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Pension and Postretirement Benefits
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
Pension and Postretirement Benefits PENSION AND POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS
We sponsor several noncontributory defined benefit pension plans, covering substantially all U.S. employees and certain non-U.S. employees, which provide benefits based on years of service, age, job grade levels and type of compensation. Retirement benefits for all other covered employees are provided through contributory pension plans, cash balance pension plans and government-sponsored retirement programs. All funded defined benefit pension plans receive funding based on independent actuarial valuations to provide for current service and an amount sufficient to amortize unfunded prior service over periods not to exceed 30 years, with funding falling within the legal limits prescribed by prevailing regulation. We also maintain unfunded defined benefit plans that, as permitted by local regulations, receive funding only when benefits become due.
Our defined benefit plan strategy is to ensure that current and future benefit obligations are adequately funded in a cost-effective manner. Additionally, our investing objective is to achieve the highest level of investment performance that is compatible with our risk tolerance and prudent investment practices. Because of the long-term nature of our defined benefit plan liabilities, our funding strategy is based on a long-term perspective for formulating and implementing investment policies and evaluating their investment performance.
The asset allocation of our defined benefit plans reflects our decision about the proportion of the investment in equity and fixed income securities, and, where appropriate, the various sub-asset classes of each. At least annually, we complete a comprehensive review of our asset allocation policy and the underlying assumptions, which includes our long-term capital markets rate of return assumptions and our risk tolerances relative to our defined benefit plan liabilities.
The expected rates of return on defined benefit plan assets are derived from review of the asset allocation strategy, expected long-term performance of asset classes, risks and other factors adjusted for our specific investment strategy. These rates are impacted by changes in general market conditions, but because they are long-term in nature, short-term market changes do not significantly impact the rates.
Our U.S. defined benefit plan assets consist of a portfolio of equity and fixed income securities. Our non-U.S. defined benefit plan assets include a significant concentration of United Kingdom fixed income securities. We monitor investment allocations and manage plan assets to maintain acceptable levels of risk.
For all periods presented, we used a measurement date of December 31 for each of our U.S. pension plans, non-U.S. pension plans and postretirement medical plans.

U.S. Defined Benefit Plans
We maintain qualified and non-qualified defined benefit pension plans in the U.S. The qualified plan provides coverage for substantially all full-time U.S. employees who receive benefits, up to an earnings threshold specified by the U.S. Department of Labor. The non-qualified plans primarily cover a small number of employees including current and former members of senior management, providing them with benefit levels equivalent to other participants, but that are otherwise limited by U.S. Department of Labor rules. The U.S. plans are designed to operate as "cash balance" arrangements, under which the employee has the option to take a lump sum payment at the end of their service. The
difference between total accumulated benefit obligation and total projected benefit obligation ("Benefit Obligation") is immaterial.
In August 2023, we amended the Company-sponsored qualified defined benefit pension plan in the United States (the "Qualified Plan") for non-union employees to discontinue future benefit accruals under the Qualified Plan and freeze existing accrued benefits effective January 1, 2025. Benefits earned by participants under the Qualified Plan prior to January 1, 2025, are not affected. We also amended the Company-sponsored non-qualified defined benefit pension plan in the United States (the "Non-Qualified Plan") that provides enhanced retirement benefits to select members of management. The Qualified Plan and the Non-Qualified plan were closed to new entrants effective January 1, 2024, and September 1, 2023, respectively. The amendments resulted in a curtailment of both plans during the year ended December 31, 2023. The curtailment loss incurred and the change in projected benefit obligation was immaterial.
In conjunction with the amendment of the Qualified Plan, the Organization and Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors approved certain transition benefits associated with freezing the Qualified Plan. In January 2025, a one-time cash transition benefit was paid to a limited group of employees in the United States that met certain criteria. We recorded a $5.0 million liability for the period ended December 31, 2024, which is included within accrued liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet to recognize this obligation, with corresponding expense included within COS and SG&A in our consolidated statements of income. We also issued approximately the same amount of value in the form of restricted shares to an additional group of employees in the United States in January 2025. The restricted shares are subject to three year cliff-vesting.
