Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses

Major classifications within the Company’s held for investment loan portfolio at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 are as follows:



(In thousands)	September 30, 2017		December 31, 2016
Commercial:
Business	$	4,834,037	$	4,776,365
Real estate – construction and land	921,609		791,236
Real estate – business	2,700,174		2,643,374
Personal Banking:
Real estate – personal	2,029,302		2,010,397
Consumer	2,113,438		1,990,801
Revolving home equity	391,308		413,634
Consumer credit card	752,379		776,465
Overdrafts	3,245		10,464
Total loans	$	13,745,492	$	13,412,736

At September 30, 2017, loans of $3.8 billion were pledged at the Federal Home Loan Bank as collateral for borrowings and letters of credit obtained to secure public deposits. Additional loans of $1.7 billion were pledged at the Federal Reserve Bank as collateral for discount window borrowings.

Allowance for loan losses

A summary of the activity in the allowance for loan losses during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, follows:



	For the Three Months Ended September 30							For the Nine Months Ended September 30
(In thousands)	Commercial			Personal Banking		Total		Commercial			Personal Banking		Total
Balance at beginning of period	$	92,739		$	65,093	$	157,832	$	91,361		$	64,571	$	155,932
Provision	24			10,680		10,704		1,026			31,564		32,590
Deductions:
Loans charged off	378			13,592		13,970		1,455			39,337		40,792
Less recoveries on loans	651			2,615		3,266		2,104			7,998		10,102
Net loan charge-offs (recoveries)	(273		)	10,977		10,704		(649		)	31,339		30,690
Balance September 30, 2017	$	93,036		$	64,796	$	157,832	$	93,036		$	64,796	$	157,832
Balance at beginning of period	$	89,198		$	64,634	$	153,832	$	82,086		$	69,446	$	151,532
Provision	(1,411		)	8,674		7,263		4,309			21,609		25,918
Deductions:
Loans charged off	291			11,872		12,163		2,465			35,633		38,098
Less recoveries on loans	2,759			2,841		5,600		6,325			8,855		15,180
Net loan charge-offs (recoveries)	(2,468		)	9,031		6,563		(3,860		)	26,778		22,918
Balance September 30, 2016	$	90,255		$	64,277	$	154,532	$	90,255		$	64,277	$	154,532

The following table shows the balance in the allowance for loan losses and the related loan balance at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, disaggregated on the basis of impairment methodology. Impaired loans evaluated under ASC 310-10-35 include loans on non-accrual status, which are individually evaluated for impairment, and other impaired loans discussed below, which are deemed to have similar risk characteristics and are collectively evaluated. All other loans are collectively evaluated for impairment under ASC 450-20.



	Impaired Loans				All Other Loans
(In thousands)	Allowance for Loan Losses		Loans Outstanding		Allowance for Loan Losses		Loans Outstanding
September 30, 2017
Commercial	$	1,789	$	55,969	$	91,247	$	8,399,851
Personal Banking	1,322		23,571		63,474		5,266,101
Total	$	3,111	$	79,540	$	154,721	$	13,665,952
December 31, 2016
Commercial	$	1,817	$	44,795	$	89,544	$	8,166,180
Personal Banking	1,292		19,737		63,279		5,182,024
Total	$	3,109	$	64,532	$	152,823	$	13,348,204

Impaired loans

The table below shows the Company’s investment in impaired loans at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016. These loans consist of all loans on non-accrual status and other restructured loans whose terms have been modified and classified as troubled debt restructurings. These restructured loans are performing in accordance with their modified terms, and because the Company believes it probable that all amounts due under the modified terms of the agreements will be collected, interest on these loans is being recognized on an accrual basis. They are discussed further in the "Troubled debt restructurings" section on page 14.



(In thousands)	Sept. 30, 2017		Dec. 31, 2016
Non-accrual loans	$	13,640	$	14,283
Restructured loans (accruing)	65,900		50,249
Total impaired loans	$	79,540	$	64,532

The following table provides additional information about impaired loans held by the Company at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, segregated between loans for which an allowance for credit losses has been provided and loans for which no allowance has been provided.



