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Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]  
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
Overview and Risk Management Policies
We use derivatives as part of our normal business operations to manage our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates, foreign currency, commodity price risk and for other strategic purposes related to our core business. We have established policies and procedures that govern the risk management of these exposures. Our primary objective in managing these exposures is to decrease the volatility of cash flows affected by changes in the underlying rates and prices.
To achieve our objectives, we enter into a variety of financial derivatives, including foreign currency exchange, commodity, interest rate, cross currency swaps as well as options. We also enter into physical hedging agreements directly with our suppliers to manage our exposure to certain commodities.
Counterparty Risk
While, by policy, the counterparties to any of the financial derivatives we enter into are major institutions with investment grade credit ratings of at least A- by Standard & Poor's (or the equivalent) or A3 by Moody's, we are exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties. This credit risk is generally limited to the unrealized gains in such contracts, should any of these counterparties fail to perform as contracted.
We have established a counterparty credit policy and guidelines that are monitored and reported to management according to prescribed guidelines to assist in managing this risk. As an additional measure, we utilize a portfolio of institutions either headquartered or operating in the same countries that we conduct our business. In calculating the fair value of our derivative balances, we also record an adjustment to recognize the risk of counterparty credit and our own non-performance risk, as appropriate.
Price and Liquidity Risks
We base the fair value of our derivative instruments upon market rates and prices. The volatility of these rates and prices are dependent on many factors that cannot be forecasted with reliable accuracy. The current fair values of our contracts could differ significantly from the cash settled values with our counterparties. As such, we are exposed to price risk related to unfavorable changes in the fair value of our derivative contracts.
We may be forced to cash settle all or a portion of our derivative contracts before the expected settlement date upon the occurrence of certain contractual triggers including a change of control, termination event or other breach of agreement. This could have a negative impact on our liquidity. For derivative contracts that we have designated as hedging instruments, early cash settlement would result in the timing of our hedge settlement not being matched to the cash settlement of the forecasted transaction or firm commitment. We may also decide to cash settle all or a portion of our derivative contracts before the expected settlement date through negotiations with our counterparties, which could also impact our cash position.
Due to the nature of our counterparty agreements, we are not able to net positions with the same counterparty across business units. Thus, in the event of default, we may be required to early settle all out-of-the-money contracts, without the benefit of netting the fair value of any in-the-money positions against this exposure.
Collateral
We do not receive and are not required to post collateral unless a change of control event occurs. This termination event would give either party the right to early terminate all outstanding swap transactions in the event that the other party consolidates, merges with, or transfers all or substantially all of its assets to, another entity, and the creditworthiness of the surviving entity that has assumed such party's obligations is materially weaker than that of such party. As of December 31, 2019, we did not have any collateral posted with any of our counterparties.
Derivative Accounting Policies
Overview
Our foreign currency forwards and our forward starting interest rate swaps are designated in hedging relationships as cash flow hedges, and our cross currency swaps are designated as net investment hedges. Prior to settlements discussed below, our
interest rate swaps were designated as fair value hedges. In certain situations, we may execute derivatives that do not qualify for, or we do not otherwise seek, hedge accounting but are determined to be important for managing risk. For example, our commodity swaps and commodity options are not designated in hedge accounting relationships. These outstanding economic hedges are measured at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets with changes in fair value recorded in earnings. We have historically elected to apply the NPNS exemption to certain contracts, as applicable. These contracts are typically transacted with our suppliers and include risk management features that allow us to fix the price on specific volumes of purchases for specified delivery periods. We also consider whether any provisions in our contracts represent embedded derivative instruments as defined in authoritative accounting guidance and apply the appropriate accounting.
Hedge Accounting Policies
We formally document all relationships receiving hedge accounting treatment between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking hedge transactions pursuant to prescribed guidance. We also formally assess effectiveness both at the hedge's inception and on an ongoing basis, specifically whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions have been highly effective in mitigating the risk designated as being hedged and whether those hedges may be expected to remain highly effective in future periods. Specific to net investment hedges, we have elected to use the spot-to-spot methodology to assess effectiveness.
We discontinue hedge accounting prospectively when (1) the derivative is no longer highly effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows of a forecasted future transaction; (2) the derivative expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised; (3) it is no longer probable that the forecasted transaction will occur; (4) management determines that designating the derivative as a hedging instrument is no longer appropriate; or (5) management decides to cease hedge accounting.
When we discontinue hedge accounting prospectively, but it continues to be probable that the forecasted transaction will occur in the originally expected period, the existing gain or loss on the derivative remains in AOCI for cash flow hedges and net investment hedges or in the carrying value of the hedged item for fair value hedges and is reclassified into earnings when the forecasted transaction affects earnings. However, if it is no longer probable that a forecasted transaction will occur by the end of the originally specified time period or within an additional two-month period of time thereafter, the gains and losses in AOCI are recognized immediately in earnings. In all situations in which hedge accounting is discontinued and the derivative remains outstanding, we carry the derivative at its fair value on the consolidated balance sheets until maturity, recognizing future changes in the fair value in current period earnings.
Significant Derivative/Hedge Positions
Interest Rate Swaps
During the fourth quarter of 2017, we voluntarily settled our interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $1.0 billion, which were previously entered into earlier in 2017 to economically convert our fixed rate $1.0 billion 2017 USD Notes to floating rate debt based on a credit spread plus the one-month LIBOR rate. This settlement resulted in net cash payments of $3.5 million. These swaps were previously designated as fair value hedges with the changes in fair value of the hedged item recognized in earnings. At the time of settlement we ceased adjusting the carrying value of the two $500 million notes for the fair value movements and these cumulative adjustments are now being amortized as a charge to interest expense over the expected remaining term of the respective note. See Note 11, "Debt" for additional details.
Separately, in prior years, we also entered into similar interest rate swap agreements to economically convert our fixed rate $500 million 3.5% notes due 2022 to floating rate debt. These interest rate swap agreements were also previously voluntarily cash settled, at which time we ceased adjusting the carrying value of the notes for the fair value movements. The cumulative adjustments which increased the carrying value of the notes are being amortized as a benefit to interest expense over the expected remaining term of the notes. See Note 11, "Debt" for additional details.

