR&D intangible asset and related contingent consideration liability; the net impact to Research and development expenses was immaterial.

In May 2020, Merck and the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), a nonprofit scientific research organization dedicated to addressing urgent, unmet global health challenges, announced a collaboration to develop V590, an investigational vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 being studied for the prevention of COVID-19. The agreement provided for an upfront payment by Merck of $6.5 million and also provided for future contingent payments based on sales. Merck also signed an agreement with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), part of the office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response within an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, to provide initial funding support to Merck for this effort. In January 2021, the Company announced it was discontinuing development of V590 as discussed below.

In January 2021, the Company announced the discontinuation of the development programs for its COVID-19 vaccine candidates, V590 and V591, following Merck’s review of findings from Phase 1 clinical studies for the vaccines. In these studies, both V590 and V591 were generally well tolerated, but the immune responses were inferior to those seen following natural infection and those reported for other SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 vaccines. Due to the discontinuation, the Company recorded a charge of $305 million in 2020, of which $260 million was reflected in Cost of sales and related to fixed assets and materials written off, as well as the recognition of liabilities for purchase commitments. The remaining $45 million of costs were reflected in Research and development expenses and represent amounts related to the Themis acquisition noted above (an IPR&D impairment charge, partially offset by a reduction in the related liability for contingent consideration).

In January 2020, Merck acquired ArQule, Inc. (ArQule), a publicly traded biopharmaceutical company focused on kinase inhibitor discovery and development for the treatment of patients with cancer and other diseases. Total consideration paid of $2.7 billion included $138 million of share-based compensation payments to settle equity awards attributable to precombination service and cash paid for transaction costs on behalf of ArQule. The Company incurred $95 million of costs directly related to the acquisition of ArQule, consisting almost entirely of share-based compensation payments to settle non-vested equity awards attributable to postcombination service. These costs were included in Selling, general and administrative expenses in 2020. ArQule’s lead investigational candidate, nemtabrutinib (MK-1026), is a novel, oral Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor currently being evaluated for the treatment of B-cell malignancies. The transaction was accounted for as a business combination.

The estimated fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed from ArQule is as follows:

	January 16, 2020
Cash and cash equivalents	$	145
IPR&D - nemtabrutinib (1)	2,280
Licensing arrangement for derazantinib	80
Deferred income tax liabilities	(361)
Other assets and liabilities, net	34
Total identifiable net assets	2,178
Goodwill (2)	512
Consideration transferred	$	2,690

(1)    The estimated fair value of nemtabrutinib was determined using an income approach. The future probability-weighted net cash flows were discounted to present value utilizing a discount rate of 12.5%.

(2)    The goodwill was allocated to the Pharmaceutical segment and is not deductible for tax purposes.

Merck recorded intangible asset impairment charges in 2022 and 2021 related to nemtabrutinib and in 2022 related to derazantinib (see Note 9).

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Collaborative Arrangements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Collaborative Arrangements [Abstract]

Collaborative Arrangements

Collaborative Arrangements

Merck has entered into collaborative arrangements that provide the Company with varying rights to develop, produce and market products together with its collaborative partners. Both parties in these arrangements are active participants and exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of the activities of the collaboration. Merck’s more significant collaborative arrangements are discussed below.

AstraZeneca

In 2017, Merck and AstraZeneca PLC (AstraZeneca) entered into a global strategic oncology collaboration to co-develop and co-commercialize AstraZeneca’s Lynparza (olaparib) for multiple cancer types. Independently, Merck and AstraZeneca will develop and commercialize Lynparza in combinations with their respective PD-1 and PD-L1 medicines, Keytruda and Imfinzi. The companies are also jointly developing and commercializing AstraZeneca’s Koselugo (selumetinib) for multiple indications. Under the terms of the agreement, AstraZeneca and Merck will share the development and commercialization costs for Lynparza and Koselugo monotherapy and non-PD-L1/PD-1 combination therapy opportunities.

Profits from Lynparza and Koselugo product sales generated through monotherapies or combination therapies are shared equally. AstraZeneca is the principal on Lynparza and Koselugo sales transactions. Merck records its share of Lynparza and Koselugo product sales, net of cost of sales and commercialization costs, as alliance revenue, and its share of development costs associated with the collaboration as part of Research and development expenses. Reimbursements received from AstraZeneca for research and development expenses are recognized as reductions to Research and development costs.

As part of the agreement, Merck made an upfront payment to AstraZeneca and also made payments over a multi-year period for certain license options. In addition, the agreement provides for contingent payments from Merck to AstraZeneca related to the successful achievement of sales-based and regulatory milestones.

In 2022, Merck determined it was probable that sales of Lynparza in the future would trigger a $600 million sales-based milestone payment from Merck to AstraZeneca. Accordingly, Merck recorded a $600 million liability (which remained accrued at December 31, 2022) and a corresponding increase to the intangible asset related to Lynparza. Merck also recognized $250 million of cumulative amortization catch-up expense related to the recognition of this milestone in 2022. Merck made sales-based milestone payments to AstraZeneca aggregating $400 million and $550 million in 2022 and 2020, respectively. Potential future sales-based milestone payments of $2.1 billion have not yet been accrued as they are not deemed by the Company to be probable at this time.

In 2022 and 2020, Lynparza received regulatory approvals triggering capitalized milestone payments of $250 million and $160 million, respectively, from Merck to AstraZeneca. A regulatory milestone of $105 million that was accrued at December 31, 2022 was paid in January 2023. Potential future regulatory milestone payments of $1.1 billion remain under the agreement.

The intangible asset balance related to Lynparza (which includes capitalized sales-based and regulatory milestone payments) was $1.6 billion at December 31, 2022 and is included in Other Intangibles, Net. The amount is

being amortized over its estimated useful life through 2028 as supported by projected future cash flows, subject to impairment testing.

Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Alliance revenue - Lynparza	$	1,116	$	989	$	725
Alliance revenue - Koselugo	54		29		8
Total alliance revenue	$	1,170	$	1,018	$	733
Cost of sales (1)	492		167		247
Selling, general and administrative	185		178		160
Research and development	106		120		133
December 31	2022		2021
Receivables from AstraZeneca included in Other current assets	$	303	$	271
Payables to AstraZeneca included in Trade accounts payable and Accrued and other current liabilities (2)	123		415
Payables to AstraZeneca included in Other Noncurrent Liabilities (2)	600		—

(1)    Represents amortization of capitalized milestone payments. Amounts in 2022 and 2020 include $250 million and $106 million, respectively, of cumulative amortization catch-up expense.

(2)    Includes accrued milestone payments.

Eisai

In 2018, Merck and Eisai Co., Ltd. (Eisai) announced a strategic collaboration for the worldwide co-development and co-commercialization of Lenvima (lenvatinib), an orally available tyrosine kinase inhibitor discovered by Eisai. Under the agreement, Merck and Eisai will develop and commercialize Lenvima jointly, both as monotherapy and in combination with Keytruda. Eisai records Lenvima product sales globally (Eisai is the principal on Lenvima sales transactions) and Merck and Eisai share applicable profits equally. Merck records its share of Lenvima product sales, net of cost of sales and commercialization costs, as alliance revenue. Expenses incurred during co-development are shared by the two companies in accordance with the collaboration agreement and reflected in Research and development expenses. Certain expenses incurred solely by Merck or Eisai are not shareable under the collaboration agreement, including costs incurred in excess of agreed upon caps and costs related to certain combination studies of Keytruda and Lenvima.

Under the agreement, Merck made an upfront payment to Eisai and also made payments over a multi-year period for certain option rights (of which the final $125 million option payment was made in March 2021). In addition, the agreement provides for contingent payments from Merck to Eisai related to the successful achievement of sales-based and regulatory milestones.

Merck made sales-based milestone payments to Eisai aggregating $600 million, $200 million and $500 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Potential future sales-based milestone payments of $2.6 billion have not yet been accrued as they are not deemed by the Company to be probable at this time.

In 2022, 2021 and 2020, Lenvima received regulatory approvals triggering capitalized milestone payments of $50 million, $75 million and $10 million, respectively, from Merck to Eisai. There are no regulatory milestone payments remaining under the agreement.

The intangible asset balance related to Lenvima (which includes capitalized sales-based and regulatory milestone payments) was $814 million at December 31, 2022 and is included in Other Intangibles, Net. The amount is being amortized over its estimated useful life through 2026 as supported by projected future cash flows, subject to impairment testing.

Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Alliance revenue - Lenvima	$	876	$	704	$	580
Cost of sales (1)	212		195		271
Selling, general and administrative	158		127		73
Research and development	136		173		185
December 31	2022		2021
Receivables from Eisai included in Other current assets	$	214	$	200
Payables to Eisai included in Accrued and other current liabilities (2)	—		625

(1)     Represents amortization of capitalized milestone payments.

(2)     Represents accrued milestone payments.

Bayer AG

In 2014, the Company entered into a worldwide clinical development collaboration with Bayer AG (Bayer) to market and develop soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) modulators including Bayer’s Adempas (riociguat). The two companies have implemented a joint development and commercialization strategy. The collaboration also includes development of Bayer’s Verquvo (vericiguat), which was approved in the U.S., the EU and Japan in 2021 and has since been approved in several other markets. Under the agreement, Bayer commercializes Adempas in the Americas, while Merck commercializes in the rest of the world. For Verquvo, Merck commercializes in the U.S. and Bayer commercializes in the rest of the world. Both companies share in development costs and profits on sales. Merck records sales of Adempas and Verquvo in its marketing territories, as well as alliance revenue. Alliance revenue represents Merck’s share of profits from sales of Adempas and Verquvo in Bayer’s marketing territories, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs. Cost of sales includes Bayer’s share of profits from sales in Merck’s marketing territories.

In addition, the agreement provided for contingent payments from Merck to Bayer related to the successful achievement of sales-based milestones. Merck made sales-based milestone payments to Bayer of $400 million and $375 million in 2022 and 2020, respectively. There are no sales-based milestone payments remaining under the agreement.

The intangible asset balances related to Adempas (which includes the acquired intangible asset balance, as well as capitalized sales-based milestone payments attributed to Adempas) and Verquvo (which reflects the portion of the final sales-based milestone payment that was attributed to Verquvo) were $633 million and $57 million, respectively, at December 31, 2022 and are included in Other Intangibles, Net. The assets are being amortized over their estimated useful lives (through 2027 for Adempas and through 2031 for Verquvo) as supported by projected future cash flows, subject to impairment testing.

Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Alliance revenue - Adempas/Verquvo	$	341	$	342	$	281
Net sales of Adempas recorded by Merck	238		252		220
Net sales of Verquvo recorded by Merck	22		7		—
Total sales	$	601	$	601	$	501
Cost of sales (1)	210		424		196
Selling, general and administrative	153		126		47
Research and development	75		53		63
December 31	2022		2021
Receivables from Bayer included in Other current assets	$	143	$	114
Payables to Bayer included in Accrued and other current Liabilities (2)	80		472

(1)    Includes amortization of intangible assets. Amount in 2021 includes $153 million of cumulative amortization catch-up expense.

(2)    Amount as of December 31, 2021 includes accrued milestone payment.

Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP

In July 2020, Merck and Ridgeback, a closely held biotechnology company, entered into a collaboration agreement to develop Lagevrio, an investigational orally available antiviral candidate for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Merck gained exclusive worldwide rights to develop and commercialize Lagevrio and related molecules. Following initial authorizations in certain markets in the fourth quarter of 2021, Lagevrio has since received multiple additional authorizations worldwide.

Under the terms of the agreement, Ridgeback received an upfront payment and is eligible to receive future contingent payments dependent upon the achievement of certain developmental and regulatory approval milestones. The agreement also provides for Merck to reimburse Ridgeback for a portion of certain third-party contingent milestone payments and royalties on net sales, which is part of the profit-sharing calculation. Merck is the principal on sales transactions, recognizing sales and related costs, with profit-sharing amounts recorded within Cost of sales. Profits from the collaboration are split equally between the partners. Reimbursements from Ridgeback for its share of research and development costs (deducted from Ridgeback’s share of profits) are reflected as decreases to Research and development expenses.

Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Net sales of Lagevrio	$	5,684	$	952	$	—
Cost of sales (1)(2)	3,038		502		17
Selling, general and administrative (2)	147		37		6
Research and development (2)(3)	88		137		349
December 31	2022		2021
Payables to Ridgeback included in Accrued and other current liabilities (4)	$	348	$	283

(1)    Includes royalty expense and amortization of capitalized milestone payments.

(2)    Expenses in all periods now include an allocation for overhead charges.

(3)    Amount in 2020 includes upfront payment.

(4)    Includes accrued royalty and milestone payments.

Bristol Myers Squibb

Reblozyl (luspatercept-aamt) is a first-in-class erythroid maturation recombinant fusion protein obtained as part of Merck’s November 2021 acquisition of Acceleron that is being developed and commercialized through a global collaboration with Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS). Reblozyl is approved in the U.S., Europe, and certain other markets for the treatment of anemia in certain rare blood disorders and is also being evaluated for additional indications for hematology therapies. BMS is the principal on sales transactions for Reblozyl; however, Merck co-promotes Reblozyl (and will co-promote all future products approved under this collaboration) in North America, which is reimbursed by BMS. Merck receives a 20% sales royalty from BMS which could increase to a maximum of 24% based on sales levels. This royalty will be reduced by 50% upon the earlier of patent expiry or generic entry on an indication-by-indication basis in each market. Additionally, Merck is eligible to receive future contingent sales-based milestone payments of up to $80 million. Merck recorded alliance revenue of $166 million in 2022, which includes royalties of $146 million and the receipt of a regulatory approval milestone payment of $20 million, compared with alliance revenue of $17 million in 2021.

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Restructuring

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

Restructuring

RestructuringIn 2019, Merck approved a global restructuring program (Restructuring Program) as part of a worldwide initiative focused on further optimizing the Company’s manufacturing and supply network, as well as reducing its global real estate footprint. This program is a continuation of the Company’s plant rationalization and builds on prior restructuring programs. The actions currently contemplated under the Restructuring Program are expected to be substantially completed by the end of 2023, with the cumulative pretax costs to be incurred by the Company to implement the program estimated to be approximately $3.7 billion. The Company estimates that approximately 70% of the cumulative pretax costs will result in cash outlays, primarily related to employee separation expense and facility shut-down costs. Approximately 30% of the cumulative pretax costs will be non-cash, relating primarily to the accelerated depreciation of facilities to be closed or divested.

The Company recorded total pretax costs of $666 million in 2022, $868 million in 2021 and $880 million in 2020 related to restructuring program activities. Since inception of the Restructuring Program through December 31, 2022, Merck has recorded total pretax accumulated costs of approximately $3.3 billion. The Company expects to record charges of approximately $400 million in 2023 related to the Restructuring Program. For segment reporting, restructuring charges are unallocated expenses.

The following table summarizes the charges related to restructuring program activities by type of cost:

	Separation Costs		Accelerated Depreciation		Other		Total
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Cost of sales	$	—	$	72	$	133	$	205
Selling, general and administrative	—		19		75		94
Research and development	—		29		1		30
Restructuring costs	212		—		125		337
	$	212	$	120	$	334	$	666
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Cost of sales	$	—	$	52	$	108	$	160
Selling, general and administrative	—		12		7		19
Research and development	—		27		1		28
Restructuring costs	451		—		210		661
	$	451	$	91	$	326	$	868
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Cost of sales	$	—	$	143	$	32	$	175
Selling, general and administrative	—		44		3		47
Research and development	—		81		2		83
Restructuring costs	385		—		190		575
	$	385	$	268	$	227	$	880

Separation costs are associated with actual headcount reductions, as well as involuntary headcount reductions which were probable and could be reasonably estimated.

Accelerated depreciation costs primarily relate to manufacturing, research and administrative facilities and equipment to be sold or closed as part of the program. Accelerated depreciation costs represent the difference between the depreciation expense to be recognized over the revised useful life of the asset, based upon the anticipated date the site will be closed or divested or the equipment disposed of, and depreciation expense as determined utilizing the useful life prior to the restructuring actions. All the sites have and will continue to operate up through the respective closure dates and, since future undiscounted cash flows are sufficient to recover the respective book values, Merck is recording accelerated depreciation over the revised useful life of the site assets. Anticipated site closure dates, particularly related to manufacturing locations, have been and may continue to be adjusted to reflect changes resulting from regulatory or other factors.

Other activity in 2022, 2021 and 2020 includes asset abandonment, facility shut-down and other related costs, as well as pretax gains and losses resulting from the sales of facilities and related assets. Additionally, other activity includes certain employee-related costs associated with pension and other postretirement benefit plans (see Note 14) and share-based compensation.

The following table summarizes the charges and spending relating to restructuring program activities:

	Separation Costs		Accelerated Depreciation		Other		Total
Restructuring reserves January 1, 2021	$	567	$	—	$	19	$	586
Expenses	451		91		326		868
(Payments) receipts, net	(422)		—		(186)		(608)
Non-cash activity	—		(91)		(118)		(209)
Restructuring reserves December 31, 2021	596		—		41		637
Expenses	212		120		334		666
(Payments) receipts, net	(329)		—		(120)		(449)
Non-cash activity	—		(120)		(221)		(341)
Restructuring reserves December 31, 2022 (1)	$	479	$	—	$	34	$	513

(1)    The remaining cash outlays are expected to be largely completed by the end of 2025.

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Financial Instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Financial Instruments

Financial Instruments

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company manages the impact of foreign exchange rate movements and interest rate movements on its earnings, cash flows and fair values of assets and liabilities through operational means and through the use of various financial instruments, including derivative instruments.

A significant portion of the Company’s revenues and earnings in foreign affiliates is exposed to changes in foreign exchange rates. The objectives of and accounting related to the Company’s foreign currency risk management program, as well as its interest rate risk management activities are discussed below.

Foreign Currency Risk Management

The Company has established revenue hedging, balance sheet risk management and net investment hedging programs to protect against volatility of future foreign currency cash flows and changes in fair value caused by changes in foreign exchange rates.

The objective of the revenue hedging program is to reduce the variability caused by changes in foreign exchange rates that would affect the U.S. dollar value of future cash flows derived from foreign currency denominated sales, primarily the euro, Japanese yen and Chinese renminbi. To achieve this objective, the Company will hedge a portion of its forecasted foreign currency denominated third-party and intercompany distributor entity sales (forecasted sales) that are expected to occur over its planning cycle, typically no more than two years into the future. The Company will layer in hedges over time, increasing the portion of forecasted sales hedged as it gets closer to the expected date of the forecasted sales. The portion of forecasted sales hedged is based on assessments of cost-benefit profiles that consider natural offsetting exposures, revenue and exchange rate volatilities and correlations, and the cost of hedging instruments. The Company manages its anticipated transaction exposure principally with purchased local currency put options, forward contracts, and purchased collar options.

The fair values of these derivative contracts are recorded as either assets (gain positions) or liabilities (loss positions) in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Changes in the fair value of derivative contracts are recorded each period in either current earnings or OCI depending on whether the derivative is designated as part of a hedge transaction and, if so, the type of hedge transaction. For derivatives that are designated as cash flow hedges, the unrealized gains or losses on these contracts are recorded in AOCL and reclassified into Sales when the hedged anticipated revenue is recognized. For those derivatives which are not designated as cash flow hedges, but serve as economic hedges of forecasted sales, unrealized gains or losses are recorded in Sales each period. The cash flows from both designated and non-designated contracts are reported as operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The Company does not enter into derivatives for trading or speculative purposes.

The Company manages operating activities and net asset positions at each local subsidiary in order to mitigate the effects of exchange on monetary assets and liabilities. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of a given subsidiary are remeasured at spot rates in effect on the balance sheet date with the effects of changes in spot rates reported in Other (income) expense, net. The Company also uses a balance sheet risk management program to mitigate the exposure of such assets and liabilities from the effects of volatility in foreign exchange. Merck principally utilizes forward exchange contracts to offset the effects of exchange in developed country currencies, primarily the euro, Japanese yen, British pound, Canadian dollar, Australian dollar and Swiss franc. For exposures in developing country currencies, including the Chinese renminbi,

the Company will enter into forward contracts to offset the effects of exchange on exposures when it is deemed economical to do so based on a cost-benefit analysis that considers the magnitude of the exposure, the volatility of the exchange rate and the cost of the hedging instrument. The forward contracts are not designated as hedges and are marked to market through Other (income) expense, net. Accordingly, fair value changes in the forward contracts help mitigate the changes in the value of the remeasured assets and liabilities attributable to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, except to the extent of the spot-forward differences. These differences are not significant due to the short-term nature of the contracts, which typically have average maturities at inception of less than six months. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

The Company also uses forward exchange contracts to hedge a portion of its net investment in foreign operations against movements in exchange rates. The forward contracts are designated as hedges of the net investment in a foreign operation. The unrealized gains or losses on these contracts are recorded in foreign currency translation adjustment within OCI, and remain in AOCL until either the sale or complete or substantially complete liquidation of the subsidiary. The Company excludes certain portions of the change in fair value of its derivative instruments from the assessment of hedge effectiveness (excluded components). Changes in fair value of the excluded components are recognized in OCI. The Company recognizes in earnings the initial value of the excluded components on a straight-line basis over the life of the derivative instrument, rather than using the mark-to-market approach. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as investing activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

Foreign exchange risk is also managed through the use of foreign currency debt. The Company’s senior unsecured euro-denominated notes have been designated as, and are effective as, economic hedges of the net investment in a foreign operation. Accordingly, foreign currency transaction gains or losses due to spot rate fluctuations on the euro-denominated debt instruments are included in foreign currency translation adjustment within OCI.

The effects of the Company’s net investment hedges on OCI and the Consolidated Statement of Income are shown below:

	Amount of Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (1)						Amount of Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Other (income) expense, net for Amounts Excluded from Effectiveness Testing
Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020
Net Investment Hedging Relationships
Foreign exchange contracts	$	(48)	$	(49)	$	26	$	(1)	$	(13)	$	(19)
Euro-denominated notes	(162)		(296)		385		—		—		—

(1)    No amounts were reclassified from AOCL into income related to the sale of a subsidiary.

Interest Rate Risk Management

The Company may use interest rate swap contracts on certain investing and borrowing transactions to manage its net exposure to interest rate changes and to reduce its overall cost of borrowing. The Company does not use leveraged swaps and, in general, does not leverage any of its investment activities that would put principal at risk.

In 2022, nine interest rate swap contracts with a total notional amount of $2.25 billion matured. These swaps effectively converted the Company’s $1.0 billion, 2.4% fixed-rate notes and $1.25 billion, 2.35% fixed-rate notes due 2022 to variable rate debt.

The interest rate swap contracts were designated hedges of the fair value changes in the notes attributable to changes in the benchmark LIBOR swap rate. The fair value changes in the notes attributable to changes in the LIBOR swap rate were recorded in interest expense along with the offsetting fair value changes in the swap contracts. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The Company is not currently a party to any interest rate swaps.

The table below presents the location of amounts recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges as of December 31:

	Carrying Amount of Hedged Liabilities				Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Increase Included in the Carrying Amount
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Balance Sheet Line Item in which Hedged Item is Included
Loans payable and current portion of long-term debt	$	—	$	2,263	$	—	$	13

Presented in the table below is the fair value of derivatives on a gross basis segregated between those derivatives that are designated as hedging instruments and those that are not designated as hedging instruments as of December 31:

		2022						2021
		Fair Value of Derivative				U.S. Dollar Notional		Fair Value of Derivative				U.S. Dollar Notional
		Asset		Liability				Asset		Liability
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments	Balance Sheet Caption
Interest rate swap contracts	Other current assets	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	14	$	—	$	2,250
Foreign exchange contracts	Other current assets	220		—		4,824		271		—		6,778
Foreign exchange contracts	Other Assets	27		—		1,609		43		—		1,551
Foreign exchange contracts	Accrued and other current liabilities	—		101		2,691		—		24		1,623
Foreign exchange contracts	Other Noncurrent Liabilities	—		1		91		—		1		43
		$	247	$	102	$	9,215	$	328	$	25	$	12,245
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	Balance Sheet Caption
Foreign exchange contracts	Other current assets	$	186	$	—	$	8,540	$	221	$	—	$	10,073
Foreign exchange contracts	Accrued and other current liabilities	—		307		10,926		—		96		10,640
		$	186	$	307	$	19,466	$	221	$	96	$	20,713
		$	433	$	409	$	28,681	$	549	$	121	$	32,958

As noted above, the Company records its derivatives on a gross basis in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company has master netting agreements with several of its financial institution counterparties (see Concentrations of Credit Risk below). The following table provides information on the Company’s derivative positions subject to these master netting arrangements as if they were presented on a net basis, allowing for the right of offset by counterparty and cash collateral exchanged per the master agreements and related credit support annexes at December 31:

	2022				2021
	Asset		Liability		Asset		Liability
Gross amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet	$	433	$	409	$	549	$	121
Gross amounts subject to offset in master netting arrangements not offset in the consolidated balance sheet	(220)		(220)		(110)		(110)
Cash collateral received/posted	(66)		(19)		(164)		—
Net amounts	$	147	$	170	$	275	$	11

The table below provides information regarding the location and amount of pretax gains and losses of derivatives designated in fair value or cash flow hedging relationships:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020		2022		2021	2020	2022		2021		2020
Financial Statement Caption in which Effects of Fair Value or Cash Flow Hedges are Recorded	Sales						Other (income) expense, net (1)				Other comprehensive income (loss)
	$	59,283	$	48,704	$	41,518	$	1,501	(1,341)	(890)	$	(339)	$	1,756	$	(441)
(Gain) loss on fair value hedging relationships:
Interest rate swap contracts
Hedged items	—		—		—		(13)		(40)	40	—		—		—
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	—		—		—		4		1	(76)	—		—		—
Impact of cash flow hedging relationships:
Foreign exchange contracts
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives	—		—		—		—		—	—	684		333		(383)
Increase (decrease) in Sales as a result of AOCL reclassifications	773		(194)		(6)		—		—	—	(773)		194		6
Interest rate contracts
Amount of gain recognized in Other (income) expense, net on derivatives	—		—		—		(2)		(2)	(4)	—		—		—
Amount of loss recognized in OCI on derivatives	—		—		—		—		—	—	(2)		(2)		(4)

(1)    Interest expense is a component of Other (income) expense, net.

The table below provides information regarding the income statement effects of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:

		Amount of Derivative Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Income
Years Ended December 31		2022		2021		2020
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	Income Statement Caption
Foreign exchange contracts (1)	Other (income) expense, net	$	(49)	$	313	$	(12)
Foreign exchange contracts (2)	Sales	(37)		9		13
Interest rate contracts (3)	Other (income) expense, net	—		—		9
Forward contract related to Seagen common stock	Research and development	—		—		15

(1)    These derivative contracts primarily mitigate changes in the value of remeasured foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities attributable to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Amount in 2021 includes a loss on forward exchange contracts entered into in conjunction with the spin-off of Organon.

(2)     These derivative contracts serve as economic hedges of forecasted transactions.

(3)     These derivative contracts serve as economic hedges against rising treasury rates.

At December 31, 2022, the Company estimates $104 million of pretax net unrealized gains on derivatives maturing within the next 12 months that hedge foreign currency denominated sales over that same period will be reclassified from AOCL to Sales. The amount ultimately reclassified to Sales may differ as foreign exchange rates change. Realized gains and losses are ultimately determined by actual exchange rates at maturity.

Investments in Debt and Equity Securities

Information on investments in debt and equity securities at December 31 is as follows:

	2022								2021
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value
			Gains		Losses						Gains		Losses
Commercial paper	$	498	$	—	$	—	$	498	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
U.S. government and agency securities	68		—		—		68		80		—		—		80
Corporate notes and bonds	3		—		—		3		4		—		—		4
Foreign government bonds	—		—		—		—		2		—		—		2
Total debt securities	569		—		—		569		86		—		—		86
Publicly traded equity securities (1)							1,284								1,647
Total debt and publicly traded equity securities							$	1,853							$	1,733

(1)    Unrealized net losses of $462 million were recorded in Other (income) expense, net in 2022 on equity securities still held at December 31, 2022. Unrealized net losses of $232 million were recorded in Other (income) expense, net in 2021 on equity securities still held at December 31, 2021.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company also had $832 million and $596 million, respectively, of equity investments without readily determinable fair values included in Other Assets. The Company records unrealized gains on these equity investments based on favorable observable price changes from transactions involving similar investments of the same investee and records unrealized losses based on unfavorable observable price changes, which are included in Other (income) expense, net. During 2022, the Company recorded unrealized gains of $56 million and unrealized losses of $12 million related to certain of these equity investments still held at December 31, 2022. During 2021, the Company recorded unrealized gains of $110 million and unrealized losses of $1 million related to certain of these investments still held at December 31, 2021. Cumulative unrealized gains and cumulative unrealized losses based on observable price changes for investments in equity investments without readily determinable fair values still held at December 31, 2022 were $289 million and $19 million, respectively.

At December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company also had $598 million, $1.7 billion and $800 million, respectively, recorded in Other Assets for equity securities held through ownership interests in investment funds. Losses (gains) recorded in Other (income) expense, net relating to these investment funds were $1.0 billion, $(1.4) billion and $(583) million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The Company uses a fair value hierarchy which maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. There are three levels of inputs used to measure fair value with Level 1 having the highest priority and Level 3 having the lowest:

Level 1 — Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 — Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity. Level 3 assets or liabilities are those whose values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques with significant unobservable inputs, as well as assets or liabilities for which the determination of fair value requires significant judgment or estimation.

If the inputs used to measure the financial assets and liabilities fall within more than one level described above, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument.

Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31 are summarized below:

	Fair Value Measurements Using								Fair Value Measurements Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	2022								2021
Assets
Investments
Commercial paper	$	—	$	498	$	—	$	498	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Foreign government bonds	—		—		—		—		—		2		—		2
Publicly traded equity securities	1,015		—		—		1,015		368		—		—		368
	1,015		498		—		1,513		368		2		—		370
Other assets (1)
U.S. government and agency securities	68		—		—		68		80		—		—		80
Corporate notes and bonds	3		—		—		3		4		—		—		4
Publicly traded equity securities	269		—		—		269		1,279		—		—		1,279
	340		—		—		340		1,363		—		—		1,363
Derivative assets (2)
Forward exchange contracts	—		218		—		218		—		351		—		351
Purchased currency options	—		215		—		215		—		184		—		184
Interest rate swaps	—		—		—		—		—		14		—		14
	—		433		—		433		—		549		—		549
Total assets	$	1,355	$	931	$	—	$	2,286	$	1,731	$	551	$	—	$	2,282
Liabilities
Other liabilities
Contingent consideration	$	—	$	—	$	456	$	456	$	—	$	—	$	777	$	777
Derivative liabilities (2)
Forward exchange contracts	—		402		—		402		—		120		—		120
Written currency options	—		7		—		7		—		1		—		1
	—		409		—		409		—		121		—		121
Total liabilities	$	—	$	409	$	456	$	865	$	—	$	121	$	777	$	898

(1)    Investments included in other assets are restricted as to use, including for the payment of benefits under employee benefit plans.

(2)    The fair value determination of derivatives includes the impact of the credit risk of counterparties to the derivatives and the Company’s own credit risk, the effects of which were not significant.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, Cash and cash equivalents included $11.3 billion and $6.8 billion of cash equivalents, respectively, (which would be considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy).

Contingent Consideration

Summarized information about the changes in the fair value of liabilities for contingent consideration associated with business combinations is as follows:

	2022		2021
Fair value January 1	$	777	$	841
Changes in estimated fair value (1)	(146)		57
Payments	(119)		(109)
Other	(56)		(12)
Fair value December 31 (2)	$	456	$	777

(1)    Recorded in Cost of sales, Research and development expenses, and Other (income) expense, net. Includes cumulative translation adjustments.

(2)    At December 31, 2022 and 2021, $368 million and $620 million, respectively, of the liabilities relate to the termination of the Sanofi Pasteur MSD joint venture in 2016. As part of the termination, Merck recorded a liability for contingent future royalty payments of 11.5% on net sales of all Merck products that were previously sold by the joint venture through December 31, 2024. The fair value of this liability is determined utilizing the estimated amount and timing of projected cash flows using a risk-adjusted discount rate to present value the cash flows. Balance at December 31, 2022 includes $122 million recorded as a current liability for amounts expected to be paid within the next 12 months.

The payments of contingent consideration in both years relate to the Sanofi Pasteur MSD liabilities described above.

Other Fair Value Measurements

Some of the Company’s financial instruments, such as cash and cash equivalents, receivables and payables, are reflected in the balance sheet at carrying value, which approximates fair value due to their short-term nature.

