Note E. Claim and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves

The Company's property and casualty insurance claim and claim adjustment expense reserves represent the estimated amounts necessary to resolve all outstanding claims, including incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims as of the reporting date. The Company's reserve projections are based primarily on detailed analysis of the facts in each case, the Company's experience with similar cases and various historical development patterns. Consideration is given to such historical patterns as field reserving trends and claims settlement practices, loss payments, pending levels of unpaid claims and product mix, as well as court decisions, economic conditions including inflation and public attitudes. All of these factors can affect the estimation of claim and claim adjustment expense reserves.

Establishing claim and claim adjustment expense reserves, including claim and claim adjustment expense reserves for catastrophic events that have occurred, is an estimation process. Many factors can ultimately affect the final settlement of a claim and, therefore, the necessary reserve. Changes in the law, results of litigation, medical costs, the cost of repair materials and labor rates can all affect ultimate claim costs. In addition, time can be a critical part of reserving determinations since the longer the span between the incidence of a loss and the payment or settlement of the claim, the more variable the ultimate settlement amount can be. Accordingly, short-tail claims, such as property damage claims, tend to be more reasonably estimable than long-tail claims, such as workers' compensation, general liability and professional liability claims. Adjustments to prior year reserve estimates, if necessary, are reflected in the results of operations in the period that the need for such adjustments is determined. There can be no assurance that the Company's ultimate cost for insurance losses will not exceed current estimates.

Catastrophes are an inherent risk of the property and casualty insurance business and have contributed to material period-to-period fluctuations in the Company's results of operations and/or equity. The Company reported catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance, of $85 million and $121 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016. Catastrophe losses in 2016 resulted primarily from U.S. weather-related events and the Fort McMurray wildfires. The Company reported catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance, of $60 million and $89 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2015.

Net Prior Year Development

The following tables and discussion present the net prior year development.



Three months ended June 30, 2016
(In millions)	Specialty			Commercial			International			Corporate & Other Non-Core		Total
Pretax (favorable) unfavorable net prior year claim and allocated claim adjustment expense reserve development	$	(65	)	$	(18	)	$	(15	)	$	—	$	(98	)
Pretax (favorable) unfavorable premium development	(7		)	(2		)	1			—		(8		)
Total pretax (favorable) unfavorable net prior year development	$	(72	)	$	(20	)	$	(14	)	$	—	$	(106	)



Three months ended June 30, 2015
(In millions)	Specialty			Commercial			International			Corporate & Other Non-Core		Total
Pretax (favorable) unfavorable net prior year claim and allocated claim adjustment expense reserve development	$	(13	)	$	16		$	(8	)	$	—	$	(5	)
Pretax (favorable) unfavorable premium development	(2		)	(11		)	(2		)	—		(15		)
Total pretax (favorable) unfavorable net prior year development	$	(15	)	$	5		$	(10	)	$	—	$	(20	)



Six months ended June 30, 2016
(In millions)	Specialty			Commercial			International			Corporate & Other Non-Core		Total
Pretax (favorable) unfavorable net prior year claim and allocated claim adjustment expense reserve development	$	(99	)	$	(32	)	$	(19	)	$	—	$	(150	)
Pretax (favorable) unfavorable premium development	(18		)	(4		)	—			—		(22		)
Total pretax (favorable) unfavorable net prior year development	$	(117	)	$	(36	)	$	(19	)	$	—	$	(172	)



Six months ended June 30, 2015
(In millions)	Specialty			Commercial			International			Corporate & Other Non-Core		Total
Pretax (favorable) unfavorable net prior year claim and allocated claim adjustment expense reserve development	$	(11	)	$	11		$	(12	)	$	—	$	(12	)
Pretax (favorable) unfavorable premium development	(8		)	(12		)	14			—		(6		)
Total pretax (favorable) unfavorable net prior year development	$	(19	)	$	(1	)	$	2		$	—	$	(18	)

Specialty

The following table presents further detail of the net prior year claim and allocated claim adjustment expense reserve development (development) recorded for the Specialty segment.



Periods ended June 30	Three Months						Six Months
(In millions)	2016			2015			2016			2015
Pretax (favorable) unfavorable development:
Medical Professional Liability	$	(23	)	$	(6	)	$	(30	)	$	8
Other Professional Liability and Management Liability	(41		)	(1		)	(50		)	(4		)
Surety	—			—			—			1
Warranty	3			1			5			1
Other	(4		)	(7		)	(24		)	(17		)
Total pretax (favorable) unfavorable development	$	(65	)	$	(13	)	$	(99	)	$	(11	)

Three Months

2016

Favorable development in medical professional liability was due to lower than expected severity for individual healthcare professionals and allied facilities for accident years 2014 and prior.