The following are assumptions related to the U.S. defined benefit pension plans:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202420232022
Weighted average assumptions used to determine Benefit Obligations:   
Discount rate5.73 %5.41 %5.73 %
Rate of increase in compensation levels4.00 4.00 3.50 
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net pension expense:
Long-term rate of return on assets6.00 %6.00 %5.75 %
Discount rate5.41 5.73 3.00 
Rate of increase in compensation levels4.00 3.50 3.50 
Weighted-average interest crediting rates4.00 %4.00 %3.79 %
At December 31, 2024 as compared with December 31, 2023, we increased our discount rate from 5.41% to 5.73% based on an analysis of publicly traded investment grade U.S. corporate bonds, which had a higher yield due to current market conditions. In determining 2024 expense, the expected rate of return on U.S. plan assets is 6.00%, primarily based on our target allocations and expected long-term asset returns. The long-term rate of return assumption is calculated using a quantitative approach that utilizes historical returns and asset allocation as inputs for the calculation. For all U.S. plans, we adopted the Pri-2012 mortality tables and the MP-2021 improvement scale published in October 2021. We applied the Pri-2012 tables based on the constituency of our plan population for union and non-union participants. We adjusted the improvement scale to utilize the Proxy SSA Long Term Improvement Rates, consistent with assumptions adopted by the Social Security Administration trustees, based on long-term historical experience. Currently, we believe this approach provides the best estimate of our future obligation. Most plan participants elect to receive plan benefits as a lump sum at the end of service, rather than an annuity. As such, the updated mortality tables had an immaterial effect on our pension obligation.
Net pension expense for the U.S. defined benefit pension plans (including both qualified and non-qualified plans) was:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202420232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Service cost$23,935 $21,341 $24,680 
Interest cost20,759 20,480 13,157 
Expected return on plan assets(23,235)(23,931)(25,345)
Settlement loss
— 15 — 
Amortization of unrecognized prior service cost194 185 175 
Amortization of unrecognized net (gain) loss
— (13)3,461 
U.S. net pension expense$21,653 $18,077 $16,128 
The following summarizes the net pension (liability) asset for U.S. plans:
 December 31,
 20242023
 (Amounts in thousands)
Plan assets, at fair value$352,517 $361,174 
Benefit Obligation(415,236)(417,648)
Funded status$(62,719)$(56,474)
The following summarizes amounts recognized in the balance sheet for U.S. plans:
 December 31,
 20242023
 (Amounts in thousands)
Current liabilities(154)(169)
Noncurrent liabilities(62,565)(56,305)
Funded status$(62,719)$(56,474)
The following is a summary of the changes in the U.S. defined benefit plans’ pension obligations:
December 31,
20242023
 (Amounts in thousands)
Balance — January 1$417,648 $382,959 
Service cost23,935 21,341 
Interest cost20,759 20,480 
Plan amendments and settlements— (3,103)
Actuarial loss (gain) (1)
(6,588)31,912 
Benefits paid(40,518)(35,941)
Balance — December 31$415,236 $417,648 
Accumulated benefit obligations at December 31$415,236 $417,648 
_______________________________________
(1)The actuarial gain in 2024 and loss in 2023 primarily reflect the impact of changes in the discount rate. The increase in the interest crediting rate assumption also contributed to the actuarial loss in 2023.
The following table summarizes the expected cash benefit payments for the U.S. defined benefit pension plans in the future (amounts in millions):
2025$43.1 
202640.2 
202738.3 
202835.3 
202933.5 
2030-2034150.6 
The following table shows the change in accumulated other comprehensive loss attributable to the components of the net cost and the change in Benefit Obligations for U.S. plans, net of tax:
December 31,
20242023
 (Amounts in thousands)
Balance — January 1$(62,602)$(44,455)
Amortization of net (gain) loss
— (10)
Amortization of prior service cost 148 141 
Net loss arising during the year
(4,143)(20,362)
Settlement loss and other
— 2,140 
Prior service cost arising during the year— (56)
Balance — December 31$(66,597)$(62,602)
Amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss consist of:
 December 31,
 20242023
 (Amounts in thousands)
Unrecognized net loss$(66,024)$(61,904)
Unrecognized prior service cost(573)(698)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax$(66,597)$(62,602)
The following is a reconciliation of the U.S. defined benefit pension plans’ assets:
December 31,
20242023
 (Amounts in thousands)
Balance — January 1$361,174 $365,044 
Gain (loss) on plan assets11,121 29,323 
Company contributions20,740 3,143 
Benefits paid(40,518)(35,941)
Settlements— (395)
Balance — December 31$352,517 $361,174 
We contributed $20.7 million and $3.1 million to the U.S. defined benefit pension plans during 2024 and 2023, respectively.