The estimated fair value of loans payable and long-term debt (including current portion) at December 31, 2022, was $26.7 billion compared with a carrying value of $30.7 billion and at December 31, 2021, was $35.7 billion compared with a carrying value of $33.1 billion. Fair value was estimated using recent observable market prices and would be considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

On an ongoing basis, the Company monitors concentrations of credit risk associated with corporate and government issuers of securities and financial institutions with which it conducts business. Credit exposure limits are established to limit a concentration with any single issuer or institution. Cash and investments are placed in instruments that meet high credit quality standards, as specified in the Company’s investment policy guidelines.

The majority of the Company’s accounts receivable arise from product sales in the U.S., Europe and China and are primarily due from drug wholesalers and retailers, hospitals and government agencies. The Company monitors the financial performance and creditworthiness of its customers so that it can properly assess and respond to changes in their credit profile. The Company also continues to monitor global economic conditions, including the volatility associated with international sovereign economies, and associated impacts on the financial markets and its business. 

The Company’s customers with the largest accounts receivable balances are: McKesson Corporation, AmerisourceBergen Corporation and Cardinal Health, Inc., which represented approximately 21%, 20% and 13%, respectively, of total accounts receivable at December 31, 2022. The Company monitors the creditworthiness of its customers to which it grants credit terms in the normal course of business. Bad debts have been minimal. The Company does not normally require collateral or other security to support credit sales.

The Company has accounts receivable factoring agreements with financial institutions in certain countries to sell accounts receivable. The Company factored $2.5 billion and $2.8 billion of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, under these factoring arrangements, which reduced outstanding accounts receivable. The cash received from the financial institutions is reported within operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. In certain of these factoring arrangements, for ease of administration, the Company will collect customer payments related to the factored receivables, which it then remits to the financial institutions. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had collected $67 million and $62 million, respectively, on behalf of the financial institutions, which is reflected as restricted cash in Other current assets and the related obligation to remit the cash within Accrued and other current liabilities. The Company remitted the cash to the financial institutions in January 2023 and 2022, respectively. The net cash flows related to these collections are reported as financing activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The cost of factoring such accounts receivable was de minimis.

Derivative financial instruments are executed under International Swaps and Derivatives Association master agreements. The master agreements with several of the Company’s financial institution counterparties also include credit support annexes. These annexes contain provisions that require collateral to be exchanged depending on the value of the derivative assets and liabilities, the Company’s credit rating, and the credit rating of the counterparty. Cash collateral advanced by the Company to various counterparties was $19 million at December 31, 2022. Cash collateral received by the Company from various counterparties was $66 million and $164 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The obligation to return such collateral is recorded in Accrued and other current liabilities.

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Inventories

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Inventories

Inventories

Inventories at December 31 consisted of:

	2022		2021
Finished goods	$	1,841	$	1,747
Raw materials and work in process	7,063		6,220
Supplies	238		196
Total (approximates current cost)	9,142		8,163
Decrease to LIFO cost	(293)		(16)
	$	8,849	$	8,147
Recognized as:
Inventories	$	5,911	$	5,953
Other Assets	2,938		2,194

Inventories valued under the LIFO method comprised approximately $3.4 billion and $3.3 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amounts recognized as Other Assets are comprised almost entirely of raw materials and work in process inventories. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, these amounts included $2.4 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively, of inventories not expected to be sold within one year. In addition, these amounts included $516 million and $256 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, of inventories produced in preparation for product launches.

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Goodwill and Other Intangibles

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill and Other Intangibles

Goodwill and Other Intangibles

The following table summarizes goodwill activity by segment:

	Pharmaceutical		Animal Health		Total
Balance January 1, 2021	$	15,614	$	3,268	$	18,882
Acquisitions	2,431		5		2,436
Other (1)	(48)		(6)		(54)
Balance December 31, 2021 (2)	17,997		3,267		21,264
Other (1)	(61)		1		(60)
Balance December 31, 2022 (2)	$	17,936	$	3,268	$	21,204

(1)    Includes cumulative translation adjustments on goodwill balances.

(2)    Accumulated goodwill impairment losses were $531 million at both December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The additions to goodwill in the Pharmaceutical segment in 2021 were primarily related to the acquisition of Acceleron (see Note 4).

Other acquired intangibles at December 31 consisted of:

	2022						2021
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Products and product rights	$	23,555	$	16,745	$	6,810	$	23,671	$	15,776	$	7,895
IPR&D	7,661		—		7,661		9,281		—		9,281
Trade names	2,879		635		2,244		2,882		493		2,389
Licenses and other	7,651		4,097		3,554		6,604		3,236		3,368
	$	41,746	$	21,477	$	20,269	$	42,438	$	19,505	$	22,933

Some of the more significant acquired intangibles included in products and product rights, on a net basis, related to human health marketed products at December 31, 2022 were Reblozyl, $3.5 billion; Zerbaxa, $406 million; Sivextro, $122 million; Gardasil/Gardasil 9, $120 million; and Bridion, $97 million. Additionally, the Company had $4.6 billion of net acquired intangibles related to animal health at December 31, 2022, of which $2.3 billion related to products and product rights and $2.2 billion was attributable to trade names, primarily related to Allflex. At December 31, 2022, IPR&D primarily relates to MK-7962 (sotatercept), $6.4 billion, obtained through the acquisition of Acceleron in 2021 (see Note 4); MK-7264 (gefapixant), $832 million, obtained through the acquisition of Afferent Pharmaceuticals in 2016; and MK-1026 (nemtabrutinib), $418 million, obtained through the acquisition of ArQule in

2020 (see below and Note 4). Some of the more significant net intangible assets included in licenses and other above at December 31, 2022 include Lynparza, $1.6 billion, related to a collaboration with AstraZeneca; Lenvima, $814 million, related to a collaboration with Eisai; and Adempas, $633 million, related to a collaboration with Bayer. See Note 5 for additional information related to the intangible assets associated with these collaborations.

In 2020, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $1.6 billion within Cost of sales related to Zerbaxa (ceftolozane and tazobactam) for injection, a combination antibacterial and beta-lactamase inhibitor for the treatment of certain bacterial infections. In December 2020, the Company temporarily suspended sales of Zerbaxa, and subsequently issued a product recall, following the identification of product sterility issues. The recall constituted a triggering event requiring the evaluation of the Zerbaxa intangible asset for impairment. The Company revised its cash flow forecasts for Zerbaxa utilizing certain assumptions around the return to market timeline and anticipated uptake in sales thereafter. These revised cash flow forecasts indicated that the Zerbaxa intangible asset value was not fully recoverable on an undiscounted cash flows basis. The Company utilized market participant assumptions to determine its best estimate of the fair value of the intangible asset related to Zerbaxa that, when compared with its related carrying value, resulted in the impairment charge noted above. The Company also wrote-off inventory of $120 million to Cost of sales in 2020 related to the Zerbaxa recall. A phased resupply of Zerbaxa was initiated in the fourth quarter of 2021 and completed during 2022.

IPR&D that the Company acquires through business combinations represents the fair value assigned to incomplete research projects which, at the time of acquisition, have not reached technological feasibility. Amounts capitalized as IPR&D are accounted for as indefinite-lived intangible assets, subject to impairment testing until completion or abandonment of the projects. Upon successful completion of each IPR&D project, the Company will make a separate determination as to the then-useful life of the asset and begin amortization.

In 2022, the Company recorded $1.7 billion of intangible impairment charges within Research and development expenses, of which $1.6 billion represents IPR&D impairment charges related to nemtabrutinib (MK-1026), a novel, oral BTK inhibitor currently being evaluated for the treatment of B-cell malignancies that was obtained through the 2020 acquisition of ArQule (see Note 4). Following discussions with regulatory authorities in the third quarter, the development period for nemtabrutinib was extended, which constituted a triggering event that required the evaluation of the nemtabrutinib intangible asset for impairment. The Company estimated the current fair value of nemtabrutinib utilizing an income approach which calculates the present value of projected future cash flows. The market participant assumptions used to derive the forecasted cash flows were updated to reflect a delay in the anticipated launch date for nemtabrutinib, which resulted in lower cumulative revenue forecasts and a reduction in the estimated fair value. The revised estimated fair value of nemtabrutinib when compared with its related carrying value resulted in a $807 million impairment charge recorded in the third quarter of 2022. In December 2022, regulatory authorities provided additional feedback with respect to clinical study design that led to a further reassessment of the development plan for nemtabrutinib, which is expected to result in changes to the clinical study design, and corresponding delays in the anticipated approval and launch timelines, which constituted a triggering event. Utilizing an income approach, the forecasted cash flows were updated to reflect a decline in forecasted revenue coupled with an increase in development cost forecasts, which reduced projected cash flows lowering the estimated current fair value of nemtabrutinib. The revised estimated fair value of nemtabrutinib when compared with its then-related carrying value resulted in a $780 million impairment charge. The remaining IPR&D intangible asset related to nemtabrutinib is $418 million. If the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of nemtabrutinib prove to be incorrect and the development of nemtabrutinib does not progress as anticipated thereby adversely affecting projected future cash flows, the Company may record an additional impairment charge in the future and such charge could be material. The Company also recorded an $80 million intangible asset impairment charge related to derazantinib resulting from the termination of the out-licensing agreement and the decision by Merck not to pursue development of derazantinib.

In 2021, the Company recorded a $275 million IPR&D impairment charge related to nemtabrutinib. As part of Merck’s annual impairment assessment of IPR&D intangible assets, the Company estimated the current fair value of nemtabrutinib utilizing projected future cash flows. The market participant assumptions used to derive the forecasted cash flows were updated to reflect the current competitive landscape for nemtabrutinib, including increased expected development costs for additional clinical trial data needed to develop nemtabrutinib, as well as a delay in the anticipated launch date for nemtabrutinib, which collectively reduced the projected future cash flows and estimated fair value. Additionally, the discount rate utilized to determine the current fair value of the asset was reduced to 8.5% to reflect the current risk profile of the asset. The revised estimated fair value of nemtabrutinib when compared with its related carrying value resulted in the IPR&D impairment charge noted above.

In 2020, the Company recorded a $90 million IPR&D impairment charge related to a decision to discontinue the development program for COVID-19 vaccine candidate V591 following Merck’s review of findings from a Phase 1 clinical study for the vaccine. In the study, V591 was generally well tolerated, but the immune responses were inferior to those seen following natural infection and those reported for other SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 vaccines. The discontinuation of this development program also resulted in a reversal of the related liability for contingent consideration of $45 million.

The IPR&D projects that remain in development are subject to the inherent risks and uncertainties in drug development and it is possible that the Company will not be able to successfully develop and complete the IPR&D programs and profitably commercialize the underlying product candidates.

The Company may recognize additional non-cash impairment charges in the future related to other marketed products or pipeline programs and such charges could be material.

Aggregate amortization expense primarily recorded within Cost of sales was $2.1 billion in 2022, $1.6 billion in 2021 and $1.8 billion in 2020. The estimated aggregate amortization expense for each of the next five years is as follows: 2023, $1.8 billion; 2024, $1.7 billion; 2025, $1.6 billion; 2026, $1.5 billion; 2027, $1.3 billion.

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Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases

Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases

Loans Payable

Loans payable at December 31, 2022 included $1.7 billion of notes due in 2023 and $197 million of long-dated notes that are subject to repayment at the option of the holders. Loans payable at December 31, 2021 included $2.3 billion of notes due in 2022 and $149 million of long-dated notes that are subject to repayment at the option of the holders. The weighted-average interest rate of commercial paper borrowings was 0.65% and 0.08% for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt at December 31 consisted of:

	2022		2021
2.75% notes due 2025	$	2,496	$	2,495
2.15% notes due 2031	1,986		1,986
2.75% notes due 2051	1,979		1,979
3.70% notes due 2045	1,978		1,977
3.40% notes due 2029	1,738		1,736
1.70% notes due 2027	1,494		1,493
2.90% notes due 2061	1,483		1,484
4.00% notes due 2049	1,471		1,470
4.15% notes due 2043	1,239		1,239
1.45% notes due 2030	1,237		1,235
2.45% notes due 2050	1,213		1,212
1.875% euro-denominated notes due 2026	1,060		1,123
0.75% notes due 2026	995		993
1.90% notes due 2028	994		994
3.90% notes due 2039	985		984
2.35% notes due 2040	984		983
2.90% notes due 2024	749		748
6.50% notes due 2033	711		715
0.50% euro-denominated notes due 2024	531		563
1.375% euro-denominated notes due 2036	527		559
2.50% euro-denominated notes due 2034	526		558
3.60% notes due 2042	492		491
6.55% notes due 2037	408		409
5.75% notes due 2036	339		338
5.95% debentures due 2028	307		306
5.85% notes due 2039	271		271
6.40% debentures due 2028	250		250
6.30% debentures due 2026	135		135
2.80% notes due 2023	—		1,749
Other	167		215
	$	28,745	$	30,690

Other (as presented in the table above) includes borrowings at variable rates that resulted in effective interest rates of 1.40% and zero for 2022 and 2021, respectively.

With the exception of the 6.30% debentures due 2026, the notes listed in the table above are redeemable in whole or in part, at Merck’s option at any time, at varying redemption prices. Effective as of November 3, 2009, the Company executed a full and unconditional guarantee of the then existing debt of its subsidiary Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. (MSD) and MSD executed a full and unconditional guarantee of the then existing debt of the Company (excluding commercial paper), including for payments of principal and interest. These guarantees do not extend to debt issued subsequent to that date.

Certain of the Company’s borrowings require that Merck comply with covenants and, at December 31, 2022, the Company was in compliance with these covenants.

The aggregate maturities of long-term debt for each of the next five years are as follows: 2023, $1.7 billion; 2024, $1.3 billion; 2025, $2.5 billion; 2026, $2.2 billion; 2027, $1.5 billion. Interest payments related to these debt obligations are as follows: 2023, $882 million; 2024, $845 million; 2025, $778 million; 2026, $751 million; 2027, $720 million.

The Company has a $6.0 billion credit facility that matures in June 2026. The facility provides backup liquidity for the Company’s commercial paper borrowing facility and is to be used for general corporate purposes. The Company has not drawn funding from this facility.

Leases

The Company has operating leases primarily for manufacturing facilities, research and development facilities, corporate offices, employee housing, vehicles and certain equipment. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. When evaluating contracts for embedded leases, the Company exercises judgment to determine if there is an explicit or implicit identified asset in the contract and if Merck controls the use of that asset. Embedded leases, primarily associated with contract manufacturing organizations, are immaterial. The lease term includes options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that Merck will exercise that option. Real estate leases for facilities have an average remaining lease term of seven years, which include options to extend the leases for up to four years where applicable. Vehicle leases are generally in effect for four years. The Company elected to exclude short-term leases (leases with an initial term of 12 months or less) from the lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet.

Lease expense for operating lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Operating lease assets and liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Since the Company’s leases do not have a readily determinable implicit discount rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate to calculate the present value of lease payments by asset class. On a quarterly basis, an updated incremental borrowing rate is determined based on the average remaining lease term of each asset class and the Company’s pretax cost of debt for that same term. The updated rates for each asset class are applied prospectively to new leases. The Company does not separate lease components (e.g. payments for rent, real estate taxes and insurance costs) from non-lease components (e.g. common-area maintenance costs) in the event that the agreement contains both. Merck includes both the lease and non-lease components for purposes of calculating the right-of-use asset and related lease liability (if the non-lease components are fixed). For vehicle leases and employee housing, the Company applies a portfolio approach to account for the operating lease assets and liabilities.

Certain of the Company’s lease agreements contain variable lease payments that are adjusted periodically for inflation or for actual operating expense true-ups compared with estimated amounts; however, these amounts are immaterial. Sublease income and activity related to sale and leaseback transactions are immaterial. Merck’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

Operating lease cost was $334 million in 2022, $343 million in 2021 and $340 million in 2020. Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities was $335 million in 2022, $340 million in 2021 and $334 million in 2020. Operating lease assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations were $57 million in 2022, $117 million in 2021 and $473 million in 2020.

Supplemental balance sheet information related to operating leases is as follows:

December 31	2022			2021
Assets
Other Assets (1)	$	1,346		$	1,586
Liabilities
Accrued and other current liabilities	281			304
Other Noncurrent Liabilities	1,013			1,225
	$	1,294		$	1,529
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)	7.0			7.0
Weighted-average discount rate	3.1		%	2.6		%

(1)    Includes prepaid leases that have no related lease liability.

Maturities of operating leases liabilities are as follows:

2023	$	323
2024	258
2025	224
2026	157
2027	126
Thereafter	404
Total lease payments	1,492
Less: Imputed interest	198
	$	1,294

At December 31, 2022, the Company had entered into additional real estate operating leases that had not yet commenced; the obligations associated with these leases total $232 million.

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Contingencies and Environmental Liabilities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Contingencies and Environmental Liabilities

Contingencies and Environmental Liabilities

The Company is involved in various claims and legal proceedings of a nature considered normal to its business, including product liability, intellectual property, and commercial litigation, as well as certain additional matters including governmental and environmental matters. In the opinion of the Company, it is unlikely that the resolution of these matters will be material to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Given the nature of the litigation discussed below and the complexities involved in these matters, the Company is unable to reasonably estimate a possible loss or range of possible loss for such matters until the Company knows, among other factors, (i) what claims, if any, will survive dispositive motion practice, (ii) the extent of the claims, including the size of any potential class, particularly when damages are not specified or are indeterminate, (iii) how the discovery process will affect the litigation, (iv) the settlement posture of the other parties to the litigation and (v) any other factors that may have a material effect on the litigation.

The Company records accruals for contingencies when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. These accruals are adjusted periodically as assessments change or additional information becomes available. For product liability claims, a portion of the overall accrual is actuarially determined and considers such factors as past experience, number of claims reported and estimates of claims incurred but not yet reported. Individually significant contingent losses are accrued when probable and reasonably estimable. Legal defense costs expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency are accrued when probable and reasonably estimable.

The Company’s decision to obtain insurance coverage is dependent on market conditions, including cost and availability, existing at the time such decisions are made. The Company has evaluated its risks and has determined that the cost of obtaining product liability insurance outweighs the likely benefits of the coverage that is available and, as such, has no insurance for most product liabilities.

Product Liability Litigation

Gardasil/Gardasil 9

As previously disclosed, Merck is a defendant in product liability lawsuits in the U.S. involving Gardasil (Human Papillomavirus Quadrivalent [Types 6, 11, 16 and 18] Vaccine, Recombinant) and Gardasil 9 (Human Papillomavirus 9-valent Vaccine, Recombinant). As of December 31, 2022, approximately 70 cases were filed and pending against Merck in either federal or state court. In these actions, plaintiffs allege, among other things, that they suffered various personal injuries after vaccination with Gardasil or Gardasil 9, with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome as a predominate alleged injury. In August 2022, the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation ordered that Gardasil/Gardasil 9 product liability cases pending in federal courts nationwide be transferred to Judge Robert J. Conrad in the Western District of North Carolina for coordinated pre-trial proceedings. There are fewer than 15 product liability cases pending outside the U.S., including one purported class action in Colombia.

Governmental Proceedings

As previously disclosed, in the fall of 2018, the Company received a records subpoena from the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of Vermont (VT USAO) pursuant to Section 248 of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) relating to an investigation of potential health care offenses. The subpoena

sought information relating to any actual or potential business relationship or arrangement Merck has had with Practice Fusion, Inc. (PFI), a cloud-based, electronic health records (EHR) company that was acquired by Allscripts in January 2018. The Company cooperated with the government and responded to that subpoena. Subsequently, in May 2019, Merck received a second records subpoena from the VT USAO that broadened the government’s information request by seeking information relating to Merck’s relationship with any EHR company. Shortly thereafter, the VT USAO served a Civil Investigation Demand (CID) upon Merck similarly seeking information on the Company’s relationships with EHR vendors. The CID explains that the government is conducting a False Claims Act investigation concerning whether Merck and/or PFI submitted claims to federal health care programs that violate the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute. Merck is cooperating with the government’s investigation.

As previously disclosed, in April 2019, Merck received a set of investigative interrogatories from the California Attorney General’s Office pursuant to its investigation of conduct and agreements that allegedly affected or delayed competition to Lantus in the insulin market. The interrogatories seek information concerning Merck’s development of an insulin glargine product, and its subsequent termination, as well as Merck’s patent litigation against Sanofi S.A. concerning Lantus and the resolution of that litigation. Merck is cooperating with the California Attorney General’s investigation.

As previously disclosed, in June 2020, Merck received a CID from the U.S. Department of Justice. The CID requests answers to interrogatories, as well as various documents, regarding temperature excursions at a third-party storage facility containing certain Merck products. Merck is cooperating with the government’s investigation and intends to produce information and/or documents as necessary in response to the CID.

As previously disclosed, from time to time, the Company’s subsidiaries in China receive inquiries regarding their operations from various Chinese governmental agencies. Some of these inquiries may be related to matters involving other multinational pharmaceutical companies, as well as Chinese entities doing business with such companies. The Company’s policy is to cooperate with these authorities and to provide responses as appropriate.

As previously disclosed, from time to time, the Company receives inquiries and is the subject of preliminary investigation activities from competition and other governmental authorities in markets outside the U.S. These authorities may include regulators, administrative authorities, and law enforcement and other similar officials, and these preliminary investigation activities may include site visits, formal or informal requests or demands for documents or materials, inquiries or interviews and similar matters. Certain of these preliminary inquiries or activities may lead to the commencement of formal proceedings. Should those proceedings be determined adversely to the Company, monetary fines and/or remedial undertakings may be required.

Commercial and Other Litigation

Zetia Antitrust Litigation

As previously disclosed, Merck, MSD, Schering Corporation, Schering-Plough Corporation, and MSP Singapore Company LLC (collectively, the Merck Defendants) are defendants in a number of lawsuits filed in 2018 on behalf of direct and indirect purchasers of Zetia (ezetimibe) alleging violations of federal and state antitrust laws, as well as other state statutory and common law causes of action. The cases were consolidated in a federal multidistrict litigation (the Zetia MDL) before Judge Rebecca Beach Smith in the Eastern District of Virginia.

In November 2019, the direct purchaser plaintiffs and the indirect purchaser plaintiffs filed motions for class certification. In August 2020, the district court granted in part the direct purchasers’ motion for class certification and certified a class of 35 direct purchasers. In August 2021, the Fourth Circuit vacated the district court’s class certification order and remanded for further proceedings consistent with the court’s ruling. In September 2021, the direct purchaser plaintiffs filed a renewed motion for class certification. On January 25, 2022, the magistrate judge recommended that the district court deny the motion for class certification. On February 8, 2022, the direct purchaser plaintiffs filed objections to the recommendation. On April 13, 2022, the district court denied the direct purchaser plaintiffs’ renewed motion for class certification. In August 2021, the district court granted certification of a class of indirect purchasers.

In 2020 and 2021, United Healthcare Services, Inc., Humana Inc., Centene Corporation and others, and Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. (collectively, the Insurer Plaintiffs), each filed a lawsuit in a jurisdiction outside of the Eastern District of Virginia against the Merck Defendants and others, making similar allegations as those made in the Zetia MDL, as well as additional allegations about Vytorin. These cases have been transferred to the Eastern District of Virginia to proceed with the Zetia MDL.

On February 9, 2022, the Insurer Plaintiffs filed amended complaints. On March 2, 2022, the Merck Defendants, jointly with other defendants, moved to dismiss certain aspects of the Insurer Plaintiffs’ complaints, including any claims for Vytorin damages. That motion to dismiss the Vytorin-related claims is still pending.

In April 2022, the direct purchaser plaintiffs moved for an order setting a deadline for direct purchasers of Zetia not currently parties to the case to file cases against defendants in order for those cases to be coordinated for trial with the existing direct purchaser plaintiffs and other Zetia MDL plaintiff groups. The court granted that motion, setting a deadline of June 30, 2022 for unnamed direct purchasers to file claims. On June 30, 2022, 23 new entities, many related, brought new complaints against defendants or otherwise sought to intervene.

On February 10, 2023, the district court denied the Merck Defendants’ and Glenmark defendants’ motions for summary judgment. In the cases filed by direct purchaser plaintiffs, retailer plaintiffs, and indirect purchaser plaintiffs, plaintiffs seek up to a maximum of $12.7 billion in damages after trebling. The court has scheduled trial for these plaintiffs (all plaintiffs other than the Insurer Plaintiffs) for April 17, 2023.

Bravecto Litigation

As previously disclosed, in January 2020, the Company was served with a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. Following motion practice, the plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint on July 1, 2021, seeking to certify a nationwide class action of purchasers or users of Bravecto (fluralaner) products in the U.S. or its territories between May 1, 2014 and July 1, 2021. Plaintiffs contend Bravecto causes neurological events in dogs and cats and alleges violations of the New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act, Breach of Warranty, Product Liability, and related theories. The Company moved to dismiss or, alternatively, to strike the class allegations from the second amended complaint, and that motion is pending. A similar case was filed in Quebec, Canada in May 2019. The Superior Court certified a class of dog owners in Quebec who gave Bravecto Chew to their dogs between February 16, 2017 and November 2, 2018 whose dogs experienced one of the conditions in the post-marketing adverse reactions section of the labeling approved on November 2, 2018. The Company and plaintiffs each appealed the class certification decision. The Court of Appeal of Quebec heard the appeal on February 7, 2022 and took the matter under advisement.

340B Program Litigation

Merck has filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia to challenge the letter Merck received from the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) in May 2022 regarding Merck’s 340B Program integrity initiative. HRSA’s letter to Merck asserts that Merck is in violation of the 340B statute. HRSA further claims that continued failure to provide the 340B price to covered entities using contract pharmacies may result in civil monetary penalties for each instance of alleged overcharging, in addition to repayment for any instance of overcharging. The letter is very similar to letters HRSA has sent to other manufacturers, which letters have been held to be unlawful by multiple federal courts. Merck disagrees with HRSA’s assertion. Merck remains committed to the 340B Program and to providing 340B discounts to eligible covered entities. Merck’s 340B Program integrity initiative is consistent with the requirements of the 340B statute and is intended to ensure the integrity and sustainability of the 340B statute by reducing prohibited duplicate discounts and diversion and putting patients back at the center of the program. Merck continues to offer all of the Company’s covered outpatient drugs to all 340B covered entities for purchase at or below the 340B ceiling price. On September 13, 2022, the court stayed the case pending the D.C. Circuit’s ruling in Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. v. Johnson and United Therapeutics Corp. v. Johnson.

Qui Tam Litigation

As previously disclosed, in June 2012, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania unsealed a complaint that had been filed against the Company under the federal False Claims Act by two former employees alleging, among other things, that the Company defrauded the U.S. government by falsifying data in connection with a clinical study conducted on the mumps component of the Company’s M-M-R II vaccine. The complaint alleges the fraud took place between 1999 and 2001. The U.S. government had the right to participate in and take over the prosecution of this lawsuit but notified the court that it declined to exercise that right. The two former employees are pursuing the lawsuit without the involvement of the U.S. government. In addition, as previously disclosed, two putative class action lawsuits on behalf of direct purchasers of the M‑M‑R II vaccine, which charge that the Company misrepresented the efficacy of the M-M-R II vaccine in violation of federal antitrust laws and various state consumer protection laws, are pending in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. In September 2014, the court denied Merck’s motion to dismiss the False Claims Act suit and granted in part and denied in part its motion to dismiss the then-pending antitrust suit. As a result, both the False Claims Act suit and the antitrust suits proceeded into discovery, which is now complete, and the parties have filed and briefed cross-motions for summary judgment, which are currently pending before the court.

Merck KGaA Litigation

As previously disclosed, in January 2016, to protect its long-established brand rights in the U.S., the Company filed a lawsuit against Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (KGaA), historically operating as the EMD Group in the U.S., alleging it improperly uses the name “Merck” in the U.S. KGaA has filed suit against the Company in a number of jurisdictions outside of the U.S. alleging, among other things, unfair competition, trademark infringement

and/or corporate name infringement. In certain of those jurisdictions, KGaA also alleges breach of the parties’ coexistence agreement. The litigation is ongoing in the U.S. with no trial date set, and also ongoing in jurisdictions outside of the U.S.

Patent Litigation

From time to time, generic manufacturers of pharmaceutical products file abbreviated New Drug Applications (NDAs) with the FDA seeking to market generic forms of the Company’s products prior to the expiration of relevant patents owned by the Company. To protect its patent rights, the Company may file patent infringement lawsuits against such generic companies. Similar lawsuits defending the Company’s patent rights may exist in other countries. The Company intends to vigorously defend its patents, which it believes are valid, against infringement by companies attempting to market products prior to the expiration of such patents. As with any litigation, there can be no assurance of the outcomes, which, if adverse, could result in significantly shortened periods of exclusivity for these products and, with respect to products acquired through acquisitions accounted for as business combinations, potentially significant intangible asset impairment charges.

Bridion — As previously disclosed, between January and November 2020, the Company received multiple Paragraph IV Certification Letters under the Hatch-Waxman Act notifying the Company that generic drug companies have filed applications to the FDA seeking pre-patent expiry approval to sell generic versions of Bridion (sugammadex) Injection. In March, April and December 2020, the Company filed patent infringement lawsuits in the U.S. District Courts for the District of New Jersey and the Northern District of West Virginia against those generic companies. All actions in the District of New Jersey have been consolidated. These lawsuits, which assert one or more patents covering sugammadex and methods of using sugammadex, automatically stay FDA approval of the generic applications until June 2023 or until adverse court decisions, if any, whichever may occur earlier. The West Virginia case was jointly dismissed with prejudice on August 8, 2022 in favor of proceeding in New Jersey. The remaining defendants in the New Jersey action have stipulated to infringement of the asserted claims and have stated they are withdrawing all remaining claims and defenses other than a defense seeking to shorten the patent term extension of the sugammadex patent to December 2022. The U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey held a one-day trial on December 19, 2022 on this remaining patent term extension calculation defense. The court ordered a post-trial briefing on this defense and held closing arguments on February 3, 2023.

The Company has settled with five generic companies providing that these generic companies can bring their generic versions of Bridion to the market in January 2026 (which may be delayed by any applicable pediatric exclusivity) or earlier under certain circumstances. The Company has agreed to stay the lawsuit filed against two generic companies, which in exchange agreed to be bound by a judgment on the merits of the consolidated action in the District of New Jersey. One of the generic companies in the consolidated action requested dismissal of the action against it and the Company did not oppose this request, which was subsequently granted by the court. The Company does not expect this company to bring its generic version of Bridion to the market before January 2026 or later, depending on any applicable pediatric exclusivity, unless the Company receives an adverse court decision.

Januvia, Janumet, Janumet XR — As previously disclosed, the FDA granted pediatric exclusivity with respect to Januvia (sitagliptin), Janumet (sitagliptin/metformin HCl), and Janumet XR (sitagliptin and metformin HCl extended-release), which provides a further six months of exclusivity in the U.S. beyond the expiration of all patents listed in the FDA’s Orange Book. Adding this exclusivity to the term of the key patent protection extended exclusivity on these products to January 2023. However, Januvia, Janumet, and Janumet XR contain sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate and the Company has another patent covering certain phosphate salt and polymorphic forms of sitagliptin that expires in May 2027, including pediatric exclusivity (2027 salt/polymorph patent). In 2019, Par Pharmaceutical filed suit against the Company in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey seeking a declaratory judgment of invalidity of the 2027 salt/polymorph patent. In response, the Company filed a patent infringement lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against Par Pharmaceutical and additional companies that also indicated an intent to market generic versions of Januvia, Janumet, and Janumet XR following expiration of key patent protection, but prior to the expiration of the 2027 salt/polymorph patent, and a later granted patent owned by the Company covering the Janumet formulation where its term plus the pediatric exclusivity ends in 2029. The Company also filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Mylan in the Northern District of West Virginia. The Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation entered an order transferring the Company’s lawsuit against Mylan to the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware for coordinated and consolidated pretrial proceedings with the other cases pending in that district.

Prior to the beginning of the scheduled October 2021 trial in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware on invalidity issues, the Company settled with all defendants scheduled to participate in that trial. In the Company’s case against Mylan, a bench trial was held in December 2021 in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia, and the closing arguments were held on April 13, 2022. On September 21, 2022, the District

Court for the Northern District of West Virginia issued a decision in the Company’s favor, upholding all asserted patent claims. Mylan (now Viatris) has appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.

In total, the Company has settled with 22 generic companies providing that these generic companies can bring their generic versions of Januvia and Janumet to the market in May 2026 or earlier under certain circumstances, and their generic versions of Janumet XR to the market in July 2026 or earlier under certain circumstances.

Additionally, in 2019, Mylan filed a petition for inter partes review (IPR) at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) seeking invalidity of some, but not all, of the claims of the 2027 salt/polymorph patent. The USPTO instituted IPR proceedings in May 2020, finding a reasonable likelihood that the challenged claims are not valid. A trial was held in February 2021 and a final decision was rendered in May 2021, holding that all of the challenged claims were not invalid. Mylan appealed the USPTO’s decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, and a hearing was held on August 2, 2022. On September 29, 2022, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ruled in the Company’s favor, upholding the USPTO’s decision. Mylan submitted a combined petition for panel rehearing and rehearing en banc, for which the Company was invited by the court to provide a response. On February 3, 2023, the court issued a per curiam decision denying both rehearing requests.

