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Equity Incentive Program
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2011
Equity Incentive Program [Abstract] 
Equity Incentive Program
15. Equity Incentive Program
 
During the nine months ended September 30, 2011, the Company issued stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) covering 1,524,329 shares and 44,751 performance shares. During the nine months ended September 30, 2010, the Company issued SARs covering 2,306,440 shares and 68,446 performance shares.
 
The fair value of each SAR grant was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The performance share awards are market condition awards and have been assessed at fair value on the date of grant using the Monte Carlo simulation model. The following assumptions were used in determining the fair value of the SARs and performance shares awarded during the respective periods:
 
   
SARs
  
Performance Shares
 
   
Nine Months Ended September 30,
  
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
   
2011
  
2010
  
2011
  
2010
 
Risk-free interest rate
  2.68%  2.77%  1.34%  1.37%
Dividend yield
  1.70%  2.33%  1.61%  2.38%
Expected life (years)
  5.8   6.0   2.9   2.9 
Volatility
  33.56%  31.93%  40.48%  39.98%
Grant price
 $66.59  $42.88   n/a   n/a 
Fair value at date of grant
 $20.13  $11.66  $91.41  $57.49 
 
For the three months ended September 30, 2011 and 2010, after-tax stock-based compensation expense totaled $3,947 and $2,583, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2011 and 2010, after-tax stock-based compensation expense totaled $13,181 and $10,741, respectively. Stock-based compensation is reported within selling and administrative expenses in the accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.