Net Investment Hedges
On July 7, 2016, we issued EUR 800.0 million senior notes maturing July 15, 2024 to partially fund the Acquisition. Separately, on March 15, 2017, we issued an aggregate of EUR 500 million, 0.35% plus three-month EURIBOR floating rate senior notes due March 15, 2019. Concurrent with the issuances of both sets of Notes, we simultaneously designated the principals as net investment hedges of our investment in our Europe business in order to hedge a portion of the foreign currency translational impacts and, accordingly, record the changes in the carrying value of the 2016 EUR Notes and 2017 EUR Notes due to fluctuations in the spot rate to AOCI. In March 2019, we repaid the 2017 EUR Notes. See Note 11, "Debt" for further discussion.
Forward Starting Interest Rate Swaps
Forward starting interest rate swaps are instruments we use to manage our exposure to the volatility of the interest rates associated with future interest payments on a forecasted debt issuance. During the third quarter of 2018, we entered into forward starting interest rate swaps with notional amounts totaling $1.5 billion. The forward starting interest rate swaps have an effective date of July 2018 and termination dates of July 2021, May 2022 and July 2026, mirroring the terms of the forecasted debt issuances. Weighted-average interest rates on the swaps are fixed at 3.00%, 3.01% and 3.10% for July 2021, May 2022 and July 2026, respectively. Under the agreements we are required to early terminate these swaps at the time we expect to issue the related forecasted debt. We have designated these contracts as cash flow hedges. As a result, the unrealized mark-to-market gains or losses will be recorded to AOCI until termination at which point the realized gain or loss of these swaps at issuance of the hedged debt will be reclassified from AOCI and amortized to interest expense over the term of the hedged debt.
In 2015 we entered into forward starting interest rate swaps with a notional of CAD 600 million in order to manage our exposure to the volatility of the interest rates associated with the future interest payments on the forecasted CAD debt issuances, which ultimately became the 2015 Notes and a portion of the 2016 Notes. The swaps had an effective date of September 2015 and a termination date of September 2025 mirroring the terms of the initially forecasted CAD debt issuance. Under these agreements we were required to early terminate these swaps at the approximate time we issued the previously forecasted debt. We had designated these contracts as cash flow hedges and accordingly, a portion of the CAD 39.2 million ($29.5 million at settlement) loss on the forward starting interest rate swaps is being reclassified from AOCI and amortized to interest expense over the remaining term of the 2015 Notes, due in September 2020, and over a portion of the CAD 500 million notes due in 2026 up to the full 10-year term of the interest rate swap agreements.
Cross Currency Swaps
Effective March 20, 2019, we entered into cross currency swap agreements having a total notional value of approximately EUR 353 million ($400 million upon execution) in order to hedge a portion of the foreign currency translational impacts of our European investment. As a result of the swaps, we economically converted a portion of our $1.0 billion 2.1% senior notes due 2021 and associated interest to EUR denominated, which will result in a EUR interest rate to be received at 0.71%.
Separately, effective April 3, 2019, we voluntarily early terminated our $500 million cross currency swaps due in 2020 under which we were receiving EUR interest payments at a rate received of 0.85%, and concurrently entered into new cross currency swap agreements having a total notional of approximately EUR 445 million ($500 million upon execution) in order to hedge a portion of the foreign currency translation impacts of our European investment. As a result of the swaps, we economically converted our 500 million 2.25% senior notes due 2020 and associated interest to EUR denominated, which will result in a EUR interest rate to be received of 0.68%. The termination of the original $500 million cross currency swaps resulted in cash receipts of approximately $47 million which were classified as investing activities in our consolidated statement of cash flows during the second quarter of 2019.