In March 2021, the Company filed a patent infringement lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against Zydus Worldwide DMCC, Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc., and Cadila Healthcare Ltd. (collectively, Zydus). In that lawsuit, the Company alleged infringement of the 2027 salt/polymorph patent based on the filing of Zydus’s NDA seeking approval of its sitagliptin tablets. In December 2022, the parties reached settlement that included dismissal of the case without prejudice enabling Zydus to seek final approval of a non-automatically substitutable product containing a different form of sitagliptin than that used in Januvia, Janumet and Janumet XR.

As a result of these favorable court rulings and settlement agreements related to the later expiring patent directed to the specific sitagliptin salt form of the products, the Company expects that these products will not lose market exclusivity in the U.S. until May 2026. However, certain of the rulings are currently being appealed, and an unfavorable court decision would likely cause the products to lose exclusivity toward the end of 2023.

Generic companies have sought revocation of the Supplementary Protection Certificate (SPC) for Janumet in a number of European countries. In February 2022, a Finnish court referred certain questions to the Court of Justice of the European Union that could determine the validity of the Janumet SPCs in Europe, for which there will be an oral hearing on March 8, 2023. In first instance decisions, the Janumet SPC has been found invalid in Germany and Romania, and has been upheld in Czech Republic and Sweden. Appeals are pending in Germany, Czech Republic and Sweden. The Company has filed for injunctive relief in Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Portugal, Switzerland and Slovakia. An ex-parte preliminary injunction was granted in Finland, which has been subsequently maintained in inter-partes proceedings, Czech Republic and Switzerland, and an inter-partes preliminary injunction has been granted in Ireland. A preliminary injunction was granted in France and the validity of the SPC and the associated patent were held to be prima facie valid. Preliminary injunctions have been refused in Portugal, Greece, Belgium and Hungary. In Belgium, the Company has filed a main infringement action against generic companies and a request for preliminary measures in that action has been refused.

Lynparza — In December 2022, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP received a Paragraph IV Certification Letter under the Hatch-Waxman Act notifying AstraZeneca that Natco Pharma Limited (Natco) has filed an application to the FDA seeking pre-patent expiry approval to sell generic versions of Lynparza (olaparib) tablet. In February 2023, AstraZeneca and the Company filed a patent infringement lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey/Delaware against Natco. This lawsuit, which asserts one or more patents covering olaparib, automatically stays FDA approval of the generic application until June 2025 or until an adverse court decision, if any, whichever may occur earlier.

Other Litigation

There are various other pending legal proceedings involving the Company, principally product liability and intellectual property lawsuits. While it is not feasible to predict the outcome of such proceedings, in the opinion of the Company, either the likelihood of loss is remote or any reasonably possible loss associated with the resolution of such proceedings is not expected to be material to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows either individually or in the aggregate.

Legal Defense Reserves

Legal defense costs expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency are accrued when probable and reasonably estimable. Some of the significant factors considered in the review of these legal defense reserves are as follows: the actual costs incurred by the Company; the development of the Company’s legal defense strategy and structure in light of the scope of its litigation; the number of cases being brought against the Company;

the costs and outcomes of completed trials and the most current information regarding anticipated timing, progression, and related costs of pre-trial activities and trials in the associated litigation. The amount of legal defense reserves as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 of approximately $230 million represents the Company’s best estimate of the minimum amount of defense costs to be incurred in connection with its outstanding litigation; however, events such as additional trials and other events that could arise in the course of its litigation could affect the ultimate amount of legal defense costs to be incurred by the Company. The Company will continue to monitor its legal defense costs and review the adequacy of the associated reserves and may determine to increase the reserves at any time in the future if, based upon the factors set forth, it believes it would be appropriate to do so.

Environmental Matters

The Company and its subsidiaries are parties to a number of proceedings brought under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, commonly known as Superfund, and other federal and state equivalents. These proceedings seek to require the operators of hazardous waste disposal facilities, transporters of waste to the sites and generators of hazardous waste disposed of at the sites to clean up the sites or to reimburse the government for cleanup costs. The Company has been made a party to these proceedings as an alleged generator of waste disposed of at the sites. In each case, the government alleges that the defendants are jointly and severally liable for the cleanup costs. Although joint and several liability is alleged, these proceedings are frequently resolved so that the allocation of cleanup costs among the parties more nearly reflects the relative contributions of the parties to the site situation. The Company’s potential liability varies greatly from site to site. For some sites the potential liability is de minimis and for others the final costs of cleanup have not yet been determined. While it is not feasible to predict the outcome of many of these proceedings brought by federal or state agencies or private litigants, in the opinion of the Company, such proceedings should not ultimately result in any liability which would have a material adverse effect on the financial condition, results of operations or liquidity of the Company. The Company has taken an active role in identifying and accruing for these costs and such amounts do not include any reduction for anticipated recoveries of cleanup costs from former site owners or operators or other recalcitrant potentially responsible parties.

In management’s opinion, the liabilities for all environmental matters that are probable and reasonably estimable have been accrued and totaled $39 million and $40 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These liabilities are undiscounted, do not consider potential recoveries from other parties and will be paid out over the periods of remediation for the applicable sites, which are expected to occur primarily over the next 15 years. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these matters, or the ultimate costs of remediation, management does not believe that any reasonably possible expenditures that may be incurred in excess of the liabilities accrued should exceed approximately $35 million in the aggregate. Management also does not believe that these expenditures should result in a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or liquidity for any year.

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Equity

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Equity [Abstract]

Equity

Equity

The Merck certificate of incorporation authorizes 6,500,000,000 shares of common stock and 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock.

Capital Stock

A summary of common stock and treasury stock transactions (shares in millions) is as follows:

	2022		2021		2020
	Common Stock	Treasury Stock	Common Stock	Treasury Stock	Common Stock	Treasury Stock
Balance January 1	3,577	1,049	3,577	1,047	3,577	1,038
Purchases of treasury stock	—	—	—	11	—	16
Issuances (1)	—	(10)	—	(9)	—	(7)
Balance December 31	3,577	1,039	3,577	1,049	3,577	1,047

(1)     Issuances primarily reflect activity under share-based compensation plans.

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Share-Based Compensation Plans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Share-Based Compensation Plans

Share-Based Compensation PlansThe Company has share-based compensation plans under which the Company grants restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance share units (PSUs) to certain management level employees. In addition, employees

and non-employee directors may be granted options to purchase shares of Company common stock at the fair market value at the time of grant. These plans were approved by the Company’s shareholders.

At December 31, 2022, 87 million shares collectively were authorized for future grants under the Company’s share-based compensation plans. These awards are settled with treasury shares.

Employee stock options are granted to purchase shares of Company stock at the fair market value at the time of grant. These awards generally vest one-third each year over a three-year period, with a contractual term of 7-10 years. RSUs are stock awards that are granted to employees and entitle the holder to shares of common stock as the awards vest. The fair value of the stock option and RSU awards is determined and fixed on the grant date based on the Company’s stock price. PSUs are stock awards where the ultimate number of shares issued will be contingent on the Company’s performance against a pre-set objective or set of objectives. The fair value of each PSU is determined on the date of grant based on the Company’s stock price. For RSUs and PSUs, dividends declared during the vesting period are payable to the employees only upon vesting. Over the PSU performance period, the number of shares of stock that are expected to be issued will be adjusted based on the probability of achievement of a performance target and final compensation expense will be recognized based on the ultimate number of shares issued. RSU and PSU distributions will be in shares of Company stock after the end of the vesting or performance period, subject to the terms applicable to such awards. PSU awards generally vest after three years. RSU awards generally vest one-third each year over a three-year period.

Total pretax share-based compensation cost recorded in 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $541 million, $498 million and $475 million, respectively. The amounts in 2021 and 2020 include $479 million and $441 million, respectively, related to continuing operations. Income tax benefits for share-based compensation expense recognized in 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $78 million, $69 million and $65 million, respectively.

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model for determining the fair value of option grants. In applying this model, the Company uses both historical data and current market data to estimate the fair value of its options. The Black-Scholes model requires several assumptions including expected dividend yield, risk-free interest rate, volatility, and term of the options. The expected dividend yield is based on historical patterns of dividend payments. The risk-free interest rate is based on the rate at grant date of zero-coupon U.S. Treasury Notes with a term equal to the expected term of the option. Expected volatility is estimated using a blend of historical and implied volatility. The historical component is based on historical monthly price changes. The implied volatility is obtained from market data on the Company’s traded options. The expected life represents the amount of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding, based on historical and forecasted exercise behavior.

The weighted average exercise price of options granted in 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $87.10, $75.99 and $77.67 per option, respectively. The weighted average fair value of options granted in 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $15.45, $9.80 and $9.93 per option, respectively, and were determined using the following assumptions:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Expected dividend yield	3.1	%	3.1	%	3.1	%
Risk-free interest rate	3.0	%	1.0	%	0.4	%
Expected volatility	22.5	%	20.9	%	22.1	%
Expected life (years)	5.9		5.9		5.8

Summarized information relative to stock option plan activity (options in thousands) is as follows:

	Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding January 1, 2022	18,572	$	65.27
Granted	2,326	87.10
Exercised	(6,317)	60.77
Forfeited	(862)	73.11
Outstanding December 31, 2022	13,719	$	70.55	6.5	$	554
Vested and expected to vest December 31, 2022	13,199	$	70.09	6.4	$	539
Exercisable December 31, 2022	8,730	$	65.24	5.4	$	399

Additional information pertaining to stock option plans is provided in the table below:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Total intrinsic value of stock options exercised	$	225	$	106	$	51
Fair value of stock options vested	30		27		25
Cash received from the exercise of stock options	384		202		89

A summary of nonvested RSU and PSU activity (shares in thousands) is as follows:

	RSUs			PSUs
	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested January 1, 2022	11,790	$	74.88	1,966	$	77.13
Granted	7,170	87.12		951	88.52
Vested	(5,150)	75.40		(725)	87.87
Forfeited	(1,110)	78.65		(171)	77.58
Nonvested December 31, 2022	12,700	$	81.25	2,021	$	78.60
Expected to vest December 31, 2022	11,254	$	80.96	1,895	$	78.26

At December 31, 2022, there was $813 million of total pretax unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested stock options, RSU and PSU awards which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.9 years. For segment reporting, share-based compensation costs are unallocated expenses.

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Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans

The Company has defined benefit pension plans covering eligible employees in the U.S. and in certain of its international subsidiaries. In addition, the Company provides medical benefits, principally to its eligible U.S. retirees and their dependents, through its other postretirement benefit plans. The Company uses December 31 as the year-end measurement date for all of its pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans.

Net Periodic Benefit Cost

The net periodic benefit cost (credit) for pension and other postretirement benefit plans (including certain costs reported as part of discontinued operations) consisted of the following components:

	Pension Benefits
	U.S.						International						Other Postretirement Benefits
Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020
Service cost	$	372	$	403	$	360	$	283	$	328	$	297	$	48	$	48	$	52
Interest cost	457		404		431		145		123		136		46		45		57
Expected return on plan assets	(753)		(755)		(774)		(383)		(416)		(414)		(86)		(79)		(75)
Amortization of unrecognized prior service cost	(32)		(38)		(49)		(14)		(16)		(18)		(57)		(63)		(73)
Net loss (gain) amortization	128		298		303		96		142		127		(43)		(42)		(18)
Termination benefits	2		56		10		1		5		3		—		37		2
Curtailments	12		16		10		—		(26)		—		(1)		(29)		(4)
Settlements	239		216		13		1		8		15		—		—		—
Net periodic benefit cost (credit)	$	425	$	600	$	304	$	129	$	148	$	146	$	(93)	$	(83)	$	(59)

Net periodic benefit cost (credit) for pension and other postretirement benefit plans in 2021 includes expenses for curtailments, settlements and termination benefits provided to certain employees in connection with the spin-off of Organon.

In connection with restructuring actions (see Note 6), termination charges were recorded in 2022, 2021 and 2020 on pension and other postretirement benefit plans related to expanded eligibility for certain employees exiting Merck. Also, in connection with these restructuring activities, curtailments and settlements were recorded on certain pension plans. An increase in lump sum payments to U.S. pension plan participants also contributed to the settlements recorded during 2022 and 2021.

The components of net periodic benefit cost (credit) other than the service cost component are included in Other (income) expense, net (see Note 15), with the exception of certain amounts for termination benefits, curtailments and settlements, which are recorded in Restructuring costs if the event giving rise to the termination benefits, curtailment or settlement is related to restructuring actions or in Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests if related to the spin-off of Organon (each as noted above).

Obligations and Funded Status

Summarized information about the changes in plan assets and benefit obligations, the funded status and the amounts recorded at December 31 is as follows:

	Pension Benefits								Other Postretirement Benefits
	U.S.				International
	2022		2021		2022		2021		2022		2021
Fair value of plan assets January 1	$	13,067	$	12,672	$	12,195	$	12,009	$	1,292	$	1,221
Actual return on plan assets	(3,129)		1,250		(2,793)		891		(306)		118
Company contributions	293		305		155		189		46		33
Effects of exchange rate changes	—		—		(848)		(671)		—		—
Benefits paid	(219)		(219)		(250)		(233)		(90)		(86)
Settlements	(918)		(941)		(16)		(55)		—		—
Spin-off of Organon	—		—		—		(55)		—		—
Other	—		—		30		120		5		6
Fair value of plan assets December 31	$	9,094	$	13,067	$	8,473	$	12,195	$	947	$	1,292
Benefit obligation January 1	$	13,999	$	14,613	$	11,575	$	12,458	$	1,541	$	1,607
Service cost	372		403		283		328		48		48
Interest cost	457		404		145		123		46		45
Actuarial (gains) losses (1)	(3,851)		(332)		(3,283)		(240)		(392)		(103)
Benefits paid	(219)		(219)		(250)		(233)		(90)		(86)
Effects of exchange rate changes	—		—		(732)		(678)		(1)		(1)
Plan amendments	—		—		4		4		—		—
Curtailments	12		15		—		(38)		—		(12)
Termination benefits	2		56		1		5		—		37
Settlements	(918)		(941)		(16)		(55)		—		—
Spin-off of Organon	—		—		—		(118)		—		—
Other	—		—		28		19		5		6
Benefit obligation December 31	$	9,854	$	13,999	$	7,755	$	11,575	$	1,157	$	1,541
Funded status December 31	$	(760)	$	(932)	$	718	$	620	$	(210)	$	(249)
Recognized as:
Other Assets	$	5	$	9	$	1,052	$	1,395	$	—	$	—
Accrued and other current liabilities	(59)		(64)		(19)		(22)		(8)		(8)
Other Noncurrent Liabilities	(706)		(877)		(315)		(753)		(202)		(241)

(1)    Actuarial (gains) losses primarily reflect changes in discount rates.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the accumulated benefit obligation was $17.2 billion and $24.9 billion, respectively, for all pension plans, of which $9.7 billion and $13.8 billion, respectively, related to U.S. pension plans.

Information related to the funded status of selected pension plans at December 31 is as follows:

	U.S.				International
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Pension plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets
Projected benefit obligation	$	9,186	$	13,013	$	2,779	$	2,507
Fair value of plan assets	8,421		12,072		2,445		1,731
Pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets
Accumulated benefit obligation	$	9,081	$	12,916	$	1,226	$	2,462
Fair value of plan assets	8,421		12,072		948		1,723

Plan Assets

Entities are required to use a fair value hierarchy which maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. There are three levels of inputs used to measure fair value with Level 1 having the highest priority and Level 3 having the lowest:

Level 1 — Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 — Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity. The Level 3 assets are those whose values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques with significant unobservable inputs, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant judgment or estimation. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, $765 million and $943 million, respectively, or approximately 4% of the Company’s pension investments were categorized as Level 3 assets.

If the inputs used to measure the financial assets fall within more than one level described above, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument.

The fair values of the Company’s pension plan assets at December 31 by asset category are as follows:

	Fair Value Measurements Using										Fair Value Measurements Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV (1)		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV (1)		Total
	2022										2021
U.S. Pension Plans
Cash and cash equivalents	$	49	$	—	$	—	$	98	$	147	$	3	$	—	$	—	$	289	$	292
Investment funds
Developed markets equities	211		—		—		2,443		2,654		236		—		—		3,799		4,035
Emerging markets equities	—		—		—		707		707		—		—		—		919		919
Real estate	—		—		—		131		131		—		—		—		—		—
Equity securities
Developed markets	1,956		—		—		—		1,956		2,915		—		—		—		2,915
Fixed income securities
Government and agency obligations	—		1,934		—		—		1,934		—		2,870		—		—		2,870
Corporate obligations	—		1,438		—		—		1,438		—		2,005		—		—		2,005
Mortgage and asset-backed securities	—		22		—		—		22		—		23		—		—		23
Other investments
Derivatives	—		101		—		—		101		—		—		—		—		—
Other	—		—		4		—		4		2		—		6		—		8
Plan assets at fair value	$	2,216	$	3,495	$	4	$	3,379	$	9,094	$	3,156	$	4,898	$	6	$	5,007	$	13,067
International Pension Plans
Cash and cash equivalents	$	57	$	8	$	—	$	13	$	78	$	82	$	10	$	—	$	18	$	110
Investment funds
Developed markets equities	375		2,957		—		90		3,422		531		4,292		—		121		4,944
Government and agency obligations	177		2,656		—		130		2,963		240		4,025		—		171		4,436
Emerging markets equities	52		—		—		59		111		137		—		—		72		209
Corporate obligations	8		9		—		129		146		9		8		—		171		188
Other fixed income obligations	10		7		—		4		21		15		8		—		3		26
Real estate	—		1		—		10		11		—		1		—		16		17
Equity securities
Developed markets	263		—		—		—		263		369		—		—		—		369
Fixed income securities
Government and agency obligations	—		448		—		—		448		3		591		—		3		597
Corporate obligations	—		157		—		—		157		—		223		—		2		225
Mortgage and asset-backed securities	—		69		—		—		69		—		90		—		—		90
Other investments
Insurance contracts (2)	—		18		761		1		780		—		44		937		1		982
Other	1		3		—		—		4		1		1		—		—		2
Plan assets at fair value	$	943	$	6,333	$	761	$	436	$	8,473	$	1,387	$	9,293	$	937	$	578	$	12,195

(1)    Certain investments that were measured at net asset value (NAV) per share or its equivalent have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The NAV amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the fair value of plan assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

(2)    The plans’ Level 3 investments in insurance contracts are generally valued using a crediting rate that approximates market returns and invest in underlying securities whose market values are unobservable and determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques.

The table below provides a summary of the changes in fair value, including transfers in and/or out, of all financial assets measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the Company’s pension plan assets:

	2022								2021
	Insurance Contracts		Real Estate		Other		Total		Insurance Contracts		Real Estate		Other		Total
U.S. Pension Plans
Balance January 1	$	—	$	—	$	6	$	6	$	—	$	—	$	7	$	7
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at December 31	—		—		(3)		(3)		—		—		(5)		(5)
Relating to assets sold during the year	—		—		2		2		—		—		7		7
Purchases and sales, net	—		—		(1)		(1)		—		—		(3)		(3)
Balance December 31	$	—	$	—	$	4	$	4	$	—	$	—	$	6	$	6
International Pension Plans
Balance January 1	$	937	$	—	$	—	$	937	$	935	$	—	$	—	$	935
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at December 31	(147)		—		—		(147)		(34)		—		—		(34)
Purchases and sales, net	(39)		—				(39)		(42)		—		—		(42)
Transfers into Level 3	10		—				10		78		—		—		78
Balance December 31	$	761	$	—	$	—	$	761	$	937	$	—	$	—	$	937

The fair values of the Company’s other postretirement benefit plan assets at December 31 by asset category are as follows:

	Fair Value Measurements Using										Fair Value Measurements Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV (1)		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV (1)		Total
	2022										2021
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2	$	—	$	—	$	8	$	10	$	11	$	—	$	—	$	28	$	39
Investment funds
Developed markets equities	22		—		—		257		279		24		—		—		378		402
Emerging markets equities	—		—		—		74		74		—		—		—		92		92
Real estate	—		—		—		14		14		—		—		—		—		—
Government and agency obligations	1		—		—		—		1		1		—		—		—		1
Equity securities																			—
Developed markets	206		—		—		—		206		290		—		—		—		290
Fixed income securities
Government and agency obligations	—		212		—		—		212		—		275		—		—		275
Corporate obligations	—		137		—		—		137		—		191		—		—		191
Mortgage and asset-backed securities	—		2		—		—		2		—		2		—		—		2
Other Investments
Derivatives	—		12		—		—		12		—		—		—		—		—
Plan assets at fair value	$	231	$	363	$	—	$	353	$	947	$	326	$	468	$	—	$	498	$	1,292

(1)    Certain investments that were measured at net asset value (NAV) per share or its equivalent have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The NAV amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the fair value of plan assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The Company has established investment guidelines for its U.S. pension and other postretirement plans to create an asset allocation that is expected to deliver a rate of return sufficient to meet the long-term obligation of each plan, given an acceptable level of risk. The target investment portfolio of the Company’s U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plans is allocated 25% to 40% in U.S. equities, 10% to 20% in international equities, 35% to 45% in fixed-income investments, and up to 8% in cash and other investments. The portfolio’s equity weighting is consistent with the long-term nature of the plans’ benefit obligations. The expected annual standard deviation of

returns of the target portfolio, which approximates 10%, reflects both the equity allocation and the diversification benefits among the asset classes in which the portfolio invests. For international pension plans, the targeted investment portfolio varies based on the duration of pension liabilities and local government rules and regulations. Although a significant percentage of plan assets are invested in U.S. equities, concentration risk is mitigated through the use of strategies that are diversified within management guidelines.

Expected Contributions

Contributions during 2023 are expected to be approximately $270 million for U.S. pension plans, approximately $150 million for international pension plans and approximately $20 million for other postretirement benefit plans.

Expected Benefit Payments

Expected benefit payments are as follows:

	U.S. Pension Benefits		International Pension Benefits		Other Postretirement Benefits
2023	$	627	$	271	$	84
2024	634		257		86
2025	650		262		87
2026	676		283		89
2027	694		297		90
2028 — 2032	3,948		1,704		474

Expected benefit payments are based on the same assumptions used to measure the benefit obligations and include estimated future employee service.

Amounts Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income

Net gain/loss amounts reflect differences between expected and actual returns on plan assets as well as the effects of changes in actuarial assumptions. Net gain/loss amounts in excess of certain thresholds are amortized into net periodic benefit cost over the average remaining service life of employees. The following amounts were reflected as components of OCI:

	Pension Plans												Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
	U.S.						International
Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020
Net (loss) gain arising during the period	$	(42)	$	813	$	(472)	$	116	$	772	$	(424)	$	—	$	156	$	199
Prior service (cost) credit arising during the period	—		—		—		(4)		(4)		64		—		—		—
	$	(42)	$	813	$	(472)	$	112	$	768	$	(360)	$	—	$	156	$	199
Net loss (gain) amortization included in benefit cost	$	128	$	298	$	303	$	96	$	142	$	127	$	(43)	$	(42)	$	(18)
Prior service credit amortization included in benefit cost	(32)		(38)		(49)		(14)		(16)		(18)		(57)		(63)		(73)
Settlements and curtailments	251		232		23		1		(18)		15		(1)		(29)		(4)
	$	347	$	492	$	277	$	83	$	108	$	124	$	(101)	$	(134)	$	(95)

Actuarial Assumptions

The Company reassesses its benefit plan assumptions on a regular basis. The weighted average assumptions used in determining U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plan and international pension plan information are as follows:

	U.S. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans						International Pension Plans
December 31	2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020
Net periodic benefit cost
Discount rate	3.00	%	2.70	%	3.40	%	1.50	%	1.10	%	1.50	%
Expected rate of return on plan assets	6.70	%	6.70	%	7.30	%	3.70	%	3.80	%	4.40	%
Salary growth rate	4.60	%	4.60	%	4.20	%	2.90	%	2.80	%	2.80	%
Interest crediting rate	5.00	%	4.70	%	4.90	%	3.00	%	3.00	%	2.80	%
Benefit obligation
Discount rate	5.50	%	3.00	%	2.70	%	3.90	%	1.50	%	1.10	%
Salary growth rate	4.60	%	4.60	%	4.60	%	3.20	%	2.90	%	2.80	%
Interest crediting rate	5.30	%	5.00	%	4.70	%	3.30	%	3.00	%	3.00	%

For both the pension and other postretirement benefit plans, the discount rate is evaluated on measurement dates and modified to reflect the prevailing market rate of a portfolio of high-quality fixed-income debt instruments that would provide the future cash flows needed to pay the benefits included in the benefit obligation as they come due. The expected rate of return for both the pension and other postretirement benefit plans represents the average rate of return to be earned on plan assets over the period the benefits included in the benefit obligation are to be paid and is determined on a plan basis. The expected rate of return for each plan is developed considering long-term historical returns data, current market conditions, and actual returns on the plan assets. Using this reference information, the long-term return expectations for each asset category and a weighted-average expected return for each plan’s target portfolio is developed according to the allocation among those investment categories. The expected portfolio performance reflects the contribution of active management as appropriate. For 2023, the expected rate of return for the Company’s U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plans will be 7.00%, as compared to 6.70% in 2022.

The health care cost trend rate assumptions for other postretirement benefit plans are as follows:

December 31	2022		2021
Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year	7.8	%	6.4	%
Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline	4.5	%	4.5	%
Year that the trend rate reaches the ultimate trend rate	2038		2032

Savings Plans

The Company also maintains defined contribution savings plans in the U.S. The Company matches a percentage of each employee’s contributions consistent with the provisions of the plan for which the employee is eligible. Total employer contributions to these plans in 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $175 million, $158 million and $158 million, respectively.

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Other (Income) Expense, Net

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]

Other (Income) Expense, Net

Other (income) expense, net, consisted of:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Interest income	$	(157)	$	(36)	$	(59)
Interest expense	962		806		831
Exchange losses	237		297		145
Loss (income) from investments in equity securities, net (1)	1,419		(1,940)		(1,338)
Net periodic defined benefit plan (credit) cost other than service cost	(279)		(212)		(339)
Other, net	(681)		(256)		(130)
	$	1,501	$	(1,341)	$	(890)

(1)    Includes net realized and unrealized gains and losses from investments in equity securities either owned directly or through ownership interests in investment funds. Unrealized gains and losses from investments that are directly owned are determined at the end of the reporting period, while gains and losses from ownership interests in investment funds are accounted for on a one quarter lag. The Company estimates gains of approximately $140 million will be recorded in the first quarter of 2023 from ownership interests in investment funds.

Interest paid was $937 million in 2022, $779 million in 2021 and $822 million in 2020.

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Taxes on Income

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Taxes on Income

Taxes on Income

A reconciliation between the effective tax rate for income from continuing operations and the U.S. statutory rate is as follows:

	2022				2021				2020
	Amount		Tax Rate		Amount		Tax Rate		Amount		Tax Rate
U.S. statutory rate applied to income from continuing operations before taxes	$	3,453	21.0	%	$	2,915	21.0	%	$	1,231	21.0	%
Differential arising from:
Foreign earnings	(1,835)		(11.1)		(1,446)		(10.4)		(965)		(16.5)
GILTI and the foreign-derived intangible income deduction	462		2.8		(75)		(0.5)		349		6.0
State taxes	(110)		(0.7)		2		—		57		1.0
R&D tax credit	(81)		(0.5)		(81)		(0.6)		(108)		(1.8)
Tax settlements	(10)		(0.1)		(275)		(2.0)		(13)		(0.2)
Valuation allowances	108		0.7		102		0.7		37		0.6
Restructuring	11		0.1		61		0.4		105		1.8
Acquisition of VelosBio	—		—		(9)		(0.1)		559		9.5
Acquisition of Pandion	—		—		356		2.6		—		—
Acquisition of OncoImmune	—		—		—		—		97		1.7
Other	(80)		(0.5)		(29)		(0.1)		(9)		(0.2)
	$	1,918	11.7	%	$	1,521	11.0	%	$	1,340	22.9	%

Where applicable, the impact of changes in uncertain tax positions is reflected in the reconciling items above.

The Company’s remaining transition tax liability under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) of 2017, which has been reduced by payments and the utilization of foreign tax credits, was $2.2 billion at December 31, 2022, of which $732 million is included in Income taxes payable and the remainder of $1.5 billion is included in Other Noncurrent Liabilities. As a result of the transition tax under the TCJA, the Company is no longer indefinitely reinvested with respect to its undistributed earnings from foreign subsidiaries and has provided a deferred tax liability for foreign withholding taxes that would apply. The Company remains indefinitely reinvested with respect to its financial statement basis in excess of tax basis of its foreign subsidiaries. A determination of the deferred tax liability with respect to this basis difference is not practicable.

The foreign earnings tax rate differentials in the tax rate reconciliation above primarily reflect the impacts of operations in jurisdictions with different tax rates than the U.S., particularly Ireland and Switzerland, as well as Singapore and Puerto Rico which operate under tax incentive grants (which begin to expire in 2025), thereby yielding

a favorable impact on the effective tax rate compared with the U.S. statutory rate of 21%. The Company has an additional Cantonal tax holiday in Switzerland that provides for a tax rate reduction and is effective through 2032.

Income from continuing operations before taxes consisted of:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Domestic	$	1,011	$	1,854	$	(3,814)
Foreign	15,433		12,025		9,677
	$	16,444	$	13,879	$	5,863

Taxes on income from continuing operations consisted of:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Current provision
Federal	$	2,265	$	74	$	893
Foreign	1,164		1,273		969
State	57		(13)		44
	3,486		1,334		1,906
Deferred provision
Federal	(1,510)		240		(605)
Foreign	71		(77)		64
State	(129)		24		(25)
	(1,568)		187		(566)
	$	1,918	$	1,521	$	1,340

Deferred income taxes at December 31 consisted of:

	2022				2021
	Assets		Liabilities		Assets		Liabilities
Product intangibles and licenses	$	—	$	2,575	$	—	$	3,207
R&D capitalization	1,341		—		274		—
Inventory related	43		423		119		370
Accelerated depreciation	—		657		—		589
Equity investments	—		92		—		335
Pensions and other postretirement benefits	372		284		487		338
Compensation related	335		—		301		—
Unrecognized tax benefits	91		—		75		—
Net operating losses and other tax credit carryforwards	912		—		867		—
Other	511		267		434		180
Subtotal	3,605		4,298		2,557		5,019
Valuation allowance	(599)				(287)
Total deferred taxes	$	3,006	$	4,298	$	2,270	$	5,019
Net deferred income taxes			$	1,292			$	2,749
Recognized as:
Other Assets	$	503			$	692
Deferred Income Taxes			$	1,795			$	3,441

The Company has net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards in several jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2022, $349 million of deferred tax assets on NOL carryforwards relate to foreign jurisdictions. Valuation allowances of $345 million have been established on these foreign NOL carryforwards and other foreign deferred tax assets. In addition, the Company has $563 million of deferred tax assets relating to various U.S. tax credit carryforwards and

NOL carryforwards. Valuation allowances of $247 million have been established on these U.S. tax credit carryforwards and NOL carryforwards.

Income taxes paid in 2022, 2021 and 2020 (including amounts attributable to discontinued operations in 2021 and 2020) were $3.2 billion, $2.4 billion and $2.7 billion, respectively. Income taxes paid consisted of:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Domestic (1)	$	1,891	$	1,211	$	977
Foreign	1,348		1,201		1,763
	$	3,239	$	2,412	$	2,740

(1)    Includes TCJA transition tax payments.

Tax benefits relating to stock option exercises were $45 million in 2022, $21 million in 2021 and $12 million in 2020.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

	2022		2021		2020
Balance January 1	$	1,529	$	1,537	$	1,225
Additions related to current year positions	344		306		298
Additions related to prior year positions	48		63		110
Reductions for tax positions of prior years (1)	(40)		(230)		(4)
Settlements (1)	(6)		(46)		(70)
Lapse of statute of limitations	(40)		(58)		(22)
Spin-off of Organon	—		(43)		—
Balance December 31	$	1,835	$	1,529	$	1,537

(1)    Amount in 2021 reflects a settlement with the IRS discussed below.

If the Company were to recognize the unrecognized tax benefits of $1.8 billion at December 31, 2022, the income tax provision would reflect a favorable net impact of $1.8 billion.

