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Fair Value Measurements
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Fair Value Measurements Fair Value Measurements
The Financial Instruments Topic in the ASC requires disclosures about fair value of financial instruments in annual reports as well as in quarterly reports. For CSX, this statement applies to certain investments, pension plan assets, long-term debt and interest rate derivatives. The Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic in the ASC clarifies the definition of fair value for financial reporting, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, including on a non-recurring basis, and requires additional disclosures about the use of fair value measurements.  
Various inputs are considered when determining the value of the Company's investments, pension plan assets, long-term debt, interest rate derivatives and long-lived assets. The inputs or methodologies used for valuing financial instruments are not necessarily an indication of the risk associated with investing in these financial instruments. These inputs are summarized in the three broad levels listed below:
•Level 1 – observable market inputs that are unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets;
•Level 2 – other significant observable inputs (including quoted prices for similar securities, interest rates, credit risk, etc.); and
•Level 3 – significant unobservable inputs (including the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in determining the fair value of investments).

The valuation methods described below may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different fair value measurement at the reporting date.

Investments
The Company's investment assets are carried at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet in accordance with the Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic in the ASC. They are valued with assistance from a third-party trustee and consist of fixed income mutual funds, exchange-traded funds, corporate bonds, asset-backed securities, government securities, and short-term time deposits. The fixed income mutual funds are valued at the net asset value of shares held based on quoted market prices determined in an active market, which are Level 1 inputs. The exchange-traded funds are valued at quoted market prices determined in an active market, which are Level 1 inputs. The corporate bonds, asset-backed securities and government securities are valued using broker quotes that utilize observable market inputs, which are Level 2 inputs. The carrying amount of time deposits as reported in the consolidated balance sheet, using Level 2 inputs, approximate fair value due to their short-term nature. Unrealized losses as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were not material. The Company believes any impairment of investments held with gross unrealized losses to be temporary and not the result of credit risk.
NOTE 13.  Fair Value Measurements, continued

The Company's investment assets are carried at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets, within the line items Short-term Investments and Other Long-term Assets, as summarized in the following table.
December 2024December 2023
(Dollars in Millions)Level 1Level 2TotalLevel 1Level 2Total
Exchange-traded Funds$2 $— $2 $— $— $— 
Fixed Income Mutual Finds
— — — 80 — 80 
Corporate Bonds— 71 71 — 60 60 
Time Deposits— 66 66 — — — 
Government Securities— 42 42 — 40 40 
Asset-backed Securities
— 35 35 — 1 1 
Total Investments at Fair Value$2 $214 $216 $80 $101 $181 
Total Investments at Amortized Cost (a)
$218 $184 
(a) Exchange-traded funds are excluded as they are not disclosed at amortized cost.

These investments have the following maturities and are represented on the consolidated balance sheet within short-term investments for investments with maturities of less than one year, and other long-term assets for investments with maturities of one year and greater.
(Dollars in Millions)December 2024December 2023
Less than 1 year$72 $83 
1 - 5 years72 37 
5 - 10 years23 17 
Greater than 10 years47 44 
Total Investments at Fair Value (a)
$214 $181 
(a) Exchange-traded funds are excluded as there is no stated contractual maturity date.
NOTE 13.  Fair Value Measurements, continued

Long-term Debt
Long-term debt, which includes finance leases, is reported at carrying amount on the consolidated balance sheets and is the Company's only financial instrument with fair values significantly different from their carrying amounts. The majority of the Company's long-term debt is valued with assistance from a third party that utilizes closing transactions, market quotes or market values of comparable debt. For those instruments not valued by the third party, the fair value has been estimated by applying market rates of similar instruments to the scheduled contractual debt payments and maturities. These market rates are provided by the same third party. All of the inputs used to determine the fair value of the Company's long-term debt are Level 2 inputs.

The fair value of outstanding debt fluctuates with changes in a number of factors. Such factors include, but are not limited to, interest rates, market conditions, credit ratings, values of similar financial instruments, size of the instrument, cash flow projections and comparable trades. Fair value will exceed carrying value when the current market interest rate is lower than the interest rate at which the debt was originally issued. The fair value of a company's debt is a measure of its current value under present market conditions. It does not impact the financial statements under current accounting rules.  