Favorable development in other professional liability and management liability was primarily related to lower than expected frequency of claims in accident years 2010 through 2015, mainly driven by professional services. This was partially offset by unfavorable development in accident year 2015 related to an increase in management liability frequency of larger claims.

2015

Overall, favorable development in medical professional liability was primarily due to lower than expected severity for individual healthcare professionals and allied facilities in accident years 2009 through 2012. Unfavorable development was recorded related to increased claim frequency in the aging services business in accident years 2009 and 2010.

Favorable development of $38 million was recorded in other professional liability and management liability related to lower than expected severity for professional services primarily in accident years 2010 and prior. Unfavorable development of $37 million was recorded primarily related to increased claim frequency on public company management liability in accident years 2012 through 2014.

Favorable development for other coverages was primarily due to better than expected claim frequency in property coverages provided to Specialty customers in accident year 2014.

Six Months

2016

Favorable development for medical professional liability was primarily due to lower than expected severities for individual healthcare professionals, allied facilities, and hospitals in accident years 2011 and prior. This was partially offset by unfavorable development in accident years 2012 and 2013 related to higher than expected large loss emergence in hospitals and higher than expected severity in accident years 2014 and 2015 in our aging services business.

Favorable development in other professional liability and management liability was primarily related to lower than expected frequency of claims in accident years 2010 through 2015, mainly driven by professional services. Additional favorable development was related to favorable outcomes on larger claims in 2013 and prior in professional services. This was partially offset by unfavorable development in accident years 2014 and 2015 related to an increase in management liability frequency of larger claims.

Favorable development for other coverages was due to better than expected claim frequency in property coverages provided to Specialty customers in accident year 2015.

2015

Overall, unfavorable development for medical professional liability was primarily related to increased claim frequency in the aging services business for accident years 2009 through 2014, partially offset by lower than expected severity in accident years 2010 and prior. Additional favorable development was due to lower than expected severity for individual healthcare professionals and allied facilities in accident years 2009 through 2012.

Favorable development of $41 million was recorded in other professional liability and management liability primarily related to lower than expected severity in accident years 2010 and prior for professional services. Unfavorable development of $37 million was recorded primarily related to increased claim frequency on public company management liability in accident years 2012 through 2014.

Favorable development for other coverages was primarily due to better than expected claim frequency in property coverages provided to Specialty customers in accident year 2014.

Commercial

The following table presents further detail of the development recorded for the Commercial segment.



Periods ended June 30	Three Months						Six Months
(In millions)	2016			2015			2016			2015
Pretax (favorable) unfavorable development:
Commercial Auto	$	(20	)	$	7		$	(35	)	$	7
General Liability	(37		)	1			(52		)	5
Workers' Compensation	50			24			54			23
Property and Other	(11		)	(16		)	1			(24		)
Total pretax (favorable) unfavorable development	$	(18	)	$	16		$	(32	)	$	11

Three Months

2016

Favorable development for commercial auto was primarily due to favorable settlements on claims in accident years 2010 through 2014.

Favorable development for general liability was primarily due to better than expected claim settlements in accident years 2012 through 2014 and better than expected severity on umbrella claims in accident years 2010 through 2013.

Unfavorable development for workers’ compensation was due to a reduction in estimated recoveries on war hazard claims for Defense Base Act contractors, which was partially offset by favorable development related to lower than expected frequencies for our small and middle market businesses in accident years 2009 through 2014.

Favorable development for property and other was primarily due to better than expected loss emergence in accident years 2013 through 2015.

2015

In the aggregate, the unfavorable loss development of $16 million was driven by an extra contractual obligation loss and losses associated with premium development. The reserve development discussed below was largely offsetting.

Unfavorable development for workers’ compensation was primarily due to higher than expected severity related to Defense Base Act contractors in accident years 2008 through 2013.

Favorable development for property and other was primarily due to better than expected loss emergence from 2012 catastrophe events and better than expected claim frequency of large claims in accident year 2014.

Six Months

2016

Favorable development for commercial auto was primarily due to favorable settlements on claims in accident years 2010 through 2014.

Unfavorable development for property and other was primarily due to higher than expected severity from a 2015 catastrophe event. Favorable development was primarily due to better than expected loss emergence in accident years 2013 through 2015.

2015

In addition to the favorable property development noted in the three month discussion, there was additional favorable development for property related to better than expected loss emergence from 2014 catastrophe events.

International

The following table presents further detail of the development recorded for the International segment.



Periods ended June 30	Three Months						Six Months
(In millions)	2016			2015			2016			2015
Pretax (favorable) unfavorable development:
Medical Professional Liability	$	(1	)	$	—		$	(1	)	$	—
Other Professional Liability	18			(5		)	17			(5		)
Liability	(19		)	(2		)	(19		)	(7		)
Property & Marine	(3		)	(8		)	(7		)	(14		)
Other	(10		)	7			(9		)	14
Total pretax (favorable) unfavorable development	$	(15	)	$	(8	)	$	(19	)	$	(12	)

Three Months

2016

Unfavorable development for other professional liability was primarily due to higher than expected large loss emergence in accident years 2011 through 2015.