The Company is under examination by numerous tax authorities in various jurisdictions globally. The Company believes that it is reasonably possible that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2022 could decrease by up to approximately $31 million in the next 12 months as a result of various audit closures, settlements or the expiration of the statute of limitations. The ultimate finalization of the Company’s examinations with relevant taxing authorities can include formal administrative and legal proceedings, which could have a significant impact on the timing of the reversal of unrecognized tax benefits. The Company believes that its reserves for uncertain tax positions are adequate to cover existing risks or exposures.

Interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions amounted to an expense (benefit) of $54 million in 2022, $(37) million in 2021 and $16 million in 2020. These amounts reflect the beneficial impacts of various tax settlements, including the settlement discussed below. Liabilities for accrued interest and penalties were $256 million and $192 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

In 2021, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) concluded its examinations of Merck’s 2015-2016 U.S. federal income tax returns. As a result, the Company was required to make a payment of $190 million (of which $172 million related to continuing operations and $18 million related to discontinued operations). The Company’s reserves for unrecognized tax benefits for the years under examination exceeded the adjustments relating to this examination period and therefore the Company recorded a $236 million net tax benefit in 2021 (of which $207 million related to continuing operations and $29 million related to discontinued operations). This net benefit reflects reductions in reserves for unrecognized tax benefits and other related liabilities for tax positions relating to the years that were under examination.

The IRS is currently conducting examinations of the Company’s tax returns for the years 2017 and 2018. In addition, various state and foreign tax examinations are in progress and for these jurisdictions, the Company’s income tax returns are open for examination for the period 2003 through 2022.

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Earnings per Share

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings per Share

Earnings per Share

The calculations of earnings per share (shares in millions) are as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Net Income from Continuing Operations Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	$	14,519	$	12,345	$	4,519
Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests	—		704		2,548
Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	$	14,519	$	13,049	$	7,067
Average common shares outstanding	2,532		2,530		2,530
Common shares issuable (1)	10		8		11
Average common shares outstanding assuming dilution	2,542		2,538		2,541
Basic Earnings per Common Share Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders:
Income from Continuing Operations	$	5.73	$	4.88	$	1.79
Income from Discontinued Operations	—		0.28		1.01
Net Income	$	5.73	$	5.16	$	2.79
Earnings per Common Share Assuming Dilution Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders:
Income from Continuing Operations	$	5.71	$	4.86	$	1.78
Income from Discontinued Operations	—		0.28		1.00
Net Income	$	5.71	$	5.14	$	2.78

(1)     Issuable primarily under share-based compensation plans.

In 2022, 2021 and 2020, 2 million, 9 million and 5 million, respectively, of common shares issuable under share-based compensation plans were excluded from the computation of earnings per common share assuming dilution because the effect would have been antidilutive.

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Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Equity [Abstract]

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Changes in each component of other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows:

	Derivatives			Investments			Employee Benefit Plans			Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Balance January 1, 2020, net of taxes	$	31		$	18		$	(4,261)		$	(1,981)	$	(6,193)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax	(383)			3			(633)			64		(949)
Tax	84			—			120			89		293
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	(299)			3			(513)			153		(656)
Reclassification adjustments, pretax	2		(1)	(21)		(2)	306		(3)	—		287
Tax	—			—			(72)			—		(72)
Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	2			(21)			234			—		215
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	(297)			(18)			(279)			153		(441)
Balance at December 31, 2020, net of taxes	(266)			—			(4,540)			(1,828)		(6,634)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax	333			—			1,737			(304)		1,766
Tax	(75)			—			(332)			(119)		(526)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	258			—			1,405			(423)		1,240
Reclassification adjustments, pretax	192		(1)	—			466		(3)	—		658
Tax	(40)			—			(102)			—		(142)
Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	152			—			364			—		516
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	410			—			1,769			(423)		1,756
Spin-off of Organon (see Note 3)	—			—			28			421		449
Balance at December 31, 2021, net of taxes	144			—			(2,743)		(4)	(1,830)		(4,429)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax	684			—			70			(584)		170
Tax	(143)			—			12			(19)		(150)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	541			—			82			(603)		20
Reclassification adjustments, pretax	(775)		(1)	—			329		(3)	—		(446)
Tax	163			—			(76)			—		87
Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	(612)			—			253			—		(359)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	(71)			—			335			(603)		(339)
Balance at December 31, 2022, net of taxes	$	73		$	—		$	(2,408)	(4)	$	(2,433)	$	(4,768)

(1)    Primarily relates to foreign currency cash flow hedges that were reclassified from AOCL to Sales.

(2)    Represents net realized gains on the sales of available-for-sale debt securities that were reclassified from AOCL to Other (income) expense, net.

(3)    Includes net amortization of prior service cost, actuarial gains and losses, settlements and curtailments included in net periodic benefit cost (see Note 14).

(4)    Includes pension plan net loss of $3.1 billion and $3.6 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and other postretirement benefit plan net gain of $446 million and $473 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as well as pension plan prior service credit of $152 million and $190 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and other postretirement benefit plan prior service credit of $135 million and $181 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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Segment Reporting

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment Reporting

Segment Reporting

The Company’s operations are principally managed on a product basis and include two operating segments, Pharmaceutical and Animal Health, both of which are reportable segments.

The Pharmaceutical segment includes human health pharmaceutical and vaccine products. Human health pharmaceutical products consist of therapeutic and preventive agents, generally sold by prescription, for the treatment of human disorders. The Company sells these human health pharmaceutical products primarily to drug wholesalers and retailers, hospitals, government agencies and managed health care providers such as health maintenance organizations, pharmacy benefit managers and other institutions. Human health vaccine products consist of preventive pediatric, adolescent and adult vaccines. The Company sells these human health vaccines primarily to physicians, wholesalers, physician distributors and government entities. A large component of pediatric and adolescent vaccine sales are made to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vaccines for Children program, which is funded by the U.S. government. Additionally, the Company sells vaccines to the Federal government for placement into vaccine stockpiles.

The Animal Health segment discovers, develops, manufactures and markets a wide range of veterinary pharmaceutical and vaccine products, as well as health management solutions and services, for the prevention, treatment and control of disease in all major livestock and companion animal species. The Company also offers an extensive suite of digitally connected identification, traceability and monitoring products. The Company sells its products to veterinarians, distributors, animal producers, farmers and pet owners.

The Company previously had a Healthcare Services segment that provided services and solutions focused on engagement, health analytics and clinical services to improve the value of care delivered to patients. The Company divested the remaining businesses in this segment during the first quarter of 2020.

Sales of the Company’s products were as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022						2021						2020
	U.S.		Int’l		Total		U.S.		Int’l		Total		U.S.		Int’l		Total
Pharmaceutical:
Oncology
Keytruda	$	12,686	$	8,251	$	20,937	$	9,765	$	7,421	$	17,186	$	8,352	$	6,028	$	14,380
Alliance revenue - Lynparza (1)	584		532		1,116		515		473		989		417		308		725
Alliance revenue - Lenvima (1)	579		297		876		417		287		704		359		220		580
Alliance revenue - Reblozyl (2)	123		43		166		—		17		17		—		—		—
Vaccines
Gardasil/Gardasil 9	2,065		4,832		6,897		1,881		3,792		5,673		1,755		2,184		3,938
ProQuad/M-M-R II/Varivax	1,724		518		2,241		1,629		506		2,135		1,378		500		1,878
RotaTeq	508		275		783		473		334		807		486		311		797
Pneumovax 23	346		256		602		547		346		893		727		359		1,087
Vaqta	95		78		173		100		79		179		103		67		170
Hospital Acute Care
Bridion	922		762		1,685		762		770		1,532		583		615		1,198
Prevymis	188		240		428		153		218		370		119		162		281
Dificid	241		22		263		166		10		175		102		7		110
Primaxin	1		238		239		2		258		259		2		248		251
Noxafil	51		187		238		60		199		259		42		287		329
Invanz	4		185		189		(5)		207		202		9		202		211
Cancidas	6		168		174		4		208		212		7		207		213
Zerbaxa	89		79		169		4		(5)		(1)		74		56		130
Cardiovascular
Alliance revenue - Adempas/Verquvo (3)	329		12		341		312		30		342		259		22		281
Adempas	—		238		238		—		252		252		—		220		220
Virology
Lagevrio	1,523		4,161		5,684		632		320		952		—		—		—
Isentress/Isentress HD	274		359		633		294		474		769		326		531		857
Neuroscience
Belsomra	79		179		258		78		241		318		81		247		327
Immunology
Simponi	—		706		706		—		825		825		—		838		838
Remicade	—		207		207		—		299		299		—		330		330
Diabetes
Januvia	1,248		1,565		2,813		1,404		1,920		3,324		1,470		1,836		3,306
Janumet	355		1,344		1,700		367		1,597		1,964		477		1,494		1,971
Other pharmaceutical (4)	969		1,282		2,249		841		1,275		2,118		882		1,321		2,202
Total Pharmaceutical segment sales	24,989		27,016		52,005		20,401		22,353		42,754		18,010		18,600		36,610
Animal Health:
Livestock	710		2,590		3,300		667		2,628		3,295		612		2,327		2,939
Companion Animals	1,112		1,138		2,250		1,091		1,182		2,273		872		892		1,764
Total Animal Health segment sales	1,822		3,728		5,550		1,758		3,810		5,568		1,484		3,219		4,703
Other segment sales (5)	—		—		—		—		—		—		23		—		23
Total segment sales	26,811		30,744		57,555		22,159		26,163		48,322		19,517		21,819		41,336
Other (6)	395		1,333		1,728		266		116		382		71		111		182
	$	27,206	$	32,077	$	59,283	$	22,425	$	26,279	$	48,704	$	19,588	$	21,930	$	41,518

U.S. plus international may not equal total due to rounding.

(1)    Alliance revenue for Lynparza and Lenvima represents Merck’s share of profits, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 5).

(2)    Alliance revenue for Reblozyl represents royalties and, for 2022, also includes a payment received related to the achievement of a regulatory approval milestone (see Note 5).

(3)    Alliance revenue for Adempas/Verquvo represents Merck’s share of profits from sales in Bayer’s marketing territories, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 5).

(4)    Other pharmaceutical primarily reflects sales of other human health pharmaceutical products, including products within the franchises not listed separately.

(5)    Represents sales for the Healthcare Services segment. All the businesses in the Healthcare Services segment were fully divested by the first quarter of 2020.

(6)    Other is primarily comprised of miscellaneous corporate revenue, including revenue hedging activities which increased (decreased) sales by $810 million, $(203) million and $(19) million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, as well as revenue from third-party manufacturing arrangements (including sales to Organon). Other for 2022, 2021 and 2020 also includes $165 million, $218 million and $54 million, respectively, related to upfront and milestone payments received by Merck for out-licensing arrangements.

Consolidated sales by geographic area where derived are as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
United States	$	27,206	$	22,425	$	19,588
Europe, Middle East and Africa	14,493		13,341		11,547
China	5,191		4,378		2,751
Japan	3,629		2,726		2,602
Asia Pacific (other than China and Japan)	3,614		2,407		2,113
Latin America	2,582		2,206		1,890
Other	2,568		1,221		1,027
	$	59,283	$	48,704	$	41,518

A reconciliation of segment profits to Income from Continuing Operations Before Taxes is as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Segment profits:
Pharmaceutical segment	$	36,852	$	30,977	$	26,106
Animal Health segment	1,963		1,950		1,669
Other segments	—		—		1
Total segment profits	38,815		32,927		27,776
Other profits	1,160		156		75
Unallocated:
Interest income	157		36		59
Interest expense	(962)		(806)		(831)
Amortization	(2,085)		(1,636)		(1,817)
Depreciation	(1,642)		(1,414)		(1,519)
Research and development	(13,011)		(11,692)		(12,911)
Restructuring costs	(337)		(661)		(575)
Other unallocated, net	(5,651)		(3,031)		(4,394)
	$	16,444	$	13,879	$	5,863

Pharmaceutical segment profits are comprised of segment sales less standard costs, as well as selling, general and administrative expenses directly incurred by the segment. Animal Health segment profits are comprised of segment sales, less all cost of sales, as well as selling, general and administrative expenses and research and development costs directly incurred by the segment. For internal management reporting presented to the chief operating decision maker, Merck does not allocate the remaining cost of sales not included in segment profits as described above, research and development expenses incurred in Merck Research Laboratories, the Company’s research and development division that focuses on human health-related activities, or general and administrative expenses, nor the cost of financing these activities. Separate divisions maintain responsibility for monitoring and managing these costs, including depreciation related to fixed assets utilized by these divisions and, therefore, they are not included in segment profits. In addition, costs related to restructuring activities, as well as the amortization of intangible assets and purchase accounting adjustments are not allocated to segments.

Other profits are primarily comprised of miscellaneous corporate profits, as well as operating profits related to third-party manufacturing arrangements.

Other unallocated, net, includes expenses from corporate and manufacturing cost centers, goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges, gains or losses on sales of businesses, expense or income related to changes in the estimated fair value measurement of liabilities for contingent consideration, and other miscellaneous income or expense items.

Equity income/loss from affiliates and depreciation included in segment profits is as follows:

	Pharmaceutical		Animal Health		All Other		Total
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Included in segment profits:
Equity income from affiliates	$	39	$	—	$	—	$	39
Depreciation	5		177		—		182
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Included in segment profits:
Equity income from affiliates	$	11	$	—	$	—	$	11
Depreciation	6		158		—		164
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Included in segment profits:
Equity loss from affiliates	$	6	$	—	$	—	$	6
Depreciation	6		143		1		150

Property, plant and equipment, net, by geographic area where located is as follows:

December 31	2022		2021		2020
United States	$	12,891	$	11,759	$	10,394
Europe, Middle East and Africa	6,993		6,081		5,314
Asia Pacific (other than China and Japan)	966		857		737
Latin America	225		199		169
China	207		220		216
Japan	135		159		166
Other	5		4		4
	$	21,422	$	19,279	$	17,000

The Company does not disaggregate assets on a products and services basis for internal management reporting and, therefore, such information is not presented.

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Summary of Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation — The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all of its subsidiaries in which a controlling interest is maintained. Intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated. Controlling interest is determined by majority ownership interest and the absence of substantive third-party participating rights or, in the case of variable interest entities, by majority exposure to expected losses, residual returns or both. For those consolidated subsidiaries where Merck ownership is less than 100%, the outside shareholders’ interests are shown as Noncontrolling interests in equity. Investments in affiliates over which the Company has significant influence but not a controlling interest, such as interests in entities owned equally by the Company and a third party that are under shared control, are carried on the equity basis.

Acquisitions

Acquisitions — In a business combination, the acquisition method of accounting requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recorded as of the date of the acquisition at their respective fair values with limited exceptions. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination that arise from contingencies are generally recognized at fair value. If fair value cannot be determined, the asset or liability is recognized if probable and reasonably estimable; if these criteria are not met, no asset or liability is recognized. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Accordingly, the Company may be required to value assets at fair value measures that do not reflect the Company’s intended use of those assets. Any excess of the purchase price (consideration transferred) over the estimated fair values of net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Transaction costs and costs to restructure the acquired company are expensed as incurred. The operating results of the acquired business are reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements after the date of the acquisition. If the Company determines the assets acquired do not meet the definition of a business under the acquisition method of accounting, the transaction will be accounted for as an acquisition of assets rather than a business combination and, therefore, no goodwill will be recorded. In an asset acquisition, acquired in-process research and development (IPR&D) with no alternative future use is charged to expense and contingent consideration is not recognized at the acquisition date.

Foreign Currency Translation

Foreign Currency Translation — The net assets of international subsidiaries where the local currencies have been determined to be the functional currencies are translated into U.S. dollars using current exchange rates and results of operations are translated at average exchange rates. The U.S. dollar effects that arise from translating the net assets of these subsidiaries at changing rates are recorded in Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) and remain in Accumulated other comprehensive loss (AOCL) until either the sale or complete or substantially complete liquidation of the subsidiary. For those subsidiaries that operate in highly inflationary economies and for those subsidiaries where the U.S. dollar has been determined to be the functional currency, non-monetary foreign currency assets and liabilities are translated using historical rates, while monetary assets and liabilities are translated at current rates, with the U.S. dollar effects of rate changes included in Other (income) expense, net.

Cash Equivalents

Cash Equivalents — Cash equivalents are comprised of certain highly liquid investments with original maturities of less than three months.

Inventories

Inventories — Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of a substantial majority of U.S. human health inventories is determined using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method for both financial reporting and tax purposes. The cost of all other inventories is determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. Inventories consist of currently marketed products, as well as certain inventories produced in preparation for product launches that are considered by the Company to be probable of obtaining regulatory approval. In evaluating the recoverability of inventories produced in preparation for product launches, the Company considers the likelihood that revenue will be obtained from the future sale of the related inventory together with the status of the product within the regulatory approval process.

Investments

Investments — Investments in marketable debt securities classified as available-for-sale are reported at fair value. Fair values of the Company’s investments in marketable debt securities are determined using quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or quoted prices for similar assets or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Changes in fair value that are not impairment related are reported net of taxes in OCI. The Company considers available evidence in evaluating potential impairments of its investments in marketable debt securities, including the extent to which fair value is less than cost, whether an allowance for credit loss is required, as well as adverse factors that could affect the value of the securities. An impairment has occurred if the Company does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the marketable debt security. If the Company does not intend to sell the impaired debt security, and it is not more likely than not it will be required to sell the debt security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis, the amount of the impairment recognized in earnings, recorded in Other (income) expense, net is limited to the portion attributed to credit loss. The remaining portion of the impairment related to other factors is recognized in OCI. Realized gains and losses for debt securities are included in Other (income) expense, net.

Investments in publicly traded equity securities are reported at fair value determined using quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or quoted prices for similar assets or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. Changes in fair value are included in Other (income) expense, net. Unrealized gains and losses from investments that are directly owned are determined at the end of the reporting period. Gains and losses from ownership interests in investment funds, which are accounted for as equity method investments, are reported on a one quarter lag. Investments in equity securities without readily determinable fair values are recorded at cost, plus or minus subsequent observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments, minus impairments. Such adjustments are recognized in Other (income) expense, net. Realized gains and losses for equity securities are included in Other (income) expense, net.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition — Recognition of revenue requires evidence of a contract, probable collection of sales proceeds and completion of substantially all performance obligations. Merck acts as the principal in substantially all of its customer arrangements and therefore records revenue on a gross basis. The majority of the Company’s contracts related to the Pharmaceutical and Animal Health segments have a single performance obligation - the promise to transfer goods. Shipping is considered immaterial in the context of the overall customer arrangement and damages or loss of goods in transit are rare. Therefore, shipping is not deemed a separately recognized performance obligation.

The vast majority of revenues from sales of products are recognized at a point in time when control of the goods is transferred to the customer, which the Company has determined is when title and risks and rewards of ownership transfer to the customer and the Company is entitled to payment. The Company recognizes revenue from the sales of vaccines to the Federal government for placement into vaccine stockpiles in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Interpretation, Commission Guidance Regarding Accounting for Sales of Vaccines

and BioTerror Countermeasures to the Federal Government for Placement into the Pediatric Vaccine Stockpile or the Strategic National Stockpile. This interpretation allows companies to recognize revenue for sales of vaccines into U.S. government stockpiles even though these sales might not meet the criteria for revenue recognition under other accounting guidance. Some customers have bill-and-hold arrangements with the Company. Revenue for bill-and-hold arrangements is recognized when control transfers to the customer even though the customer does not yet have physical possession of the goods. Control transfers when the bill-and-hold arrangement has been requested by the customer, the product is identified as belonging to the customer and is ready for physical transfer, the product cannot be directed for use by anyone but the customer and, in certain circumstances, the customer has inspected and accepted the product at the Company’s facility. For certain services in the Animal Health segment, revenue is recognized over time, generally ratably over the contract term as services are provided. These service revenues are not material.

The nature of the Company’s business gives rise to several types of variable consideration including discounts and returns, which are estimated at the time of sale generally using the expected value method, although the most likely amount method is used for prompt pay discounts.

In the U.S., sales discounts are issued to customers at the point-of-sale, through an intermediary wholesaler (known as chargebacks), or in the form of rebates. Additionally, sales are generally made with a limited right of return under certain conditions. Revenues are recorded net of provisions for sales discounts and returns, which are established at the time of sale. In addition, if collection of accounts receivable is expected to be in excess of one year, sales are recorded net of time value of money discounts, which have not been material.

The U.S. provision for aggregate customer discounts covering chargebacks and rebates was $12.3 billion in 2022, $12.3 billion in 2021 and $11.4 billion in 2020. Chargebacks are discounts that occur when a contracted customer purchases through an intermediary wholesaler. The contracted customer generally purchases product from the wholesaler at its contracted price plus a mark-up. The wholesaler, in turn, charges the Company back for the difference between the price initially paid by the wholesaler and the contract price paid to the wholesaler by the customer. The provision for chargebacks is based on expected sell-through levels by the Company’s wholesale customers to contracted customers, as well as estimated wholesaler inventory levels. Rebates are amounts owed based upon definitive contractual agreements or legal requirements with private sector and public sector (Medicaid and Medicare Part D) benefit providers after the final dispensing of the product to a benefit plan participant. The provision for rebates is based on expected patient usage, as well as inventory levels in the distribution channel to determine the contractual obligation to the benefit providers. The Company uses historical customer segment utilization mix, sales forecasts, changes to product mix and price, inventory levels in the distribution channel, government pricing calculations and prior payment history in order to estimate the expected provision. Amounts accrued for aggregate customer discounts are evaluated on a quarterly basis through comparison of information provided by the wholesalers, health maintenance organizations, pharmacy benefit managers, federal and state agencies, and other customers to the amounts accrued. The accrued balances relative to the provisions for chargebacks and rebates included in Accounts receivable and Accrued and other current liabilities were $178 million and $2.7 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2022 and were $207 million and $2.6 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2021.

Outside of the U.S., variable consideration in the form of discounts and rebates are a combination of commercially-driven discounts in highly competitive product classes, discounts required to gain or maintain reimbursement, or legislatively mandated rebates. In certain European countries, legislatively mandated rebates are calculated based on an estimate of the government’s total unbudgeted spending and the Company’s specific payback obligation. Rebates may also be required based on specific product sales thresholds. The Company applies an estimated factor against its actual invoiced sales to represent the expected level of future discount or rebate obligations associated with the sale.

The Company maintains a returns policy that allows its U.S. pharmaceutical customers to return product within a specified period prior to and subsequent to the expiration date (generally, three to six months before and 12 months after product expiration). The estimate of the provision for returns is based upon historical experience with actual returns. Additionally, the Company considers factors such as levels of inventory in the distribution channel, product dating and expiration period, whether products have been discontinued, entrance in the market of generic or other competition, changes in formularies or launch of over-the-counter products, among others. Outside of the U.S., returns are only allowed in certain countries on a limited basis.

Merck’s payment terms for U.S. pharmaceutical customers are typically 36 days from receipt of invoice and for U.S. animal health customers are typically 30 days from receipt of invoice; however, certain products, including Keytruda, have longer payment terms, some of which are up to 90 days. Outside of the U.S., payment terms are typically 30 days to 90 days, although certain markets have longer payment terms.

See Note 19 for disaggregated revenue disclosures.

Depreciation

Depreciation — Depreciation is provided over the estimated useful lives of the assets, principally using the straight-line method. For tax purposes, accelerated tax methods are used. The estimated useful lives primarily range from 25 to 40 years for Buildings, and from 3 to 15 years for Machinery, equipment and office furnishings.

Advertising and Promotion Costs

Advertising and Promotion Costs — Advertising and promotion costs are expensed as incurred.

Software Capitalization

Software Capitalization — The Company capitalizes certain costs incurred in connection with obtaining or developing internal-use software including external direct costs of material and services, and payroll costs for employees directly involved with the software development. These costs are included in Property, plant and equipment. In addition, the Company capitalizes certain costs incurred to implement a cloud computing arrangement that is considered a service agreement, which are included in Other Assets. Capitalized software costs are being amortized over periods ranging from 3 to 10 years, with the longer lives generally associated with enterprise-wide projects implemented over multiple years. Costs incurred during the preliminary project stage and post-implementation stage, as well as maintenance and training costs, are expensed as incurred.

Goodwill

Goodwill — Goodwill represents the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of net assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill is assigned to reporting units and evaluated for impairment on at least an annual basis, or more frequently if impairment indicators exist, by first assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the Company concludes it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, a quantitative fair value test is performed. If the carrying value of a reporting unit is greater than its fair value, a goodwill impairment charge will be recorded for the difference (up to the carrying value of goodwill).

Acquired Intangibles

Acquired Intangibles — Intangibles acquired in a business combination include products and product rights, trade names and patents, licenses and other, which are initially recorded at fair value, assigned an estimated useful life, and amortized primarily on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives ranging from 2 to 24 years. The Company periodically evaluates whether current facts or circumstances indicate that the carrying values of its acquired intangibles may not be recoverable. If such circumstances are determined to exist, an estimate of the undiscounted future cash flows of these assets, or appropriate asset groupings, is compared to the carrying value to determine whether an impairment exists. If the asset is determined to be impaired, the loss is measured based on the difference between the carrying value of the intangible asset and its fair value, which is determined based on the net present value of estimated future cash flows.

Acquired In-Process Research and Development

Acquired In-Process Research and Development — IPR&D that the Company acquires in conjunction with the acquisition of a business represents the fair value assigned to incomplete research projects which, at the time of acquisition, have not reached technological feasibility. The amounts are capitalized and are accounted for as indefinite-lived intangible assets, subject to impairment testing until completion or abandonment of the projects. Upon successful completion of each IPR&D project, Merck will make a determination as to the then-useful life of the intangible asset, generally determined by the period in which the substantial majority of the cash flows are expected to be generated, and begin amortization. The Company evaluates IPR&D for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if impairment indicators exist, by performing a quantitative test that compares the fair value of the IPR&D intangible asset with its carrying value. If the fair value is less than the carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized in operating results.

Contingent Consideration

Contingent Consideration — Certain of the Company’s acquisitions involve the potential for future payment of consideration that is contingent upon the achievement of performance milestones, including product development milestones and royalty payments on future product sales. If the transaction is accounted for as a business combination, the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities is determined at the acquisition date using unobservable inputs. These inputs include the estimated amount and timing of projected cash flows, the probability of success (achievement of the contingent event) and the risk-adjusted discount rate used to present value the probability-weighted cash flows. Subsequent to the acquisition date, at each reporting period until the contingency is resolved, the contingent consideration liability is remeasured at current fair value with changes (either expense or income) recorded in earnings. Significant events that increase or decrease the probability of achieving development and regulatory milestones or that increase or decrease projected cash flows will result in corresponding increases or decreases in the fair values of the related contingent consideration obligations.

Research and Development

Research and Development — Research and development is expensed as incurred. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received rather than when the payment is made. Research and development expenses include restructuring costs and IPR&D impairment charges. In addition, research and development expenses include expense or income related to changes in the estimated fair value measurement of liabilities for contingent consideration associated with IPR&D assets. Research and development expenses also include upfront and milestone payments related to asset acquisitions and licensing transactions involving clinical development programs that have not yet received regulatory approval.

Collaborative Arrangements

Collaborative Arrangements — Merck has entered into collaborative arrangements that provide the Company with varying rights to develop, produce and market products together with its collaborative partners. When Merck is the principal on sales transactions with third parties, the Company recognizes sales, cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses on a gross basis. Profit sharing amounts it pays to its collaborative partners are recorded within Cost of sales. When the collaborative partner is the principal on sales transactions with third parties, the Company records profit sharing amounts received from its collaborative partners as alliance revenue (within Sales). Alliance revenue is recorded net of cost of sales and includes an adjustment to share commercialization costs between the partners in accordance with the collaboration agreement. The adjustment is determined by comparing the commercialization costs Merck has incurred directly and reported within Selling, general and administrative expenses with the costs the collaborative partner has incurred. Research and development costs Merck incurs related to collaborations are recorded within Research and development expenses. Cost reimbursements to the collaborative partner or payments received from the collaborative partner to share these costs pursuant to the terms of the collaboration agreements are recorded as increases or decreases to Research and development expenses.

In addition, the terms of the collaboration agreements may require the Company to make payments based upon the achievement of certain developmental, regulatory approval or commercial milestones. Upfront and milestone payments payable by Merck to collaborative partners prior to regulatory approval are expensed as incurred and included in Research and development expenses. Payments due to collaborative partners upon or subsequent to regulatory approval are capitalized and amortized to Cost of sales over the estimated useful life of the corresponding intangible asset provided that future cash flows support the amounts capitalized. Sales-based milestones payable by Merck to collaborative partners are accrued and capitalized, subject to cumulative amortization catch-up, when determined to be probable of being achieved by the Company. The amortization catch-up is calculated either from the time of the first regulatory approval for indications that were unapproved at the time the collaboration was formed, or from time of the formation of the collaboration for approved products. The related intangible asset that is recognized is amortized to Cost of sales over its remaining useful life, subject to impairment testing.

Share-Based Compensation

Share-Based Compensation — The Company expenses all share-based payments to employees over the requisite service period based on the grant-date fair value of the awards.

Restructuring Costs

Restructuring Costs — The Company records liabilities for costs associated with exit or disposal activities in the period in which the liability is incurred. In accordance with existing benefit arrangements, future employee termination costs to be incurred in conjunction with involuntary separations are accrued when such separations are probable and estimable. When accruing these costs, the Company will recognize the amount within a range of costs that is the best estimate within the range. When no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, the Company recognizes the minimum amount within the range. Costs for one-time termination benefits in which the employee is required to render service until termination in order to receive the benefits are recognized ratably over the future service period.

Contingencies and Legal Defense Costs

Contingencies and Legal Defense Costs — The Company records accruals for contingencies and legal defense costs expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated.

Taxes on Income

Taxes on Income — Deferred taxes are recognized for the future tax effects of temporary differences between financial and income tax reporting based on enacted tax laws and rates. The Company evaluates tax positions to determine whether the benefits of tax positions are more likely than not of being sustained upon audit based on the technical merits of the tax position. For tax positions that are more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, the Company recognizes the amount of the benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement in the financial statements. For tax positions that are not more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, the Company does not recognize any portion of the benefit in the financial statements. The Company recognizes interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as a component of Taxes on Income from Continuing Operations. The Company accounts for the tax effects of the tax on global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) of certain foreign subsidiaries in the income tax provision in the period the tax arises. The Company’s policy for releasing disproportionate income tax effects from AOCL is to utilize the item-by-item approach.

Reclassifications

Reclassifications — Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform to the current year presentation.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates — The consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (GAAP) and, accordingly, include certain amounts that are based on management’s best estimates and judgments. Estimates are used when accounting for amounts recorded in connection with acquisitions, including initial fair value determinations of assets and liabilities in a business combination (primarily IPR&D, other intangible assets and contingent consideration), as well as subsequent fair value measurements. Additionally, estimates are used in determining such items as provisions for sales discounts and returns, depreciable and amortizable lives, recoverability of inventories, including those produced in preparation for product launches, amounts recorded for contingencies, environmental liabilities, accruals for contingent sales-based milestone payments and other reserves, pension and other postretirement benefit plan assumptions, share-based compensation assumptions, restructuring costs, impairments of long-lived assets (including intangible assets and goodwill) and investments, and taxes on income. Because of the uncertainty inherent in such estimates, actual results may differ from these estimates.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards — In August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued amended guidance on the accounting for convertible instruments and contracts in an entity’s own equity. The guidance removes the separation model for convertible debt instruments and preferred stock, amends requirements for conversion options to be classified in equity as well as amends diluted earnings per share (EPS) calculations for certain convertible debt instruments. The Company adopted the new guidance on January 1, 2022 using a modified retrospective approach. There was no impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

In November 2021, the FASB issued new guidance to increase the transparency of transactions with a government that are accounted for by applying a grant or contribution accounting model by analogy. The guidance requires annual disclosures of such transactions to include the nature of the transactions and the significant terms and conditions, the accounting treatment and the impact to a company’s financial statements. The Company adopted the new guidance on January 1, 2022 on a prospective basis. There was no material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

In March 2020, the FASB issued optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting and subsequently issued clarifying amendments. The guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for accounting for contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The Company adopted the optional guidance on July 1, 2022 on a prospective basis. There was no material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

In October 2021, the FASB issued amended guidance that requires acquiring entities to recognize and measure contract assets and liabilities in a business combination in accordance with existing revenue recognition guidance. The Company adopted the guidance effective January 1, 2023. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements for prior acquisitions; however, the impact in future periods will be dependent upon the contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in future business combinations.

Recently Issued Accounting Standard Not Yet Adopted — In June 2022, the FASB issued guidance related to the fair value measurement of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of the equity security. The new guidance also introduces new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions that are measured at fair value. The amended guidance is effective for interim and annual periods in 2024 and is to be applied prospectively. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual periods. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adoption on its consolidated financial statements.