We have designated each of these cross currency swaps as net investment hedges and accordingly, record changes in fair value due to fluctuations in the spot rate to AOCI. The changes in fair value of the swaps attributable to changes other than those due to fluctuations in the spot rate are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and recorded to interest expense over the life of the hedge.
Foreign Currency Forwards
Prior to issuing the 2017 EUR Notes on March 15, 2017, we entered into foreign currency forward agreements in the first quarter of 2017 with a total notional amount of EUR 499 million, representing a majority of the anticipated net proceeds from the issuance of the respective 2017 EUR Notes, to economically hedge the foreign currency exposure of the associated notes against the USD prior to issuance and to convert the proceeds to USD upon issuance through gross settlement. We settled these foreign currency forwards on March 15, 2017, resulting in a loss of $8.3 million. These foreign currency forwards were not designated in hedge accounting relationships, and, accordingly, the mark-to-market fair value adjustments and resulting losses were recorded to other income (expense).
We have financial foreign exchange forward contracts in place to manage our exposure to foreign currency fluctuations. We hedge foreign currency exposure related to certain royalty agreements, exposure associated with the purchase of production inputs and imports that are denominated in currencies other than the functional entity's local currency, and other foreign exchanges exposures. These contracts have been designated as cash flow hedges of forecasted foreign currency transactions. We use foreign currency forward contracts to hedge these future forecasted transactions up to a 60 month horizon.
Commodity Swaps and Options
We have financial commodity swap and option contracts in place to hedge changes in the prices of natural gas, aluminum, including surcharges relating to our aluminum exposures, corn, barley and diesel. These contracts allow us to swap our floating exposure to changes in these commodity prices for a fixed rate. These contracts are not designated in hedge accounting relationships. As such, changes in fair value of these derivatives are recorded in cost of goods sold in the consolidated statements of operations. We hedge forecasted purchases of natural gas, aluminum, corn and diesel each up to 60 months out in the future for use in our supply chain, in line with our risk management policy. Further, we hedge forecasted purchases of barley based on crop year and physical inventory management. For purposes of measuring segment operating performance, the unrealized changes in fair value of the swaps not designated in hedge accounting relationships are reported in Corporate outside of the segment specific operating results until such time that the exposure we are managing is realized. At that time we reclassify the gain or loss from Corporate to the operating segment, allowing our operating segments to realize the economic effects of the derivative without the resulting unrealized mark-to-market volatility.
Warrants
On October 4, 2018, in connection with the formation of the Truss joint venture, as discussed further in Note 4, "Investments," our joint venture partner, HEXO, issued to our Canadian subsidiary a total of 11.5 million warrants to purchase common shares of HEXO at a strike price of CAD 6.00 per share at any time during the three year period following the formation of the joint venture. The fair value of the warrants at issuance of approximately $45 million was recorded as a non-current asset and as an adjustment to paid-in capital, net of tax. All changes in the fair value of the warrants subsequent to issuance are recorded in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations.
Derivative Fair Value Measurements
We utilize market approaches to estimate the fair value of our derivative instruments by discounting anticipated future cash flows derived from the derivative's contractual terms and observable market interest, foreign exchange and commodity rates. The fair values of our derivatives also include credit risk adjustments to account for our counterparties' credit risk, as well as our own non-performance risk, as appropriate. The fair value of our warrants to acquire common shares of HEXO at a strike price of CAD 6.00 per share are estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the HEXO warrants are as follows:
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
As of December 31, 2018
Expected term (years)
1.75