All U.S. defined benefit plan assets are held by the qualified plan. The asset allocations for the qualified plan at the end of 2024 and 2023 by asset category, are as follows:
Target Allocation
at December 31,		Percentage of Actual Plan Assets at December 31,
Asset category2024202320242023
Cash and cash equivalents1 %1 %1 %2 %
Cash and cash equivalents1 %1 %1 %2 %
Global Equity24 %20 %24 %21 %
Global Real Assets18 %14 %19 %15 %
Equity securities42 %34 %43 %36 %
Diversified Credit 18 %14 %18 %15 %
Liability-Driven Investment39 %51 %38 %47 %
Fixed income57 %65 %56 %62 %
None of our common stock is directly held by our qualified plan. Our investment strategy is to earn a long-term rate of return consistent with an acceptable degree of risk and minimize our cash contributions over the life of the plan, while taking into account the liquidity needs of the plan. We preserve capital through diversified investments in high quality securities. Our current allocation target is to invest approximately 42% of plan assets in equity securities and 57% in fixed income securities. Within each investment category, assets are allocated to various investment strategies. Professional money management firms manage our assets, and we engage a consultant to assist in evaluating these activities. We periodically review the allocation target, generally in conjunction with an asset and liability study and in consideration of our future cash flow needs. We regularly rebalance the actual allocation to our target investment allocation.
Plan assets are invested in commingled funds. Our "Pension and Investment Committee" is responsible for setting the investment strategy and the target asset allocation for the plan's assets. As the qualified plan approached fully funded status, we implemented a Liability-Driven Investing ("LDI") strategy, which more closely aligns the duration of the plan's assets with the duration of its liabilities. The LDI strategy results in an asset portfolio that more closely matches the behavior of the liability, thereby reducing the volatility of the plan's funded status.
The plan’s financial instruments, shown below, are presented at fair value. See Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies and Accounting Developments," for further discussion on how the hierarchical levels of the fair values of the Plan’s investments are determined. The fair values of our U.S. defined benefit plan assets were:
At December 31, 2024At December 31, 2023
  Hierarchical Levels Hierarchical Levels
 TotalIIIIIITotalIIIIII
 (Amounts in thousands)(Amounts in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents$3,497 $3,497 $— $— $5,798 $5,798 $— $— 
Commingled Funds:  
Equity securities  
Global Equity(a)85,158 — 85,158 — 76,217 — 76,217 — 
Global Real Assets(b)68,263 — 68,263 — 54,025 — 54,025 — 
Fixed income securities 
Diversified Credit(c)63,873 — 63,873 — 54,756 — 54,756 — 
Liability-Driven Investment(d)131,726 — 131,726 — 170,378 — 170,378 — 
 $352,517 $3,497 $349,020 $— $361,174 $5,798 $355,376 $— 
_______________________________________
(a)Global Equity fund seeks to closely track the performance of the MSCI All Country World Index.
(b)Global Real Asset funds seek to provide exposure to the listed global real estate investment trusts and infrastructure markets.
(c)Diversified Credit funds seek to provide exposure to the high yield, emerging markets, bank loans and securitized credit markets.
(d)LDI funds seek to invest in high quality fixed income securities that collectively closely match those found in discount curves used to value the plan's liabilities.
Non-U.S. Defined Benefit Plans
We maintain defined benefit pension plans, which cover some or all of our employees in the following countries: Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE, The Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The assets of the plans in the United Kingdom (two plans), The Netherlands and Canada represent 87% of the total non-U.S. plan assets ("non-U.S. assets"). Details of other countries’ plan assets have not been provided due to immateriality.