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Spin-Off of Organon & Co. (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Discontinued Operations and Disposal Groups [Abstract]

Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations

Details of Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests are as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2021(1)		2020
Sales	$	2,512	$	6,476
Costs, Expenses and Other
Cost of sales	789		1,867
Selling, general and administrative	877		1,513
Research and development	103		161
Restructuring costs	1		3
Other (income) expense, net	(15)		4
	1,755		3,548
Income from discontinued operations before taxes	757		2,928
Tax provision	50		369
Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes	707		2,559
Less: Income of discontinued operations attributable to noncontrolling interests	3		11
	$	704	$	2,548

(1) Reflects amounts through the June 2, 2021 spin-off date.

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Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]

Schedule of Recognized Identified Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed

The estimated fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed from Acceleron (inclusive of measurement period adjustments) is as follows:

	November 19, 2021
Cash and cash equivalents	$	340
Investments	285
Identifiable intangible assets: (1)
IPR&D - sotatercept	6,380
Products and product rights - Reblozyl (12 year useful life)	3,830
Deferred income tax liabilities, net	(1,814)
Other assets and liabilities, net	82
Total identifiable net assets	9,103
Goodwill (2)	2,411
Consideration transferred	$	11,514

(1)    The estimated fair value of the identifiable intangible assets related to sotatercept and Reblozyl were determined using an income approach, specifically the multi-period excess earnings method. The future probability-weighted net cash flows were discounted to present value utilizing a discount rate of 7.5% for sotatercept and 6.0% for Reblozyl. Actual cash flows are likely to be different than those assumed.

(2)    The goodwill recognized is largely attributable to anticipated synergies expected to arise after the acquisition and was allocated to the Pharmaceutical segment. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes.

The estimated fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed from ArQule is as follows:

	January 16, 2020
Cash and cash equivalents	$	145
IPR&D - nemtabrutinib (1)	2,280
Licensing arrangement for derazantinib	80
Deferred income tax liabilities	(361)
Other assets and liabilities, net	34
Total identifiable net assets	2,178
Goodwill (2)	512
Consideration transferred	$	2,690

(1)    The estimated fair value of nemtabrutinib was determined using an income approach. The future probability-weighted net cash flows were discounted to present value utilizing a discount rate of 12.5%.

(2)    The goodwill was allocated to the Pharmaceutical segment and is not deductible for tax purposes.

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Collaborative Arrangements (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Collaborative Arrangements [Abstract]

Collaborative Arrangements

Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Alliance revenue - Lynparza	$	1,116	$	989	$	725
Alliance revenue - Koselugo	54		29		8
Total alliance revenue	$	1,170	$	1,018	$	733
Cost of sales (1)	492		167		247
Selling, general and administrative	185		178		160
Research and development	106		120		133
December 31	2022		2021
Receivables from AstraZeneca included in Other current assets	$	303	$	271
Payables to AstraZeneca included in Trade accounts payable and Accrued and other current liabilities (2)	123		415
Payables to AstraZeneca included in Other Noncurrent Liabilities (2)	600		—

(1)    Represents amortization of capitalized milestone payments. Amounts in 2022 and 2020 include $250 million and $106 million, respectively, of cumulative amortization catch-up expense.

(2)    Includes accrued milestone payments.

Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Alliance revenue - Lenvima	$	876	$	704	$	580
Cost of sales (1)	212		195		271
Selling, general and administrative	158		127		73
Research and development	136		173		185
December 31	2022		2021
Receivables from Eisai included in Other current assets	$	214	$	200
Payables to Eisai included in Accrued and other current liabilities (2)	—		625

(1)     Represents amortization of capitalized milestone payments.

(2)     Represents accrued milestone payments.

Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Alliance revenue - Adempas/Verquvo	$	341	$	342	$	281
Net sales of Adempas recorded by Merck	238		252		220
Net sales of Verquvo recorded by Merck	22		7		—
Total sales	$	601	$	601	$	501
Cost of sales (1)	210		424		196
Selling, general and administrative	153		126		47
Research and development	75		53		63
December 31	2022		2021
Receivables from Bayer included in Other current assets	$	143	$	114
Payables to Bayer included in Accrued and other current Liabilities (2)	80		472

(1)    Includes amortization of intangible assets. Amount in 2021 includes $153 million of cumulative amortization catch-up expense.

(2)    Amount as of December 31, 2021 includes accrued milestone payment.

Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Net sales of Lagevrio	$	5,684	$	952	$	—
Cost of sales (1)(2)	3,038		502		17
Selling, general and administrative (2)	147		37		6
Research and development (2)(3)	88		137		349
December 31	2022		2021
Payables to Ridgeback included in Accrued and other current liabilities (4)	$	348	$	283

(1)    Includes royalty expense and amortization of capitalized milestone payments.

(2)    Expenses in all periods now include an allocation for overhead charges.

(3)    Amount in 2020 includes upfront payment.

(4)    Includes accrued royalty and milestone payments.

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Restructuring (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

Charges Related to Restructuring Program Activities by Type of Cost

The following table summarizes the charges related to restructuring program activities by type of cost:

	Separation Costs		Accelerated Depreciation		Other		Total
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Cost of sales	$	—	$	72	$	133	$	205
Selling, general and administrative	—		19		75		94
Research and development	—		29		1		30
Restructuring costs	212		—		125		337
	$	212	$	120	$	334	$	666
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Cost of sales	$	—	$	52	$	108	$	160
Selling, general and administrative	—		12		7		19
Research and development	—		27		1		28
Restructuring costs	451		—		210		661
	$	451	$	91	$	326	$	868
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Cost of sales	$	—	$	143	$	32	$	175
Selling, general and administrative	—		44		3		47
Research and development	—		81		2		83
Restructuring costs	385		—		190		575
	$	385	$	268	$	227	$	880

Charges and Spending Relating to Restructuring Activities by Program

The following table summarizes the charges and spending relating to restructuring program activities:

	Separation Costs		Accelerated Depreciation		Other		Total
Restructuring reserves January 1, 2021	$	567	$	—	$	19	$	586
Expenses	451		91		326		868
(Payments) receipts, net	(422)		—		(186)		(608)
Non-cash activity	—		(91)		(118)		(209)
Restructuring reserves December 31, 2021	596		—		41		637
Expenses	212		120		334		666
(Payments) receipts, net	(329)		—		(120)		(449)
Non-cash activity	—		(120)		(221)		(341)
Restructuring reserves December 31, 2022 (1)	$	479	$	—	$	34	$	513

(1)    The remaining cash outlays are expected to be largely completed by the end of 2025.

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Financial Instruments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Effect of Net Investment Hedges

The effects of the Company’s net investment hedges on OCI and the Consolidated Statement of Income are shown below:

	Amount of Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (1)						Amount of Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Other (income) expense, net for Amounts Excluded from Effectiveness Testing
Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020
Net Investment Hedging Relationships
Foreign exchange contracts	$	(48)	$	(49)	$	26	$	(1)	$	(13)	$	(19)
Euro-denominated notes	(162)		(296)		385		—		—		—

(1)    No amounts were reclassified from AOCL into income related to the sale of a subsidiary.

Schedule of Fair Value Hedging Instruments, Statements of Financial Performance and Financial Position

The table below presents the location of amounts recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges as of December 31:

	Carrying Amount of Hedged Liabilities				Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Increase Included in the Carrying Amount
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Balance Sheet Line Item in which Hedged Item is Included
Loans payable and current portion of long-term debt	$	—	$	2,263	$	—	$	13

Fair Value of Derivatives on a Gross Basis Segregated Between those Derivatives that are Designated as Hedging Instruments and those that are Not Designated as Hedging Instruments

Presented in the table below is the fair value of derivatives on a gross basis segregated between those derivatives that are designated as hedging instruments and those that are not designated as hedging instruments as of December 31:

		2022						2021
		Fair Value of Derivative				U.S. Dollar Notional		Fair Value of Derivative				U.S. Dollar Notional
		Asset		Liability				Asset		Liability
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments	Balance Sheet Caption
Interest rate swap contracts	Other current assets	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	14	$	—	$	2,250
Foreign exchange contracts	Other current assets	220		—		4,824		271		—		6,778
Foreign exchange contracts	Other Assets	27		—		1,609		43		—		1,551
Foreign exchange contracts	Accrued and other current liabilities	—		101		2,691		—		24		1,623
Foreign exchange contracts	Other Noncurrent Liabilities	—		1		91		—		1		43
		$	247	$	102	$	9,215	$	328	$	25	$	12,245
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	Balance Sheet Caption
Foreign exchange contracts	Other current assets	$	186	$	—	$	8,540	$	221	$	—	$	10,073
Foreign exchange contracts	Accrued and other current liabilities	—		307		10,926		—		96		10,640
		$	186	$	307	$	19,466	$	221	$	96	$	20,713
		$	433	$	409	$	28,681	$	549	$	121	$	32,958

Information on Derivative Positions Subject to Master Netting Arrangements as if they were Presented on a Net Basis

The following table provides information on the Company’s derivative positions subject to these master netting arrangements as if they were presented on a net basis, allowing for the right of offset by counterparty and cash collateral exchanged per the master agreements and related credit support annexes at December 31:

	2022				2021
	Asset		Liability		Asset		Liability
Gross amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet	$	433	$	409	$	549	$	121
Gross amounts subject to offset in master netting arrangements not offset in the consolidated balance sheet	(220)		(220)		(110)		(110)
Cash collateral received/posted	(66)		(19)		(164)		—
Net amounts	$	147	$	170	$	275	$	11

Location and Pretax Gain or Loss Amounts for Derivatives

The table below provides information regarding the location and amount of pretax gains and losses of derivatives designated in fair value or cash flow hedging relationships:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020		2022		2021	2020	2022		2021		2020
Financial Statement Caption in which Effects of Fair Value or Cash Flow Hedges are Recorded	Sales						Other (income) expense, net (1)				Other comprehensive income (loss)
	$	59,283	$	48,704	$	41,518	$	1,501	(1,341)	(890)	$	(339)	$	1,756	$	(441)
(Gain) loss on fair value hedging relationships:
Interest rate swap contracts
Hedged items	—		—		—		(13)		(40)	40	—		—		—
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	—		—		—		4		1	(76)	—		—		—
Impact of cash flow hedging relationships:
Foreign exchange contracts
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives	—		—		—		—		—	—	684		333		(383)
Increase (decrease) in Sales as a result of AOCL reclassifications	773		(194)		(6)		—		—	—	(773)		194		6
Interest rate contracts
Amount of gain recognized in Other (income) expense, net on derivatives	—		—		—		(2)		(2)	(4)	—		—		—
Amount of loss recognized in OCI on derivatives	—		—		—		—		—	—	(2)		(2)		(4)

(1)    Interest expense is a component of Other (income) expense, net.

Income Statement Effects of Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments

The table below provides information regarding the income statement effects of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:

		Amount of Derivative Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Income
Years Ended December 31		2022		2021		2020
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	Income Statement Caption
Foreign exchange contracts (1)	Other (income) expense, net	$	(49)	$	313	$	(12)
Foreign exchange contracts (2)	Sales	(37)		9		13
Interest rate contracts (3)	Other (income) expense, net	—		—		9
Forward contract related to Seagen common stock	Research and development	—		—		15

(1)    These derivative contracts primarily mitigate changes in the value of remeasured foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities attributable to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Amount in 2021 includes a loss on forward exchange contracts entered into in conjunction with the spin-off of Organon.

(2)     These derivative contracts serve as economic hedges of forecasted transactions.

(3)     These derivative contracts serve as economic hedges against rising treasury rates.

Information on Investments in Debt and Equity Securities

Information on investments in debt and equity securities at December 31 is as follows:

	2022								2021
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value
			Gains		Losses						Gains		Losses
Commercial paper	$	498	$	—	$	—	$	498	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
U.S. government and agency securities	68		—		—		68		80		—		—		80
Corporate notes and bonds	3		—		—		3		4		—		—		4
Foreign government bonds	—		—		—		—		2		—		—		2
Total debt securities	569		—		—		569		86		—		—		86
Publicly traded equity securities (1)							1,284								1,647
Total debt and publicly traded equity securities							$	1,853							$	1,733

(1)    Unrealized net losses of $462 million were recorded in Other (income) expense, net in 2022 on equity securities still held at December 31, 2022. Unrealized net losses of $232 million were recorded in Other (income) expense, net in 2021 on equity securities still held at December 31, 2021.

Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31 are summarized below:

	Fair Value Measurements Using								Fair Value Measurements Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	2022								2021
Assets
Investments
Commercial paper	$	—	$	498	$	—	$	498	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Foreign government bonds	—		—		—		—		—		2		—		2
Publicly traded equity securities	1,015		—		—		1,015		368		—		—		368
	1,015		498		—		1,513		368		2		—		370
Other assets (1)
U.S. government and agency securities	68		—		—		68		80		—		—		80
Corporate notes and bonds	3		—		—		3		4		—		—		4
Publicly traded equity securities	269		—		—		269		1,279		—		—		1,279
	340		—		—		340		1,363		—		—		1,363
Derivative assets (2)
Forward exchange contracts	—		218		—		218		—		351		—		351
Purchased currency options	—		215		—		215		—		184		—		184
Interest rate swaps	—		—		—		—		—		14		—		14
	—		433		—		433		—		549		—		549
Total assets	$	1,355	$	931	$	—	$	2,286	$	1,731	$	551	$	—	$	2,282
Liabilities
Other liabilities
Contingent consideration	$	—	$	—	$	456	$	456	$	—	$	—	$	777	$	777
Derivative liabilities (2)
Forward exchange contracts	—		402		—		402		—		120		—		120
Written currency options	—		7		—		7		—		1		—		1
	—		409		—		409		—		121		—		121
Total liabilities	$	—	$	409	$	456	$	865	$	—	$	121	$	777	$	898

(1)    Investments included in other assets are restricted as to use, including for the payment of benefits under employee benefit plans.

(2)    The fair value determination of derivatives includes the impact of the credit risk of counterparties to the derivatives and the Company’s own credit risk, the effects of which were not significant.

Summarized Information about the Changes in Liabilities for Contingent Consideration

Summarized information about the changes in the fair value of liabilities for contingent consideration associated with business combinations is as follows:

	2022		2021
Fair value January 1	$	777	$	841
Changes in estimated fair value (1)	(146)		57
Payments	(119)		(109)
Other	(56)		(12)
Fair value December 31 (2)	$	456	$	777

(1)    Recorded in Cost of sales, Research and development expenses, and Other (income) expense, net. Includes cumulative translation adjustments.

(2)    At December 31, 2022 and 2021, $368 million and $620 million, respectively, of the liabilities relate to the termination of the Sanofi Pasteur MSD joint venture in 2016. As part of the termination, Merck recorded a liability for contingent future royalty payments of 11.5% on net sales of all Merck products that were previously sold by the joint venture through December 31, 2024. The fair value of this liability is determined utilizing the estimated amount and timing of projected cash flows using a risk-adjusted discount rate to present value the cash flows. Balance at December 31, 2022 includes $122 million recorded as a current liability for amounts expected to be paid within the next 12 months.

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Inventories (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Inventories

Inventories at December 31 consisted of:

	2022		2021
Finished goods	$	1,841	$	1,747
Raw materials and work in process	7,063		6,220
Supplies	238		196
Total (approximates current cost)	9,142		8,163
Decrease to LIFO cost	(293)		(16)
	$	8,849	$	8,147
Recognized as:
Inventories	$	5,911	$	5,953
Other Assets	2,938		2,194

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Goodwill and Other Intangibles (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill Activity by Segment

The following table summarizes goodwill activity by segment:

	Pharmaceutical		Animal Health		Total
Balance January 1, 2021	$	15,614	$	3,268	$	18,882
Acquisitions	2,431		5		2,436
Other (1)	(48)		(6)		(54)
Balance December 31, 2021 (2)	17,997		3,267		21,264
Other (1)	(61)		1		(60)
Balance December 31, 2022 (2)	$	17,936	$	3,268	$	21,204

(1)    Includes cumulative translation adjustments on goodwill balances.

(2)    Accumulated goodwill impairment losses were $531 million at both December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Other Intangibles

Other acquired intangibles at December 31 consisted of:

	2022						2021
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Products and product rights	$	23,555	$	16,745	$	6,810	$	23,671	$	15,776	$	7,895
IPR&D	7,661		—		7,661		9,281		—		9,281
Trade names	2,879		635		2,244		2,882		493		2,389
Licenses and other	7,651		4,097		3,554		6,604		3,236		3,368
	$	41,746	$	21,477	$	20,269	$	42,438	$	19,505	$	22,933

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Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Long-term Debt Instruments

Long-term debt at December 31 consisted of:

	2022		2021
2.75% notes due 2025	$	2,496	$	2,495
2.15% notes due 2031	1,986		1,986
2.75% notes due 2051	1,979		1,979
3.70% notes due 2045	1,978		1,977
3.40% notes due 2029	1,738		1,736
1.70% notes due 2027	1,494		1,493
2.90% notes due 2061	1,483		1,484
4.00% notes due 2049	1,471		1,470
4.15% notes due 2043	1,239		1,239
1.45% notes due 2030	1,237		1,235
2.45% notes due 2050	1,213		1,212
1.875% euro-denominated notes due 2026	1,060		1,123
0.75% notes due 2026	995		993
1.90% notes due 2028	994		994
3.90% notes due 2039	985		984
2.35% notes due 2040	984		983
2.90% notes due 2024	749		748
6.50% notes due 2033	711		715
0.50% euro-denominated notes due 2024	531		563
1.375% euro-denominated notes due 2036	527		559
2.50% euro-denominated notes due 2034	526		558
3.60% notes due 2042	492		491
6.55% notes due 2037	408		409
5.75% notes due 2036	339		338
5.95% debentures due 2028	307		306
5.85% notes due 2039	271		271
6.40% debentures due 2028	250		250
6.30% debentures due 2026	135		135
2.80% notes due 2023	—		1,749
Other	167		215
	$	28,745	$	30,690

Supplemental Balance Sheet Information

Supplemental balance sheet information related to operating leases is as follows:

December 31	2022			2021
Assets
Other Assets (1)	$	1,346		$	1,586
Liabilities
Accrued and other current liabilities	281			304
Other Noncurrent Liabilities	1,013			1,225
	$	1,294		$	1,529
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)	7.0			7.0
Weighted-average discount rate	3.1		%	2.6		%

(1)    Includes prepaid leases that have no related lease liability.

Schedule of Maturities of Operating Lease Liabilities

Maturities of operating leases liabilities are as follows:

2023	$	323
2024	258
2025	224
2026	157
2027	126
Thereafter	404
Total lease payments	1,492
Less: Imputed interest	198
	$	1,294

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Equity (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Equity [Abstract]

Summary of Common Stock and Treasury Stock Transactions

A summary of common stock and treasury stock transactions (shares in millions) is as follows:

	2022		2021		2020
	Common Stock	Treasury Stock	Common Stock	Treasury Stock	Common Stock	Treasury Stock
Balance January 1	3,577	1,049	3,577	1,047	3,577	1,038
Purchases of treasury stock	—	—	—	11	—	16
Issuances (1)	—	(10)	—	(9)	—	(7)
Balance December 31	3,577	1,039	3,577	1,049	3,577	1,047

(1)     Issuances primarily reflect activity under share-based compensation plans.

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Share-Based Compensation Plans (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Assumptions Used to Determine Weighted-Average Fair Value of Options Granted

The weighted average fair value of options granted in 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $15.45, $9.80 and $9.93 per option, respectively, and were determined using the following assumptions:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Expected dividend yield	3.1	%	3.1	%	3.1	%
Risk-free interest rate	3.0	%	1.0	%	0.4	%
Expected volatility	22.5	%	20.9	%	22.1	%
Expected life (years)	5.9		5.9		5.8

Summarized Information Relative to Stock Option Plan Activity

Summarized information relative to stock option plan activity (options in thousands) is as follows:

	Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding January 1, 2022	18,572	$	65.27
Granted	2,326	87.10
Exercised	(6,317)	60.77
Forfeited	(862)	73.11
Outstanding December 31, 2022	13,719	$	70.55	6.5	$	554
Vested and expected to vest December 31, 2022	13,199	$	70.09	6.4	$	539
Exercisable December 31, 2022	8,730	$	65.24	5.4	$	399

Additional Information Pertaining to Stock Option Plans

Additional information pertaining to stock option plans is provided in the table below:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Total intrinsic value of stock options exercised	$	225	$	106	$	51
Fair value of stock options vested	30		27		25
Cash received from the exercise of stock options	384		202		89

Summary of Nonvested RSU and PSU Activity

A summary of nonvested RSU and PSU activity (shares in thousands) is as follows:

	RSUs			PSUs
	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested January 1, 2022	11,790	$	74.88	1,966	$	77.13
Granted	7,170	87.12		951	88.52
Vested	(5,150)	75.40		(725)	87.87
Forfeited	(1,110)	78.65		(171)	77.58
Nonvested December 31, 2022	12,700	$	81.25	2,021	$	78.60
Expected to vest December 31, 2022	11,254	$	80.96	1,895	$	78.26

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Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost

The net periodic benefit cost (credit) for pension and other postretirement benefit plans (including certain costs reported as part of discontinued operations) consisted of the following components:

	Pension Benefits
	U.S.						International						Other Postretirement Benefits
Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020
Service cost	$	372	$	403	$	360	$	283	$	328	$	297	$	48	$	48	$	52
Interest cost	457		404		431		145		123		136		46		45		57
Expected return on plan assets	(753)		(755)		(774)		(383)		(416)		(414)		(86)		(79)		(75)
Amortization of unrecognized prior service cost	(32)		(38)		(49)		(14)		(16)		(18)		(57)		(63)		(73)
Net loss (gain) amortization	128		298		303		96		142		127		(43)		(42)		(18)
Termination benefits	2		56		10		1		5		3		—		37		2
Curtailments	12		16		10		—		(26)		—		(1)		(29)		(4)
Settlements	239		216		13		1		8		15		—		—		—
Net periodic benefit cost (credit)	$	425	$	600	$	304	$	129	$	148	$	146	$	(93)	$	(83)	$	(59)

Obligation and Funded Status

Summarized information about the changes in plan assets and benefit obligations, the funded status and the amounts recorded at December 31 is as follows:

	Pension Benefits								Other Postretirement Benefits
	U.S.				International
	2022		2021		2022		2021		2022		2021
Fair value of plan assets January 1	$	13,067	$	12,672	$	12,195	$	12,009	$	1,292	$	1,221
Actual return on plan assets	(3,129)		1,250		(2,793)		891		(306)		118
Company contributions	293		305		155		189		46		33
Effects of exchange rate changes	—		—		(848)		(671)		—		—
Benefits paid	(219)		(219)		(250)		(233)		(90)		(86)
Settlements	(918)		(941)		(16)		(55)		—		—
Spin-off of Organon	—		—		—		(55)		—		—
Other	—		—		30		120		5		6
Fair value of plan assets December 31	$	9,094	$	13,067	$	8,473	$	12,195	$	947	$	1,292
Benefit obligation January 1	$	13,999	$	14,613	$	11,575	$	12,458	$	1,541	$	1,607
Service cost	372		403		283		328		48		48
Interest cost	457		404		145		123		46		45
Actuarial (gains) losses (1)	(3,851)		(332)		(3,283)		(240)		(392)		(103)
Benefits paid	(219)		(219)		(250)		(233)		(90)		(86)
Effects of exchange rate changes	—		—		(732)		(678)		(1)		(1)
Plan amendments	—		—		4		4		—		—
Curtailments	12		15		—		(38)		—		(12)
Termination benefits	2		56		1		5		—		37
Settlements	(918)		(941)		(16)		(55)		—		—
Spin-off of Organon	—		—		—		(118)		—		—
Other	—		—		28		19		5		6
Benefit obligation December 31	$	9,854	$	13,999	$	7,755	$	11,575	$	1,157	$	1,541
Funded status December 31	$	(760)	$	(932)	$	718	$	620	$	(210)	$	(249)
Recognized as:
Other Assets	$	5	$	9	$	1,052	$	1,395	$	—	$	—
Accrued and other current liabilities	(59)		(64)		(19)		(22)		(8)		(8)
Other Noncurrent Liabilities	(706)		(877)		(315)		(753)		(202)		(241)

(1)    Actuarial (gains) losses primarily reflect changes in discount rates.

Schedule of Accumulated and Projected Benefit Obligations in Excess of Fair Value of Plan Assets

Information related to the funded status of selected pension plans at December 31 is as follows:

	U.S.				International
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Pension plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets
Projected benefit obligation	$	9,186	$	13,013	$	2,779	$	2,507
Fair value of plan assets	8,421		12,072		2,445		1,731
Pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets
Accumulated benefit obligation	$	9,081	$	12,916	$	1,226	$	2,462
Fair value of plan assets	8,421		12,072		948		1,723

Schedule of Allocation of Plan Assets

The fair values of the Company’s pension plan assets at December 31 by asset category are as follows:

	Fair Value Measurements Using										Fair Value Measurements Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV (1)		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV (1)		Total
	2022										2021
U.S. Pension Plans
Cash and cash equivalents	$	49	$	—	$	—	$	98	$	147	$	3	$	—	$	—	$	289	$	292
Investment funds
Developed markets equities	211		—		—		2,443		2,654		236		—		—		3,799		4,035
Emerging markets equities	—		—		—		707		707		—		—		—		919		919
Real estate	—		—		—		131		131		—		—		—		—		—
Equity securities
Developed markets	1,956		—		—		—		1,956		2,915		—		—		—		2,915
Fixed income securities
Government and agency obligations	—		1,934		—		—		1,934		—		2,870		—		—		2,870
Corporate obligations	—		1,438		—		—		1,438		—		2,005		—		—		2,005
Mortgage and asset-backed securities	—		22		—		—		22		—		23		—		—		23
Other investments
Derivatives	—		101		—		—		101		—		—		—		—		—
Other	—		—		4		—		4		2		—		6		—		8
Plan assets at fair value	$	2,216	$	3,495	$	4	$	3,379	$	9,094	$	3,156	$	4,898	$	6	$	5,007	$	13,067
International Pension Plans
Cash and cash equivalents	$	57	$	8	$	—	$	13	$	78	$	82	$	10	$	—	$	18	$	110
Investment funds
Developed markets equities	375		2,957		—		90		3,422		531		4,292		—		121		4,944
Government and agency obligations	177		2,656		—		130		2,963		240		4,025		—		171		4,436
Emerging markets equities	52		—		—		59		111		137		—		—		72		209
Corporate obligations	8		9		—		129		146		9		8		—		171		188
Other fixed income obligations	10		7		—		4		21		15		8		—		3		26
Real estate	—		1		—		10		11		—		1		—		16		17
Equity securities
Developed markets	263		—		—		—		263		369		—		—		—		369
Fixed income securities
Government and agency obligations	—		448		—		—		448		3		591		—		3		597
Corporate obligations	—		157		—		—		157		—		223		—		2		225
Mortgage and asset-backed securities	—		69		—		—		69		—		90		—		—		90
Other investments
Insurance contracts (2)	—		18		761		1		780		—		44		937		1		982
Other	1		3		—		—		4		1		1		—		—		2
Plan assets at fair value	$	943	$	6,333	$	761	$	436	$	8,473	$	1,387	$	9,293	$	937	$	578	$	12,195

(1)    Certain investments that were measured at net asset value (NAV) per share or its equivalent have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The NAV amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the fair value of plan assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

(2)    The plans’ Level 3 investments in insurance contracts are generally valued using a crediting rate that approximates market returns and invest in underlying securities whose market values are unobservable and determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques.

The fair values of the Company’s other postretirement benefit plan assets at December 31 by asset category are as follows:

	Fair Value Measurements Using										Fair Value Measurements Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV (1)		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV (1)		Total
	2022										2021
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2	$	—	$	—	$	8	$	10	$	11	$	—	$	—	$	28	$	39
Investment funds
Developed markets equities	22		—		—		257		279		24		—		—		378		402
Emerging markets equities	—		—		—		74		74		—		—		—		92		92
Real estate	—		—		—		14		14		—		—		—		—		—
Government and agency obligations	1		—		—		—		1		1		—		—		—		1
Equity securities																			—
Developed markets	206		—		—		—		206		290		—		—		—		290
Fixed income securities
Government and agency obligations	—		212		—		—		212		—		275		—		—		275
Corporate obligations	—		137		—		—		137		—		191		—		—		191
Mortgage and asset-backed securities	—		2		—		—		2		—		2		—		—		2
Other Investments
Derivatives	—		12		—		—		12		—		—		—		—		—
Plan assets at fair value	$	231	$	363	$	—	$	353	$	947	$	326	$	468	$	—	$	498	$	1,292

(1)    Certain investments that were measured at net asset value (NAV) per share or its equivalent have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The NAV amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the fair value of plan assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Summary of Changes in Fair Value of Company's Level 3 Pension Plan Assets

The table below provides a summary of the changes in fair value, including transfers in and/or out, of all financial assets measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the Company’s pension plan assets:

	2022								2021
	Insurance Contracts		Real Estate		Other		Total		Insurance Contracts		Real Estate		Other		Total
U.S. Pension Plans
Balance January 1	$	—	$	—	$	6	$	6	$	—	$	—	$	7	$	7
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at December 31	—		—		(3)		(3)		—		—		(5)		(5)
Relating to assets sold during the year	—		—		2		2		—		—		7		7
Purchases and sales, net	—		—		(1)		(1)		—		—		(3)		(3)
Balance December 31	$	—	$	—	$	4	$	4	$	—	$	—	$	6	$	6
International Pension Plans
Balance January 1	$	937	$	—	$	—	$	937	$	935	$	—	$	—	$	935
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at December 31	(147)		—		—		(147)		(34)		—		—		(34)
Purchases and sales, net	(39)		—				(39)		(42)		—		—		(42)
Transfers into Level 3	10		—				10		78		—		—		78
Balance December 31	$	761	$	—	$	—	$	761	$	937	$	—	$	—	$	937

Summary of Expected Benefit Payments

Expected benefit payments are as follows:

	U.S. Pension Benefits		International Pension Benefits		Other Postretirement Benefits
2023	$	627	$	271	$	84
2024	634		257		86
2025	650		262		87
2026	676		283		89
2027	694		297		90
2028 — 2032	3,948		1,704		474

Components of Other Comprehensive Income

The following amounts were reflected as components of OCI:

	Pension Plans												Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
	U.S.						International
Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020
Net (loss) gain arising during the period	$	(42)	$	813	$	(472)	$	116	$	772	$	(424)	$	—	$	156	$	199
Prior service (cost) credit arising during the period	—		—		—		(4)		(4)		64		—		—		—
	$	(42)	$	813	$	(472)	$	112	$	768	$	(360)	$	—	$	156	$	199
Net loss (gain) amortization included in benefit cost	$	128	$	298	$	303	$	96	$	142	$	127	$	(43)	$	(42)	$	(18)
Prior service credit amortization included in benefit cost	(32)		(38)		(49)		(14)		(16)		(18)		(57)		(63)		(73)
Settlements and curtailments	251		232		23		1		(18)		15		(1)		(29)		(4)
	$	347	$	492	$	277	$	83	$	108	$	124	$	(101)	$	(134)	$	(95)

Summary of Weighted Average Assumptions Used in Determining Pension Plan and U.S. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plan Information

The Company reassesses its benefit plan assumptions on a regular basis. The weighted average assumptions used in determining U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plan and international pension plan information are as follows:

	U.S. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans						International Pension Plans
December 31	2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020
Net periodic benefit cost
Discount rate	3.00	%	2.70	%	3.40	%	1.50	%	1.10	%	1.50	%
Expected rate of return on plan assets	6.70	%	6.70	%	7.30	%	3.70	%	3.80	%	4.40	%
Salary growth rate	4.60	%	4.60	%	4.20	%	2.90	%	2.80	%	2.80	%
Interest crediting rate	5.00	%	4.70	%	4.90	%	3.00	%	3.00	%	2.80	%
Benefit obligation
Discount rate	5.50	%	3.00	%	2.70	%	3.90	%	1.50	%	1.10	%
Salary growth rate	4.60	%	4.60	%	4.60	%	3.20	%	2.90	%	2.80	%
Interest crediting rate	5.30	%	5.00	%	4.70	%	3.30	%	3.00	%	3.00	%

Summary of Health Care Cost Trend Rate Assumptions for Other Postretirement Benefit Plans

The health care cost trend rate assumptions for other postretirement benefit plans are as follows:

December 31	2022		2021
Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year	7.8	%	6.4	%
Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline	4.5	%	4.5	%
Year that the trend rate reaches the ultimate trend rate	2038		2032

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Other (Income) Expense, Net (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]

Other (Income) Expense, Net

Other (income) expense, net, consisted of:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Interest income	$	(157)	$	(36)	$	(59)
Interest expense	962		806		831
Exchange losses	237		297		145
Loss (income) from investments in equity securities, net (1)	1,419		(1,940)		(1,338)
Net periodic defined benefit plan (credit) cost other than service cost	(279)		(212)		(339)
Other, net	(681)		(256)		(130)
	$	1,501	$	(1,341)	$	(890)

(1)    Includes net realized and unrealized gains and losses from investments in equity securities either owned directly or through ownership interests in investment funds. Unrealized gains and losses from investments that are directly owned are determined at the end of the reporting period, while gains and losses from ownership interests in investment funds are accounted for on a one quarter lag. The Company estimates gains of approximately $140 million will be recorded in the first quarter of 2023 from ownership interests in investment funds.

