Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2012

Principles of consolidation

Principles of consolidation – The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned subsidiaries. Acquired businesses are included in the consolidated financial statements from the dates of acquisition. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

The Company consolidates into its financial statements the accounts of the Company, all wholly-owned subsidiaries, and any partially-owned subsidiary that the Company has the ability to control. Control generally equates to ownership percentage, whereby investments that are more than 50-percent owned are consolidated, investments in subsidiaries of 50 percent or less but greater than 20-percent are accounted for using the equity method, and investments in subsidiaries of 20 percent or less are accounted for using the cost method. The Company does not consolidate any entity for which it has a variable interest based solely on power to direct the activities and significant participation in the entity’s expected results that would not otherwise be consolidated based on control through voting interests. Further, the Company’s joint ventures are businesses established and maintained in connection with the Company’s operating strategy.

Cash and cash equivalents and Short-term investments

Cash and cash equivalents and Short-term investments – The Company considers highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

The Company’s objectives related to the investment of cash not required for operations is to preserve capital, meet the Company’s liquidity needs and earn a return consistent with these guidelines and market conditions. Investments deemed eligible for the investment of the Company’s cash include: 1) U.S. Treasury securities and general obligations fully guaranteed with respect to principal and interest by the government; 2) obligations of U.S. government agencies; 3) commercial paper or other corporate notes of prime quality purchased directly from the issuer or through recognized money market dealers; 4) time deposits, certificates of deposit or bankers’ acceptances of banks rated “A-” by Standard & Poor’s or “A3” by Moody’s; 5) collateralized mortgage obligations rated “AAA” by Standard & Poor’s and “Aaa” by Moody’s; 6) tax-exempt and taxable obligations of state and local governments of prime quality; and 7) mutual funds or outside managed portfolios that invest in the above investments. The Company had cash and cash equivalents totaling $233,710 and $351,817 at December 31, 2011 and December 31, 2012, respectively. The majority of the cash and cash equivalents were invested in eligible financial instruments in excess of amounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and, therefore, subject to credit risk. Management believes that the probability of losses related to credit risk on investments classified as cash and cash equivalents is unlikely.

Notes receivable

Notes receivable – The Company has received bank secured notes from certain of its customers in the PRC to settle trade accounts receivable. These notes generally have maturities of six months or less and are redeemable at the bank of issuance. The Company evaluates the credit risk of the issuing bank prior to accepting a bank secured note from a customer. Management believes that the probability of material losses related to credit risk on notes receivable is remote

Accounts receivable

Accounts receivable – The Company records trade accounts receivable when revenue is recorded in accordance with its revenue recognition policy and relieves accounts receivable when payments are received from customers.

Allowance for doubtful accounts

Allowance for doubtful accounts – The allowance for doubtful accounts is established through charges to the provision for bad debts. The Company evaluates the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts throughout the year. The evaluation includes historical trends in collections and write-offs, management’s judgment of the probability of collecting specific accounts and management’s evaluation of business risk. This evaluation is inherently subjective, as it requires estimates that are susceptible to revision as more information becomes available. Accounts are determined to be uncollectible when the debt is deemed to be worthless or only recoverable in part, and are written off at that time through a charge against the allowance for doubtful accounts.

Inventories

Inventories – Inventories are valued at cost, which is not in excess of market. Inventory costs have been determined by the LIFO method for substantially all U.S. inventories. Costs of other inventories have been determined by the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) and average cost methods which include direct material, direct labor, and applicable manufacturing and engineering overhead costs.

Long-lived assets

Long-lived assets – Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated or amortized using the straight-line or accelerated methods over the following expected useful lives:

Buildings and improvements	10 to 40 years
Machinery and equipment	5 to 14 years
Furniture and fixtures	5 to 10 years
Molds, cores and rings	4 to 10 years

 The Company capitalizes certain internal and external costs incurred to acquire or develop internal-use software. Capitalized software costs are amortized over the estimated useful life of the software.

Intangibles with definite lives include trademarks, technology and intellectual property which are amortized over their useful lives, which range from five years to 30 years. The Company evaluates the recoverability of long-lived assets based on undiscounted projected cash flows excluding interest and taxes when any impairment is indicated. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles are assessed for potential impairment at least annually or when events or circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred.

