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Stock Plans and Share-Based Compensation
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2020
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Stock Plans and Share-Based Compensation Stock Plans and Share-Based Compensation
Under CSX's share-based compensation plans, awards consist of performance units, stock options, restricted stock units and restricted stock awards for management and stock grants for directors. Awards granted under the various programs are determined and approved by the Compensation and Talent Management Committee of the Board of Directors or, in certain circumstances, by the full Board for awards to the Chief Executive Officer and by the Chief Executive Officer for awards to management employees other than senior executives. The Board of Directors approves awards granted to CSX's non-management directors upon recommendation of the Governance Committee.

Share-based compensation expense for awards under share-based compensation plans and purchases made as part of the employee stock purchase plan is measured using the fair value of the award on the grant date and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the service period of the respective award or upon grant date to certain retirement-eligible employees whose agreements allow for continued vesting upon retirement. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur. Total pre-tax expense and income tax benefits associated with share-based compensation are shown in the table below. Income tax benefits include impacts from option exercises and the vesting of other equity awards. The credit to share-based compensation expense for performance units in second quarter and six months ended 2020 is due to lower expected payouts on existing plans.

Second QuartersSix Months
(Dollars in millions)2020201920202019
Share-Based Compensation Expense:
Performance Units$(17) $9  (8) $15  
Stock Options3  5  13  7  
Restricted Stock Units and Awards1  2  3  4  
Employee Stock Purchase Plan1  1  2  2  
Stock Awards for Directors—  —  2  2  
Total Share-Based Compensation (Benefit) Expense$(12) $17  $12  $30  
Income Tax Benefit$2  $7  $11  $35  
NOTE 3.  Stock Plans and Share-Based Compensation, continued

Long-term Incentive Plan
        In February 2020, the Company granted 218 thousand performance units to certain employees under a new long-term incentive plan ("LTIP") for the years 2020 through 2022, which was adopted under the CSX 2019 Stock and Incentive Award Plan.

        Payouts of performance units for the cycle ending with fiscal year 2022 will be based on the achievement of goals related to both operating income and free cash flow, in each case excluding non-recurring items as disclosed in the Company's financial statements. The cumulative operating income and cumulative free cash flow measures over the plan period will each comprise 50% of the payout and will be measured independently of the other.

        Grants were made in performance units, with each unit representing the right to receive one share of CSX common stock, and payouts will be made in CSX common stock. The payout range for participants will be between 0% and 200% of the target awards depending on Company performance against predetermined goals. Payouts for certain executive officers are subject to formulaic upward or downward adjustment by up to 25%, capped at an overall payout of 250%, based upon the Company's total shareholder return relative to specified comparable groups over the performance period. Participants will receive stock dividend equivalents declared over the performance period based on the number of performance units paid upon vesting. No grants were made during second quarters 2020 and 2019. The fair values of the performance units awarded during the six months ended 2020 and 2019 were primarily calculated using a Monte-Carlo simulation model with the following weighted-average assumptions:

Six Months
20202019
Weighted-average assumptions used:
Annual dividend yieldN/A1.4 %
Risk-free interest rate1.4 %2.5 %
Annualized volatility24.5 %27.6 %
Expected life (in years)2.92.9

Stock Options
        In February 2020, the Company granted approximately 1.3 million stock options along with the corresponding LTIP. The fair value of stock options on the date of grant was $18.88 per option, which was calculated using the Black-Scholes valuation model. These stock options were granted with ten-year terms and vest over three years in equal installments each year on the anniversary of the grant date. The exercise price for stock options granted equals the closing market price of the underlying stock on the date of grant. These awards are time-based and are not based upon attainment of performance goals. During second quarters 2020 and 2019, there were additional immaterial grants of stock options to certain members of management.
NOTE 3.  Stock Plans and Share-Based Compensation, continued

        The fair values of all stock option awards during the quarters and six months ended June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019 were estimated at the grant date with the following weighted average assumptions:

Second QuartersSix Months
2020201920202019
Weighted-average grant-date fair value$17.77  $20.51  $18.87  $18.00  
Stock options valuation assumptions:
Annual dividend yield1.5 %1.2 %1.2 %1.3 %
Risk-free interest rate0.5 %2.4 %1.4 %2.5 %
Annualized volatility30.1 %25.4 %26.0 %25.7 %
Expected life (in years)6.56.56.06.1
Other pricing model inputs:
Weighted-average grant-date market price of CSX stock (strike price)$70.87  $78.58  $79.48  $69.97  

Restricted Stock Units
        In February 2020, the Company granted 91 thousand restricted stock units along with the corresponding LTIP. The restricted stock units vest three years after the date of grant. Participants will receive stock dividend equivalents on the vested shares upon vesting. These awards are time-based and are not based upon CSX's attainment of operational targets. Restricted stock units are paid-out in CSX common stock on a one-for-one basis. For information related to the Company's other outstanding long-term incentive compensation, see CSX's most recent annual report on Form 10-K.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan
In May 2018, shareholders approved the 2018 CSX Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) for the benefit of Company employees. The Company registered 4 million shares of common stock that may be issued pursuant to this plan. Under the ESPP, employees may contribute between 1% and 10% of base compensation, after-tax, to purchase up to $25,000 of market value CSX common stock per year at 85% of the closing market price on either the grant date or the last day of the six-month offering period, whichever is lower. During six months ended June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019, 122 thousand and 105 thousand shares of CSX stock were issued at a weighted average purchase price of $61.51 and $52.81 per share, respectively.