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Taxes on Income (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Reconciliation Between Effective Tax Rate and U.S. Statutory Rate

A reconciliation between the effective tax rate for income from continuing operations and the U.S. statutory rate is as follows:

	2022				2021				2020
	Amount		Tax Rate		Amount		Tax Rate		Amount		Tax Rate
U.S. statutory rate applied to income from continuing operations before taxes	$	3,453	21.0	%	$	2,915	21.0	%	$	1,231	21.0	%
Differential arising from:
Foreign earnings	(1,835)		(11.1)		(1,446)		(10.4)		(965)		(16.5)
GILTI and the foreign-derived intangible income deduction	462		2.8		(75)		(0.5)		349		6.0
State taxes	(110)		(0.7)		2		—		57		1.0
R&D tax credit	(81)		(0.5)		(81)		(0.6)		(108)		(1.8)
Tax settlements	(10)		(0.1)		(275)		(2.0)		(13)		(0.2)
Valuation allowances	108		0.7		102		0.7		37		0.6
Restructuring	11		0.1		61		0.4		105		1.8
Acquisition of VelosBio	—		—		(9)		(0.1)		559		9.5
Acquisition of Pandion	—		—		356		2.6		—		—
Acquisition of OncoImmune	—		—		—		—		97		1.7
Other	(80)		(0.5)		(29)		(0.1)		(9)		(0.2)
	$	1,918	11.7	%	$	1,521	11.0	%	$	1,340	22.9	%

Where applicable, the impact of changes in uncertain tax positions is reflected in the reconciling items above.

Income Before Taxes

Income from continuing operations before taxes consisted of:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Domestic	$	1,011	$	1,854	$	(3,814)
Foreign	15,433		12,025		9,677
	$	16,444	$	13,879	$	5,863

Taxes on Income

Taxes on income from continuing operations consisted of:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Current provision
Federal	$	2,265	$	74	$	893
Foreign	1,164		1,273		969
State	57		(13)		44
	3,486		1,334		1,906
Deferred provision
Federal	(1,510)		240		(605)
Foreign	71		(77)		64
State	(129)		24		(25)
	(1,568)		187		(566)
	$	1,918	$	1,521	$	1,340

Deferred Income Taxes

Deferred income taxes at December 31 consisted of:

	2022				2021
	Assets		Liabilities		Assets		Liabilities
Product intangibles and licenses	$	—	$	2,575	$	—	$	3,207
R&D capitalization	1,341		—		274		—
Inventory related	43		423		119		370
Accelerated depreciation	—		657		—		589
Equity investments	—		92		—		335
Pensions and other postretirement benefits	372		284		487		338
Compensation related	335		—		301		—
Unrecognized tax benefits	91		—		75		—
Net operating losses and other tax credit carryforwards	912		—		867		—
Other	511		267		434		180
Subtotal	3,605		4,298		2,557		5,019
Valuation allowance	(599)				(287)
Total deferred taxes	$	3,006	$	4,298	$	2,270	$	5,019
Net deferred income taxes			$	1,292			$	2,749
Recognized as:
Other Assets	$	503			$	692
Deferred Income Taxes			$	1,795			$	3,441

Income Taxes Paid

Income taxes paid consisted of:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Domestic (1)	$	1,891	$	1,211	$	977
Foreign	1,348		1,201		1,763
	$	3,239	$	2,412	$	2,740

(1)    Includes TCJA transition tax payments.

Unrecognized Tax Benefits

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

	2022		2021		2020
Balance January 1	$	1,529	$	1,537	$	1,225
Additions related to current year positions	344		306		298
Additions related to prior year positions	48		63		110
Reductions for tax positions of prior years (1)	(40)		(230)		(4)
Settlements (1)	(6)		(46)		(70)
Lapse of statute of limitations	(40)		(58)		(22)
Spin-off of Organon	—		(43)		—
Balance December 31	$	1,835	$	1,529	$	1,537

(1)    Amount in 2021 reflects a settlement with the IRS discussed below.

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Earnings per Share (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Calculations of Earnings Per Share

The calculations of earnings per share (shares in millions) are as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Net Income from Continuing Operations Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	$	14,519	$	12,345	$	4,519
Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests	—		704		2,548
Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	$	14,519	$	13,049	$	7,067
Average common shares outstanding	2,532		2,530		2,530
Common shares issuable (1)	10		8		11
Average common shares outstanding assuming dilution	2,542		2,538		2,541
Basic Earnings per Common Share Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders:
Income from Continuing Operations	$	5.73	$	4.88	$	1.79
Income from Discontinued Operations	—		0.28		1.01
Net Income	$	5.73	$	5.16	$	2.79
Earnings per Common Share Assuming Dilution Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders:
Income from Continuing Operations	$	5.71	$	4.86	$	1.78
Income from Discontinued Operations	—		0.28		1.00
Net Income	$	5.71	$	5.14	$	2.78

(1)     Issuable primarily under share-based compensation plans.

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Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Equity [Abstract]

Changes in AOCI by Component

Changes in each component of other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows:

	Derivatives			Investments			Employee Benefit Plans			Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Balance January 1, 2020, net of taxes	$	31		$	18		$	(4,261)		$	(1,981)	$	(6,193)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax	(383)			3			(633)			64		(949)
Tax	84			—			120			89		293
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	(299)			3			(513)			153		(656)
Reclassification adjustments, pretax	2		(1)	(21)		(2)	306		(3)	—		287
Tax	—			—			(72)			—		(72)
Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	2			(21)			234			—		215
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	(297)			(18)			(279)			153		(441)
Balance at December 31, 2020, net of taxes	(266)			—			(4,540)			(1,828)		(6,634)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax	333			—			1,737			(304)		1,766
Tax	(75)			—			(332)			(119)		(526)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	258			—			1,405			(423)		1,240
Reclassification adjustments, pretax	192		(1)	—			466		(3)	—		658
Tax	(40)			—			(102)			—		(142)
Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	152			—			364			—		516
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	410			—			1,769			(423)		1,756
Spin-off of Organon (see Note 3)	—			—			28			421		449
Balance at December 31, 2021, net of taxes	144			—			(2,743)		(4)	(1,830)		(4,429)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax	684			—			70			(584)		170
Tax	(143)			—			12			(19)		(150)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	541			—			82			(603)		20
Reclassification adjustments, pretax	(775)		(1)	—			329		(3)	—		(446)
Tax	163			—			(76)			—		87
Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	(612)			—			253			—		(359)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	(71)			—			335			(603)		(339)
Balance at December 31, 2022, net of taxes	$	73		$	—		$	(2,408)	(4)	$	(2,433)	$	(4,768)

(1)    Primarily relates to foreign currency cash flow hedges that were reclassified from AOCL to Sales.

(2)    Represents net realized gains on the sales of available-for-sale debt securities that were reclassified from AOCL to Other (income) expense, net.

(3)    Includes net amortization of prior service cost, actuarial gains and losses, settlements and curtailments included in net periodic benefit cost (see Note 14).

(4)    Includes pension plan net loss of $3.1 billion and $3.6 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and other postretirement benefit plan net gain of $446 million and $473 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as well as pension plan prior service credit of $152 million and $190 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and other postretirement benefit plan prior service credit of $135 million and $181 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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Segment Reporting (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Sales of Company's Products

Sales of the Company’s products were as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022						2021						2020
	U.S.		Int’l		Total		U.S.		Int’l		Total		U.S.		Int’l		Total
Pharmaceutical:
Oncology
Keytruda	$	12,686	$	8,251	$	20,937	$	9,765	$	7,421	$	17,186	$	8,352	$	6,028	$	14,380
Alliance revenue - Lynparza (1)	584		532		1,116		515		473		989		417		308		725
Alliance revenue - Lenvima (1)	579		297		876		417		287		704		359		220		580
Alliance revenue - Reblozyl (2)	123		43		166		—		17		17		—		—		—
Vaccines
Gardasil/Gardasil 9	2,065		4,832		6,897		1,881		3,792		5,673		1,755		2,184		3,938
ProQuad/M-M-R II/Varivax	1,724		518		2,241		1,629		506		2,135		1,378		500		1,878
RotaTeq	508		275		783		473		334		807		486		311		797
Pneumovax 23	346		256		602		547		346		893		727		359		1,087
Vaqta	95		78		173		100		79		179		103		67		170
Hospital Acute Care
Bridion	922		762		1,685		762		770		1,532		583		615		1,198
Prevymis	188		240		428		153		218		370		119		162		281
Dificid	241		22		263		166		10		175		102		7		110
Primaxin	1		238		239		2		258		259		2		248		251
Noxafil	51		187		238		60		199		259		42		287		329
Invanz	4		185		189		(5)		207		202		9		202		211
Cancidas	6		168		174		4		208		212		7		207		213
Zerbaxa	89		79		169		4		(5)		(1)		74		56		130
Cardiovascular
Alliance revenue - Adempas/Verquvo (3)	329		12		341		312		30		342		259		22		281
Adempas	—		238		238		—		252		252		—		220		220
Virology
Lagevrio	1,523		4,161		5,684		632		320		952		—		—		—
Isentress/Isentress HD	274		359		633		294		474		769		326		531		857
Neuroscience
Belsomra	79		179		258		78		241		318		81		247		327
Immunology
Simponi	—		706		706		—		825		825		—		838		838
Remicade	—		207		207		—		299		299		—		330		330
Diabetes
Januvia	1,248		1,565		2,813		1,404		1,920		3,324		1,470		1,836		3,306
Janumet	355		1,344		1,700		367		1,597		1,964		477		1,494		1,971
Other pharmaceutical (4)	969		1,282		2,249		841		1,275		2,118		882		1,321		2,202
Total Pharmaceutical segment sales	24,989		27,016		52,005		20,401		22,353		42,754		18,010		18,600		36,610
Animal Health:
Livestock	710		2,590		3,300		667		2,628		3,295		612		2,327		2,939
Companion Animals	1,112		1,138		2,250		1,091		1,182		2,273		872		892		1,764
Total Animal Health segment sales	1,822		3,728		5,550		1,758		3,810		5,568		1,484		3,219		4,703
Other segment sales (5)	—		—		—		—		—		—		23		—		23
Total segment sales	26,811		30,744		57,555		22,159		26,163		48,322		19,517		21,819		41,336
Other (6)	395		1,333		1,728		266		116		382		71		111		182
	$	27,206	$	32,077	$	59,283	$	22,425	$	26,279	$	48,704	$	19,588	$	21,930	$	41,518

U.S. plus international may not equal total due to rounding.

(1)    Alliance revenue for Lynparza and Lenvima represents Merck’s share of profits, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 5).

(2)    Alliance revenue for Reblozyl represents royalties and, for 2022, also includes a payment received related to the achievement of a regulatory approval milestone (see Note 5).

(3)    Alliance revenue for Adempas/Verquvo represents Merck’s share of profits from sales in Bayer’s marketing territories, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 5).

(4)    Other pharmaceutical primarily reflects sales of other human health pharmaceutical products, including products within the franchises not listed separately.

(5)    Represents sales for the Healthcare Services segment. All the businesses in the Healthcare Services segment were fully divested by the first quarter of 2020.

(6)    Other is primarily comprised of miscellaneous corporate revenue, including revenue hedging activities which increased (decreased) sales by $810 million, $(203) million and $(19) million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, as well as revenue from third-party manufacturing arrangements (including sales to Organon). Other for 2022, 2021 and 2020 also includes $165 million, $218 million and $54 million, respectively, related to upfront and milestone payments received by Merck for out-licensing arrangements.

Consolidated Revenues by Geographic Area

Consolidated sales by geographic area where derived are as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
United States	$	27,206	$	22,425	$	19,588
Europe, Middle East and Africa	14,493		13,341		11,547
China	5,191		4,378		2,751
Japan	3,629		2,726		2,602
Asia Pacific (other than China and Japan)	3,614		2,407		2,113
Latin America	2,582		2,206		1,890
Other	2,568		1,221		1,027
	$	59,283	$	48,704	$	41,518

Reconciliation of Segment Profits to Income Before Taxes

A reconciliation of segment profits to Income from Continuing Operations Before Taxes is as follows:

Years Ended December 31	2022		2021		2020
Segment profits:
Pharmaceutical segment	$	36,852	$	30,977	$	26,106
Animal Health segment	1,963		1,950		1,669
Other segments	—		—		1
Total segment profits	38,815		32,927		27,776
Other profits	1,160		156		75
Unallocated:
Interest income	157		36		59
Interest expense	(962)		(806)		(831)
Amortization	(2,085)		(1,636)		(1,817)
Depreciation	(1,642)		(1,414)		(1,519)
Research and development	(13,011)		(11,692)		(12,911)
Restructuring costs	(337)		(661)		(575)
Other unallocated, net	(5,651)		(3,031)		(4,394)
	$	16,444	$	13,879	$	5,863

Equity Loss from Affiliates and Depreciation Included in Segment Profits

Equity income/loss from affiliates and depreciation included in segment profits is as follows:

	Pharmaceutical		Animal Health		All Other		Total
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Included in segment profits:
Equity income from affiliates	$	39	$	—	$	—	$	39
Depreciation	5		177		—		182
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Included in segment profits:
Equity income from affiliates	$	11	$	—	$	—	$	11
Depreciation	6		158		—		164
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Included in segment profits:
Equity loss from affiliates	$	6	$	—	$	—	$	6
Depreciation	6		143		1		150

Property, Plant and Equipment, Net by Geographic Area

Property, plant and equipment, net, by geographic area where located is as follows:

December 31	2022		2021		2020
United States	$	12,891	$	11,759	$	10,394
Europe, Middle East and Africa	6,993		6,081		5,314
Asia Pacific (other than China and Japan)	966		857		737
Latin America	225		199		169
China	207		220		216
Japan	135		159		166
Other	5		4		4
	$	21,422	$	19,279	$	17,000

XML

Nature of Operations (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 segment
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Number of operating segments	2

XML

Summary of Accounting Policies (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Customer discounts	$ 12,300	$ 12,300	$ 11,400
Accrual for chargebacks reflected as direct reduction to accounts receivable	178	207
Accrual for rebates included in accrued and other current liabilities	$ 2,700	2,600
Product return period and expiration	12 months
Depreciation	$ 1,824	1,578	1,669
Advertising and promotion costs	$ 2,200	$ 2,000	$ 1,800
Minimum
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Product return period	3 months
Estimated useful life of intangible assets	2 years
Minimum | Capitalized Software
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Estimated useful life of intangible assets	3 years
Minimum | Buildings
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Estimated useful life of property, plant and equipment	25 years
Minimum | Machinery, equipment and office furnishings
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Estimated useful life of property, plant and equipment	3 years
Minimum | United States | Pharmaceutical segment
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Payment terms	36 days
Minimum | United States | Animal Health
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Payment terms	30 days
Minimum | Outside of the United States
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Payment terms	30 days
Maximum
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Product return period	6 months
Estimated useful life of intangible assets	24 years
Maximum | Capitalized Software
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Estimated useful life of intangible assets	10 years
Maximum | Buildings
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Estimated useful life of property, plant and equipment	40 years
Maximum | Machinery, equipment and office furnishings
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Estimated useful life of property, plant and equipment	15 years
Maximum | United States
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Payment terms	90 days
Maximum | Outside of the United States
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Payment terms	90 days

XML

Spin-Off of Organon & Co. - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 02, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Consideration received	$ 9,000
Disposal group, other expense			$ 556	$ 743
Organon & Co.
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Stock conversion ratio	0.1
Revenue from related party		$ 383	219
Related party amount in cost of sales		404	195
Due from related parties, current		511	964
Due to related parties, current		$ 345	$ 400
Minimum | Transition services agreement
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Period of continuing involvement after disposal	25 months
Minimum | Manufacturing and supply agreements
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Period of continuing involvement after disposal	4 years
Maximum | Transition services agreement
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Period of continuing involvement after disposal	35 months
Maximum | Manufacturing and supply agreements
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Period of continuing involvement after disposal	10 years
Organon & Co.
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Face amount of debt	$ 9,500

XML

Spin-Off of Organon & Co. - Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Discontinued Operations and Disposal Groups [Abstract]
Sales		$ 2,512	$ 6,476
Costs, Expenses and Other
Cost of sales		789	1,867
Selling, general and administrative		877	1,513
Research and development		103	161
Restructuring costs		1	3
Other (income) expense, net		(15)	4
Operating expenses		1,755	3,548
Income from discontinued operations before taxes		757	2,928
Tax provision		50	369
Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes		707	2,559
Less: Income of discontinued operations attributable to noncontrolling interests		3	11
Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes attributable to parent	$ 0	$ 704	$ 2,548

XML

Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements - Narrative (Details) $ / shares in Units, € in Millions, shares in Millions, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended																			3 Months Ended	8 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Feb. 24, 2023 USD ($)	Jan. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Oct. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Aug. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Jul. 31, 2022 USD ($)	May 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Nov. 30, 2021 USD ($)	Apr. 30, 2021 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Jan. 31, 2021 USD ($) research_program collaboration_target	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2020 EUR (€)	Jul. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($)	May 31, 2020 USD ($)	Jan. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Nov. 19, 2021 USD ($)	Jan. 16, 2020 USD ($)
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Research and development																						$ 13,548.0	$ 12,245.0	$ 13,397.0
Payments to acquire productive assets																						4,388.0	4,448.0	4,429.0
Research and development expenses																						0.0	0.0	2,660.0
Inventories								$ 5,953.0												$ 5,911.0	$ 5,911.0	5,911.0	5,953.0
Contingent consideration								777.0					$ 841.0							456.0	456.0	456.0	777.0	841.0
Goodwill								21,264.0					$ 18,882.0							21,204.0	21,204.0	21,204.0	21,264.0	$ 18,882.0
IPR&D impairment charges																						1,700.0
Business combination, contingent consideration arrangements, change in amount of contingent consideration liability																						$ 146.0	(57.0)
OncoImmune
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Equity method, ownership percentage													20.00%											20.00%
COVID-19
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Research and development																								$ 45.0
Charges related to program discontinuation																							207.0	305.0
IPR&D impairment charges																								90.0
Business combination, contingent consideration arrangements, change in amount of contingent consideration liability																								45.0
Inventory write-off related to contract termination																								260.0
Sentinel
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Consideration paid																$ 410.0
Inventories																9.0
Sentinel | Products and product rights
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Finite-lived intangible assets acquired																$ 401.0
Imago BioSciences, Inc. | Subsequent Event
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Research and development		$ 1,200.0
Payments to acquire productive assets		1,350.0
Transaction costs		60.0
Net assets acquired		200.0
Pandion Therapeutics
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Research and development																							1,700.0
Transaction costs										$ 147.0
Consideration paid										1,900.0
Other net assets (liabilities)										$ 156.0
OncoImmune
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Payments to acquire investment													$ 50.0
Consideration paid													423.0
Other net assets (liabilities)													(22.0)											(22.0)
Investments													33.0											33.0
Premium on shares acquired													17.0
Research and development expenses																								462.0
VelosBio
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Research and development																							43.0	2,700.0
Consideration paid								47.0					2,800.0
Other net assets (liabilities)								$ 90.0					$ 180.0										$ 90.0	180.0
Dunboyne
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Consideration paid														$ 302.0	€ 256
Other net assets (liabilities)														13.0
Property, plant and equipment														289.0
Research and development
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Premium on shares acquired																								16.0
Acceleron Pharma Inc.
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Cash paid for acquisition of business									$ 11,500.0
Transaction costs									$ 280.0
Estimated useful life of intangible assets, acquired									12 years
In-process research and development (IPR&D)																									$ 6,380.0
Other net liabilities																									(82.0)
Goodwill																									2,411.0
Cash and cash equivalents																									$ 340.0
Themis
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Cash paid for acquisition of business																	$ 366.0
Contingent consideration																	85.0
In-process research and development (IPR&D)																	113.0
Deferred tax assets																	72.0
Other net liabilities																	32.0
Goodwill																	239.0
Cash and cash equivalents																	$ 59.0
Themis | COVID-19
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
IPR&D impairment charges																								90.0
Business combination, contingent consideration arrangements, change in amount of contingent consideration liability																								45.0
ArQule
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Cash paid for acquisition of business																			$ 2,700.0
Transaction costs																			95.0
In-process research and development (IPR&D)																										$ 2,280.0
Other net liabilities																										(34.0)
Goodwill																										512.0
Share-based compensation payments to settle equity awards attributable to precombination service																			$ 138.0
Cash and cash equivalents																										$ 145.0
Moderna | Licensing Agreements
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Upfront and milestone payments made to collaborative partner				$ 250.0
Orna Therapeutics | Licensing Agreements
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Upfront and milestone payments made to collaborative partner					$ 150.0
Payments to acquire investment																				$ 100.0
Orna Therapeutics | Licensing Agreements | Development Milestones
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Contingent payments collaborative arrangement					440.0
Orna Therapeutics | Licensing Agreements | Regulatory Milestones
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Contingent payments collaborative arrangement					675.0
Orna Therapeutics | Licensing Agreements | Sales-Based Milestones
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Contingent payments collaborative arrangement					$ 2,400.0
Orion Corporation | Licensing Agreements
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Upfront and milestone payments made to collaborative partner						$ 290.0
Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Collaborative Arrangement, Transaction with Party to Collaborative Arrangement | Subsequent Event
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Research and development	$ 175.0
Eligible future contingent development-related payments (up to)	1,000.0
Regulatory milestones payments	2,800.0
Sales milestone payments	$ 5,500.0
Preferred stock investment in counterparty		$ 100.0
Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Licensing Agreements
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Upfront and milestone payments made to collaborative partner						35.0	$ 30.0
Upfront and milestone payments to be made							30.0
Milestone payment to be made to collaborative partner							25.0
Research and development payments to be made to a collaborative partners							111.0
Research and development payments made to a collaborative partner																					$ 51.0
Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Licensing Agreements | Development Milestones
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Contingent payments collaborative arrangement						82.0	90.0
Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Licensing Agreements | Regulatory Milestones
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Contingent payments collaborative arrangement						334.0
Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Licensing Agreements | Sales-Based Milestones
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Contingent payments collaborative arrangement						$ 485.0	780.0
Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Licensing Agreements | First Commercial Sale Milestones
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Contingent payments collaborative arrangement							$ 290.0
Bristol Myers Squibb | Licensing Agreements
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Royalty rate, percentage									22.00%
Royalty rate, deduction, percentage									50.00%													50.00%
Bristol Myers Squibb | Licensing Agreements | Minimum
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Royalty rate, percentage									20.00%													20.00%
Bristol Myers Squibb | Licensing Agreements | Maximum
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Royalty rate, percentage									24.00%													24.00%
Bristol Myers Squibb | Licensing Agreements | Regulatory Milestones
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Contingent payments collaborative arrangement																						$ 20.0
Bristol Myers Squibb | Licensing Agreements | Sales-Based Milestones
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Contingent payments collaborative arrangement																						$ 80.0
Gilead Sciences | Collaborative Arrangement, Transaction with Party to Collaborative Arrangement | Oral and Injectable Formulations
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Profit share by counterparty											60.00%
Profit share											40.00%
Gilead Sciences | Collaborative Arrangement, Transaction with Party to Collaborative Arrangement | Oral Formulation
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Profit share by counterparty											65.00%
Profit share											35.00%
Sales threshold											$ 2,000.0
Gilead Sciences | Collaborative Arrangement, Transaction with Party to Collaborative Arrangement | Injectable Formulation
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Profit share by counterparty											65.00%
Profit share											35.00%
Sales threshold											$ 3,500.0
Artiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Licensing Agreements
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Upfront and milestone payments to be made												$ 15.0
Number of research programs | research_program												3
Number of collaboration targets | collaboration_target												3
Upfront and milestone payments												$ 30.0
Artiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Licensing Agreements | Minimum
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Royalty rate, percentage												7.00%
Artiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Licensing Agreements | Maximum
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Royalty rate, percentage												14.00%
Artiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Licensing Agreements | Development Milestones
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Contingent payments collaborative arrangement												$ 217.5
Artiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Licensing Agreements | Regulatory Milestones
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Contingent payments collaborative arrangement												570.0
Artiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Licensing Agreements | Sales-Based Milestones
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Contingent payments collaborative arrangement												$ 1,050.0
Seagen
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Research and development																								$ 616.0
Contingent payments collaborative arrangement														2,600.0
Payments to acquire investment														1,000.0
Upfront and milestone payments														$ 600.0
Forward contract indexed to issuer's equity, indexed shares (in shares) | shares														5
Share price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares														$ 200
Seagen | Tukysa
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Upfront and milestone payments														$ 210.0
Seagen | Minimum | Tukysa
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Royalty rate, percentage														20.00%	20.00%
Seagen | Maximum | Tukysa
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Royalty rate, percentage														33.00%	33.00%
Seagen | Development Milestones
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Contingent payments collaborative arrangement														$ 850.0
Seagen | Regulatory Milestones | Tukysa
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Contingent payments collaborative arrangement														65.0
Seagen | Sales-Based Milestones
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Contingent payments collaborative arrangement														$ 1,750.0
Sentinel | Products and product rights
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Estimated useful life of intangible assets, acquired																15 years
IAVI
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Upfront and milestone payments																		$ 6.5
Royalty Pharma
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Compensation earned on arragement			$ 50.0
Additional funding by others, percentage of development costs			50.00%
Additional funding by others, development costs subject to funding			$ 375.0

XML

Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements - Estimated Fair Value of Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed (Details) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended
	Nov. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Nov. 19, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Jan. 16, 2020 USD ($)
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Goodwill		$ 21,204	$ 21,264		$ 18,882
Acceleron Pharma Inc.
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents				$ 340
Investments				285
In-process research and development (IPR&D)				6,380
Products and product rights - Reblozyl (12 year useful life)				3,830
Estimated useful life of intangible assets, acquired	12 years
Deferred income tax liabilities				(1,814)
Other assets and liabilities, net				82
Total identifiable net assets				9,103
Goodwill				2,411
Consideration transferred				$ 11,514
Acceleron Pharma Inc. | Measurement Input, Discount Rate
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Present value discount rate				0.075
Discount rate				0.060
ArQule
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents						$ 145
In-process research and development (IPR&D)						2,280
Identifiable intangible assets						80
Deferred income tax liabilities						(361)
Other assets and liabilities, net						34
Total identifiable net assets						2,178
Goodwill						512
Consideration transferred						$ 2,690
ArQule | Measurement Input, Discount Rate
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Present value discount rate						0.125

XML

Collaborative Arrangements - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Nov. 30, 2021	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Amortization			$ 2,085	$ 1,636	$ 1,817
Other intangibles, net			20,269	22,933
Sales			59,283	48,704	41,518
Operating Segments
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Sales			57,555	48,322	41,336
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Sales			52,005	42,754	36,610
License
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net			3,554	3,368
Lynparza
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Amortization			250		106
Lynparza | License
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net			1,600
Lenvima | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Sales			876	704	580
Lenvima | License
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net			814
Adempas | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Sales			238	252	220
Adempas | Licenses and other
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Intangible assets			633
Verquvo | Licenses and other
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Intangible assets			57
Reblozyl | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Sales			166	17	0
AstraZeneca | Lynparza | Sales-Based Milestones
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Probable contingent payments			600
Liabilities			600
Milestone payments made to collaborative partner			400		550
AstraZeneca | Lynparza | Collaborative Arrangement, Transaction with Party to Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Potential future sales-based milestone payments			2,100
Regulatory milestone payments accrued			105
Potential future regulatory milestone payments			1,100
AstraZeneca | Lynparza | Regulatory Milestones
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Milestone payments made to collaborative partner			250		160
Eisai
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
License option payment related to collaborative arrangement		$ 125
Eisai | Lenvima | Sales-Based Milestones
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Milestone payments made to collaborative partner			600	200	500
Eisai | Lenvima | Collaborative Arrangement, Transaction with Party to Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Potential future sales-based milestone payments			2,600
Eisai | Lenvima | Regulatory Milestones
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Milestone payments made to collaborative partner			50	$ 75	10
Bayer AG | Adempas | Sales-Based Milestones
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Milestone payments made to collaborative partner			$ 400		$ 375
Bristol Myers Squibb | Licensing Agreements
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Royalty rate, percentage	22.00%
Royalty rate, deduction, percentage	50.00%		50.00%
Royalties			$ 146
Bristol Myers Squibb | Licensing Agreements | Minimum
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Royalty rate, percentage	20.00%		20.00%
Bristol Myers Squibb | Licensing Agreements | Maximum
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Royalty rate, percentage	24.00%		24.00%
Bristol Myers Squibb | Licensing Agreements | Regulatory Milestones
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Contingent payments collaborative arrangement			$ 20
Bristol Myers Squibb | Licensing Agreements | Sales-Based Milestones
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Contingent payments collaborative arrangement			$ 80

XML

Collaborative Arrangements - Financial Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Sales	$ 59,283	$ 48,704	$ 41,518
Cost of sales	17,411	13,626	13,618
Selling, general and administrative	10,042	9,634	8,955
Research and development	13,548	12,245	13,397
Payables included in Accrued and other current liabilities	24,239	23,872
Amortization	2,085	1,636	1,817
Amortization expense for intangible assets	2,100	1,600	1,800
Lynparza
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Amortization	250		106
Other current assets | AstraZeneca | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Receivables included in Other current assets	303	271
Other current assets | Eisai | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Receivables included in Other current assets	214	200
Other current assets | Bayer AG | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Receivables included in Other current assets	143	114
Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities | AstraZeneca | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Payables included in Accrued and other current liabilities	123	415
Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities | Eisai | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Payables included in Accrued and other current liabilities	0	625
Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities | Bayer AG | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Payables included in Accrued and other current liabilities	80	472
Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities | Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Payables included in Accrued and other current liabilities	348	283
Other Noncurrent Liabilities | AstraZeneca | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Payables included in Other Noncurrent Liabilities	600	0
Total sales | AstraZeneca | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Alliance revenue - profit sharing	1,170	1,018	733
Total sales | AstraZeneca | Collaborative Arrangement | Alliance revenue - Lynparza
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Alliance revenue - profit sharing	1,116	989	725
Total sales | AstraZeneca | Collaborative Arrangement | Alliance revenue - Koselugo
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Alliance revenue - profit sharing	54	29	8
Total sales | Eisai | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Alliance revenue - profit sharing	876	704	580
Total sales | Bayer AG | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Alliance revenue - profit sharing	341	342	281
Sales	601	601	501
Total sales | Bayer AG | Collaborative Arrangement | Adempas
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Net sales by Merck	238	252	220
Total sales | Bayer AG | Collaborative Arrangement | Verquvo
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Net sales by Merck	22	7	0
Total sales | Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP | Collaborative Arrangement | Lagevrio
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Sales	5,684	952	0
Cost of sales | AstraZeneca | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Cost of sales	492	167	247
Cost of sales | Eisai | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Cost of sales	212	195	271
Cost of sales | Bayer AG | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Cost of sales	210	424	196
Amortization expense for intangible assets		153
Cost of sales | Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Cost of sales	3,038	502	17
Selling, general and administrative | AstraZeneca | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Selling, general and administrative	185	178	160
Selling, general and administrative | Eisai | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Selling, general and administrative	158	127	73
Selling, general and administrative | Bayer AG | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Selling, general and administrative	153	126	47
Selling, general and administrative | Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Selling, general and administrative	147	37	6
Research and development | AstraZeneca | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Research and development	106	120	133
Research and development | Eisai | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Research and development	136	173	185
Research and development | Bayer AG | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Research and development	75	53	63
Research and development | Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Research and development	$ 88	$ 137	$ 349

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Restructuring - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2023
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Expected restructuring and related cost	$ 3,700
Estimate of cumulative pre tax costs that will result in cash outlays	70.00%
Estimate of cumulative pre tax costs that will be noncash	30.00%
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 666	$ 868	$ 880
Cumulative costs since program inception	$ 3,300
Forecast
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Expected restructuring and related cost				$ 400