(In thousands)	Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance
September 30, 2017
With no related allowance recorded:
Business	$	6,196	$	9,725	$	—
Real estate – business	587		587		—
Consumer	1,023		1,047		—
	$	7,806	$	11,359	$	—
With an allowance recorded:
Business	$	35,708	$	36,219	$	1,141
Real estate – construction and land	1,367		1,595		37
Real estate – business	12,111		13,319		611
Real estate – personal	9,723		12,537		607
Consumer	5,232		5,271		52
Revolving home equity	578		578		5
Consumer credit card	7,015		7,015		658
	$	71,734	$	76,534	$	3,111
Total	$	79,540	$	87,893	$	3,111
December 31, 2016
With no related allowance recorded:
Business	$	7,375	$	10,470	$	—
Real estate – construction and land	557		752		—
	$	7,932	$	11,222	$	—
With an allowance recorded:
Business	$	29,924	$	31,795	$	1,318
Real estate – construction and land	69		72		3
Real estate – business	6,870		8,072		496
Real estate – personal	6,394		9,199		642
Consumer	5,281		5,281		57
Revolving home equity	584		584		1
Consumer credit card	7,478		7,478		592
	$	56,600	$	62,481	$	3,109
Total	$	64,532	$	73,703	$	3,109

Total average impaired loans for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, are shown in the table below.



(In thousands)	Commercial		Personal Banking		Total
Average Impaired Loans:
For the three months ended September 30, 2017
Non-accrual loans	$	8,938	$	4,238	$	13,176
Restructured loans (accruing)	42,930		18,691		61,621
Total	$	51,868	$	22,929	$	74,797
For the nine months ended September 30, 2017
Non-accrual loans	$	9,800	$	4,098	$	13,898
Restructured loans (accruing)	36,567		16,901		53,468
Total	$	46,367	$	20,999	$	67,366
For the three months ended September 30, 2016
Non-accrual loans	$	15,106	$	3,928	$	19,034
Restructured loans (accruing)	31,372		17,082		48,454
Total	$	46,478	$	21,010	$	67,488
For the nine months ended September 30, 2016
Non-accrual loans	$	19,387	$	4,336	$	23,723
Restructured loans (accruing)	29,117		17,359		46,476
Total	$	48,504	$	21,695	$	70,199

The table below shows interest income recognized during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, for impaired loans held at the end of each period. This interest all relates to accruing restructured loans, as discussed in the "Troubled debt restructurings" section on page 14.



	For the Three Months Ended September 30				For the Nine Months Ended September 30
(In thousands)	2017		2016		2017		2016
Interest income recognized on impaired loans:
Business	$	473	$	277	$	1,418	$	830
Real estate – construction and land	10		2		30		7
Real estate – business	118		42		354		126
Real estate – personal	104		39		311		118
Consumer	79		89		236		267
Revolving home equity	7		7		20		22
Consumer credit card	162		174		486		522
Total	$	953	$	630	$	2,855	$	1,892

Delinquent and non-accrual loans

The following table provides aging information on the Company’s past due and accruing loans, in addition to the balances of loans on non-accrual status, at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016.



(In thousands)	Current or Less Than 30 Days Past Due		30 – 89 Days Past Due		90 Days Past Due and Still Accruing		Non-accrual		Total
September 30, 2017
Commercial:
Business	$	4,823,779	$	2,630	$	807	$	6,821	$	4,834,037
Real estate – construction and land	917,128		3,913		35		533		921,609
Real estate – business	2,688,625		8,580		623		2,346		2,700,174
Personal Banking:
Real estate – personal	2,013,632		11,141		1,666		2,863		2,029,302
Consumer	2,082,203		27,450		2,708		1,077		2,113,438
Revolving home equity	388,346		1,530		1,432		—		391,308
Consumer credit card	734,215		8,971		9,193		—		752,379
Overdrafts	2,933		312		—		—		3,245
Total	$	13,650,861	$	64,527	$	16,464	$	13,640	$	13,745,492
December 31, 2016
Commercial:
Business	$	4,763,274	$	3,735	$	674	$	8,682	$	4,776,365
Real estate – construction and land	789,633		1,039		—		564		791,236
Real estate – business	2,639,586		2,154		—		1,634		2,643,374
Personal Banking:
Real estate – personal	1,995,724		9,162		2,108		3,403		2,010,397
Consumer	1,957,358		29,783		3,660		—		1,990,801
Revolving home equity	411,483		1,032		1,119		—		413,634
Consumer credit card	757,443		10,187		8,835		—		776,465
Overdrafts	10,014		450		—		—		10,464
Total	$	13,324,515	$	57,542	$	16,396	$	14,283	$	13,412,736