The following are assumptions related to the non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202420232022
Weighted average assumptions used to determine Benefit Obligations:   
Discount rate4.71 %4.22 %4.46 %
Rate of increase in compensation levels3.51 3.24 3.61 
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net pension expense:
Long-term rate of return on assets4.65 %3.97 %2.43 %
Discount rate4.22 4.46 1.71 
Rate of increase in compensation levels3.24 3.62 3.18 
Weighted-average interest crediting rates2.06 %2.29 %1.49 %

At December 31, 2024, as compared with December 31, 2023, we increased our average discount rate for non-U.S. plans from 4.22% to 4.71% based on analysis of bonds and other publicly traded instruments, by country, which had higher yields due to market conditions. To determine 2024 pension expense, our average expected rate of return on plan
assets increased to 4.65% based on our target allocations and expected long-term asset returns. As the expected rate of return on plan assets is long-term in nature, short-term market fluctuations do not significantly impact the rate.
Many of our non-U.S. defined benefit plans are unfunded, as permitted by local regulation. The expected long-term rate of return on assets for funded plans was determined by assessing the rates of return for each asset class and is calculated using a quantitative approach that utilizes unadjusted historical returns and asset allocation as inputs for the calculation. We work with our actuaries to determine the reasonableness of our long-term rate of return assumptions by looking at several factors including historical returns, expected future returns, asset allocation, risks by asset class and other items.
Net pension expense for non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans was:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202420232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Service cost$6,381 $4,611 $5,984 
Interest cost12,401 11,897 6,506 
Expected return on plan assets(7,740)(6,659)(5,883)
Amortization of unrecognized net loss2,561 1,270 2,729 
Amortization of unrecognized prior service cost 296 300 293 
Settlement (gain) loss and other
(63)(23)(75)
Non-U.S. net pension expense$13,836 $11,396 $9,554 
The following summarizes the net pension liability for non-U.S. plans:
 December 31,
 20242023
 (Amounts in thousands)
Plan assets, at fair value$167,508 $179,450 
Benefit Obligation(285,498)(297,600)
Funded status - Underfunded$(117,990)$(118,150)
The following summarizes amounts recognized in the balance sheet for non-U.S. plans:
 December 31,
 20242023
(Amounts in thousands)
Noncurrent assets$12,211 $9,563 
Current liabilities(9,282)(7,682)
Noncurrent liabilities(120,919)(120,031)
Funded status$(117,990)$(118,150)
The following is a reconciliation of the non-U.S. plans’ defined benefit pension obligations:
December 31,
20242023
 (Amounts in thousands)
Balance — January 1$297,600 $268,364 
Service cost6,381 4,611 
Interest cost12,401 11,897 
Employee contributions80 80 
Settlements and other(3)
13,051 (982)
Actuarial losses (gains)(1)
(13,012)17,082 
Net benefits and expenses paid(17,393)(15,181)
Currency translation impact(2)(13,610)11,729 
Balance — December 31$285,498 $297,600 
Accumulated benefit obligations at December 31$264,367 $279,760 
_______________________________________
(1)Actuarial losses (gains) primarily reflects the impact of changes in the discount rates for all plans.
(2)In 2024, the currency translation gain reflects the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the Euro and the British pound, while in 2023, the currency translation loss reflects the weakening of the U.S. dollar against the Euro and the British pound.
(3)Includes $13.6 million for Middle East Pension Plans and $0.6 million for settlements.
The following table summarizes the expected cash benefit payments for the non-U.S. defined benefit plans in the future (amounts in millions):
2025$29.2 
202618.3 
202718.1 
202819.8 
202920.1 
2030-2034102.7 
The following table shows the change in accumulated other comprehensive loss attributable to the components of the net cost and the change in Benefit Obligations for non-U.S. plans, net of tax:
December 31,
20242023
 (Amounts in thousands)
Balance — January 1$(59,968)$(42,421)
Amortization of net loss2,662 1,631 
Net (losses) gains arising during the year
5,107 (16,039)
Settlement (gains) losses
(61)(23)
Prior service gain (cost) arising during the year
— 10 
Currency translation impact and other1,935 (3,126)
Balance — December 31$(50,325)$(59,968)
Amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss consist of:
 December 31,
 20242023
 (Amounts in thousands)
Unrecognized net loss$(47,404)$(56,698)
Unrecognized prior service cost(2,921)(3,270)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax$(50,325)$(59,968)
The following is a reconciliation of the non-U.S. plans’ defined benefit pension assets:
December 31,
20242023
 (Amounts in thousands)
Balance — January 1$179,450 $172,276 
Return (Loss) on plan assets
1,372 4,444 
Employee contributions80 80 
Company contributions10,733 10,221 
Settlements(581)(967)
Currency translation impact(6,153)8,577 
Net benefits and expenses paid(17,393)(15,181)
Balance — December 31$167,508 $179,450 
In 2024, the U.K. and The Netherlands plans contributed to the decrease in plan assets. The U.K. and The Netherlands pension plans contributed to the change in the non-U.S. plan assets due to higher asset returns in 2023. Our contributions to non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans in 2025 are expected to be approximately $2 million, excluding direct benefits paid.