Earnings per common share

Earnings per common share – Net income per share is computed on the basis of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding each year. Diluted earnings per share includes the dilutive effect of stock options and other stock units. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share:

(Number of shares and dollar amounts in thousands except per share amounts)
	2010		2011		2012
Numerator
Numerator for basic and diluted earnings per share - income from continuing operations available to common stockholders	$	116,331	$	253,503	$	220,371
Denominator
Denominator for basic earnings per share - weighted average shares outstanding		61,299		62,150		62,561
Effect of dilutive securities - stock options and other stock units		1,349		862		663
Denominator for diluted earnings per share - adjusted weighted average share outstanding		62,648		63,012		63,224
Basic earnings per share:
Income from continuing operations attributable to Cooper Tire & Rubber Company common stockholders	$	1.90	$	4.08	$	3.52
Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes		0.39		—		—
Net income attributable to Cooper Tire & Rubber Company common stockholders	$	2.29	$	4.08	$	3.52
Diluted earnings per share:
Income from continuing operations attributable to Cooper Tire & Rubber Company common stockholders	$	1.86	$	4.02	$	3.49
Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes		0.38		—		—
Net income attributable to Cooper Tire & Rubber Company common stockholders	$	2.24	$	4.02	$	3.49

Options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the options’ exercise prices were greater than the average market price of the common shares were 8,000, 1,045,709 and 13,100 in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. These options could be dilutive in the future depending on the performance of the Company’s stock.

Derivative financial instruments

Derivative financial instruments – Derivative financial instruments are utilized by the Company to reduce foreign currency exchange risks. The Company has established policies and procedures for risk assessment and the approval, reporting and monitoring of derivative financial instrument activities. The Company does not enter into financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. The Company offsets fair value amounts recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets for derivative financial instruments executed with the same counter-party.

The Company uses foreign currency forward contracts as hedges of the fair value of certain non-U.S. dollar denominated asset and liability positions, primarily accounts receivable. Gains and losses resulting from the impact of currency exchange rate movements on these forward contracts are recognized in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income in the period in which the exchange rates change and offset the foreign currency gains and losses on the underlying exposure being hedged.

Foreign currency forward contracts are also used to hedge variable cash flows associated with forecasted sales and purchases denominated in currencies that are not the functional currency of certain entities. The forward contracts have maturities of less than twelve months pursuant to the Company’s policies and hedging practices. These forward contracts meet the criteria for and have been designated as cash flow hedges. Accordingly, the effective portion of the change in fair value of unrealized gains and losses on such forward contracts are recorded as a separate component of stockholders’ equity in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets and reclassified into earnings as the hedged transaction affects earnings.

The Company assesses hedge effectiveness quarterly. In doing so, the Company monitors the actual and forecasted foreign currency sales and purchases versus the amounts hedged to identify any hedge ineffectiveness. The Company also performs regression analysis comparing the change in value of the hedging contracts versus the underlying foreign currency sales and purchases, which confirms a high correlation and hedge effectiveness. Any hedge ineffectiveness is recorded as an adjustment in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income in the period in which the ineffectiveness occurs.

The Company is exposed to price risk related to forecasted purchases of certain commodities that are used as raw materials, principally natural rubber. Accordingly, it uses commodity contracts with forward pricing. These contracts generally qualify for the normal purchase exception under guidance for derivative instruments and hedging activities, and therefore are not subject to its provisions.

Income taxes

Income taxes – Income tax expense for continuing operations and discontinued operations is based on reported earnings (loss) before income taxes in accordance with the tax rules and regulations of the specific legal entities within the various specific taxing jurisdictions where the Company’s income is earned. The income tax rates imposed by these taxing jurisdictions vary substantially. Taxable income may differ from income before income taxes for financial accounting purposes. To the extent that differences are due to revenue or expense items reported in one period for tax purposes and in another period for financial accounting purposes, a provision for deferred income taxes is made using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is recognized if it is anticipated that some or all of a deferred tax asset may not be realized. Deferred income taxes are not recorded on undistributed earnings of international subsidiaries based on the Company’s intention that these earnings will continue to be reinvested.

Products liability

Products liability – The Company accrues costs for products liability at the time a loss is probable and the amount of loss can be estimated. The Company believes the probability of loss can be established and the amount of loss can be estimated only after certain minimum information is available, including verification that Company-produced products were involved in the incident giving rise to the claim, the condition of the product purported to be involved in the claim, the nature of the incident giving rise to the claim and the extent of the purported injury or damages. In cases where such information is known, each products liability claim is evaluated based on its specific facts and circumstances. A judgment is then made to determine the requirement for establishment or revision of an accrual for any potential liability. The liability often cannot be determined with precision until the claim is resolved.

