Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of presentation — The accompanying unaudited interim financial statements of Wesbanco, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries (“Wesbanco”) have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. Wesbanco’s interim financial statements have been prepared following the significant accounting policies disclosed in Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements of its 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. In the opinion of management, the accompanying interim financial information reflects all adjustments, including normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly Wesbanco’s financial position and results of operations for each of the interim periods presented. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. Such reclassifications had no impact on Wesbanco’s net income and stockholders’ equity. Results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that may be expected for a full year. Loans and Loans Held for Sale — Loans originated by Wesbanco are reported at the principal amount outstanding, net of unearned income including credit valuation adjustments, unamortized deferred loan fee income and loan origination costs. Interest is accrued as earned on loans except where doubt exists as to collectability, in which case accrual of income is discontinued. Loans originated and intended for sale are carried, in aggregate, at the estimated market value as Wesbanco elected the fair value option on October 1, 2017. Loan origination fees and direct costs are deferred and accreted or amortized into interest income, as an adjustment to the yield, over the life of the loan using the level yield method. When a loan is paid off, the remaining unaccreted or unamortized net origination fees or costs are immediately recognized into income. Loans are generally placed on non-accrual when they are 90 days past due, unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection. Loans may be returned to accrual status when a borrower has resumed paying principal and interest for a sustained period of at least six months and Wesbanco is reasonably assured of collecting the remaining contractual principal and interest. Loans are returned to accrual status at an amount equal to the principal balance of the loan at the time of non-accrual status less any payments applied to principal during the non-accrual period. Loans are reported as a troubled debt restructuring when Wesbanco for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties grants a concession to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider. Refer to the “Troubled Debt Restructuring” policy below for additional detail. A loan is considered non-performing, based on current information and events, if it is probable that Wesbanco will be unable to collect the payments of principal and interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Non-performing loans include all non-accrual loans and troubled debt restructurings. Wesbanco recognizes interest income on non-accrual loans on the cash basis only if recovery of principal is reasonably assured. Consumer loans are charged down to the net realizable value at 120 days past due for closed-end loans and 180 days past due for open-end revolving lines of credit. Residential real estate loans are charged down to the net realizable value of the collateral at 180 days past due. Commercial loans are charged down to the net realizable value when it is determined that Wesbanco will be unable to collect the principal amount in full. Loans are reclassified to other assets at the net realizable value when foreclosure or repossession of the collateral occurs. Refer to the “Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets” policy below for additional detail. Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDR”) — A restructuring of a loan constitutes a TDR if the creditor, for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor's financial difficulties, grants a concession to the debtor that it would not otherwise consider. The determination of whether a concession has been granted includes an evaluation of the debtor’s ability to access funds at a market rate for debt with similar risk characteristics and among other things, the significance of the modification relative to unpaid principal or collateral value of the debt, and/or the significance of a delay in the timing of payments relative to the frequency of payments, original maturity date, or the expected duration of the loan. The most common concessions granted generally include one or more modifications to the terms of the debt such as a reduction in the interest rate below the prevailing market rate for the remaining life of the debt, an extension of the maturity date at an interest rate lower than the prevailing market rate for new debt with similar risk, or reduction of the unpaid principal or interest. Additionally, all consumer bankruptcies are considered TDR; all TDRs are considered nonperforming loans. When determining whether a debtor is experiencing financial difficulties, consideration is given to any known default on any of its debt or whether it is probable that the debtor would be in payment default in the foreseeable future without the modification. Other indicators of financial difficulty include whether the debtor has declared or is in the process of declaring bankruptcy, the debtor’s ability to continue as a going concern, or the debtor’s projected cash flow to service its debt (including principal & interest) in accordance with the contractual terms for the foreseeable future, without a modification. If the payment of principal at original maturity is primarily dependent on the value of collateral, the current value of that collateral is considered in determining whether the principal will be paid. The restructuring of a loan does not increase the allowance or provision for credit losses unless the loan is extended or the loans are commercial loans that are individually evaluated for impairment, in which case a specific reserve is established pursuant to GAAP. Portfolio segment loss history is the primary factor for establishing the allowance for residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans. Non-accrual