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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 28, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes is determined using an estimated annual effective tax rate, which is generally less than the U.S. federal statutory rate, primarily due to research and development (“R&D”) tax credits. Our effective tax rate may be subject to fluctuations during the year as new information is obtained, which may affect the assumptions used to estimate the annual effective tax rate, including factors such as expected utilization of R&D tax credits, valuation allowances against deferred tax assets, the recognition or derecognition of tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions, and changes in or the interpretation of tax laws in jurisdictions where we conduct business. Also, excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies related to our equity compensation recognized in the income statement could result in fluctuations in our effective tax rate period-over-period depending on the volatility of our stock price and how many awards vest in the period. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities along with net operating loss and tax credit carryovers.
We record a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets to reduce the net carrying value to an amount that we believe is more likely than not to be realized. When we establish or reduce our valuation allowances against our deferred tax assets, the provision for income taxes will increase or decrease, respectively, in the period when that determination is made.
We recorded income tax expense of $1.9 million for the three months ended September 28, 2019 compared to $0.1 million for the three months ended September 29, 2018. The increase in income tax expense for the third quarter of 2019 compared to the third quarter of 2018 was primarily due to higher pre-tax income and non-deductible expenses related to officers compensation for the third quarter of 2019 compared to the third quarter of 2018.
We recorded income tax expense of $4.3 million for the nine months ended September 28, 2019 compared to $0.1 million for the nine months ended September 29, 2018. The increase in income tax expense for the first nine months of 2019 compared to the first nine months of 2018 was primarily due to higher pre-tax income and non-deductible expenses related to officers compensation for the first nine months of 2019 compared to the first nine months of 2018. The increase in income tax expense was partially offset by higher discrete tax benefits recognized in the first nine months of 2019 for net tax windfalls related to stock-based compensation.
Our total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $5.5 million and $5.3 million as of September 28, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. If recognized, $3.5 million would affect the effective tax rate. We do not reasonably expect significant increases or decreases to our unrecognized tax benefits in the next twelve months.