Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Income Taxes [Abstract]

Income Before Income Taxes

	Years ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
U.S. companies	$	472	$	653	$	2,658
Non-U.S. companies		1,031		1,004		1,034
Income before income taxes	$	1,503	$	1,657	$	3,692

Current and Deferred Amounts of Provision

	Years ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Current:
Federal	$	(256)	$	(20)	$	(1)
State and municipal		(22)		(21)		(17)
Foreign		(196)		(317)		(287)
Deferred:
Federal		(34)		(1,617)		310
State and municipal		4		(109)		48
Foreign		67		(70)		(50)
(Provision) benefit for income taxes	$	(437)	$	(2,154)	$	3

Reconciliation of the U.S. Statutory Income Tax Rate to Effective Tax Rate

	Years ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Statutory U.S. income tax rate	21.0	%	35.0	%	35.0	%
State income tax (benefit), net of federal effect	0.9		0.8		(0.3)
Global intangible low-taxed income	3.6
Repatriation tax on accumulated previously untaxed foreign earnings	(1.2)		67.4
Remeasurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities	(0.1)		21.0
Rate difference on foreign earnings	(2.3)		(3.9)		(9.2)
Preliminary IRS settlement of 2013-2014 tax years	11.5
Equity earnings impact			0.1		(0.4)
Valuation allowance	(3.8)		6.8		1.2
Realignment of Dow Corning interest					(28.2)
Other items, net	(0.5)		2.8		1.8
Effective income tax rate (benefit)	29.1	%	130.0	%	(0.1)	%

Tax Effects of Temporary Differences and Carryforwards of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

	December 31,
	2018		2017
Loss and tax credit carryforwards	$	479	$	652
Other assets		45		43
Asset impairments and restructuring reserves		33		94
Postretirement medical and life benefits		162		191
Other accrued liabilities		265
Other employee benefits		289		278
Gross deferred tax assets		1,273		1,258
Valuation allowance		(317)		(456)
Total deferred tax assets		956		802
Intangible and other assets		(96)		(101)
Other accrued liabilities				(94)
Fixed assets		(256)		(245)
Total deferred tax liabilities		(352)		(440)
Net deferred tax assets	$	604	$	362

Net Deferred Tax Assets

	December 31,
	2018		2017
Deferred tax assets	$	951	$	813
Deferred tax liabilities		(347)		(451)
Net deferred tax assets	$	604	$	362

Deferred Tax Assets for Loss and Tax Credit Carryforwards

			Expiration
	Amount		2018-2022		2023-2027		2028-2037		Indefinite
Net operating losses	$	449	$	121	$	60	$	25	$	243
Tax credits		30						25		5
Totals as of December 31, 2018	$	479	$	121	$	60	$	50	$	248

Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits

	2018		2017		2016
Balance at January 1	$	252	$	243	$	253
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year		204		1		10
Additions for tax positions of prior years				13		4
Reductions for tax positions of prior years		(10)				(18)
Settlements and lapse of statute of limitations		(11)		(5)		(6)
Balance at December 31	$	435	$	252	$	243