loans that are restructured remain on non-accrual, but may move to accrual status after they have performed according to the restructured terms for a period of time. TDRs on accrual status generally remain on accrual as long as they continue to perform in accordance with their modified terms. TDRs may also be placed on non-accrual if they do not perform in accordance with the restructured terms. Loans may be removed from TDR status after they have performed according to the renegotiated terms for a period of time if the interest rate under the modified terms is at or above market, or if the loan returns to its original terms. On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) was signed into law. Section 4013 of the CARES Act, “Temporary Relief From Troubled Debt Restructurings,” allows financial institutions the option to temporarily suspend certain requirements under U.S. GAAP related to TDRs for a limited period of time during the COVID-19 pandemic. On April 7, 2020, the joint federal regulatory agencies issued a statement, “Interagency Statement on Loan Modifications and Reporting for Financial Institutions Working With Customers Affected by the Coronavirus (Revised),” which further discusses loan modifications related to COVID-19. Wesbanco has extended up to a 180 day delay in loan principal and/or interest payments for customers whom are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. These customers must meet certain criteria, such as they were in good standing and not more than 30 days past due prior to the pandemic, as well other requirements noted in the regulatory agencies’ revised statement. Based on the guidance noted above, Wesbanco does not classify the COVID-19 loan modifications as TDRs, nor are the customers considered past due with regards to their delayed payments. Upon exiting the loan modification deferral program, the measurement of loan delinquency will resume where it left off upon entry into the program. Acquired Loans - Loans acquired in connection with acquisitions are recorded at their acquisition-date fair value with no carryover of related allowance for credit losses. Acquired loans are classified into two categories –purchased financial instruments with more than insignificant credit deterioration (“PCD”) loans, and loans with insignificant credit deterioration (“non-PCD”). PCD loans are defined as a loan or group of loans that have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. Non-PCD loans will have an allowance established on acquisition date, which is recognized in the current period provision for credit losses. For PCD loans, an allowance is recognized on day 1 by adding it to the fair value of the loan, which is the “Day 1 amortized cost”. There is no credit loss expense recognized on PCD loans because the initial allowance is established by grossing-up the amortized cost of the PCD loan. Determining the fair value of the acquired loans involves estimating the principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest. Management considers a number of factors in evaluating the acquisition-date fair value including the remaining life of the acquired loans, delinquency status, estimated prepayments, payment options and other loan features, internal risk grade, estimated value of the underlying collateral and interest rate environment. PCD loans are accounted for in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 326-20, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses – Measure at Amortized Cost, if, at acquisition, the loan or pool of loans has experienced more-than-insignificant credit deterioration since origination. At acquisition, Wesbanco considers several factors as indicators that an acquired loan or pool of loans has experienced more-than-insignificant credit deterioration. These factors include loans 30 days or more past due, loans with an internal risk grade of below average or lower, loans classified as non-accrual by the acquired institution, the materiality of the credit and loans that have been previously modified in a troubled debt restructuring. Under the ASC 326-20, a group of loans with similar risk characteristics can be assessed to determine if the pool of loans is PCD. However, if a loan does not have similar risk characteristics as any other acquired loan, the loan is individually assessed to determine if it is PCD. In addition, the initial allowance related to acquired loans can be estimated for a pool of loans if the loans have similar risk characteristics. Even if the loans were individually assessed to determine if they were PCD, they can be grouped together in the initial allowance calculation if they share similar risk characteristics. Since Wesbanco uses the discounted cash flow (DCF) approach, the initial allowance calculation for PCD loans is calculated as the expected contractual cash shortfalls, discounted at the rate that equates the present value of estimated future cash flows expected to be collected with the purchase price of the loan(s). If a PCD loan has an unfunded commitment at acquisition, the initial allowance for credit losses calculation reflects only the expected credit losses associated with the funded portion of the PCD loan. Expected credit losses associated with the unfunded commitment are included in the initial measurement of the commitment. For PCD loans, the non-credit discount or premium is allocated to individual loans as determined by the difference between the loan’s amortized cost basis and the unpaid principal balance. The non-credit premium or discount is recognized into interest income on a level yield basis over the remaining expected life of the loan. For non-PCD loans, the interest and credit discount or premium is allocated to individual loans as determined by the difference between the loan’s amortized cost basis and the unpaid principal balance. The premium or discount is recognized into interest income on a level yield basis over the remaining expected life of the loan. Allowance for Credit Losses — The allowance for credit losses reduces the loan portfolio to the net amount expected to be collected and establishes an allowance for unfunded loan commitments. The allowance for credit losses represents the lifetime expected losses for all loans and unfunded loan commitments at the initial recognition date. The allowance incorporates forward-looking information and applies a reversion methodology beyond the reasonable and supportable forecast. The allowance is increased by a provision charged to operating expense and reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries. Management evaluates the appropriateness of the allowance at least quarterly. