Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 27, 2013

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Fiscal Year

CSX follows a 52/53 week fiscal reporting calendar.  This fiscal calendar allows every quarter to consistently end on a Friday and typically, to be of equal duration (13 weeks), resulting in a 52 week fiscal year.  To maintain this type of reporting calendar every fifth or sixth year (depending on the Gregorian calendar and when leap year falls), an extra week will be included in the fourth quarter (a 14-week fiscal quarter) and, therefore, that full fiscal year will have 53 weeks.  The next 53 week fiscal year will be 2016, which will end on December 30, 2016.

Fiscal years 2013, 2012 and 2011 each consisted of 52 weeks ending on December 27, 2013, December 28, 2012 and December 30, 2011, respectively.  Except as otherwise specified, references to full year indicate CSX’s fiscal periods ended on these dates

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include results of operations of CSX and subsidiaries over which CSX has majority ownership or financial control. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Most investments in companies that were not majority-owned were carried at cost (if less than 20% owned and the Company has no significant influence) or equity (if the Company has significant influence).

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-term Investments

On a daily basis, cash in excess of current operating requirements is invested in various highly liquid investments having a typical maturity date of three months or less at the date of acquisition. These investments were carried at cost, which approximated market value, and were classified as cash equivalents. Investments in instruments with original maturities greater than three months but less than one year were classified as short-term investments.

Allowance for Doubtfull Accounts

The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts on uncollectible amounts related to freight receivables, government reimbursement receivables, claims for damages and other various receivables. The allowance is based upon the credit worthiness of customers, historical experience, the age of the receivable and current market and economic conditions. Uncollectible amounts are charged against the allowance account.

Materials and Supplies

Materials and supplies in the consolidated balance sheets are carried at average costs and consist primarily of fuel and parts used in the repair and maintenance of CSXT’s freight car and locomotive fleets, equipment and track structure.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents purchase price in excess of fair value and is related to affiliates of CSXT, primarily P&L Transportation, Inc. Goodwill of $64 million is recorded in other long-term assets in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 2013 and 2012.

Revenue and Expense Recognition

The Company recognizes freight revenue using Free-On-Board Origin pursuant to the Revenue Recognition Topic in the ASC.  Accounting guidance in this topic provides for the allocation of revenue between reporting periods based on relative transit time in each reporting period.  Expenses are recognized as incurred.

NOTE 1.  Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies, continued

The certain key estimates included in the recognition and measurement of revenue and related accounts receivable under the policies described above are as follows:

• revenue associated with shipments in transit, which are based on historical freight car movement data as well as average cycle times to move commodities and products from their origin to their final destination or interchange;

• adjustments to revenue for billing corrections, billing discounts and bad debts or to accounts receivable for allowances for doubtful accounts;

• adjustments to revenue for overcharge claims filed by customers, which are based on historical cash paid to customers for rate overcharges as a percentage of total billing;

• incentive-based refunds to customers, which are primarily based on customers achieving certain volume thresholds and are recorded as a reduction to revenue on the basis of management’s best estimate of the projected liability  (this estimate is based on historical activity, current volume levels and a forecast of future volume).

The Company regularly updates the estimates described above based on historical experience and current conditions.  All other revenue, such as demurrage, switching and other incidental charges are recorded upon completion of the service. Amounts received for customer volume commitments not met are recorded upon the completion of the contract term.

New Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2013, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued an Accounting Standards Update to the Comprehensive Income Topic in the Accounting Standards Codifications ("ASC"). This update requires separate presentation of the components that are reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income either on the face of the financial statements or in the notes to the financial statements. This update also requires companies to disclose the income statement line items impacted by any significant reclassifications, such as the amortization of pension and other post-employment benefits adjustments. These items are required for both interim and annual reporting for public companies and became effective for CSX beginning with the first quarter 2013 Form 10-Q filing.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires that management make estimates in reporting the amounts of certain assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amount of certain revenues and expenses during the reporting period.  Actual results may differ from those estimates.  Critical accounting estimates using management judgment are made for the following areas:

• casualty, environmental and legal reserves (see Note 5, Casualty, Environmental and Other Reserves);

• pension and post-retirement medical plan accounting (see Note 8, Employee Benefit Plans);

• depreciation policies for assets under the group-life method (see Note 6, Properties); and

• income taxes (see Note 11, Income Taxes).