The asset allocations for the non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans at the end of 2024 and 2023 are as follows:
Target Allocation at
December 31,		Percentage of Actual Plan
Assets at December 31,
Asset category2024202320242023
Cash and cash equivalents1 %— %1 %— %
Cash and cash equivalents1 %— %1 %— %
U.K. Government Gilt Index32 %39 %32 %39 %
Liability-Driven Investment15 %12 %15 %12 %
Fixed income47 %51 %47 %51 %
Multi-asset21 %19 %21 %19 %
Buy-in Contracts18 %18 %18 %18 %
Other 13 %12 %13 %12 %
Other types52 %49 %52 %49 %
None of our common stock is held directly by these plans. In all cases, our investment strategy for these plans is to earn a long-term rate of return consistent with an acceptable degree of risk and minimize our cash contributions over the life of the plan, while taking into account the liquidity needs of the plan and the legal requirements of the particular country. We preserve capital through diversified investments in high quality securities.
Asset allocation differs by plan based upon the plan’s benefit obligation to participants, as well as the results of asset and liability studies that are conducted for each plan and in consideration of our future cash flow needs. Professional money management firms manage plan assets and we engage a consultant in the United Kingdom to assist in evaluation of these activities. The assets of the U.K. plans are overseen by a group of Trustees who review the investment strategy, asset allocation and fund selection. These assets are passively managed as they are invested in index funds that attempt to match the performance of the specified benchmark index.
The fair values of the non-U.S. assets were:
At December 31, 2024At December 31, 2023
 Hierarchical Levels Hierarchical Levels
 TotalIIIIIITotalIIIIII
 (Amounts in thousands)(Amounts in thousands)
Cash$2,454 $2,454 $— — $706 $706 $— $— 
Commingled Funds:  
Fixed income securities  
U.K. Government Gilt Index(a)
54,208 — 54,208 — 69,566 — 69,566 — 
Liability-Driven Investment(b)
23,778 — 23,778 — 21,873 — 21,873 — 
Other Types of Investments:
Multi-asset(c)
35,346 — 35,346 — 34,693 — 34,693 — 
Buy-in Contracts(d)
30,647 — — 30,647 31,692 — — 31,692 
Other(e)
21,075 — — 21,075 20,920 — — 20,920 
 $167,508 $2,454 $113,332 $51,722 $179,450 $706 $126,132 $52,612 
_______________________________________
(a)U.K. Government Gilt Index represents U.K. government issued fixed income investments which are passively managed to track their respective benchmarks.
(b)LDI seeks to invest in fixed income securities that collectively closely match those found in discount curves used to value the plan's liabilities.
(c)Multi-asset seeks an attractive risk-adjusted return by investing in a diversified portfolio of strategies, including equities and fixed income.
(d)The Buy-in Contracts ("Contract" or "Contracts") represent assets held by plans, whereby the cost of providing benefits to plan participants is funded by the Contract. The Contracts are held by the plans for the benefit of plan participants in the Netherlands and United Kingdom. The fair value of these assets are based on the current present value of accrued benefits and will fluctuate based on changes in the obligations associated with covered plan members as well as the assumptions used in the present value calculation. The fair value of assets held in the Netherlands Contract as of January 1, 2024 was $16.9 million, with benefit payments of $1.0 million, contributions and return on assets of $0.3 million and negative currency adjustments of $1.0 million resulting in a fair value of $15.2 million at December 31, 2024. Similarly, the fair value of asset held in the U.K. plan Contract as of January 1, 2024 was $14.8 million, with benefit payments of $1.0 million, return on assets of $1.9 million and negative currency adjustments of $0.3 million resulting in a fair value of $15.4 million at December 31, 2024. There were no material transfers into or out of Level III.