Credit quality

The following table provides information about the credit quality of the Commercial loan portfolio, using the Company’s internal rating system as an indicator. The internal rating system is a series of grades reflecting management’s risk assessment, based on its analysis of the borrower’s financial condition. The “pass” category consists of a range of loan grades that reflect increasing, though still acceptable, risk. Movement of risk through the various grade levels in the “pass” category is monitored for early identification of credit deterioration. The “special mention” rating is applied to loans where the borrower exhibits negative financial trends due to borrower specific or systemic conditions that, if left uncorrected, threaten its capacity to meet its debt obligations. The borrower is believed to have sufficient financial flexibility to react to and resolve its negative financial situation. It is a transitional grade that is closely monitored for improvement or deterioration. The “substandard” rating is applied to loans where the borrower exhibits well-defined weaknesses that jeopardize its continued performance and are of a severity that the distinct possibility of default exists. Loans are placed on “non-accrual” when management does not expect to collect payments consistent with acceptable and agreed upon terms of repayment.



Commercial Loans
(In thousands)	Business		Real Estate-Construction		Real Estate- Business		Total
September 30, 2017
Pass	$	4,593,958	$	915,279	$	2,586,349	$	8,095,586
Special mention	123,549		2,527		57,319		183,395
Substandard	109,709		3,270		54,160		167,139
Non-accrual	6,821		533		2,346		9,700
Total	$	4,834,037	$	921,609	$	2,700,174	$	8,455,820
December 31, 2016
Pass	$	4,607,553	$	788,778	$	2,543,348	$	7,939,679
Special mention	116,642		722		45,479		162,843
Substandard	43,488		1,172		52,913		97,573
Non-accrual	8,682		564		1,634		10,880
Total	$	4,776,365	$	791,236	$	2,643,374	$	8,210,975

The credit quality of Personal Banking loans is monitored primarily on the basis of aging/delinquency, and this information is provided in the table in the above "Delinquent and non-accrual loans" section. In addition, FICO scores are obtained and updated on a quarterly basis for most of the loans in the Personal Banking portfolio. This is a published credit score designed to measure the risk of default by taking into account various factors from a borrower's financial history. The Bank normally obtains a FICO score at the loan's origination and renewal dates, and updates are obtained on a quarterly basis. Excluded from the table below are certain Personal Banking loans for which FICO scores are not obtained because they generally pertain to commercial customer activities and are often underwritten with other collateral considerations. At September 30, 2017, these were comprised of $220.7 million in personal real estate loans, or 4.2% of the Personal Banking portfolio, compared to $237.2 million at December 31, 2016. For the remainder of loans in the Personal Banking portfolio, the table below shows the percentage of balances outstanding at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 by FICO score.



Personal Banking Loans
	% of Loan Category
	Real Estate - Personal		Consumer		Revolving Home Equity		Consumer Credit Card
September 30, 2017
FICO score:
Under 600	1.4	%	3.3	%	.9	%	5.0	%
600 - 659	2.2		5.7		2.1		15.1
660 - 719	10.1		17.1		9.0		34.9
720 - 779	24.8		26.1		21.2		25.9
780 and over	61.5		47.8		66.8		19.1
Total	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%
December 31, 2016
FICO score:
Under 600	1.3	%	3.4	%	1.0	%	4.9	%
600 - 659	2.6		6.4		1.8		15.5
660 - 719	10.4		19.7		9.7		34.9
720 - 779	25.4		26.3		21.1		25.1
780 and over	60.3		44.2		66.4		19.6
Total	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%

Troubled debt restructurings

As mentioned previously, the Company's impaired loans include loans which have been classified as troubled debt restructurings. Total restructured loans amounted to $73.1 million at September 30, 2017. Restructured loans are those extended to borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulty and who have been granted a concession. Restructured loans are placed on non-accrual status if the Company does not believe it probable that amounts due under the contractual terms will be collected, and those non-accrual loans totaled $7.2 million at September 30, 2017. Other performing restructured loans totaled $65.9 million at September 30, 2017. These include certain business, construction and business real estate loans classified as substandard. Upon maturity, the loans renewed at interest rates judged not to be market rates for new debt with similar risk and as a result the loans were classified as troubled debt restructurings. These commercial loans totaled $51.0 million at September 30, 2017. These restructured loans are performing in accordance with their modified terms, and because the Company believes it probable that all amounts due under the modified terms of the agreements will be collected, interest on these loans is being recognized on an accrual basis. Troubled debt restructurings also include certain credit card loans under various debt management and assistance programs, which totaled $7.0 million at September 30, 2017. Modifications to credit card loans generally involve removing the available line of credit, placing loans on amortizing status, and lowering the contractual interest rate. The Company has classified additional loans as troubled debt restructurings because they were not reaffirmed by the borrower in bankruptcy proceedings. At September 30, 2017, these loans totaled $7.7 million in personal real estate, revolving home equity, and consumer loans. Interest on these loans is being recognized on an accrual basis, as the borrowers are continuing to make payments under the terms of the loan agreements.