 
2.75

Estimated volatility
81.45
%
 
88.71
%
Risk-free interest rate
1.69
%
 
2.04
%
Expected dividend yield
%
 
%

The expected term is based on the contractual maturity date of the warrants. Estimated volatility is based on a blend of implied volatility and historical volatility of HEXO's stock. The risk-free rate utilized is based on a zero-coupon Canadian Treasury security yield with a remaining term equal to the expected term of the warrants. The expected dividend yield is determined by historical dividend levels.
The table below summarizes our derivative assets and liabilities that were measured at fair value as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. See Note 1, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for further discussion related to measuring the fair value of derivative instruments.
 
 
 
Fair Value Measurements as of
December 31, 2019
 
Total as of
December 31, 2019
 
Quoted prices
in active markets
(Level 1)
 
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 
(In millions)
Cross currency swaps
$
10.0

 
$

 
$
10.0

 
$

Interest rate swaps
(111.5
)
 

 
(111.5
)
 

Foreign currency forwards
2.1

 

 
2.1

 

Commodity swaps and options
(41.2
)
 

 
(41.2
)
 

Warrants
2.7

 

 
2.7

 

Total
$
(137.9
)
 
$

 
$
(137.9
)
 
$

 
 
 
Fair Value Measurements as of
December 31, 2018
 
Total as of
December 31, 2018
 
Quoted prices
in active markets
(Level 1)
 
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 
(In millions)
Cross currency swaps
$
36.5

 
$

 
$
36.5

 
$

Interest rate swaps
(12.3
)
 

 
(12.3
)
 

Foreign currency forwards
16.3

 

 
16.3

 

Commodity swaps and options
(42.0
)
 

 
(42.0
)
 

Warrants
19.6

 

 
19.6

 

Total
$
18.1

 
$

 
$
18.1

 
$


As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had no significant transfers between Level 1 and Level 2. New derivative contracts transacted during 2019 were all included in Level 2.
Results of Period Derivative Activity
The following tables include the year-to-date results of our derivative activity in our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, and our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2019, December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Fair Value of Derivative Instruments in the Consolidated Balance Sheets (in millions):
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
 
Asset derivatives
 
Liability derivatives
 
Notional amount
 
Balance sheet location
 
Fair value
 
Balance sheet location
 
Fair value
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cross currency swaps
$
900.0

 
Other current assets
 
$
1.8

 
Accounts payable and other current liabilities
 
$

 
 
