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Other (Income) Expense, Net
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2020
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]  
Other (Income) Expense, Net
Other (Income) Expense, Net
Other (income) expense, net, consisted of: 
 
Three Months Ended 
 June 30,
 
Six Months Ended 
 June 30,
($ in millions)
2020
 
2019
 
2020
 
2019
Interest income
$
(14
)
 
$
(75
)
 
$
(39
)
 
$
(164
)
Interest expense
209

 
233

 
421

 
442

Exchange losses
24

 
27

 
78

 
128

Income from investments in equity securities, net (1)
(551
)
 
(58
)
 
(603
)
 
(32
)
Net periodic defined benefit plan (credit) cost other than service cost
(80
)
 
(140
)
 
(170
)
 
(281
)
Other, net
22

 
153

 
(5
)
 
234

 
$
(390
)
 
$
140

 
$
(318
)
 
$
327


(1) 
Includes net realized and unrealized gains and losses from investments in equity securities either owned directly or through ownership interests in investment funds. Unrealized gains and losses from investments that are directly owned are determined at the end of the reporting period, while ownership interests in investment funds are accounted for on a one quarter lag. The Company estimates that gains of approximately $300 million will be recognized in the third quarter of 2020 from ownership interests in investment funds.
The decline in interest income in the second quarter and first six months of 2020 reflects lower investments and lower interest rates. The lower exchange losses in the first six months of 2020 reflect losses on forward exchange contracts in 2019 related to the acquisition of Antelliq. The increase in income from investments in equity securities, net, in both the second quarter and first six months of 2020 was driven primarily by the recognition of unrealized gains on certain investments, most of which relate to Moderna, Inc., as well as NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.
Other, net (as reflected in the table above) in the second quarter and first six months of 2019 includes $78 million and $162 million, respectively, of goodwill impairment charges related to certain businesses in the Healthcare Services segment.
Interest paid for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was $387 million and $356 million, respectively.