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Restructuring - Charges Activities by Type of Cost (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 666	$ 868	$ 880
Cost of sales
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 205	$ 160	$ 175
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Cost of sales	Cost of sales	Cost of sales
Selling, general and administrative
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 94	$ 19	$ 47
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Selling, general and administrative	Selling, general and administrative	Selling, general and administrative
Research and development
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 30	$ 28	$ 83
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Research and development	Research and development	Research and development
Restructuring costs
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 337	$ 661	$ 575
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Restructuring costs	Restructuring costs	Restructuring costs
Separation Costs
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 212	$ 451	$ 385
Separation Costs | Cost of sales
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Cost of sales	Cost of sales	Cost of sales
Separation Costs | Selling, general and administrative
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Selling, general and administrative	Selling, general and administrative	Selling, general and administrative
Separation Costs | Research and development
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Research and development	Research and development	Research and development
Separation Costs | Restructuring costs
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 212	$ 451	$ 385
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Restructuring costs	Restructuring costs	Restructuring costs
Accelerated Depreciation
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 120	$ 91	$ 268
Accelerated Depreciation | Cost of sales
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 72	$ 52	$ 143
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Cost of sales	Cost of sales	Cost of sales
Accelerated Depreciation | Selling, general and administrative
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 19	$ 12	$ 44
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Selling, general and administrative	Selling, general and administrative	Selling, general and administrative
Accelerated Depreciation | Research and development
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 29	$ 27	$ 81
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Research and development	Research and development	Research and development
Accelerated Depreciation | Restructuring costs
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Restructuring costs	Restructuring costs	Restructuring costs
Other
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 334	$ 326	$ 227
Other | Cost of sales
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 133	$ 108	$ 32
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Cost of sales	Cost of sales	Cost of sales
Other | Selling, general and administrative
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 75	$ 7	$ 3
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Selling, general and administrative	Selling, general and administrative	Selling, general and administrative
Other | Research and development
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 1	$ 1	$ 2
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Research and development	Research and development	Research and development
Other | Restructuring costs
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 125	$ 210	$ 190
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Restructuring costs	Restructuring costs	Restructuring costs

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Restructuring - Activities by Program (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]
Restructuring reserve, beginning balance	$ 637	$ 586
Expenses	666	868	$ 880
(Payments) receipts, net	(449)	(608)
Non-cash activity	(341)	(209)
Restructuring reserve, ending balance	513	637	586
Separation Costs
Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]
Restructuring reserve, beginning balance	596	567
Expenses	212	451	385
(Payments) receipts, net	(329)	(422)
Non-cash activity	0	0
Restructuring reserve, ending balance	479	596	567
Accelerated Depreciation
Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]
Restructuring reserve, beginning balance	0	0
Expenses	120	91	268
(Payments) receipts, net	0	0
Non-cash activity	(120)	(91)
Restructuring reserve, ending balance	0	0	0
Other
Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]
Restructuring reserve, beginning balance	41	19
Expenses	334	326	227
(Payments) receipts, net	(120)	(186)
Non-cash activity	(221)	(118)
Restructuring reserve, ending balance	$ 34	$ 41	$ 19

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Financial Instruments - Narrative (Details)	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) interest_rate_swap	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)
Derivative [Line Items]
Pre tax net unrealized gain on derivatives maturing within next 12 months estimated to be reclassified from AOCI to sales			$ 104,000,000
Equity investments without readily determinable fair values	$ 832,000,000	$ 596,000,000	832,000,000	$ 596,000,000
Unrealized gains recognized on investments in equity securities without readily determinable fair value			56,000,000	110,000,000
Unrealized losses recognized on investments in equity securities without readily determinable fair values			12,000,000	1,000,000
Cumulative upward price adjustment	289,000,000		289,000,000
Cumulative downward price adjustment	19,000,000		19,000,000
Equity securities held through ownership interests in investment funds	598,000,000	1,700,000,000	598,000,000	1,700,000,000	$ 800,000,000
(Gains) losses for equity securities held through ownership interests in investment funds			1,000,000,000	(1,400,000,000)	$ (583,000,000)
Fair value of loans payable and long-term debt, including current portion	26,700,000,000	35,700,000,000	26,700,000,000	35,700,000,000
Debt, carrying amount	30,700,000,000	33,100,000,000	30,700,000,000	33,100,000,000
Factored accounts receivable	2,500,000,000	2,800,000,000
Funds collected from factoring of receivable, held in restricted cash	67,000,000	62,000,000	67,000,000	62,000,000
Cash collateral advanced to counterparties	19,000,000		19,000,000
Cash collateral received from counterparties	66,000,000	164,000,000	66,000,000	164,000,000
2.40% Notes Due 2022
Derivative [Line Items]
Face amount of debt	$ 1,000,000,000		$ 1,000,000,000
Stated interest rate	2.40%		2.40%
2.35% notes due 2022
Derivative [Line Items]
Face amount of debt	$ 1,250,000,000		$ 1,250,000,000
Stated interest rate	2.35%		2.35%
Customer Concentration Risk | Accounts Receivable | McKesson
Derivative [Line Items]
Percentage of accounts receivable represented by customers with largest balances (as percent)			21.00%
Customer Concentration Risk | Accounts Receivable | AmerisourceBergen Corporation
Derivative [Line Items]
Percentage of accounts receivable represented by customers with largest balances (as percent)			20.00%
Customer Concentration Risk | Accounts Receivable | Cardinal Health, Inc.
Derivative [Line Items]
Percentage of accounts receivable represented by customers with largest balances (as percent)			13.00%
Level 2
Derivative [Line Items]
Cash equivalents	$ 11,300,000,000	$ 6,800,000,000	$ 11,300,000,000	$ 6,800,000,000
Interest Rate Swap
Derivative [Line Items]
Number of interest rate derivatives matured | interest_rate_swap			9
Total notional amount of Interest rate derivatives matured			$ 2,250,000,000
Maximum | Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
Derivative [Line Items]
Maximum planning cycle of hedges (less than)			2 years
Maximum | Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Derivative [Line Items]
Maximum planning cycle of hedges (less than)			6 months

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Financial Instruments - Effect of Net Investment Hedges (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Foreign exchange contracts
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Amount of Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income	$ (48)	$ (49)	$ 26
Foreign exchange contracts | Other (income) expense, net
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Amount of Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Other (income) expense, net for Amounts Excluded from Effectiveness Testing	(1)	(13)	(19)
Euro-denominated notes
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Amount of Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income	(162)	(296)	385
Euro-denominated notes | Other (income) expense, net
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Amount of Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Other (income) expense, net for Amounts Excluded from Effectiveness Testing	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

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Financial Instruments - Fair Value of Hedges (Details) - Loans payable and current portion of long-term debt - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Derivative [Line Items]
Carrying Amount of Hedged Liabilities	$ 0	$ 2,263
Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Increase Included in the Carrying Amount	$ 0	$ 13

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Financial Instruments - Fair Value of Derivatives Segregated Between Those Derivatives That are Designated as Hedging Instruments and Those That are Not Designated as Hedging Instruments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative, Asset	$ 433	$ 549
Fair Value of Derivative, Liability	409	121
Notional amount of derivative	28,681	32,958
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative, Asset	247	328
Fair Value of Derivative, Liability	102	25
Notional amount of derivative	9,215	12,245
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative, Asset	186	221
Fair Value of Derivative, Liability	307	96
Notional amount of derivative	19,466	20,713
Interest rate swap contracts | Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative, Asset	$ 0	$ 14
Derivative Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other current assets	Other current assets
Notional amount of derivative	$ 0	$ 2,250
Foreign exchange contracts | Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments | Other current assets
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative, Asset	$ 220	$ 271
Derivative Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other current assets	Other current assets
Notional amount of derivative	$ 4,824	$ 6,778
Foreign exchange contracts | Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments | Other Assets
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative, Asset	$ 27	$ 43
Derivative Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other Assets	Other Assets
Notional amount of derivative	$ 1,609	$ 1,551
Foreign exchange contracts | Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments | Accrued and other current liabilities
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative, Liability	101	24
Notional amount of derivative	$ 2,691	$ 1,623
Derivative Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Accrued and other current liabilities	Accrued and other current liabilities
Foreign exchange contracts | Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments | Other Noncurrent Liabilities
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative, Liability	$ 1	$ 1
Notional amount of derivative	$ 91	$ 43
Derivative Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other Noncurrent Liabilities	Other Noncurrent Liabilities
Foreign exchange contracts | Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative, Asset	$ 186	$ 221
Derivative Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other current assets	Other current assets
Fair Value of Derivative, Liability	$ 307	$ 96
Derivative Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Accrued and other current liabilities	Accrued and other current liabilities
Foreign exchange contracts | Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | Other current assets
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Notional amount of derivative	$ 8,540	$ 10,073
Foreign exchange contracts | Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | Accrued and other current liabilities
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Notional amount of derivative	$ 10,926	$ 10,640

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Financial Instruments - Information on Derivative Positions Subject to Master Netting Arrangements as if they were Presented on a Net Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Gross amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet, asset	$ 433	$ 549
Gross amount subject to offset in master netting arrangements not offset in the consolidated balance sheet, asset	(220)	(110)
Cash collateral received, asset	(66)	(164)
Net amounts, asset	147	275
Gross amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet, liability	409	121
Gross amount subject to offset in master netting arrangements not offset in the consolidated balance sheet, liability	(220)	(110)
Cash collateral received, liability	(19)	0
Net amounts, liability	$ 170	$ 11

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Financial Instruments - Location and Pretax (Gains) or Loss Amounts for Derivatives (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Sales	$ 59,283	$ 48,704	$ 41,518
Other (income) expense, net	1,501	(1,341)	(890)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	$ (339)	$ 1,756	$ (441)
Derivative, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Other (income) expense, net	Other (income) expense, net	Other (income) expense, net
Interest rate swap contracts
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives	$ (2)	$ (2)	$ (4)
Amount of gain recognized in Other (income) expense, net on derivatives	(2)	(2)	(4)
Foreign exchange contracts
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives	684	333	(383)
Increase (decrease) in Sales as a result of AOCL reclassifications	(773)	194	6
Other (income) expense, net | Interest rate swap contracts
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Hedged items	(13)	(40)	40
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	4	1	(76)
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Accumulated Gain (Loss), Cash Flow Hedge, Including Noncontrolling Interest | Foreign exchange contracts
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Sales	$ 773	$ (194)	$ (6)

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Financial Instruments - Income Statement Effects on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Foreign exchange contracts | Other (income) expense, net
Derivative [Line Items]
Amount of Derivative Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Income	$ (49)	$ 313	$ (12)
Foreign exchange contracts | Sales
Derivative [Line Items]
Amount of Derivative Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Income	(37)	9	13
Interest rate swap contracts | Other (income) expense, net
Derivative [Line Items]
Amount of Derivative Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Income	0	0	9
Forward Contracts | Research and development
Derivative [Line Items]
Amount of Derivative Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Income	$ 0	$ 0	$ 15

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Financial Instruments - Information on Debt and Equity Securities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Debt securities, amortized cost	$ 569	$ 86
Debt securities, gross unrealized gains	0	0
Debt securities, gross unrealized losses	0	0
Debt securities, fair value	569	86
Publicly traded equity securities	1,284	1,647
Total debt and publicly traded equity securities, fair value	1,853	1,733
Commercial paper
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Debt securities, amortized cost	498	0
Debt securities, gross unrealized gains	0	0
Debt securities, gross unrealized losses	0	0
Debt securities, fair value	498	0
U.S. government and agency securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Debt securities, amortized cost	68	80
Debt securities, gross unrealized gains	0	0
Debt securities, gross unrealized losses	0	0
Debt securities, fair value	68	80
Corporate notes and bonds
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Debt securities, amortized cost	3	4
Debt securities, gross unrealized gains	0	0
Debt securities, gross unrealized losses	0	0
Debt securities, fair value	3	4
Foreign government bonds
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Debt securities, amortized cost	0	2
Debt securities, gross unrealized gains	0	0
Debt securities, gross unrealized losses	0	0
Debt securities, fair value	$ 0	$ 2

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Financial Instruments - Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Assets
Foreign government bonds	$ 569	$ 86
Publicly traded equity securities	1,284	1,647
Derivative assets	433	549
Liabilities
Contingent consideration	456	777	$ 841
Derivative liabilities	409	121
Commercial paper
Assets
Foreign government bonds	498	0
Foreign government bonds
Assets
Foreign government bonds	0	2
U.S. government and agency securities
Assets
Foreign government bonds	68	80
Corporate notes and bonds
Assets
Foreign government bonds	3	4
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Assets
Investments	1,513	370
Other assets	340	1,363
Derivative assets	433	549
Total assets	2,286	2,282
Liabilities
Contingent consideration	456	777
Derivative liabilities	409	121
Total liabilities	865	898
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Foreign exchange contracts
Assets
Derivative assets	218	351
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	402	120
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Currency Options
Assets
Derivative assets	215	184
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	7	1
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Interest rate swap contracts
Assets
Derivative assets	0	14
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Commercial paper
Assets
Foreign government bonds	498	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Foreign government bonds
Assets
Foreign government bonds	0	2
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | U.S. government and agency securities
Assets
Other assets	68	80
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Corporate notes and bonds
Assets
Other assets	3	4
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Publicly traded equity securities
Assets
Publicly traded equity securities	1,015	368
Other assets	269	1,279
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 1
Assets
Investments	1,015	368
Other assets	340	1,363
Derivative assets	0	0
Total assets	1,355	1,731
Liabilities
Contingent consideration	0	0
Derivative liabilities	0	0
Total liabilities	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 1 | Foreign exchange contracts
Assets
Derivative assets	0	0
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 1 | Currency Options
Assets
Derivative assets	0	0
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 1 | Interest rate swap contracts
Assets
Derivative assets	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 1 | Commercial paper
Assets
Foreign government bonds	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 1 | Foreign government bonds
Assets
Foreign government bonds	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 1 | U.S. government and agency securities
Assets
Other assets	68	80
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 1 | Corporate notes and bonds
Assets
Other assets	3	4
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 1 | Publicly traded equity securities
Assets
Publicly traded equity securities	1,015	368
Other assets	269	1,279
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 2
Assets
Investments	498	2
Other assets	0	0
Derivative assets	433	549
Total assets	931	551
Liabilities
Contingent consideration	0	0
Derivative liabilities	409	121
Total liabilities	409	121
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 2 | Foreign exchange contracts
Assets
Derivative assets	218	351
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	402	120
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 2 | Currency Options
Assets
Derivative assets	215	184
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	7	1
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 2 | Interest rate swap contracts
Assets
Derivative assets	0	14
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 2 | Commercial paper
Assets
Foreign government bonds	498	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 2 | Foreign government bonds
Assets
Foreign government bonds	0	2
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 2 | U.S. government and agency securities
Assets
Other assets	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 2 | Corporate notes and bonds
Assets
Other assets	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 2 | Publicly traded equity securities
Assets
Publicly traded equity securities	0	0
Other assets	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 3
Assets
Investments	0	0
Other assets	0	0
Derivative assets	0	0
Total assets	0	0
Liabilities
Contingent consideration	456	777
Derivative liabilities	0	0
Total liabilities	456	777
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 3 | Foreign exchange contracts
Assets
Derivative assets	0	0
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 3 | Currency Options
Assets
Derivative assets	0	0
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 3 | Interest rate swap contracts
Assets
Derivative assets	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 3 | Commercial paper
Assets
Foreign government bonds	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 3 | Foreign government bonds
Assets
Foreign government bonds	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 3 | U.S. government and agency securities
Assets
Other assets	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 3 | Corporate notes and bonds
Assets
Other assets	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 3 | Publicly traded equity securities
Assets
Publicly traded equity securities	0	0
Other assets	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Financial Instruments - Information About Changes in Liabilities for Contingent Consideration (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Contingent consideration, beginning balance	$ 777	$ 841
Changes in estimated fair value	(146)	57
Payments	(119)	(109)
Other	(56)	(12)
Contingent consideration, ending balance	456	777
Contingent consideration, liability, current	122
Sanofi Pasteur
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Contingent consideration, beginning balance	620
Contingent consideration, ending balance	$ 368	$ 620
Contingent consideration, measurement input, discount rate	0.115

XML

Inventories - Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]
Finished goods	$ 1,841	$ 1,747
Raw materials and work in process	7,063	6,220
Supplies	238	196
Total (approximates current cost)	9,142	8,163
Decrease to LIFO cost	(293)	(16)
Total current and noncurrent inventories	8,849	8,147
Recognized as:
Inventories	5,911	5,953
Other Assets	$ 2,938	$ 2,194

XML

Inventories - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Inventory [Line Items]
LIFO inventory amount	$ 3,400	$ 3,300
Inventory classified in Other assets	2,938	2,194
Inventory Not Expected to be Sold Within One Year
Inventory [Line Items]
Inventory classified in Other assets	2,400	1,900
Inventories Produced in Preparation for Product Launches
Inventory [Line Items]
Inventory classified in Other assets	$ 516	$ 256

XML

Goodwill and Other Intangibles - Goodwill Activity by Segment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	$ 21,264	$ 18,882
Acquisitions		2,436
Other	(60)	(54)
Goodwill, ending balance	21,204	21,264
Accumulated goodwill impairment losses	531	531
Pharmaceutical
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	17,997	15,614
Acquisitions		2,431
Other	(61)	(48)
Goodwill, ending balance	17,936	17,997
Animal Health
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	3,267	3,268
Acquisitions		5
Other	1	(6)
Goodwill, ending balance	$ 3,268	$ 3,267

XML

Goodwill and Other Intangibles - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	$ 20,269		$ 20,269	$ 22,933
Impairment, Intangible Asset, Finite-Lived, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]					Cost of sales
IPR&D impairment charges			$ 1,700
Impairment, Intangible Asset, Indefinite-Lived (Excluding Goodwill), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]			Research and development
Contingent consideration liability, changes in estimated fair value			$ (146)	57
Amortization expense for intangible assets			2,100	1,600	$ 1,800
Estimated aggregate amortization expense, 2023	1,800		1,800
Estimated aggregate amortization expense, 2024	1,700		1,700
Estimated aggregate amortization expense, 2025	1,600		1,600
Estimated aggregate amortization expense, 2026	1,500		1,500
Estimated aggregate amortization expense, 2027	1,300		1,300
IPR&D
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	7,661		7,661	9,281
Zerbaxa
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Intangible asset impairment charge related to marketed product					1,600
Inventory write-down					120
Animal Health
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	4,600		4,600
Adempas | Licenses and other
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Intangible assets	633		633
COVID-19
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
IPR&D impairment charges					90
Contingent consideration liability, changes in estimated fair value					$ (45)
sotatercept | IPR&D
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	6,400		6,400
nemtabrutinib | IPR&D
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	418		418
IPR&D impairment charges	780	$ 807	1,600	$ 275
nemtabrutinib | Measurement Input, Discount Rate | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow | Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Discount rate				0.085
gefapixant | IPR&D
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	832		832
Products and product rights
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	6,810		6,810	$ 7,895
Products and product rights | Reblozyl
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	3,500		3,500
Products and product rights | Zerbaxa
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	406		406
Products and product rights | Sivextro
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	122		122
Products and product rights | Gardasil/Gardasil 9
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	120		120
Products and product rights | Bridion
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	97		97
Products and product rights | Animal Health
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	2,300		2,300
Trade names
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	2,244		2,244	2,389
Trade names | Animal Health
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	2,200		2,200
License
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	3,554		3,554	$ 3,368
License | Lynparza
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	1,600		1,600
License | Lenvima
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	$ 814		814
License | Derazantinib
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Intangible asset impairment			$ 80

XML

Goodwill and Other Intangibles - Other Intangibles (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	$ 41,746	$ 42,438
Accumulated Amortization	21,477	19,505
Net	20,269	22,933
IPR&D
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	7,661	9,281
Net	7,661	9,281
Products and product rights
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	23,555	23,671
Accumulated Amortization	16,745	15,776
Net	6,810	7,895
Trade names
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	2,879	2,882
Accumulated Amortization	635	493
Net	2,244	2,389
License
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	7,651	6,604
Accumulated Amortization	4,097	3,236
Net	$ 3,554	$ 3,368

XML

Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt, current maturities	$ 1,700	$ 2,300
Loans payable and current portion of long-term debt	1,946	$ 2,412
Long-term debt, maturities, repayments of principal in 2023	1,700
Long-term debt, maturities, repayments of principal in 2024	1,300
Long-term debt, maturities, repayments of principal in 2025	2,500
Long-term debt, maturities, repayments of principal in 2026	2,200
Long-term debt, maturities, repayments of principal in 2027	1,500
Long-term debt, interest payments in 2023	882
Long-term debt, interest payments in 2024	845
Long-term debt, interest payments in 2025	778
Long-term debt, interest payments in 2026	751
Long-term debt, interest payments in 2027	720
Available borrowing capacity under credit facility	$ 6,000
Operating lease, weighted average remaining lease term	7 years	7 years
Operating lease, cost	$ 334	$ 343	$ 340
Operating lease, payments	335	340	334
Right-of-use asset obtained in exchange for operating lease liability	57	$ 117	$ 473
Lessee, operating lease, lease not yet commenced, amount	$ 232
Other Variable Rate Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Effective interest rate	1.40%	0.00%
6.30% debentures due 2026
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	6.30%
1.70% notes due 2027
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	1.70%
1.90% notes due 2028
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	1.90%
2.15% notes due 2031
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.15%
2.75% notes due 2051
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.75%
2.90% notes due 2061
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.90%
Commercial paper
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Weighted-average interest rate of commercial paper	0.65%	0.08%
Notes Subject To Repayment At Option Of Holder
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Loans payable and current portion of long-term debt	$ 197	$ 149
Buildings
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Operating lease, weighted average remaining lease term	7 years
Lessee, operating lease, renewal term	4 years
Vehicles
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Operating lease, weighted average remaining lease term	4 years

XML

Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases - Long-Term Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-Term Debt	$ 28,745	$ 30,690
2.75% notes due 2025
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.75%
Long-Term Debt	$ 2,496	2,495
2.15% notes due 2031
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.15%
Long-Term Debt	$ 1,986	1,986
2.75% notes due 2051
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.75%
Long-Term Debt	$ 1,979	1,979
3.70% notes due 2045
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	3.70%
Long-Term Debt	$ 1,978	1,977
3.40% notes due 2029
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	3.40%
Long-Term Debt	$ 1,738	1,736
1.70% notes due 2027
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	1.70%
Long-Term Debt	$ 1,494	1,493
2.90% notes due 2061
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.90%
Long-Term Debt	$ 1,483	1,484
4.00% notes due 2049
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	4.00%
Long-Term Debt	$ 1,471	1,470
4.15% notes due 2043
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	4.15%
Long-Term Debt	$ 1,239	1,239
1.45% notes due 2030
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	1.45%
Long-Term Debt	$ 1,237	1,235
2.45% notes due 2050
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.45%
Long-Term Debt	$ 1,213	1,212
1.875% euro-denominated notes due 2026
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	1.875%
Long-Term Debt	$ 1,060	1,123
0.75% notes due 2026
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	0.75%
Long-Term Debt	$ 995	993
1.90% notes due 2028
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	1.90%
Long-Term Debt	$ 994	994
3.90% notes due 2039
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	3.90%
Long-Term Debt	$ 985	984
2.35% notes due 2040
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.35%
Long-Term Debt	$ 984	983
2.90% notes due 2024
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.90%
Long-Term Debt	$ 749	748
6.50% notes due 2033
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	6.50%
Long-Term Debt	$ 711	715
0.50% euro-denominated notes due 2024
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	0.50%
Long-Term Debt	$ 531	563
1.375% euro-denominated notes due 2036
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	1.375%
Long-Term Debt	$ 527	559
2.50% euro-denominated notes due 2034
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.50%
Long-Term Debt	$ 526	558
3.60% notes due 2042
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	3.60%
Long-Term Debt	$ 492	491
6.55% notes due 2037
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	6.55%
Long-Term Debt	$ 408	409
5.75% notes due 2036
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	5.75%
Long-Term Debt	$ 339	338
5.95% debentures due 2028
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	5.95%
Long-Term Debt	$ 307	306
5.85% notes due 2039
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	5.85%
Long-Term Debt	$ 271	271
6.40% debentures due 2028
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	6.40%
Long-Term Debt	$ 250	250
6.30% debentures due 2026
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	6.30%
Long-Term Debt	$ 135	135
2.80% notes due 2023
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.80%
Long-Term Debt	$ 0	1,749
Other
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-Term Debt	$ 167	$ 215

XML

Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases - Balance Sheet Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Other Assets	$ 1,346	$ 1,586
Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other Assets	Other Assets
Accrued and other current liabilities	$ 281	$ 304
Operating Lease, Liability, Current, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Accrued and other current liabilities	Accrued and other current liabilities
Other Noncurrent Liabilities	$ 1,013	$ 1,225
Operating Lease, Liability, Noncurrent, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other Noncurrent Liabilities	Other Noncurrent Liabilities
Total operating lease liability	$ 1,294	$ 1,529
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)	7 years	7 years
Weighted-average discount rate	3.10%	2.60%

XML

Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases - Maturity Schedule (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
2023	$ 323
2024	258
2025	224
2026	157
2027	126
Thereafter	404
Total lease payments	1,492
Less: Imputed interest	198
Total operating lease liability	$ 1,294	$ 1,529

XML

Contingencies and Environmental Liabilities (Details) $ in Millions			12 Months Ended
	Dec. 19, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022 claim	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) case Plaintiff	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Aug. 31, 2020 claim
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Accrued liabilities for environmental matters | $			$ 39	$ 40
Environmental Loss Contingency Statement Of Financial Position Extensible Enumeration Not Disclosed Flag			liabilities
Term for paying off environmental liabilities			15 years
Aggregate possible expenditure on environmental matters in excess of amounts accrued | $			$ 35
Legal Defense Costs
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Legal defense costs reserve | $			$ 230	$ 230
Commercial Litigation
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss contingency, pending claims			2
Loss contingency, number of plaintiffs | Plaintiff			2
Patent litigation
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss contingency, claims settled (in cases)			22
Zetia antitrust litigation
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss contingency, pending claims | claim					35
Loss contingency, damages sought | $			$ 12,700
Zetia antitrust litigation | Pending Litigation
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss contingency, new claims filed | claim		23
Gardasil/Gardasil 9 | United States
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss contingency, pending claims			70
Gardasil/Gardasil 9 | Outside of the United States
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss contingency, pending claims			15
Gardasil/Gardasil 9 | COLOMBIA
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss contingency, pending claims			1
Bridion | Patents
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss contingency, claims settled (in cases)			5
Bridion | Patents | Pending Litigation
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss contingency, pending claims			2
Loss contingency, trial period	1 day

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Equity - Narrative (Details) - shares	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Equity [Abstract]
Common stock, authorized (in shares)	6,500,000,000	6,500,000,000
Preferred stock, authorized (in shares)	20,000,000

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Equity - Shareholders' Equity (Details) - shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Movement in Common Stock and Treasury Stock [Roll Forward]
Balance January 1 (in shares)	3,577,103,522
Balance December 31 (in shares)	3,577,103,522	3,577,103,522
Common Stock
Movement in Common Stock and Treasury Stock [Roll Forward]
Balance January 1 (in shares)	3,577,000,000	3,577,000,000	3,577,000,000
Purchases of treasury stock (in shares)	0	0	0
Issuances (in shares)	0	0	0
Balance December 31 (in shares)	3,577,000,000	3,577,000,000	3,577,000,000
Treasury Stock
Movement in Common Stock and Treasury Stock [Roll Forward]
Balance January 1 (in shares)	1,049,000,000	1,047,000,000	1,038,000,000
Purchases of treasury stock (in shares)	0	11,000,000	16,000,000
Issuances (in shares)	(10,000,000)	(9,000,000)	(7,000,000)
Balance December 31 (in shares)	1,039,000,000	1,049,000,000	1,047,000,000

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Share-Based Compensation Plans - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares collectively authorized for future grants under share-based compensation plans (in shares)	87,000,000
Quantity of stock options that vest per year	33.33%
Period over which share-based payment awards vest	3 years
Pretax share-based compensation cost recorded		$ 498	$ 475
Pretax share-based compensation cost recorded, related to continuing operations	$ 541	479	441
Income tax benefits related to share-based compensation	$ 78	$ 69	$ 65
Weighted average exercise price of options granted (in dollars per share)	$ 87.10	$ 75.99	$ 77.67
Total pre tax unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested stock options, RSU and PSU awards	$ 813
Weighted average period in years of recognition for nonvested stock options, RSU and PSU awards	1 year 10 months 24 days
Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Contractual term of options	7 years
Maximum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Contractual term of options	10 years

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Share-Based Compensation Plans - Assumptions Used to Determine Weighted-Average Fair Value of Options Granted (Details) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Weighted average fair value of options granted (in dollars per share)	$ 15.45	$ 9.80	$ 9.93
Expected dividend yield	3.10%	3.10%	3.10%
Risk-free interest rate	3.00%	1.00%	0.40%
Expected volatility	22.50%	20.90%	22.10%
Expected life (years)	5 years 10 months 24 days	5 years 10 months 24 days	5 years 9 months 18 days

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Share-Based Compensation Plans - Summary of Information Relative to Stock Option Plan Activity (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Number of Options
Number of Options, Outstanding, January 1 (in shares)	18,572
Number of Options, Granted (in shares)	2,326
Number of Options, Exercised (in shares)	(6,317)
Number of Options, Forfeited (in shares)	(862)
Number of Options, Outstanding, December 31 (in shares)	13,719	18,572
Number of Options, Vested and expected to vest (in shares)	13,199
Number of Options, Exercisable (in shares)	8,730
Weighted Average Exercise Price
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Options Outstanding, January 1 (in dollars per share)	$ 65.27
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted (in dollars per share)	87.10	$ 75.99	$ 77.67
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised (in dollars per share)	60.77
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Forfeited (in dollars per share)	73.11
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Options Outstanding, December 31 (in dollars per share)	70.55	$ 65.27
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Vested and expected to vest (in dollars per share)	70.09
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercisable (in dollars per share)	$ 65.24
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term, Outstanding	6 years 6 months
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term, Vested and expected to vest	6 years 4 months 24 days
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term, Exercisable	5 years 4 months 24 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Outstanding	$ 554
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Vested and expected to vest	539
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Exercisable	$ 399

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Share-Based Compensation Plans - Additional Information Pertaining to Stock Option Plans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Total intrinsic value of stock options exercised	$ 225	$ 106	$ 51
Fair value of stock options vested	30	27	25
Cash received from the exercise of stock options	$ 384	$ 202	$ 89

XML

Share-Based Compensation Plans - Summary of Nonvested RSU and PSU Activity (Details) shares in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 $ / shares shares
RSUs
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares [Roll Forward]
Number of Shares, Nonvested January 1 (in shares) | shares	11,790
Number of Shares, Granted (in shares) | shares	7,170
Number of Shares, Vested (in shares) | shares	(5,150)
Number of Shares, Forfeited (in shares) | shares	(1,110)
Number of Shares, Nonvested December 31 (in shares) | shares	12,700
Number of Shares, Expected to Vest (in shares) | shares	11,254
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Nonvested January 1 (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 74.88
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	87.12
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Vested (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	75.40
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Forfeited (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	78.65
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Nonvested December 31 (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	81.25
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Expected to vest (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 80.96
PSUs
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares [Roll Forward]
Number of Shares, Nonvested January 1 (in shares) | shares	1,966
Number of Shares, Granted (in shares) | shares	951
Number of Shares, Vested (in shares) | shares	(725)
Number of Shares, Forfeited (in shares) | shares	(171)
Number of Shares, Nonvested December 31 (in shares) | shares	2,021
Number of Shares, Expected to Vest (in shares) | shares	1,895
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Nonvested January 1 (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 77.13
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	88.52
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Vested (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	87.87
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Forfeited (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	77.58
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Nonvested December 31 (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	78.60
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Expected to vest (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 78.26

XML

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Accumulated benefit obligation		$ 17,200	$ 24,900
Employer contributions to defined contribution savings plans		$ 175	$ 158	$ 158
Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Percentage of Company's pension investments categorized as level 3 assets		4.00%	4.00%
Pension Benefits | Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets		$ 765	$ 943
Other Postretirement Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets		947	1,292	$ 1,221
Expected contributions to the pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans during next fiscal year		20
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets		$ 0	$ 0
United States
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Expected annual standard deviation in returns of the target portfolio which reflects both the equity allocation and the diversification benefits among the asset classes in which the portfolio invests		10.00%
Expected rate of return on plan assets		6.70%	6.70%	7.30%
United States | Forecast
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Expected rate of return on plan assets	7.00%
United States | U.S. equities | Minimum
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation		25.00%
United States | U.S. equities | Maximum
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation		40.00%
United States | International equities | Minimum
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation		10.00%
United States | International equities | Maximum
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation		20.00%
United States | Fixed Income Investments | Minimum
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation		35.00%
United States | Fixed Income Investments | Maximum
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation		45.00%
United States | Cash And Other Investments | Maximum
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation		8.00%
United States | Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Accumulated benefit obligation		$ 9,700	$ 13,800
Fair value of plan assets		9,094	13,067	$ 12,672
Expected contributions to the pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans during next fiscal year		270
United States | Pension Benefits | Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets		4	6	7
International | Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets		8,473	$ 12,195	$ 12,009
Expected contributions to the pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans during next fiscal year		$ 150
Expected rate of return on plan assets		3.70%	3.80%	4.40%
International | Pension Benefits | Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets		$ 761	$ 937	$ 935