 
Other non-current assets
 
8.2

 
Other liabilities
 

Interest rate swaps
$
1,500.0

 
Other non-current assets
 

 
Other liabilities
 
(111.5
)
Foreign currency forwards
$
237.9

 
Other current assets
 
1.9

 
Accounts payable and other current liabilities
 
(0.8
)
 
 
 
Other non-current assets
 
1.4

 
Other liabilities
 
(0.4
)
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments
 
 
 
$
13.3

 
 
 
$
(112.7
)
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commodity swaps(1)
$
598.4

 
Other current assets
 
$
5.7

 
Accounts payable and other current liabilities
 
$
(36.4
)
 
 
 
Other non-current assets
 
1.0

 
Other liabilities
 
(11.5
)
Commodity options(1)
$
18.4

 
Other current assets
 

 
Accounts payable and other current liabilities
 

Warrants
$
53.1

 
Other non-current assets
 
2.7

 
Other liabilities
 

Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
 
$
9.4

 
 
 
$
(47.9
)
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
Asset derivatives
 
Liability derivatives
 
Notional amount
 
Balance sheet location
 
Fair value
 
Balance sheet location
 
Fair value
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cross currency swaps
$
500.0

 
Other non-current assets
 
$
36.5

 
Other liabilities
 
$

Interest rate swaps
$
1,500.0

 
Other non-current assets
 

 
Other liabilities
 
(12.3
)
Foreign currency forwards
$
338.6

 
Other current assets
 
7.3

 
Accounts payable and other current liabilities
 
(0.1
)
 
 
 
Other non-current assets
 
9.2

 
Other liabilities
 
(0.1
)
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments
 
 
 
$
53.0

 
 
 
$
(12.5
)
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commodity swaps(1)
$
868.4

 
Other current assets
 
$
12.1

 
Accounts payable and other current liabilities
 
$
(37.9
)
 
 
 
Other non-current assets
 
6.1

 
Other liabilities
 
(22.3
)
Commodity options(1)
$
46.6

 
Other current assets
 
0.1

 
Accounts payable and other current liabilities
 
(0.1
)
Warrants
$
50.6

 
Other non-current assets
 
$
19.6

 
Other liabilities
 

Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
 
$
37.9

 
 
 
$
(60.3
)


(1)
Notional includes offsetting buy and sell positions, shown in terms of absolute value. Buy and sell positions are shown gross in the asset and/or liability position, as appropriate.

Items Designated and Qualifying as Hedged Items in Fair Value Hedging Relationships in the Consolidated Balance Sheets (in millions):
Line item in the balance sheet in which the hedged item is included
 
Carrying amount of the hedged assets/liabilities
 
Cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustment(s) in the hedged assets/liabilities(1) Increase/(Decrease)
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
As of December 31, 2018
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
As of December 31, 2018
 
 
(In millions)
 
 
Current portion of long-term debt and short-term borrowings
 
$

 
$

 
$
(0.2
)
 
$
(0.2
)
Long-term debt
 
$

 
$

 
$
6.5

 
$
8.3

(1)    Entire balances relate to hedging adjustments on discontinued hedging relationships.

The Pretax Effect of Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedge Accounting on Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (in millions):
For the year ended December 31, 2019
Derivatives in cash flow hedge relationships
 
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative
 
Location of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income
 
Amount of gain (loss) recognized from AOCI on derivative
Forward starting interest rate swaps
 
$
(99.2
)
 
Interest expense
 
$
(3.0
)
Foreign currency forwards
 
(12.1
)
 
Cost of goods sold
 
3.1

 
 
 
 
Other income (expense), net
 
(0.7
)
Total
 
$
(111.3
)
 
 
 
$
(0.6
)
For the year ended December 31, 2019
Derivatives in net investment hedge relationships
 
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative
 
Location of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income
 
Amount of gain (loss) recognized from AOCI on derivative
 
Location of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (amount excluded from effectiveness testing)
 
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (amount excluded from effectiveness testing)(1)
Cross currency swaps
 