Pursuant to applicable accounting rules, the Company accrues the minimum liability for each known claim when the estimated outcome is a range of possible loss and no one amount within that range is more likely than another. The Company uses a range of settlements because an average settlement cost would not be meaningful since the products liability claims faced by the Company are unique and widely variable. The cases involve different types of tires, models and lines, different circumstances surrounding the accident such as different applications, vehicles, speeds, road conditions, weather conditions, driver error, tire repair and maintenance practices, service life conditions, as well as different jurisdictions and different injuries. In addition, in many of the Company’s products liability lawsuits the plaintiff alleges that his or her harm was caused by one or more co-defendants who acted independently of the Company. Accordingly, the claims asserted and the resolutions of those claims have an enormous amount of variability. The costs have ranged from zero dollars to $33 million in one case with no “average” that is meaningful. No specific accrual is made for individual unasserted claims or for premature claims, asserted claims where the minimum information needed to evaluate the probability of a liability is not yet known. However, an accrual for such claims based, in part, on management’s expectations for future litigation activity and the settled claims history is maintained. Because of the speculative nature of litigation in the U.S., the Company does not believe a meaningful aggregate range of potential loss for asserted and unasserted claims can be determined. The Company’s experience has demonstrated that its estimates have been reasonably accurate and, on average, cases are settled at amounts close to the reserves established. However, it is possible an individual claim from time to time may result in an aberration from the norm and could have a material impact.

The products liability expense reported by the Company includes amortization of insurance premium costs, adjustments to settlement reserves and legal costs incurred in defending claims against the Company. Legal costs are expensed as incurred and products liability insurance premiums are amortized over coverage periods.

Advertising expense

Advertising expense – Expenses incurred for advertising include production and media and are generally expensed when incurred. Costs associated with dealer-earned cooperative advertising are recorded as a reduction of revenue component of Net sales at the time of sale. Advertising expense for 2010, 2011 and 2012 was $30,156, $34,401 and $49,756, respectively.

Stock-based compensation

Stock-based compensation – The Company’s incentive compensation plans allow the Company to grant awards to key employees in the form of stock options, stock awards, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), stock appreciation rights, performance stock units (“PSUs”), dividend equivalents and other awards. Compensation related to these awards is determined based on the fair value on the date of grant and is amortized to expense over the vesting period. For RSUs and PSUs, the Company recognizes compensation expense based on the earlier of the vesting date or the date when the employee becomes eligible to retire. If awards can be settled in cash, these awards are recorded as liabilities and marked to market. See Note 15 – Stock-Based Compensation for additional information.

Warranties

Warranties – Warranties are provided on the sale of certain of the Company’s products and an accrual for estimated future claims is recoded at the time revenue is recognized. Tire replacement under most of the warranties the Company offers is on a prorated basis. The Company provides for the estimated cost of product warranties based primarily on historical return rates, estimates of the eligible tire population and the value of tires to be replaced. The following table summarizes the activity in the Company’s product warranty liabilities which are recorded in Accrued liabilities and Other long-term liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	2010			2011			2012
Reserve at January 1	$	23,814		$	24,924		$	27,400
Additions		24,791			34,288			23,184
Payments		(23,681	)		(31,812	)		(20,445	)
Reserve at December 31	$	24,924		$	27,400		$	30,139

The increase in the liability is due primarily to truck and bus tires in the PRC and the increased prices of tires used to compute the warranty provision.

Use of estimates

Use of estimates – The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of: (1) revenues and expenses during the reporting period; and (2) assets and liabilities, as well as disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, at the date of the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Revenue recognition

Revenue recognition – Revenues are recognized when title to the product passes to customers. Shipping and handling costs are recorded in cost of products sold. Allowance programs such as volume rebates and cash discounts are recorded at the time of sale as a reduction to revenue based on anticipated accrual rates for the year.

Research and development

Research and development – Costs are charged to cost of products sold as incurred and amounted to approximately $39,748, $44,586 and $50,801 during 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively.

