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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Reclassification, Policy
Reclassifications
Certain reclassifications have been made to the 2016 and 2015 consolidated financial statements to conform to the 2017 presentations. These reclassifications primarily represent reclassifications of revenue and expenses to discontinued operations on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income and consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 and reclassifications of assets and liabilities to held for sale on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2016.
Use of Estimates, Policy
Use of Estimates
The Company's Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with United States Generally
Accepted Accounting Principles. The preparation of the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The more significant areas requiring the use of management estimates and assumptions relate to metal prices and mineral reserves that are the basis for future cash flow estimates utilized in impairment calculations and units-of production amortization calculations, environmental, reclamation and closure obligations, estimates of recoverable silver and gold in leach pad inventories, estimates of fair value for certain reporting units and asset impairments, valuation allowances for deferred tax assets, and the fair value and accounting treatment of financial instruments, equity securities, the allocation of fair value to assets and liabilities assumed in connection with business combinations, and derivative instruments. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Accordingly, actual results will differ from the amounts estimated in these financial statements.
Consolidation, Policy
Principles of Consolidation
The Consolidated Financial Statements include the wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company, the most significant of
which are Coeur Mexicana S.A. de C.V., Coeur Rochester, Inc., Coeur Alaska, Inc., Wharf Resources (U.S.A.), Inc., Coeur Silvertip Holdings Ltd., and Coeur Capital, Inc. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The Company's investments in entities in which it has less than 20% ownership interest are accounted for using the cost method.
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Policy
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include all highly-liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less. The Company minimizes its credit risk by investing its cash and cash equivalents with major U.S. and international banks and financial institutions located principally in the United States with a minimum credit rating of A1, as defined by Standard & Poor’s. The Company’s management believes that no concentration of credit risk exists with respect to the investment of its cash and cash equivalents.
Receivables, Policy
Receivables
Trade receivables and other receivable balances are reported at outstanding principal amounts, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts, if deemed necessary. Management evaluates the collectability of receivable account balances to determine the allowance, if any. Management considers the other party's credit risk and financial condition, as well as current and projected economic and market conditions, in determining the amount of the allowance. Receivable balances are written off when management determines that the balance is uncollectible.
Ore on Leach Pad Policy
Ore on Leach Pads
The heap leach process extracts silver and gold by placing ore on an impermeable pad and applying a diluted cyanide solution that dissolves a portion of the contained silver and gold, which are then recovered in metallurgical processes.
The Company uses several integrated steps to scientifically measure the metal content of ore placed on the leach pads. As the ore body is drilled in preparation for the blasting process, samples are taken of the drill residue which are assayed to determine estimated quantities of contained metal. The Company estimates the quantity of ore by utilizing global positioning satellite survey techniques. The Company then processes the ore through crushing facilities where the output is again weighed and sampled for assaying. A metallurgical reconciliation with the data collected from the mining operation is completed with appropriate adjustments made to previous estimates. The crushed ore is then transported to the leach pad for application of the leaching solution. As the leach solution is collected from the leach pads, it is continuously sampled for assaying. The quantity of leach solution is measured by flow meters throughout the leaching and precipitation process. After precipitation, the product is converted to doré at the Rochester mine and a form of gold concentrate at the Wharf mine, representing the final product produced by each mine. The inventory is stated at lower of cost or market, with cost being determined using a weighted average cost method.
The historical cost of metal expected to be extracted within twelve months is classified as current and the historical cost of metals contained within the broken ore expected to be extracted beyond twelve months is classified as non-current. Ore on leach pads is valued based on actual production costs incurred to produce and place ore on the leach pad, less costs allocated to minerals recovered through the leach process.
The estimate of both the ultimate recovery expected over time and the quantity of metal that may be extracted relative to the time the leach process occurs requires the use of estimates, which are inherently inaccurate due to the nature of the leaching process. The quantities of metal contained in the ore are based upon actual weights and assay analysis. The rate at which the leach process extracts gold and silver from the crushed ore is based upon laboratory testing and actual experience of more than twenty years of leach pad operations at the Rochester mine and thirty years of leach pad operations at the Wharf mine. The assumptions used by the Company to measure metal content during each stage of the inventory conversion process includes estimated recovery rates based on laboratory testing and assaying. The Company periodically reviews its estimates compared to actual experience and revises its estimates when appropriate. Variations between actual and estimated quantities resulting from changes in assumptions and estimates that do not result in write-downs to net realizable value are accounted for on a prospective basis.