(e)Includes assets held by plans outside the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Canada. Details of each plan have not been provided due to immateriality. The fair value of the assets as of January 1, 2024 was $20.9 million, with contributions of $10.5 million, payments of $9.2 million, settlements and return on assets of $1.1 million and negative currency adjustments of $2.2 million resulting in a fair value of $21.1 million at December 31, 2024. There were no material transfers into or our of Level III.
Defined Benefit Pension Plans with Accumulated Benefit Obligations in Excess of Plan Assets
The following summarizes key pension plan information regarding U.S. and non-U.S. plans whose accumulated benefit obligations exceed the fair value of their respective plan assets.
 December 31,
 20242023
 (Amounts in thousands)
Benefit Obligation$575,538 $590,015 
Accumulated benefit obligation559,725 577,942 
Fair value of plan assets384,006 407,307 
Postretirement Medical Plans
We sponsor several defined benefit postretirement medical plans covering certain current retirees and a limited number of future retirees in the United States. These plans provide for medical and dental benefits and are administered through insurance companies and health maintenance organizations. The plans include participant contributions, deductibles, co-insurance provisions and other limitations and are integrated with Medicare and other group plans. We fund the plans as benefits and health maintenance organization premiums are paid, such that the plans hold no assets in any period presented. Accordingly, we have no investment strategy or targeted allocations for plan assets. Benefits under our postretirement medical plans are not available to new employees or most existing employees.
The following are assumptions related to postretirement benefits:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202420232022
Weighted average assumptions used to determine Benefit Obligation:   
Discount rate5.78 %5.57 %5.83 %
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net expense:
Discount rate5.57 %5.83 %2.83 %
The assumed ranges for the annual rates of increase in medical costs used to determine net expense were 7.00% for 2024, 7.00% for 2023 and 7.25% for 2022, with a gradual decrease to 5.00% for 2032 and future years.
Net postretirement benefit cost for postretirement medical plans was:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202420232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Interest cost$678 $761 $464 
Amortization of unrecognized prior service cost122 122 122 
Amortization of unrecognized net loss (gain)
69 53 192 
Net postretirement benefit expense $869 $936 $778 
The following summarizes the accrued postretirement benefits liability for the postretirement medical plans:
 December 31,
 20242023
 (Amounts in thousands)
Postretirement Benefit Obligation$11,761 $12,417 
Funded status$(11,761)$(12,417)
The following summarizes amounts recognized in the balance sheet for postretirement Benefit Obligation:
 December 31,
 20242023
 (Amounts in thousands)
Current liabilities$(1,985)$(2,037)
Noncurrent liabilities(9,776)(10,380)
Funded status$(11,761)$(12,417)
The following is a reconciliation of the postretirement Benefit Obligation:
December 31,
20242023
 (Amounts in thousands)
Balance — January 1$12,417 $13,353 
Interest cost678 761 
Employee contributions303 379 
Medicare subsidies receivable55 60 
Actuarial gain
(239)(49)
Net benefits and expenses paid(1,453)(2,087)
Balance — December 31$11,761 $12,417 
The following presents expected benefit payments for future periods (amounts in millions):
Expected
Payments
2025$2.0 
20261.8 
20271.6 
20281.5 
20291.3 
2030-20344.5 
The following table shows the change in accumulated other comprehensive loss attributable to the components of the net cost and the change in Benefit Obligations for postretirement benefits, net of tax:
20242023
 (Amounts in thousands)
Balance — January 1$(325)$(496)
Amortization of net loss
52 41 
Amortization of prior service cost94 93 
Net gain arising during the year
183 37 
Balance — December 31$4 $(325)

Amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss consist of:
 December 31,
 20242023
 (Amounts in thousands)
Unrecognized net gain
$(259)$130 
Unrecognized prior service cost263 (455)
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax$4 $(325)
We made contributions to the postretirement medical plans to pay benefits of $1.1 million in 2024, $1.6 million in 2023 and $2.4 million in 2022. Because the postretirement medical plans are unfunded, we make contributions as the covered individuals’ claims are approved for payment. Accordingly, contributions during any period are directly correlated to the benefits paid.
Defined Contribution Plans
We sponsor several defined contribution plans covering substantially all U.S. and Canadian employees and certain other non-U.S. employees. Employees may contribute to these plans, and these contributions are matched in varying amounts by us, including discretionary matching contributions. Defined contribution plan expense was $29.8 million in 2024, $23.6 million in 2023 and $21.9 million in 2022.