Related Party Transactions

Related Party Transactions – The Company’s CCT joint venture had notes payable to the noncontrolling shareholder of $14,283 and $14,319 as of December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively and paid $941, $859 and $900 of interest in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. The CCT joint venture also paid $41,032, $41,595 and $46,235 to the noncontrolling shareholder primarily for the purchase of utilities during 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively.

Accounting pronouncements

Accounting Pronouncements – Recently Adopted

Intangible Asset Impairment Testing – In July 2012, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2012-02, “Testing Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets for Impairment”, which permits an entity to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events and circumstances indicates that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. The amendments in this update are effective for annual and interim impairment tests performed for fiscal years beginning after September 15, 2012, although early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Other Comprehensive Income – In June 2011, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2011-05, “Presentation of Comprehensive Income”, which requires an entity to present the total of comprehensive income, the components of net income, and the components of other comprehensive income either in a single continuous statement of comprehensive income or in two separate but consecutive statements. The update eliminates the option to present components of other comprehensive income as part of the statement of equity. In December 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-12, “Deferral of the Effective Date for Amendments to the Presentation of Reclassifications of Items Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income in Accounting Standards Update No. 2011-05”. The amendments under this update defer only a portion of ASU 2011-05, and accordingly, the components of other comprehensive income are still required to be presented either in a single continuous statement or in two separate but consecutive statements. This accounting standards update, as amended, was adopted using the two statement approach in the first quarter of 2012 and was applied retrospectively for all prior periods presented. The adoption of this accounting standards update did not have an impact on the Company’s results within the consolidated financial statements; however, it did result in additional financial statement disclosures.

Fair Value Measurements – In May 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-04, “Amendments to Achieve Common Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure Requirements in U.S. GAAP and IFRS”. The amendments in this update clarify requirements of fair value measurements and related disclosures. This accounting standards update was adopted in the first quarter of 2012 and was applied retrospectively for all prior periods presented. The adoption of this accounting standards update did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Accounting Pronouncements – To be adopted

Financial and Derivative Instruments – In December 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-11, “Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities”, which requires an entity to disclose information about offsetting and related arrangements. The amendments in this update are effective for annual and interim periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013, with retrospective application. Although the Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2011-11 to have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements, it will expand disclosures relating to financial and derivative instruments.

Discontinued operations

Discontinued operations – On December 23, 2004, the Company sold its automotive business, CSA, to an entity formed by The Cypress Group and Goldman Sachs Capital Partners and this business is considered to be a discontinued operation.

In 2003 the Company initiated bilateral APA negotiations with the Canadian and U.S. governments to change its intercompany transfer pricing process between a formerly owned subsidiary, CSA, and its Canadian affiliate. The governments settled the APA in 2009 and on August 3, 2009, Cooper-Standard Holdings Inc. filed a Bankruptcy petition. On August 19, 2009, the Company filed an action in the United States Bankruptcy Court, District of Delaware, in response to the tax refunds owed to the Company pursuant to the September 16, 2004 sale agreement of CSA for pre-disposition periods ending December 23, 2004. In the fourth quarter of 2009, the Company settled a tax and interest obligation in the U.S. of approximately $31,400. On March 17, 2010, the Company entered into a settlement agreement to resolve the subject proceedings, which became non-appealable on April 29, 2010. Pursuant to the settlement agreement, CSA paid the Company approximately $17,639, in addition to the resolution of other contingent liabilities between the parties. Based upon the settlement, the Company released liabilities recorded on its books relating to the disposition of CSA in the amount of $7,400 through Discontinued Operations, net of the tax impact, in the quarter ended June 30, 2010. There has been no activity relating to this item in 2011 or 2012.

The Company’s consolidated financial statements reflect the accounting and disclosure requirements which mandate the segregation of operating results and the balance sheets related to the discontinued operations from those related to ongoing operations. Accordingly, the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 reflect this segregation as income from continuing operations and income from discontinued operations.

Reclassification

Reclassification – certain amounts for prior years have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. On the 2010 and 2011 Consolidated Statements of Income, co-op advertising expense has been reclassified from Selling, General & Administrative expense to a reduction of revenue as a component of Net sales. Classification as a reduction of revenue more appropriately reflects the nature of the Company’s co-op advertising programs. On the 2011 Consolidated Balance Sheet, capitalized software costs have been reclassified to Intangible assets from Property, plant & equipment. Additionally, land use rights in the PRC, previously recorded in Other assets, have now been included as Intangible assets. Classification as intangible assets more appropriately reflects the underlying nature of the assets.