Metal and Other Inventory Policy
Metal and Other Inventory
Inventories include concentrate, doré, and operating materials and supplies. The classification of inventory is determined by the stage at which the ore is in the production process. All inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market, with cost being determined using a weighted average cost method. Concentrate and doré inventory includes product at the mine site and product held by refineries. Metal inventory costs include direct labor, materials, depreciation, depletion and amortization as well as overhead costs relating to mining activities.
Property, Plant and Equipment, Policy
Property, Plant, and Equipment
Expenditures for new facilities, assets acquired pursuant to capital leases, new assets or expenditures that extend the
useful lives of existing facilities are capitalized and depreciated using the straight-line method at rates sufficient to depreciate such costs over the shorter of estimated productive lives of such facilities, lease term, or the useful life of the individual assets. Productive lives range from 7 to 30 years for buildings and improvements and 3 to 10 years for machinery and equipment. Certain mining equipment is depreciated using the units-of-production method based upon estimated total proven and probable reserves.
Operational Mining Properties and Mine Policy
Mining Properties and Mine Development
Capitalization of mine development costs begins once all operating permits have been secured, mineralization is classified as proven and probable reserves and a final feasibility study has been completed. Mine development costs include engineering and metallurgical studies, drilling and other related costs to delineate an ore body, the removal of overburden to initially expose an ore body at open pit surface mines and the building of access ways, shafts, lateral access, drifts, ramps and other infrastructure at underground mines. Costs incurred before mineralization are classified as proven and probable reserves are capitalized if a project is in pre-production phase or expensed and classified as Exploration or Pre-development if the project is not yet in pre-production. Mine development costs are amortized using the units of production method over the estimated life of the ore body based on recoverable ounces to be mined from proven and probable reserves. Interest expense allocable to the cost of developing mining properties and to construct new facilities is capitalized until assets are ready for their intended use.
Drilling and related costs incurred at the Company’s operating mines are expensed as incurred in Exploration, unless the Company can conclude with a high degree of confidence, prior to the commencement of a drilling program, that the drilling costs will result in the conversion of a mineral resource into proven and probable reserves. The Company’s assessment is based on the following factors: results from previous drill programs; results from geological models; results from a mine scoping study confirming economic viability of the resource; and preliminary estimates of mine inventory, ore grade, cash flow and mine life.
In addition, the Company must have all permitting and/or contractual requirements necessary to have the right to and/or control
of the future benefit from the targeted ore body. The costs of a drilling program that meet these criteria are capitalized as mine
development costs. Drilling and related costs of approximately $11.7 million and $12.9 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, were capitalized.
The cost of removing overburden and waste materials to access the ore body at an open pit mine prior to the production phase are referred to as “pre-stripping costs.” Pre-stripping costs are capitalized during the development of an open pit mine. Stripping costs incurred during the production phase of a mine are variable production costs that are included as a component of inventory to be recognized in Costs applicable to sales in the same period as the revenue from the sale of inventory.
Mineral Interests Policy
Mineral Interests
Significant payments related to the acquisition of land and mineral rights are capitalized. Prior to acquiring such land or mineral rights, the Company generally makes a preliminary evaluation to determine that the property has significant potential to develop an economic ore body. The time between initial acquisition and full evaluation of a property’s potential is variable and is determined by many factors including: location relative to existing infrastructure, the property’s stage of development, geological controls and metal prices. If a mineable ore body is discovered, such costs are amortized when production begins using the units of- production method based on recoverable ounces to be mined from proven and probable reserves. If no mineable ore body is discovered, such costs are expensed in the period in which it is determined the property has no future economic value.
Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets, Policy
Write-downs
We review and evaluate our long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Asset impairment is considered to exist if the total estimated undiscounted pretax future cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset. In estimating future cash flows, assets are grouped at the lowest level for which there is identifiable cash flows that are largely independent of future cash flows from other asset groups. An impairment loss is measured by discounted estimated future cash flows, and recorded by reducing the asset's carrying amount to fair value. Future cash flows are estimated based on estimated quantities of recoverable minerals, expected silver and gold prices (considering current and historical prices, trends and related factors), production levels, operating costs, capital requirements and reclamation costs, all based on life-of-mine plans. During 2016 and 2015, we recorded impairments of $4.4 million and $246.6 million, respectively, to reduce the carrying value of mining properties and property, plant and equipment as part of Write-downs.