Other Items - Share Repurchases

In accordance with the Equity Topic in the ASC, the excess of repurchase price over par value is recorded in retained earnings. Generally, retained earnings is only impacted by net earnings and dividends.

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is based on the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding.  Earnings per share, assuming dilution, is based on the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding adjusted for the effects of common stock that may be issued as a result of the following types of potentially dilutive instruments:

• convertible debt;

• employee stock options; and

• other equity awards, which include long-term incentive awards.

NOTE 2.  Earnings Per Share, continued

The Earnings Per Share Topic in the ASC requires CSX to include additional shares in the computation of earnings per share, assuming dilution.  The additional shares included in diluted earnings per share represent the number of shares that would be issued if all of the above potentially dilutive instruments were converted into CSX common stock.

When calculating diluted earnings per share, the Earnings Per Share Topic in the ASC requires CSX to include the potential shares that would be outstanding if all outstanding stock options were exercised.   This is offset by shares CSX could repurchase using the proceeds from these hypothetical exercises to obtain the common stock equivalent.  This number is different from outstanding stock options, which is included in Note 4, Stock Plans and Share-Based Compensation.

Share-based Compensation Expense

Share-based compensation expense is measured at the fair market value of the Company’s stock on the grant date and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the service period of the respective award. 

Casualty Reserves

In accordance with the Contingencies Topic in the ASC, to the extent the value of an individual claim exceeds the self-insured retention amount, the Company would present the liability on a gross basis with a corresponding receivable for insurance recoveries.  These reserves fluctuate based upon the timing of payments as well as changes in independent third-party estimates, which are reviewed by management.  Actual results may vary from estimates due to the number, type and severity of the injury, costs of medical treatments and uncertainties in litigation. Most of the claims relate to CSXT unless otherwise noted below.  Defense and processing costs, which historically have been insignificant and are anticipated to be insignificant in the future, are not included in the recorded liabilities.

Asset Retirement and Environmental Obligations

In accordance with the Asset Retirement and Environmental Obligations Topic in the ASC, the Company reviews its role with respect to each site identified at least quarterly, giving consideration to a number of factors such as:

• type of clean-up required;

• nature of the Company’s alleged connection to the location (e.g., generator of waste sent to the site or owner or operator of the site);

• extent of the Company’s alleged connection (e.g., volume of waste sent to the location and other relevant factors); and

• number, connection and financial viability of other named and unnamed potentially responsible parties at the location.

Property and Equipment Depreciation

The Company depreciates its rail assets, including main-line track, locomotives and freight cars, using the group-life method of accounting.  Assets depreciated under the group-life method of accounting comprise over 86% of total fixed assets of $37 billion on a gross basis as of December 2013.  All other depreciable assets of the Company are depreciated on a straight-line basis. The group-life method aggregates assets with similar lives and characteristics into groups and depreciates each of these groups as a whole.  When using the group-life method, an underlying assumption is that each group of assets, as a whole, is used and depreciated to the end of its recoverable life.

Impairment Review of Property and Other Long-lived Assets

Properties and other long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or business conditions indicate the carrying amount of such assets may not be fully recoverable. Initial assessments of recoverability are based on estimates of undiscounted future net cash flows associated with an asset or a group of assets in accordance with the Property, Plant, and Equipment Topic in the ASC.  Where impairment is indicated, the assets are evaluated and their carrying amount is reduced to fair value based on discounted net cash flows or other estimates of fair value.