XML

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Other Postretirement Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Service cost	$ 48	$ 48	$ 52
Interest cost	46	45	57
Expected return on plan assets	(86)	(79)	(75)
Amortization of unrecognized prior service cost	(57)	(63)	(73)
Net loss (gain) amortization	(43)	(42)	(18)
Termination benefits	0	37	2
Curtailments	(1)	(29)	(4)
Settlements	0	0	0
Net periodic benefit cost (credit)	(93)	(83)	(59)
United States | Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Service cost	372	403	360
Interest cost	457	404	431
Expected return on plan assets	(753)	(755)	(774)
Amortization of unrecognized prior service cost	(32)	(38)	(49)
Net loss (gain) amortization	128	298	303
Termination benefits	2	56	10
Curtailments	12	16	10
Settlements	239	216	13
Net periodic benefit cost (credit)	425	600	304
International | Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Service cost	283	328	297
Interest cost	145	123	136
Expected return on plan assets	(383)	(416)	(414)
Amortization of unrecognized prior service cost	(14)	(16)	(18)
Net loss (gain) amortization	96	142	127
Termination benefits	1	5	3
Curtailments	0	(26)	0
Settlements	1	8	15
Net periodic benefit cost (credit)	$ 129	$ 148	$ 146

XML

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Obligation and Funded Status (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Other Postretirement Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	$ 1,292	$ 1,221
Actual return on plan assets	(306)	118
Company contributions	46	33
Effects of exchange rate changes	0	0
Benefits paid	(90)	(86)
Settlements	0	0
Spin-off of Organon	0	0
Other	5	6
Fair value of plan assets December 31	947	1,292	$ 1,221
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Benefit Obligation [Roll Forward]
Benefit obligation January 1	1,541	1,607
Service cost	48	48	52
Interest cost	46	45	57
Actuarial (gains) losses	(392)	(103)
Benefits paid	(90)	(86)
Effects of exchange rate changes	(1)	(1)
Plan amendments	0	0
Curtailments	0	(12)
Termination benefits	0	37	2
Settlements	0	0
Spin-off of Organon	0	0
Other	5	6
Benefit obligation December 31	1,157	1,541	1,607
Funded status December 31	(210)	(249)
Recognized as:
Other Assets	0	0
Accrued and other current liabilities	(8)	(8)
Other Noncurrent Liabilities	(202)	(241)
United States | Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	13,067	12,672
Actual return on plan assets	(3,129)	1,250
Company contributions	293	305
Effects of exchange rate changes	0	0
Benefits paid	(219)	(219)
Settlements	(918)	(941)
Spin-off of Organon	0	0
Other	0	0
Fair value of plan assets December 31	9,094	13,067	12,672
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Benefit Obligation [Roll Forward]
Benefit obligation January 1	13,999	14,613
Service cost	372	403	360
Interest cost	457	404	431
Actuarial (gains) losses	(3,851)	(332)
Benefits paid	(219)	(219)
Effects of exchange rate changes	0	0
Plan amendments	0	0
Curtailments	12	15
Termination benefits	2	56	10
Settlements	(918)	(941)
Spin-off of Organon	0	0
Other	0	0
Benefit obligation December 31	9,854	13,999	14,613
Funded status December 31	(760)	(932)
Recognized as:
Other Assets	5	9
Accrued and other current liabilities	(59)	(64)
Other Noncurrent Liabilities	(706)	(877)
International | Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	12,195	12,009
Actual return on plan assets	(2,793)	891
Company contributions	155	189
Effects of exchange rate changes	(848)	(671)
Benefits paid	(250)	(233)
Settlements	(16)	(55)
Spin-off of Organon	0	(55)
Other	30	120
Fair value of plan assets December 31	8,473	12,195	12,009
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Benefit Obligation [Roll Forward]
Benefit obligation January 1	11,575	12,458
Service cost	283	328	297
Interest cost	145	123	136
Actuarial (gains) losses	(3,283)	(240)
Benefits paid	(250)	(233)
Effects of exchange rate changes	(732)	(678)
Plan amendments	4	4
Curtailments	0	(38)
Termination benefits	1	5	3
Settlements	(16)	(55)
Spin-off of Organon	0	(118)
Other	28	19
Benefit obligation December 31	7,755	11,575	$ 12,458
Funded status December 31	718	620
Recognized as:
Other Assets	1,052	1,395
Accrued and other current liabilities	(19)	(22)
Other Noncurrent Liabilities	$ (315)	$ (753)

XML

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Accumulated and Projected Benefit Obligation in Excess of Plan Assets (Details) - Pension Benefits - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
United States
Defined Benefit Plans and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans Table Text Block [Line Items]
Pension plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets, projected benefit obligation	$ 9,186	$ 13,013
Pension plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets, fair value of plan assets	8,421	12,072
Pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets, accumulated benefit obligation	9,081	12,916
Pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets, fair value of plan assets	8,421	12,072
International
Defined Benefit Plans and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans Table Text Block [Line Items]
Pension plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets, projected benefit obligation	2,779	2,507
Pension plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets, fair value of plan assets	2,445	1,731
Pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets, accumulated benefit obligation	1,226	2,462
Pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets, fair value of plan assets	$ 948	$ 1,723

XML

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Fair Values of Pension Plan Assets (Details) - Pension Benefits - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	$ 765	$ 943
United States
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	9,094	13,067	$ 12,672
United States | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	147	292
United States | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	2,654	4,035
United States | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	707	919
United States | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	131	0
United States | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	1,956	2,915
United States | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	1,934	2,870
United States | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	1,438	2,005
United States | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	22	23
United States | Derivatives
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	101	0
United States | Other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	4	8
United States | Level 1
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	2,216	3,156
United States | Level 1 | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	49	3
United States | Level 1 | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	211	236
United States | Level 1 | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 1 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 1 | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	1,956	2,915
United States | Level 1 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 1 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 1 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 1 | Derivatives
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 1 | Other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	2
United States | Level 2
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	3,495	4,898
United States | Level 2 | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 2 | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 2 | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 2 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 2 | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 2 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	1,934	2,870
United States | Level 2 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	1,438	2,005
United States | Level 2 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	22	23
United States | Level 2 | Derivatives
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	101	0
United States | Level 2 | Other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	4	6	7
United States | Level 3 | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Derivatives
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Insurance contracts
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	4	6	7
United States | NAV
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	3,379	5,007
United States | NAV | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	98	289
United States | NAV | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	2,443	3,799
United States | NAV | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	707	919
United States | NAV | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	131	0
United States | NAV | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | NAV | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | NAV | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | NAV | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | NAV | Derivatives
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | NAV | Other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	8,473	12,195	12,009
International | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	78	110
International | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	3,422	4,944
International | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	111	209
International | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	11	17
International | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	2,963	4,436
International | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	146	188
International | Other fixed income obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	21	26
International | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	263	369
International | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	448	597
International | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	157	225
International | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	69	90
International | Insurance contracts
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	780	982
International | Other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	4	2
International | Level 1
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	943	1,387
International | Level 1 | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	57	82
International | Level 1 | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	375	531
International | Level 1 | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	52	137
International | Level 1 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 1 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	177	240
International | Level 1 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	8	9
International | Level 1 | Other fixed income obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	10	15
International | Level 1 | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	263	369
International | Level 1 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	3
International | Level 1 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 1 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 1 | Insurance contracts
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 1 | Other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	1	1
International | Level 2
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	6,333	9,293
International | Level 2 | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	8	10
International | Level 2 | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	2,957	4,292
International | Level 2 | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 2 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	1	1
International | Level 2 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	2,656	4,025
International | Level 2 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	9	8
International | Level 2 | Other fixed income obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	7	8
International | Level 2 | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 2 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	448	591
International | Level 2 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	157	223
International | Level 2 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	69	90
International | Level 2 | Insurance contracts
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	18	44
International | Level 2 | Other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	3	1
International | Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	761	937	935
International | Level 3 | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 3 | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 3 | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 3 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 3 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 3 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 3 | Other fixed income obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 3 | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 3 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 3 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 3 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 3 | Insurance contracts
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	761	937	935
International | Level 3 | Other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0	$ 0
International | NAV
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	436	578
International | NAV | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	13	18
International | NAV | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	90	121
International | NAV | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	59	72
International | NAV | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	10	16
International | NAV | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	130	171
International | NAV | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	129	171
International | NAV | Other fixed income obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	4	3
International | NAV | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | NAV | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	3
International | NAV | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	2
International | NAV | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | NAV | Insurance contracts
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	1	1
International | NAV | Other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Summary of Changes in Fair Value of Company's Level 3 Pension Plan Assets (Details) - Pension Benefits - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	$ 943
Actual return on plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets December 31	765	$ 943
United States
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	13,067	12,672
Actual return on plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets December 31	9,094	13,067
United States | Other
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	8
Actual return on plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets December 31	4	8
United States | Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	6	7
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at December 31	(3)	(5)
Relating to assets sold during the year	2	7
Purchases and sales, net	(1)	(3)
Fair value of plan assets December 31	4	6
United States | Level 3 | Insurance Contracts
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	0	0
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at December 31	0	0
Relating to assets sold during the year	0	0
Purchases and sales, net	0	0
Fair value of plan assets December 31	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Real Estate
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	0	0
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at December 31	0	0
Relating to assets sold during the year	0	0
Purchases and sales, net	0	0
Fair value of plan assets December 31	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Other
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	6	7
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at December 31	(3)	(5)
Relating to assets sold during the year	2	7
Purchases and sales, net	(1)	(3)
Fair value of plan assets December 31	4	6
International
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	12,195	12,009
Actual return on plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets December 31	8,473	12,195
International | Insurance Contracts
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	982
Actual return on plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets December 31	780	982
International | Other
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	2
Actual return on plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets December 31	4	2
International | Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	937	935
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at December 31	(147)	(34)
Purchases and sales, net	(39)	(42)
Transfers into Level 3	10	78
Fair value of plan assets December 31	761	937
International | Level 3 | Insurance Contracts
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	937	935
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at December 31	(147)	(34)
Purchases and sales, net	(39)	(42)
Transfers into Level 3	10	78
Fair value of plan assets December 31	761	937
International | Level 3 | Real Estate
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	0	0
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at December 31	0	0
Purchases and sales, net	0	0
Transfers into Level 3	0	0
Fair value of plan assets December 31	0	0
International | Level 3 | Other
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	0	0
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at December 31	0	0
Purchases and sales, net		0
Transfers into Level 3		0
Fair value of plan assets December 31	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Fair Values of Other Postretirement Benefit Plan Assets (Details) - Other Postretirement Benefits - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	$ 947	$ 1,292	$ 1,221
Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	10	39
Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	279	402
Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	74	92
Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	1	1
Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	14	0
Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	206	290
Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	212	275
Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	137	191
Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	2	2
Derivatives
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	12	0
Level 1
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	231	326
Level 1 | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	2	11
Level 1 | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	22	24
Level 1 | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 1 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	1	1
Level 1 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 1 | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	206	290
Level 1 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 1 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 1 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 1 | Derivatives
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 2
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	363	468
Level 2 | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 2 | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 2 | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 2 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 2 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 2 | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 2 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	212	275
Level 2 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	137	191
Level 2 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	2	2
Level 2 | Derivatives
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	12	0
Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 3 | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 3 | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 3 | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 3 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 3 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 3 | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 3 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 3 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 3 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 3 | Derivatives
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
NAV
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	353	498
NAV | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	8	28
NAV | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	257	378
NAV | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	74	92
NAV | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
NAV | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	14	0
NAV | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
NAV | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
NAV | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
NAV | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
NAV | Derivatives
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Summary of Expected Benefit Payments (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Other Postretirement Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
2023	$ 84
2024	86
2025	87
2026	89
2027	90
2028 — 2032	474
United States | Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
2023	627
2024	634
2025	650
2026	676
2027	694
2028 — 2032	3,948
International | Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
2023	271
2024	257
2025	262
2026	283
2027	297
2028 — 2032	$ 1,704

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Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Components of Other Comprehensive Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Other Postretirement Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Net loss (gain) amortization included in benefit cost	$ 0	$ 156	$ 199
Prior service (cost) credit arising during the period	0	0	0
Total	0	156	199
Net loss (gain) amortization included in benefit cost	(43)	(42)	(18)
Prior service credit amortization included in benefit cost	(57)	(63)	(73)
Settlements and curtailments	(1)	(29)	(4)
Total	(101)	(134)	(95)
United States | Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Net loss (gain) amortization included in benefit cost	(42)	813	(472)
Prior service (cost) credit arising during the period	0	0	0
Total	(42)	813	(472)
Net loss (gain) amortization included in benefit cost	128	298	303
Prior service credit amortization included in benefit cost	(32)	(38)	(49)
Settlements and curtailments	251	232	23
Total	347	492	277
International | Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Net loss (gain) amortization included in benefit cost	116	772	(424)
Prior service (cost) credit arising during the period	(4)	(4)	64
Total	112	768	(360)
Net loss (gain) amortization included in benefit cost	96	142	127
Prior service credit amortization included in benefit cost	(14)	(16)	(18)
Settlements and curtailments	1	(18)	15
Total	$ 83	$ 108	$ 124

XML

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Summary of Weighted Average Assumptions Used in Determining Pension Plan and U.S. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plan Information (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
United States
Net periodic benefit cost
Discount rate	3.00%	2.70%	3.40%
Expected rate of return on plan assets	6.70%	6.70%	7.30%
Salary growth rate	4.60%	4.60%	4.20%
Interest crediting rate	5.00%	4.70%	4.90%
Benefit obligation
Discount rate	5.50%	3.00%	2.70%
Salary growth rate	4.60%	4.60%	4.60%
Interest crediting rate	5.30%	5.00%	4.70%
International | Pension Benefits
Net periodic benefit cost
Discount rate	1.50%	1.10%	1.50%
Expected rate of return on plan assets	3.70%	3.80%	4.40%
Salary growth rate	2.90%	2.80%	2.80%
Interest crediting rate	3.00%	3.00%	2.80%
Benefit obligation
Discount rate	3.90%	1.50%	1.10%
Salary growth rate	3.20%	2.90%	2.80%
Interest crediting rate	3.30%	3.00%	3.00%

XML

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Summary of Health Care Cost Trend Rate Assumptions for Other Postretirement Benefit Plans (Details) - Other Postretirement Benefits	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year	7.80%	6.40%
Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline	4.50%	4.50%

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Other (Income) Expense, Net - Schedule of Other (Income) Expense, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Component of Other Income / Expense of Nonoperating [Line Items]
Interest income		$ (157)	$ (36)	$ (59)
Interest expense		962	806	831
Exchange losses		237	297	145
Loss (income) from investments in equity securities, net		1,419	(1,940)	(1,338)
Net periodic defined benefit plan (credit) cost other than service cost		(279)	(212)	(339)
Other, net		(681)	(256)	(130)
Other (income) expense, net		1,501	(1,341)	$ (890)
Unrealized gains		$ (462)	$ (232)
Forecast | Subsequent Event
Component of Other Income / Expense of Nonoperating [Line Items]
Unrealized gains	$ 140

XML

Other (Income) Expense, Net - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]
Interest paid	$ 937	$ 779	$ 822

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Taxes on Income - Reconciliation Between Effective Tax Rate and US Statutory Rate (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Amount
U.S. statutory rate applied to income from continuing operations before taxes	$ 3,453	$ 2,915	$ 1,231
Differential arising from:
Foreign earnings	(1,835)	(1,446)	(965)
GILTI and the foreign-derived intangible income deduction	462	(75)	349
State taxes	(110)	2	57
R&D tax credit	(81)	(81)	(108)
Tax settlements	(10)	(275)	(13)
Valuation allowances	108	102	37
Restructuring	11	61	105
Acquisition of VelosBio	0	(9)	559
Acquisition of Pandion	0	356	0
Acquisition of OncoImmune	0	0	97
Other	(80)	(29)	(9)
Taxes on income	$ 1,918	$ 1,521	$ 1,340
Tax Rate
U.S. statutory rate applied to income from continuing operations before taxes	21.00%	21.00%	21.00%
Differential arising from:
Foreign earnings	(11.10%)	(10.40%)	(16.50%)
GILTI and the foreign-derived intangible income deduction	2.80%	(0.50%)	6.00%
State taxes	(0.70%)	0.00%	1.00%
R&D tax credit	(0.50%)	(0.60%)	(1.80%)
Tax settlements	(0.10%)	(2.00%)	(0.20%)
Valuation allowances	0.70%	0.70%	0.60%
Restructuring	0.10%	0.40%	1.80%
Acquisition of VelosBio	0.00%	(0.10%)	9.50%
Acquisition of Pandion	0.00%	2.60%	0.00%
Acquisition of OncoImmune	0.00%	0.00%	1.70%
Other	(0.50%)	(0.10%)	(0.20%)
Total, Tax Rate	11.70%	11.00%	22.90%

XML

Taxes on Income - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Transition tax for accumulated foreign earnings, liability	$ 2,200
Deferred tax assets on NOL carryforwards relating to foreign jurisdictions	349
Deferred tax assets relating to various U.S. tax credit carryforwards and NOL carryforwards	563
Income taxes paid	3,239	$ 2,412	$ 2,740
Tax benefits relating to stock option exercises	45	21	12
Unrecognized tax benefits	1,835	1,529	1,537	$ 1,225
Favorable net impact to income tax provision if unrecognized tax benefits were recognized	1,800
Reasonably possible amount that liability for unrecognized tax benefits could decline up to in next 12 months (up to)	31
Interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions, expense (benefit)	54	(37)	16
Liabilities for accrued interest and penalties	256	192
Unrecognized tax benefits from adjustments related to examination	6	46	70
Income Taxes Payable
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Transition tax liability, current	732
Other Noncurrent Liabilities
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Transition tax liability, noncurrent	1,500
Foreign Jurisdiction
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Valuation allowance on foreign NOL carryforwards	345
Income taxes paid	1,348	1,201	1,763
Federal
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Valuation allowance on foreign NOL carryforwards	247
Income taxes paid	1,891	$ 1,211	$ 977
Federal | Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Income taxes paid	190
Unrecognized tax benefits from adjustments related to examination	236
Federal | Internal Revenue Service (IRS) | Continuing Operations
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Income taxes paid	172
Unrecognized tax benefits from adjustments related to examination	207
Federal | Internal Revenue Service (IRS) | Discontinued Operations
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Income taxes paid	18
Unrecognized tax benefits from adjustments related to examination	$ 29

XML

Taxes on Income - Income Before Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Domestic	$ 1,011	$ 1,854	$ (3,814)
Foreign	15,433	12,025	9,677
Income from Continuing Operations Before Taxes	$ 16,444	$ 13,879	$ 5,863

XML

Taxes on Income - Taxes on Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Current provision
Federal	$ 2,265	$ 74	$ 893
Foreign	1,164	1,273	969
State	57	(13)	44
Total current provision	3,486	1,334	1,906
Deferred provision
Federal	(1,510)	240	(605)
Foreign	71	(77)	64
State	(129)	24	(25)
Total deferred provision	(1,568)	187	(566)
Taxes on income	$ 1,918	$ 1,521	$ 1,340

XML

Taxes on Income - Deferred Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax [Line Items]
Product intangibles and licenses, Assets	$ 0	$ 0
R&D capitalization, Assets	1,341	274
Inventory related, Assets	43	119
Accelerated depreciation, Assets	0	0
Equity Method Investments, Assets	0	0
Pensions and other postretirement benefits, Assets	372	487
Compensation related, Assets	335	301
Unrecognized tax benefits, Assets	91	75
Net operating losses and other tax credit carryforwards, Assets	912	867
Other, Assets	511	434
Subtotal, Assets	3,605	2,557
Valuation allowance, Assets	(599)	(287)
Total deferred taxes	3,006	2,270
Product intangibles and licenses, Liabilities	2,575	3,207
Inventory related, Liabilities	423	370
Accelerated depreciation, Liabilities	657	589
Equity method investments, Liabilities	92	335
Pensions and other postretirement benefits, Liabilities	284	338
Other, Liabilities	267	180
Subtotal, Liabilities	4,298	5,019
Deferred income taxes, Liabilities	1,292	2,749
Deferred Income Taxes	1,795	3,441
Other Assets
Income Tax [Line Items]
Total deferred taxes	$ 503	$ 692

XML

Taxes on Income - Income Tax Authority (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Income taxes paid	$ 3,239	$ 2,412	$ 2,740
Federal
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Income taxes paid	1,891	1,211	977
Foreign Jurisdiction
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Income taxes paid	$ 1,348	$ 1,201	$ 1,763

XML

Taxes on Income - Unrecognized Tax Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits [Roll Forward]
Balance January 1	$ 1,529	$ 1,537	$ 1,225
Additions related to current year positions	344	306	298
Additions related to prior year positions	48	63	110
Reductions for tax positions of prior years	(40)	(230)	(4)
Settlements	(6)	(46)	(70)
Lapse of statute of limitations	(40)	(58)	(22)
Spin-off of Organon	0	(43)	0
Balance December 31	$ 1,835	$ 1,529	$ 1,537

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Earnings Per Share - Calculations of Earnings Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Millions, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Net Income from Continuing Operations Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	$ 14,519	$ 12,345	$ 4,519
Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests	0	704	2,548
Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc., basic	14,519	13,049	7,067
Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc., diluted	$ 14,519	$ 13,049	$ 7,067
Average common shares outstanding (in shares)	2,532	2,530	2,530
Common shares issuable (in shares)	10	8	11
Average common shares outstanding assuming dilution (in shares)	2,542	2,538	2,541
Basic Earnings per Common Share Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders
Income from Continuing Operations (in dollars per share)	$ 5.73	$ 4.88	$ 1.79
Income from Discontinued Operations (in dollars per share)	0	0.28	1.01
Net Income (in dollars per share)	5.73	5.16	2.79
Earnings per Common Share Assuming Dilution Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders
Income from Continuing Operations (in dollars per share)	5.71	4.86	1.78
Income from Discontinued Operations (in dollars per share)	0	0.28	1.00
Net Income (in dollars per share)	$ 5.71	$ 5.14	$ 2.78

XML

Earnings Per Share - Narrative (Details) - shares shares in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Antidilutive shares (in shares)	2	9	5

XML

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 38,257	$ 25,404	$ 26,001
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax	170	1,766	(949)
Tax	(150)	(526)	293
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	20	1,240	(656)
Reclassification adjustments, pretax	(446)	658	287
Tax	87	(142)	(72)
Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	(359)	516	215
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	(339)	1,756	(441)
Spin-off of Organon & Co.		5,091
Ending balance	46,058	38,257	25,404
Derivatives
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	144	(266)	31
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax	684	333	(383)
Tax	(143)	(75)	84
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	541	258	(299)
Reclassification adjustments, pretax	(775)	192	2
Tax	163	(40)	0
Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	(612)	152	2
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	(71)	410	(297)
Spin-off of Organon & Co.	0
Ending balance	73	144	(266)
Investments
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	0	0	18
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax	0	0	3
Tax	0	0	0
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	0	0	3
Reclassification adjustments, pretax	0	0	(21)
Tax	0	0	0
Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	0	0	(21)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	0	0	(18)
Spin-off of Organon & Co.	0
Ending balance	0	0	0
Employee Benefit Plans
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	(2,743)	(4,540)	(4,261)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax	70	1,737	(633)
Tax	12	(332)	120
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	82	1,405	(513)
Reclassification adjustments, pretax	329	466	306
Tax	(76)	(102)	(72)
Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	253	364	234
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	335	1,769	(279)
Spin-off of Organon & Co.	28
Ending balance	(2,408)	(2,743)	(4,540)
Pension Plan Net Loss
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Pension and other postretirement benefit plans, net loss and prior service (credit) included in AOCI	3,100	3,600
Other Postretirement Benefit Plan Net Gain
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Pension and other postretirement benefit plans, net loss and prior service (credit) included in AOCI	(446)	(473)
Pension Plan Prior Service Credit
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Pension and other postretirement benefit plans, net loss and prior service (credit) included in AOCI	(152)	(190)
Other Postretirement Benefit Plan Prior Service Credit
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Pension and other postretirement benefit plans, net loss and prior service (credit) included in AOCI	(135)	(181)
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	(1,830)	(1,828)	(1,981)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax	(584)	(304)	64
Tax	(19)	(119)	89
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	(603)	(423)	153
Reclassification adjustments, pretax	0	0	0
Tax	0	0	0
Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	0	0	0
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	(603)	(423)	153
Spin-off of Organon & Co.	421
Ending balance	(2,433)	(1,830)	(1,828)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	(4,429)	(6,634)	(6,193)
Spin-off of Organon & Co.	449	449
Ending balance	$ (4,768)	$ (4,429)	$ (6,634)

XML

Segment Reporting - Narrative (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 segment
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Number of operating segments	2

XML

Segment Reporting - Sales of Company's Products (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	$ 59,283	$ 48,704	$ 41,518
Increase (decrease) in revenue hedging activities	810	(203)	(19)
Revenue related to the sale of the marketing rights	165	218	54
Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	57,555	48,322	41,336
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	52,005	42,754	36,610
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Keytruda
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	20,937	17,186	14,380
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Lynparza
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,116	989	725
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Lenvima
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	876	704	580
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Reblozyl
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	166	17	0
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Gardasil/Gardasil 9
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	6,897	5,673	3,938
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | ProQuad/M-M-R II/Varivax
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	2,241	2,135	1,878
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | RotaTeq
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	783	807	797
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Pneumovax 23
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	602	893	1,087
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Vaqta
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	173	179	170
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Bridion
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,685	1,532	1,198
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Prevymis
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	428	370	281
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Dificid
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	263	175	110
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Primaxin
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	239	259	251
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Noxafil
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	238	259	329
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Invanz
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	189	202	211
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Cancidas
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	174	212	213
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Zerbaxa
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	169	(1)	130
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Adempas/Verquvo
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	341	342	281
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Adempas
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	238	252	220
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Lagevrio
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	5,684	952	0
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Isentress/Isentress HD
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	633	769	857
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Belsomra
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	258	318	327
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Simponi
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	706	825	838
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Remicade
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	207	299	330
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Januvia
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	2,813	3,324	3,306
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Janumet
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,700	1,964	1,971
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Other pharmaceutical
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	2,249	2,118	2,202
Operating Segments | Animal Health
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	5,550	5,568	4,703
Operating Segments | Animal Health | Livestock
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	3,300	3,295	2,939
Operating Segments | Animal Health | Companion Animals
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	2,250	2,273	1,764
Operating Segments | Other segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	0	0	23
Other
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,728	382	182
United States
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	27,206	22,425	19,588
United States | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	26,811	22,159	19,517
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	24,989	20,401	18,010
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Keytruda
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	12,686	9,765	8,352
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Lynparza
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	584	515	417
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Lenvima
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	579	417	359
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Reblozyl
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	123	0	0
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Gardasil/Gardasil 9
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	2,065	1,881	1,755
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | ProQuad/M-M-R II/Varivax
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,724	1,629	1,378
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | RotaTeq
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	508	473	486
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Pneumovax 23
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	346	547	727
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Vaqta
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	95	100	103
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Bridion
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	922	762	583
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Prevymis
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	188	153	119
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Dificid
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	241	166	102
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Primaxin
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1	2	2
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Noxafil
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	51	60	42
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Invanz
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	4	(5)	9
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Cancidas
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	6	4	7
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Zerbaxa
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	89	4	74
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Adempas/Verquvo
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	329	312	259
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Adempas
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	0	0	0
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Lagevrio
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,523	632	0
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Isentress/Isentress HD
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	274	294	326
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Belsomra
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	79	78	81
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Simponi
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	0	0	0
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Remicade
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	0	0	0
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Januvia
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,248	1,404	1,470
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Janumet
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	355	367	477
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Other pharmaceutical
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	969	841	882
United States | Operating Segments | Animal Health
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,822	1,758	1,484
United States | Operating Segments | Animal Health | Livestock
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	710	667	612
United States | Operating Segments | Animal Health | Companion Animals
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,112	1,091	872
United States | Operating Segments | Other segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	0	0	23
United States | Other
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	395	266	71
Int’l
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	32,077	26,279	21,930
Int’l | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	30,744	26,163	21,819
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	27,016	22,353	18,600
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Keytruda
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	8,251	7,421	6,028
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Lynparza
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	532	473	308
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Lenvima
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	297	287	220
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Reblozyl
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	43	17	0
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Gardasil/Gardasil 9
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	4,832	3,792	2,184
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | ProQuad/M-M-R II/Varivax
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	518	506	500
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | RotaTeq
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	275	334	311
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Pneumovax 23
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	256	346	359
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Vaqta
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	78	79	67
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Bridion
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	762	770	615
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Prevymis
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	240	218	162
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Dificid
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	22	10	7
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Primaxin
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	238	258	248
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Noxafil
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	187	199	287
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Invanz
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	185	207	202
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Cancidas
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	168	208	207
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Zerbaxa
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	79	(5)	56
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Adempas/Verquvo
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	12	30	22
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Adempas
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	238	252	220
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Lagevrio
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	4,161	320	0
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Isentress/Isentress HD
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	359	474	531
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Belsomra
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	179	241	247
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Simponi
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	706	825	838
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Remicade
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	207	299	330
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Januvia
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,565	1,920	1,836
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Janumet
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,344	1,597	1,494
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Other pharmaceutical
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,282	1,275	1,321
Int’l | Operating Segments | Animal Health
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	3,728	3,810	3,219
Int’l | Operating Segments | Animal Health | Livestock
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	2,590	2,628	2,327
Int’l | Operating Segments | Animal Health | Companion Animals
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,138	1,182	892
Int’l | Operating Segments | Other segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	0	0	0
Int’l | Other
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	$ 1,333	$ 116	$ 111

XML

Segment Reporting - Consolidated Revenues by Geographic Area (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Sales	$ 59,283	$ 48,704	$ 41,518
United States
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Sales	27,206	22,425	19,588
Europe, Middle East and Africa
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Sales	14,493	13,341	11,547
China
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Sales	5,191	4,378	2,751
Japan
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Sales	3,629	2,726	2,602
Asia Pacific (other than China and Japan)
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Sales	3,614	2,407	2,113
Latin America
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Sales	2,582	2,206	1,890
Other
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Sales	$ 2,568	$ 1,221	$ 1,027

XML

Segment Reporting - Reconciliation of Segment Profits to Income Before Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Interest income	$ 157	$ 36	$ 59
Interest expense	(962)	(806)	(831)
Amortization	(2,085)	(1,636)	(1,817)
Depreciation	(1,824)	(1,578)	(1,669)
Research and development	(13,548)	(12,245)	(13,397)
Restructuring costs	(337)	(661)	(575)
Income before taxes	16,444	13,879	5,863
Total segment profits
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Income before taxes	38,815	32,927	27,776
Total segment profits | Pharmaceutical segment
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Income before taxes	36,852	30,977	26,106
Total segment profits | Animal Health
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Income before taxes	1,963	1,950	1,669
Total segment profits | Other segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Income before taxes	0	0	1
Other profits
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Income before taxes	1,160	156	75
Unallocated
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Interest income	157	36	59
Interest expense	(962)	(806)	(831)
Amortization	(2,085)	(1,636)	(1,817)
Depreciation	(1,642)	(1,414)	(1,519)
Research and development	(13,011)	(11,692)	(12,911)
Restructuring costs	(337)	(661)	(575)
Other unallocated, net	$ (5,651)	$ (3,031)	$ (4,394)

XML

Segment Reporting - Equity Loss from Affiliates and Depreciation Included in Segment Profits (Details) - Operating Segments - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Equity income (loss) from affiliates	$ 39	$ 11	$ (6)
Depreciation	182	164	150
Pharmaceutical
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Equity income (loss) from affiliates	39	11	(6)
Depreciation	5	6	6
Animal Health
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Equity income (loss) from affiliates	0	0	0
Depreciation	177	158	143
Other segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Equity income (loss) from affiliates	0	0	0
Depreciation	$ 0	$ 0	$ 1

XML

Segment Reporting - Property, Plant and Equipment, Net by Geographic Area (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, net	$ 21,422	$ 19,279	$ 17,000
United States
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, net	12,891	11,759	10,394
Europe, Middle East and Africa
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, net	6,993	6,081	5,314
Asia Pacific (other than China and Japan)
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, net	966	857	737
Latin America
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, net	225	199	169
China
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, net	207	220	216
Japan
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, net	135	159	166
Other
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, net	$ 5	$ 4	$ 4