Existing proven and probable reserves and value beyond proven and probable reserves, including mineralization other than proven and probable reserves are included when determining the fair value of mine site asset groups at acquisition and, subsequently, in determining whether the assets are impaired. The term “recoverable minerals” refers to the estimated amount of silver and gold that will be obtained after taking into account losses during ore processing and treatment. Estimates of recoverable minerals from exploration stage mineral interests are risk adjusted based on management’s relative confidence in such materials. The ability to achieve the estimated quantities of recoverable minerals from exploration stage mineral interests involves further risks in addition to those risk factors applicable to mineral interests where proven and probable reserves have been identified, due to the lower level of confidence that the identified mineralized material could ultimately be mined economically. Assets classified as exploration potential have the highest level of risk that the carrying value of the asset can be ultimately realized, due to the still lower level of geological confidence and economic modeling.
Silver and gold prices are volatile and affected by many factors beyond the Company’s control, including prevailing interest rates and returns on other asset classes, expectations regarding inflation, speculation, currency values, governmental decisions regarding precious metals stockpiles, global and regional demand and production, political and economic conditions and other factors may affect the key assumptions used in the Company’s impairment testing. Various factors could impact our ability to achieve forecasted production levels from proven and probable reserves. Additionally, production, capital and reclamation costs could differ from the assumptions used in the cash flow models used to assess impairment. Actual results may vary from the Company’s estimates and result in additional Write-downs.
Mining Properties Held for Sale Policy
Properties Held for Sale
In determining whether to classify a property as held for sale, the Company considers whether: (i) management has committed to a plan to sell the property; (ii) the investment is available for immediate sale, in its present condition; (iii) the Company has initiated a program to locate a buyer; (iv) the Company believes that the sale of the property is probable; (v) the Company has received a significant non-refundable deposit for the purchase of the property; (vi) the Company is actively marketing the property for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its estimated fair value; and (vii) actions required for the Company to complete the plan indicate that it is unlikely that any significant changes will be made to the plan. If all of the above criteria are met, the Company classifies the property as held for sale. When these criteria are met, the Company suspends depreciation on the properties held for sale. The properties held for sale and associated liabilities are classified separately on the consolidated balance sheets. Such properties are recorded at the lesser of the carrying value or estimated fair value less costs to sell. Additionally, if the sale represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on the entity's results and operations, the assets, liabilities and operations for the periods presented are classified on the consolidated balance sheets as held for sale and consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) as discontinued operations for all periods presented.
At December 31, 2017, the San Bartolomé mine met the held for sale criteria. Furthermore, considering that San Bartolomé is one of the Company’s current five operating mines and the expected sale would represent an exit from the South American region, the Company has determined that the expected disposal of Manquiri and the San Bartolomé mine through a sale of all of the issued and outstanding shares of Manquiri represents a strategic shift to a North America-focused mining portfolio that is expected to have a major effect on the entity's results and operations, therefore, the applicable assets, liabilities and operations for the periods presented are classified on the consolidated balance sheets as held for sale and the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) as discontinued operations for all periods presented. Results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2017 include a $3.4 million write-down of assets to expected realizable value, included in Income (loss) from discontinued operations.
Restricted Assets Policy
Restricted Assets
The Company, under the terms of its self-insurance and bonding agreements with certain banks, lending institutions and regulatory agencies, is required to collateralize certain portions of its obligations. The Company has collateralized these obligations by assigning certificates of deposit that have maturity dates ranging from three months to a year, to the respective institutions or agencies. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company held certificates of deposit and cash under these agreements of $20.8 million and $17.6 million, respectively. The ultimate timing of the release of the collateralized amounts is dependent on the timing and closure of each mine and repayment of the facility. In order to release the collateral, the Company must seek approval from certain government agencies responsible for monitoring the mine closure status. Collateral could also be released to the extent the Company is able to secure alternative financial assurance satisfactory to the regulatory agencies. The Company believes there is a reasonable probability that the collateral will remain in place beyond a twelve-month period and has therefore classified these
investments as long-term.