The fair value and carrying value of the Company's long-term debt is as follows:
(Dollars in Millions)December 2024December 2023
Long-term Debt (Including Current Maturities):  
Fair Value$16,481 $17,528 
Carrying Value18,503 18,533 

Interest Rate Derivatives
The Company’s fixed-to-floating and forward starting interest rate swaps are carried at their respective fair values, which are determined with assistance from a third party based upon pricing models using inputs observed from actively quoted markets. All of the inputs used to determine the fair value of the swaps are Level 2 inputs. The fair value of the Company’s fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps was an asset of $7 million and $19 million (for swaps entered in 2023) and a liability of $123 million and $107 million (for swaps entered in 2022) as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The fair value of the Company’s forward starting interest rate swaps asset was $48 million as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2024, the forward interest rate swap was fully settled and there was no related asset or liability. See Note 10, Debt and Credit Agreements, for further information.
NOTE 13.  Fair Value Measurements, continued

Pension Plan Assets
    Pension plan assets are reported at fair value, net of pension liabilities, on the consolidated balance sheet. See Note 9, Employee Benefit Plans, for further information. There are several valuation methodologies used for those assets as described below.
Investments in the Fair Value Hierarchy
•Common stock (Level 1): Valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded on the last day of the year and classified in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.
•Mutual funds (Level 1): Valued at the net asset value of shares held at year end based on quoted market prices determined in an active market. These assets are classified in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.
•Cash and cash equivalents (Level 1):  Includes cash and short term investments with an original maturity of three months or less. The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents at year end approximates fair value. These assets are classified in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.
•Corporate bonds, government securities, asset-backed securities and derivatives (Level 2): Valued using price evaluations reflecting the bid and/or ask sides of the market for a similar investment at year end. Asset-backed securities include commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations. These assets are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Investments Measured at Net Asset Value
•Partnerships: Net asset value of private equity is based on the fair market values associated with the underlying investments at year end. These funds have varying redemption restrictions, but most require advanced notice of at least 15 business days.
•Commingled and common collective trust funds: This class consists of private funds that invest in corporate equity and debt securities, government securities and various short-term debt instruments and are measured at net asset value to estimate the fair value of the investments. The net asset value of the investments is determined by reference to the fair value of the underlying securities, which are valued primarily through the use of directly or indirectly observable inputs. These funds have redemption restrictions that require advanced notice of up to 45 business days.
NOTE 13.  Fair Value Measurements, continued

The pension plan assets at fair value by level, within the fair value hierarchy, as of calendar plan years 2024 and 2023 are shown in the table below. For additional information related to pension assets, see Note 9, Employee Benefit Plans.
 December 2024
December 31, 2023 (a)
(Dollars in Millions)Level 1Level 2TotalLevel 1Level 2Total
Common Stock$171 $— $171 $340 $— $340 
Mutual Funds32 — 32 32 — 32 
Cash and Cash Equivalents514 — 514 250 — 250 
Corporate Bonds— 680 680 — 646 646 
Government Securities— 260 260 — 126 126 
Asset-backed Securities, Derivatives and Other— 14 14 — 10 10 
Total Investments in the Fair Value Hierarchy$717 $954 $1,671 $622 $782 $1,404 
Investments Measured at Net Asset Value (b)
n/an/a$738 n/an/a$1,061 
Investments at Fair Value$717 $954 $2,409 $622 $782 $2,465 
(a) See Note 20, Revision of Prior Period Financial Statements.
(b) Investments measured at net asset value represent certain investments that have been measured at net asset value per share (or its equivalent) and thus are not classified in the fair value hierarchy. In accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements, the fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the pension assets disclosed in Note 9, Employee Benefit Plans.

Non-Recurring Fair Value Measurements
The Company re-measured the fair value of intangible assets in the current period related to a goodwill impairment. See Note 19, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, for more information.