In the fourth quarter of 2012, the Company commenced a restructuring program (the “Global Growth and Efficiency Program”). The program was expanded in 2014 and expanded and extended in each of 2015 and 2017. The program runs through December 31, 2019.

Initiatives under the Global Growth and Efficiency Program continue to fit within the program’s three focus areas of expanding commercial hubs, extending shared business services and streamlining global functions and optimizing the global supply chain and facilities.

Cumulative pretax charges resulting from the Global Growth and Efficiency Program, once all phases are approved and implemented, are estimated to be in the range of $1,820 to $1,870 ($1,350 to $1,380 aftertax). The Company anticipates that pretax charges for 2019 will approximate $100 to $150 ($70 to $100 aftertax). It is expected that substantially all charges resulting from the Global Growth and Efficiency Program will be incurred by December 31, 2019.

The pretax charges resulting from the Global Growth and Efficiency Program are estimated to be comprised of the following categories: Employee-Related Costs, including severance, pension and other termination benefits (40%); asset-related costs, primarily Incremental Depreciation and Asset Impairments (10%); and Other charges, which include contract termination costs, consisting primarily of related implementation charges resulting directly from exit activities (30%) and the implementation of new strategies (20%). Over the course of the Global Growth and Efficiency Program, it is estimated that approximately 75% of the charges will result in cash expenditures.

The Company expects that the cumulative pretax charges, once all projects are approved and implemented, will relate to initiatives undertaken in North America (15%), Europe (20%), Latin America (5%), Asia Pacific (5%), Africa/Eurasia (5%), Hill’s Pet Nutrition (10%) and Corporate (40%), which includes substantially all of the costs related to the implementation of new strategies, noted above, on a global basis. The Company expects that, when it has been fully implemented, the Global Growth and Efficiency Program will have contributed a net reduction of approximately 4,000 to 4,400 positions from the Company’s global employee workforce.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, restructuring and related implementation charges are reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income as follows:



	Three Months Ended					Six Months Ended
	June 30,					June 30,
	2019			2018		2019		2018
Cost of sales	$	(3	)	$	5	$	8	$	11
Selling, general and administrative expenses	10			10		14		15
Other (income) expense, net	33			43		46		56
Non-service related postretirement costs	2			3		3		7
Total Global Growth and Efficiency Program charges, pretax	$	42		$	61	$	71	$	89

Total Global Growth and Efficiency Program charges, aftertax	$	31		$	51	$	53	$	71

Restructuring and related implementation charges in the preceding table are recorded in the Corporate segment as these initiatives are predominantly centrally directed and controlled and are not included in internal measures of segment operating performance.

Total charges incurred for the Global Growth and Efficiency Program relate to initiatives undertaken by the following reportable operating segments:



	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended				Program-to-date
	June 30,				June 30,				Accumulated Charges
	2019		2018		2019		2018
North America	—	%	8	%	3	%	17	%	18	%
Latin America	8	%	11	%	21	%	11	%	5	%
Europe	(3	)%	2	%	1	%	2	%	19	%
Asia Pacific	7	%	(6	)%	7	%	1	%	4	%
Africa/Eurasia	(2	)%	7	%	(1	)%	6	%	5	%
Hill’s Pet Nutrition	1	%	22	%	6	%	21	%	8	%
Corporate	89	%	56	%	63	%	42	%	41	%
Total	100	%	100	%	100	%	100	%	100	%

Since the inception of the Global Growth and Efficiency Program in the fourth quarter of 2012, the Company has incurred cumulative pretax charges of $1,793 ($1,331 aftertax) in connection with the implementation of various projects as follows:



	Cumulative Charges
	as of June 30, 2019
Employee-Related Costs	$	695
Incremental Depreciation	102
Asset Impairments	58
Other	938
Total	$	1,793

The majority of costs incurred since inception relate to the following projects: the implementation of the Company’s overall hubbing strategy; the consolidation of facilities; the extension of shared business services and streamlining of global functions; the closing of the Morristown, New Jersey personal care facility; the simplification and streamlining of the Company’s research and development capabilities and oral care supply chain, both in Europe; redesigning the European commercial organization; restructuring how the Company will provide future retirement benefits to substantially all of the U.S.-based employees participating in the Company’s defined benefit retirement plan by shifting them to the Company’s defined contribution plan; and the implementation of a Corporate efficiencies program.

The following tables summarize the activity for the restructuring and related implementation charges discussed above and the related accruals:



	Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
	Employee-Related Costs			Incremental Depreciation			Asset Impairments		Other			Total
Balance at March 31, 2019	$	52		$	—		$	—	$	94		$	146
Charges	4			5			—		33			42
Cash payments	(12		)	—			—		(14		)	(26		)
Charges against assets	(2		)	(5		)	—		(27		)	(34		)
Foreign exchange	(1		)	—			—		—			(1		)
Other	—			—			—		—			—
Balance at June 30, 2019	$	41		$	—		$	—	$	86		$	127



	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
	Employee-Related Costs			Incremental Depreciation			Asset Impairments			Other			Total
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	60		$	—		$	—		$	142		$	202
Charges	14			10			6			41			71
Cash payments	(28		)	—			—			(22		)	(50		)
Charges against assets	(3		)	(10		)	(6		)	(27		)	(46		)
Foreign exchange	(2		)	—			—			—			(2		)
Other	—			—			—			(48		)	(48		)
Balance at June 30, 2019	$	41		$	—		$	—		$	86		$	127

Employee-Related Costs primarily include severance and other termination benefits and are calculated based on long-standing benefit practices, local statutory requirements and, in certain cases, voluntary termination arrangements. Employee-Related Costs also include pension and other retiree benefit enhancements amounting to $2 and $3 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, which are reflected as Charges against assets within Employee-Related Costs in the preceding tables as the corresponding balance sheet amounts are reflected as a reduction of pension assets or an increase in pension and other retiree benefit liabilities. See Note 8, Retirement Plans and Other Retiree Benefits for additional information.

Incremental Depreciation is recorded to reflect changes in useful lives and estimated residual values for long-lived assets that will be taken out of service prior to the end of their normal service period. Asset Impairments are recorded to write down inventories and assets held for sale or disposal to their fair value based on amounts expected to be realized. Charges against assets within Asset Impairments are net of cash proceeds pertaining to the sale of certain assets.

Other charges consist primarily of charges resulting directly from exit activities and the implementation of new strategies as a result of the Global Growth and Efficiency Program. These charges for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 include third-party incremental costs related to the development and implementation of new business and strategic initiatives of $5 and $10, respectively, and contract termination costs and charges resulting directly from exit activities of $0 and $3, respectively. These charges were expensed as incurred. Other charges also included a charge for exit costs related to office space consolidation of $28 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019.