Asset Retirement Obligation Policy
Reclamation
The Company recognizes obligations for the expected future retirement of tangible long-lived assets and other associated asset retirement costs. The fair value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation will be recognized in the period in which it is incurred if a reasonable estimate of fair value can be made. The fair value of the liability is added to the carrying amount of the associated asset and this additional carrying amount is depreciated over the life of the asset. An accretion cost, representing the increase over time in the present value of the liability, is recorded each period in Pre-development, reclamation, and other. As reclamation work is performed or liabilities are otherwise settled, the recorded amount of the liability is reduced. Future remediation costs for inactive mines are accrued based on management’s best estimate at the end of each period of the discounted costs expected to be incurred at the site. Such cost estimates include, where applicable, ongoing care and maintenance and monitoring costs. Changes in estimates are reflected prospectively in the period an estimate is revised.
Revenue Recognition, Policy
Revenue Recognition
Revenue is recognized, net of treatment and refining charges, when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery
has occurred, the price is fixed or determinable, no obligations remain, and collection is probable.
Under the Company’s concentrate sales contracts with third-party smelters, gold and silver prices are set on a specified future quotational period, typically one to three months, after the shipment date based on market prices. Revenue and Costs Applicable to Sales are recorded on a gross basis under these contracts at the time title passes to the buyer based on the forward price for the expected settlement period. The contracts, in general, provide for provisional payment based upon provisional assays and forward metal prices. Final settlement is based on the average applicable price for the specified future quotational period and generally occurs from three to six months after shipment. The Company’s provisionally priced sales contain an embedded derivative that is required to be separated from the host contract for accounting purposes. The host contract is the receivable from the sale of concentrates measured at the forward price at the time of sale. The embedded derivative does not qualify for hedge accounting and is adjusted to fair value through revenue each period until the date of final gold and silver settlement.
Foreign Currency Transactions and Translations Policy
Foreign Currency
The assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are measured using U.S. dollars as their functional currency. Revenues and expenses are remeasured at the average exchange rate for the period. Foreign currency gains and losses are included in the determination of net income or loss.
Derivatives, Policy
Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company recognizes all derivatives as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet and measures those instruments at fair value. Changes in the value of derivative instruments are recorded each period in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss) in Fair value adjustments, net. Management applies judgment in estimating the fair value of instruments that are highly sensitive to assumptions regarding commodity prices, market volatilities, and foreign currency exchange rates.
Share-based Compensation, Option and Incentive Plans Policy
Stock-based Compensation
The Company estimates the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) awards using market comparison. Stock options granted are accounted for as equity-based awards and SARs are accounted for as liability-based awards. The value of the SARs is remeasured at each reporting date. The Company estimates forfeitures of stock-based awards based on historical data and periodically adjusts the forfeiture rate. The adjustment of the forfeiture rate is recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period the forfeiture estimate is changed. Compensation costs related to stock based compensation are included in General and administrative expenses, Costs applicable to sales, and Property, plant, and equipment, net as deemed appropriate.
The fair value of restricted stock based on the Company's stock price on the date of grant. The fair value of performance leverage stock units (“PSUs”) with market conditions is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model. Stock based compensation expense related to awards with a market or performance condition is generally recognized over the vesting period of the award utilizing the graded vesting method, while all other awards are recognized on a straight-line basis. The Company's estimates may be impacted by certain variables including, but not limited to, stock price volatility, employee stock option exercise behaviors, additional stock option grants, estimates of forfeitures, the Company's performance, and related tax impacts.
Income Tax, Policy
Income and Mining Taxes
The Company uses an asset and liability approach which results in the recognition of deferred tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences or benefits of temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of assets and liabilities, as well as operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, using enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse.
In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some
portion or all of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities,
projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. A valuation allowance has been provided
for the portion of the Company’s net deferred tax assets for which it is more likely than not that they will not be realized.
On December 22, 2017, the United States (“U.S.”) enacted significant changes to U.S. tax law following the passage and signing of H.R.1, “An Act to Provide for Reconciliation Pursuant to Titles II and V of the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for Fiscal Year 2018” which makes widespread changes to the Internal Revenue Code, including, among other items, a reduction in the federal corporate tax rate to 21%, effective January 1, 2018.
