Fair Value Measurements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The following tables summarize the basis used to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis:



December 31, 2018	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
(In millions)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Assets at fair value:
Cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents¹	$	3,551
Marketable securities	34
Derivatives relating to:²
Foreign currency	72
Total assets at fair value	$	3,657
Liabilities at fair value:
Long-term debt³	$	6,100
Derivatives relating to:²
Foreign currency	21
Total liabilities at fair value	$	6,121



December 31, 2017	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
(In millions)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Assets at fair value:
Cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents¹	$	5,205
Marketable securities	952
Derivatives relating to:²
Foreign currency	46
Total assets at fair value	$	6,203
Liabilities at fair value:
Long-term debt³	$	11,560
Derivatives relating to:²
Foreign currency	79
Total liabilities at fair value	$	11,639


1.	Time deposits included in cash and cash equivalents and money market funds included in other current assets in the consolidated balance sheets are held at amortized cost, which approximates fair value.


2.	See Note 20 for the classification of derivatives in the consolidated balance sheets.


3.	See Note 15 for information on fair value measurements of long-term debt.

For assets and liabilities classified as Level 1 measurements (measured using quoted prices in active markets), total fair value is either the price of the most recent trade at the time of the market close or the official close price, as defined by the exchange on which the asset is most actively traded on the last trading day of the period, multiplied by the number of units held without consideration of transaction costs.

For assets and liabilities classified as Level 2 measurements, where the security is frequently traded in less active markets, fair value is based on the closing price at the end of the period; where the security is less frequently traded, fair value is based on the price a dealer would pay for the security or similar securities, adjusted for any terms specific to that asset or liability, or by using observable market data points of similar, more liquid securities to imply the price. For time deposits classified as held-to-maturity investments and reported at amortized cost, fair value is based on an observable interest rate for similar securities. Market inputs are obtained from well-established and recognized vendors of market data and subjected to tolerance and quality checks.

For derivative assets and liabilities, standard industry models are used to calculate the fair value of the various financial instruments based on significant observable market inputs, such as foreign exchange rates, commodity prices, swap rates, interest rates and implied volatilities obtained from various market sources. Market inputs are obtained from well-established and recognized vendors of market data and subjected to tolerance/quality checks.

For all other assets and liabilities for which observable inputs are used, fair value is derived through the use of fair value models, such as a discounted cash flow model or other standard pricing models. See Note 20 for further information on the types of instruments used by the company for risk management.

There were no transfers between Levels 1 and 2 during the year ended December 31, 2018 or for the periods September 1 through December 31, 2017 and January 1 through August 31, 2017.

For assets classified as Level 3 measurements, the fair value is based on significant unobservable inputs including assumptions where there is little, if any, market activity. The fair value of the company’s interests held in trade receivable conduits is determined by calculating the expected amount of cash to be received using the key input of anticipated credit losses in the portfolio of receivables sold that have not yet been collected. Given the short-term nature of the underlying receivables, discount rate and prepayments are not factors in determining the fair value of the interests.

Fair Value Measurements on a Nonrecurring Basis

The following table summarizes the basis used to measure certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis:



Basis of Fair Value Measurements on a Nonrecurring Basis	Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total Losses
(In millions)	Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total Losses
2018
Assets at fair value:
Investment in nonconsolidated affiliates	$	51	$	(41	)
Other intangible assets	$	450	$	(85	)
2016
Assets at fair value:
Property, plant and equipment	$	—	$	(435	)
Other intangible assets	$	28	$	(158	)

During the third quarter of 2018, the company recorded a goodwill impairment charge related to its agriculture reporting unit. See Notes 6 and 14 for further discussion of these fair value measurements.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

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