Favorable development for liability was primarily due to better than expected severity in accident years 2013 and prior.

Favorable development for other coverages was primarily due to better than expected severity in auto liability in accident years 2011 through 2015.

2015

Favorable development in property and marine was due to better than expected emergence in accident years 2012 through 2014.

Unfavorable development in other is due to large losses in financial institutions and political risk primarily in accident year 2014.

Six Months

2016

Unfavorable development for other professional liability was primarily due to higher than expected large loss emergence in accident years 2011 through 2015.

Favorable development for liability was primarily due to better than expected severity in accident years 2013 and prior.

Favorable development for other coverages was primarily due to better than expected severity in auto liability in accident years 2011 through 2015.

2015

Favorable development in property and marine was due to better than expected emergence in accident years 2012 through 2014.

Unfavorable development in other is due to large losses in financial institutions and political risk primarily in accident year 2014.

Asbestos and Environmental Pollution Reserves (A&EP)

In 2010, Continental Casualty Company (CCC) together with several of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries completed a transaction with National Indemnity Company (NICO), a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway Inc., under which substantially all of the Company’s legacy A&EP liabilities were ceded to NICO through a Loss Portfolio Transfer (LPT). At the effective date of the transaction, the Company ceded approximately $1.6 billion of net A&EP claim and allocated claim adjustment expense reserves to NICO under a retroactive reinsurance agreement with an aggregate limit of $4 billion. The $1.6 billion of claim and allocated claim adjustment expense reserves ceded to NICO was net of $1.2 billion of ceded claim and allocated claim adjustment expense reserves under existing third-party reinsurance contracts. The NICO LPT aggregate reinsurance limit also covers credit risk on the existing third-party reinsurance related to these liabilities. The Company paid NICO a reinsurance premium of $2 billion and transferred to NICO billed third-party reinsurance receivables related to A&EP claims with a net book value of $215 million, resulting in total consideration of $2.2 billion.

Through December 31, 2013, the Company recognized $0.9 billion of additional amounts ceded under the LPT. As a result, the cumulative amounts ceded under the LPT exceeded the $2.2 billion consideration paid, resulting in the NICO LPT moving into a gain position, requiring deferred retroactive reinsurance accounting treatment. This deferred gain is recognized in earnings in proportion to actual paid recoveries under the LPT. Over the life of the contract, there is no economic impact as long as any additional losses incurred are within the limit of the LPT. In a period in which a change in the estimate of ceded incurred losses is recognized, the change to the deferred gain is cumulatively recognized in earnings as if the revised estimate was available at the effective date of the LPT.

The following table presents the impact of the Loss Portfolio Transfer on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.



Periods ended June 30	Three Months						Six Months
(In millions)	2016			2015			2016			2015
Net A&EP adverse development before consideration of LPT	$	—		$	150		$	200		$	150
Provision for uncollectible third-party reinsurance on A&EP	—			—			—			—
Additional amounts ceded under LPT	—			150			200			150
Retroactive reinsurance benefit recognized	(9		)	(66		)	(82		)	(71		)
Pretax impact of unrecognized deferred retroactive reinsurance benefit	$	(9	)	$	84		$	118		$	79

The Company completed its reserve review of A&EP reserves in the first quarter of 2016. Based upon the Company's review, net unfavorable development prior to cessions to the LPT of $200 million was recognized. The unfavorable development was driven by an increase in anticipated future expenses associated with determination of coverage, higher anticipated payouts associated with a limited number of historical accounts having significant asbestos exposures and higher than expected severity on pollution claims. This unfavorable development was ceded to NICO under the LPT; however, the Company’s reported earnings were negatively affected due to the application of retroactive reinsurance accounting, as only a portion of the additional amounts ceded under the LPT were recognized in that quarter. All amounts recognized related to the LPT are recorded within Insurance claims and policyholders’ benefits in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

As of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the cumulative amounts ceded under the LPT were $2.8 billion and $2.6 billion. The unrecognized deferred retroactive reinsurance benefit was $359 million and $241 million as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015.

NICO established a collateral trust account as security for its obligations to the Company. The fair value of the collateral trust account was $2.6 billion and $2.8 billion as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015. In addition, Berkshire Hathaway Inc. guaranteed the payment obligations of NICO up to the full aggregate reinsurance limit as well as certain of NICO’s performance obligations under the trust agreement. NICO is responsible for claims handling and billing and collection from third-party reinsurers related to the Company’s A&EP claims.