The Company is subject to the provisions of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC 740-10, Income Taxes, which requires that the effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates be recognized in the period the tax rate change was enacted. The carrying value of our U.S. deferred taxes is determined by the enacted U.S. corporate income tax rate. Consequently, the reduction in the U.S. corporate income tax rate impacts the carrying value of our deferred tax assets. Under the new corporate income tax rate of 21%, the U.S. net deferred tax asset position will decrease as will the related valuation allowance. The net effect of the tax reform enactment on the financial statements is minimal.
While there are certain aspects of the new tax law that will not impact the Company based on its tax attributes, such as the one-time transition tax on unremitted foreign earnings; there are other aspects of the law, which could have a positive impact on the Company’s future U.S. income tax expense, including the elimination of the U.S. corporate alternative minimum tax. However, uncertainty regarding the impact of tax reform remains, as a result of factors including future regulatory and rulemaking processes, the prospects of additional corrective or supplemental legislation, potential trade or other litigation, and other factors.
Recent Accounting Standards
Recent Accounting Standards
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, “Business Combinations (Topic 805) - Clarifying the Definition of a Business,” which clarifies the definition of a business to assist entities in the evaluation of acquisitions and disposals of assets or businesses. These changes become effective for the Company’s fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating this standard and does not expect this ASU to materially impact the Company’s consolidated net income, financial position or cash flows.
In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) - Restricted Cash,” which will require entities to show the changes in the total of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. These changes become effective for the Company’s fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating this standard and does not expect this ASU to materially impact the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) - Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments,” which provides guidance on presentation and classification of certain cash receipts and payments in the statement of cash flows. These changes become effective for the Company’s fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating this standard and does not expect this ASU to materially impact the Company’s consolidated net income, financial position or cash flows.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, “Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting,” which amends several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transaction, including income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. These changes became effective for the Company’s fiscal year beginning January 1, 2017, and the Company’s adoption had no impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases,” which will require lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by most leases on the balance sheet. These changes become effective for the Company’s fiscal year beginning January 1, 2019. Modified retrospective adoption for all leases existing at, or entered into after, the date of initial application, is required with an option to use certain transition relief. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact of implementing these changes on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, “Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities,” which requires entities to measure equity investments that do not result in consolidation and are not accounted for under the equity method at fair value and recognize any changes in fair value in net income. This new guidance also updates certain disclosure requirements for these investments. These changes become effective for the Company’s fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018, and will result in a reclassification of unrealized holding gains and losses and deferred income taxes related to investments in marketable equity securities from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to Accumulated deficit in the Consolidated Balance Sheets on that date. After the initial reclassification, unrealized holding gains and losses and deferred income taxes related to investments in marketable equity securities will be recognized in Fair value adjustments, net in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).
In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11, “Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory, which provides a revised, simpler measurement for inventory to be measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. These changes become effective for the Company’s fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating this standard and does not expect this ASU to materially impact the Company’s consolidated net income, financial position or cash flows.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which has subsequently been amended several times, to update revenue guidance under the newly-created ASC 606. The new standard provides a five-step approach to be applied to all contracts with customers and also requires expanded disclosures about revenue recognition. These changes become effective for the Company’s fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018. The Company has elected the modified retrospective method for adoption of ASC 606. The Company has substantially completed its analysis of the new standard and reviewed potential impacts from timing of when control is transferred to customers, variable consideration on concentrate sales and classification of refining fees.  Currently, revenue is recognized for these contracts based on varying contractual terms indicating when risk of loss and title have transferred to the buyer. Upon adoption, revenue related to concentrate sales will typically be recognized upon completion of loading the material for shipment to the customer and satisfaction of the Company’s significant performance obligations. Based on our current analysis, the estimate of revenue recognized for concentrates will remain unchanged as sales will initially be recorded on a provisional basis based on the forward prices for the estimated month of settlement and the Company’s estimated metal quantities delivered based on weighing and assay data. The Company believes changes in the underlying weight and metal content are not significant to the sale as a whole and therefore do not preclude the recognition of revenue upon transfer of control. The Company’s provisional gold and copper concentrate sales will continue to contain an embedded derivative that is required to be separated from the host contract for accounting purposes. The host contract is the receivable from the sale of the gold concentrates at the prevailing indices’ prices at the time of sale. The embedded derivative, which does not qualify for hedge accounting, is marked to market through earnings each period prior to final settlement. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASC 606 to materially impact the Company’s consolidated net income, financial position or cash flows.