$
19.8

 
Interest expense
 
$

 
Interest expense
 
$
23.5

Total
 
$
19.8

 
 
 
$

 
 
 
$
23.5

For the year ended December 31, 2019
Non-derivative financial instruments in net investment hedge relationships
 
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative
 
Location of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income
 
Amount of gain (loss) recognized from AOCI on derivative
 
Location of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (amount excluded from effectiveness testing)
 
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (amount excluded from effectiveness testing)
EUR 800 million notes due 2024
 
$
20.4

 
Other income (expense), net
 
$

 
Other income (expense), net
 
$

EUR 500 million notes due 2019
 
10.1

 
Other income (expense), net
 

 
Other income (expense), net
 

Total
 
$
30.5

 
 
 
$

 
 
 
$

For the year ended December 31, 2018
Derivatives in cash flow hedge relationships
 
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative
 
Location of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income
 
Amount of gain (loss) recognized from AOCI on derivative
Forward starting interest rate swaps
 
$
(12.3
)
 
Interest expense
 
$
(3.0
)
Foreign currency forwards
 
26.8

 
Cost of goods sold
 
(0.2
)
 
 
 

 
Other income (expense), net
 
(0.2
)
Total
 
$
14.5

 
 
 
$
(3.4
)


For the year ended December 31, 2018
Derivatives in net investment hedge relationships
 
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative
 
Location of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income
 
Amount of gain (loss) recognized from AOCI on derivative
 
Location of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (amount excluded from effectiveness testing)
 
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (amount excluded from effectiveness testing)(1)
Cross currency swaps
 
$
36.5

 
Interest expense
 
$

 
Interest expense
 
$
10.7

Total
 
$
36.5

 
 
 
$

 
 
 
$
10.7


(1)
Represents amounts excluded from the assessment of effectiveness for which the difference between changes in fair value and period amortization is recorded in other comprehensive income.
For the year ended December 31, 2018
Non-derivative financial instruments in net investment hedge relationships
 
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative
 
Location of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income
 
Amount of gain (loss) recognized from AOCI on derivative
 
Location of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (amount excluded from effectiveness testing)
 
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (amount excluded from effectiveness testing)
EUR 800 million notes due 2024
 
$
43.0

 
Other income (expense), net
 
$

 
Other income (expense), net
 
$

EUR 500 million notes due 2019
 
26.9

 
Other income (expense), net
 

 
Other income (expense), net
 

Total
 
$
69.9

 
 
 
$

 
 
 
$


For the year ended December 31, 2017
Derivatives in cash flow hedge relationships
 
Amount of gain
(loss) recognized
in OCI on
derivative
(effective portion)
 
Location of gain
(loss) reclassified
from AOCI
into income
(effective portion)
 
Amount of gain
(loss) recognized
from AOCI
on derivative
(effective portion)
 
Location of gain
(loss) recognized
in income
on derivative
(ineffective portion
and amount
excluded from
effectiveness testing)
 
Amount of gain
(loss) recognized
in income
on derivative
(ineffective portion
and amount
excluded from
effectiveness testing)
Forward starting interest rate swaps
 
$

 
Interest expense
 
$
(3.7
)
 
Interest expense
 
$

Foreign currency forwards
 
(22.7
)
 
Cost of goods sold
 
3.7

 
Cost of goods sold
 

 
 
 

 
Other income (expense), net
 
(2.0
)
 
Other income (expense), net
 

Total
 
$
(22.7
)
 
 
 
$
(2.0
)
 
 
 
$

For the year ended December 31, 2017
Non-derivative financial instruments in net investment hedge relationships
 
Amount of gain
(loss) recognized
in OCI on
derivative
(effective portion)
 
Location of gain
(loss) reclassified
from AOCI
into income
(effective portion)
 
Amount of gain
(loss) recognized
from AOCI
on derivative
(effective portion)
 
Location of gain
(loss) recognized
in income
on derivative
(ineffective portion
and amount
excluded from
effectiveness testing)
 