The following table shows the outstanding balances of loans classified as troubled debt restructurings at September 30, 2017, in addition to the outstanding balances of these restructured loans which the Company considers to have been in default at any time during the past twelve months. For purposes of this disclosure, the Company considers "default" to mean 90 days or more past due as to interest or principal.



(In thousands)	September 30, 2017		Balance 90 days past due at any time during previous 12 months
Commercial:
Business	$	40,608	$	—
Real estate - construction and land	1,304		—
Real estate - business	10,353		623
Personal Banking:
Real estate - personal	7,996		397
Consumer	5,235		32
Revolving home equity	578		42
Consumer credit card	7,015		800
Total restructured loans	$	73,089	$	1,894

For those loans on non-accrual status also classified as restructured, the modification did not create any further financial effect on the Company as those loans were already recorded at net realizable value. For those performing commercial loans classified as restructured, there were no concessions involving forgiveness of principal or interest and, therefore, there was no financial impact to the Company as a result of modification to these loans. No financial impact resulted from those performing loans where the debt was not reaffirmed in bankruptcy, as no changes to loan terms occurred in that process. The effects of modifications to consumer credit card loans were estimated to decrease interest income by approximately $979 thousand on an annual, pre-tax basis, compared to amounts contractually owed.

The allowance for loan losses related to troubled debt restructurings on non-accrual status is determined by individual evaluation, including collateral adequacy, using the same process as loans on non-accrual status which are not classified as troubled debt restructurings. Those performing loans classified as troubled debt restructurings are accruing loans which management expects to collect under contractual terms. Performing commercial loans have had no other concessions granted other than being renewed at an interest rate judged not to be market. As such, they have similar risk characteristics as non-troubled debt commercial loans and are collectively evaluated based on internal risk rating, loan type, delinquency, historical experience and current economic factors. Performing personal banking loans classified as troubled debt restructurings resulted from the borrower not reaffirming the debt during bankruptcy and have had no other concession granted, other than the Bank's future limitations on collecting payment deficiencies or in pursuing foreclosure actions. As such, they have similar risk characteristics as non-troubled debt personal banking loans and are evaluated collectively based on loan type, delinquency, historical experience and current economic factors.

If a troubled debt restructuring defaults and is already on non-accrual status, the allowance for loan losses continues to be based on individual evaluation, using discounted expected cash flows or the fair value of collateral. If an accruing troubled debt restructuring defaults, the loan's risk rating is downgraded to non-accrual status and the loan's related allowance for loan losses is determined based on individual evaluation, or if necessary, the loan is charged off and collection efforts begun.

The Company had commitments of $10.6 million at September 30, 2017 to lend additional funds to borrowers with restructured loans.

Loans held for sale

The Company designates certain long-term fixed rate personal real estate loans as held for sale, and the Company has elected the fair value option for these loans. The election of the fair value option aligns the accounting for these loans with the related economic hedges discussed in Note 10. The loans are primarily sold to FNMA, FHLMC, and GNMA. At September 30, 2017, the fair value of these loans was $11.3 million, and the unpaid principal balance was $10.9 million.

The Company also designates student loan originations as held for sale. The borrowers are credit-worthy students who are attending colleges and universities. The loans are intended to be sold in the secondary market, and the Company maintains contracts with Sallie Mae to sell the loans within 210 days after the last disbursement to the student. These loans are carried at lower of cost or fair value, which at September 30, 2017 totaled $6.0 million.

At September 30, 2017, none of the loans held for sale were on non-accrual status or 90 days past due and still accruing.

Foreclosed real estate/repossessed assets

The Company’s holdings of foreclosed real estate totaled $1.1 million and $366 thousand at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. Personal property acquired in repossession, generally autos and marine and recreational vehicles, totaled $2.7 million and $2.2 million at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. Upon acquisition, these assets are recorded at fair value less estimated selling costs at the date of foreclosure, establishing a new cost basis. They are subsequently carried at the lower of this cost basis or fair value less estimated selling costs.