Amount of gain
(loss) recognized
in income
on derivative
(ineffective portion
and amount
excluded from
effectiveness testing)
EUR 800 million notes due 2024

 
$
(119.0
)
 
Other income (expense), net
 
$

 
Other income (expense), net
 
$

EUR 500 million notes due 2019
 
(63.6
)
 
Other income (expense), net
 

 
Other income (expense), net
 

Total
 
$
(182.6
)
 
 
 
$

 
 
 
$

For the year ended December 31, 2017
Derivatives in fair value hedge relationship
 
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative
 
Location of gain (loss) recognized in income
Interest rate swaps
 
$
(3.5
)
 
Interest expense
Total
 
$
(3.5
)
 
 

We expect net losses of approximately $2 million (pretax) recorded in AOCI as of December 31, 2019 will be reclassified into earnings within the next 12 months. For derivatives designated in cash flow hedge relationships, the maximum length of time over which forecasted transactions are hedged as of December 31, 2019 is approximately 4 years, as well as those related to our forecasted debt issuances in 2021, 2022, and 2026.
The Effect of Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedge Accounting on the Consolidated Statements of Operations (in millions):
For the year ended December 31, 2019
 
Location and amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on fair value and cash flow hedging relationships(1)
 
Cost of goods sold
 
Other income (expense), net
 
Interest expense
Total amount of income and expense line items presented in the consolidated statement of operations in which the effects of fair value or cash flow hedges are recorded
$
(6,378.2
)
 
$
(14.7
)
 
$
(280.9
)
Gain (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships:
 
 
 
 
 
Forward starting interest rate swaps
 
 
 
 
 
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income
$

 
$

 
$
(3.0
)
Foreign currency forwards
 
 
 
 
 
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income
$
3.1

 
$
(0.7
)
 
$

For the year ended December 31, 2018
 
Location and amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on fair value and cash flow hedging relationships(1)
 
Cost of goods sold
 
Other income (expense), net
 
Interest expense
Total amount of income and expense line items presented in the consolidated statement of operations in which the effects of fair value or cash flow hedges are recorded
$
(6,584.8
)
 
$
(12.0
)
 
$
(306.2
)
Gain (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships:
 
 
 
 
 
Forward starting interest rate swaps
 
 
 
 
 
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income
$

 
$

 
$
(3.0
)
Foreign currency forwards
 
 
 
 
 
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income
$
(0.2
)
 
$
(0.2
)
 
$


(1)    We had no outstanding fair value hedges during 2019 or 2018.
The Effect of Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments on the Consolidated Statements of Operations (in millions):
For the year ended December 31, 2019
Derivatives not in hedging relationship
 
Location of gain (loss) recognized
in income on derivative
 
Amount of gain (loss) recognized
in income on derivative
Commodity swaps
 
Cost of goods sold
 
$
(26.8
)
Warrants
 
Other income (expense), net
 
(17.8
)
Total
 
 
 
$
(44.6
)

For the year ended December 31, 2018
Derivatives not in hedging relationship
 
Location of gain (loss) recognized
in income on derivative
 
Amount of gain (loss) recognized
in income on derivative
Commodity swaps
 
Cost of goods sold
 
$
(110.5
)
Warrants
 
Other income (expense), net
 
(23.8
)
Total
 
 
 
$
(134.3
)

For the year ended December 31, 2017
Derivatives not in hedging relationship
 
Location of gain (loss) recognized
in income on derivative
 
Amount of gain (loss) recognized
in income on derivative
Commodity swaps
 
Cost of goods sold
 
$
150.1

Foreign currency swaps
 
Other income (expense), net
 
(8.3
)
Total
 
 
 
$
141.8


Lower commodity prices relative to our hedged positions, primarily in aluminum and diesel during 2019 and primarily in aluminum during 2018, drove the total losses recognized in income related to commodity swaps for the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Contrarily, higher commodity prices, primarily in aluminum, during 2017 resulted in the total gain recognized in income related to commodity swaps for the year ended December 31, 2017.