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant change from period to period. The allowance for credit loss calculation (“CECL”) is based on the loan’s amortized cost basis, which is comprised of the unpaid principal balance of the loan, deferred loan fees (costs), acquired premium (discount) less write-downs. Wesbanco made an accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest from the measurement of the allowance for credit losses because the Company has a robust policy in place to reverse or write-off accrued interest when a loan is placed on non-accrual. Wesbanco made an accounting policy election to reverse accrued interest deemed uncollectible as a reversal of interest income. The allowance for credit losses reflects the risk of loss on the loan portfolio. To appropriately measure expected credit losses, management disaggregates the loan portfolio into pools of similar risk characteristics. The Company utilizes the probability of default (“PD”) / loss given default (“LGD”) approach to calculate the expected loss for each segment, which is then discounted. PD is the probability the asset will default within a given timeframe and LGD is the percentage of the assets not expected to be collected due to default. The primary macroeconomic drivers of the quantitative model include forecasts of national unemployment and interest rate spreads. Management relies on macroeconomic forecasts obtained from various reputable sources, which may include the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) forecast and other publicly available forecasts from well recognized, leading economists. These forecasts can range from one to two years, depending upon the facts and circumstances of the current state of the economy, portfolio segment and management’s judgement of what can be reasonably supported. The model reversion period ranges from one to three years. The allowance for credit losses is calculated over the loan’s contractual life. For term loans, the contractual life is calculated based on the maturity date. For commercial and industrial (“C&I”) revolving loans with no stated maturity date, the contractual life is calculated based on the internal review date. For all other revolving loans, the contractual life is based on either the estimated maturity date or a default date. The contractual term does not include expected extension, renewals or modifications unless management has a reasonable expectation as of the reporting period that Wesbanco will execute a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) with the borrower. Management assumes a loan will become a TDR if a consumer loan has matured, has a principal balance, and has previously been partially charged-off. This assumption extends the maturity of these loans to the six months beyond maturity date. The loan portfolio is segmented based on the risk profiles of the loans. Commercial loans are segmented between commercial real estate (“CRE”), which are collateralized by real estate and commercial & industrial (“C&I”), which are typically utilized for general business purposes. CRE is further segmented between land and construction (“LCD”) and improved property, which are generally loans to purchase or refinance owner-occupied and investment properties. LCD loans have a unique risk that the developer or builder may not complete the project or not complete it on time or within budget. Improved property loans are reviewed for risk based on the underlying real estate property such as rental income and current lease terms. Retail loans are a homogenous group, generally consisting of standardized products that are smaller in amount and distributed over a large number of individual borrowers. The group is segmented into three categories – residential real estate, HELOC and consumer. Contractual terms must be adjusted for prepayments to arrive at expected cash flows. Wesbanco models term loans with a “prepayment” rate, annualized to one year. When Wesbanco has a specific expectation of differing payment behavior for a given loan, the loan may be evaluated individually. For revolving loans that do not have a principal payment schedule, a curtailment rate is factored into the cash flow. The evaluation also considers qualitative factors such as economic trends and conditions, which includes levels of regional unemployment, real estate values and the impact on specific industries and geographical markets, changes in lending policies and underwriting standards, delinquency and other credit quality trends, concentrations of credit risk, if any, the results of internal loan reviews and examinations by bank regulatory agencies, the volatility of historical loss rates and the velocity of changes in historical loss rates pertaining to the allowance for credit losses. Management relies on observable data from internal and external sources to the extent it is available to evaluate each of these factors and adjusts the model’s quantitative results to reflect the impact these factors may have on probable losses in the portfolio. Commercial loans, include commercial real estate (“CRE”) and C&I, greater than $1 million that are reported as non-accrual, a troubled debt restructuring or that have unique characteristics are tested individually for estimated credit losses. Specific reserves are established when appropriate for such loans based on the present value of expected future cash flows of the loan or the estimated realizable value of the collateral, if any. Management may also adjust its assumptions to account for differences between expected and actual losses from period to period. The variability of management’s assumptions could alter the level of the allowance for credit losses and may have a material impact on future results of operations and financial condition. The loss estimation models and methods used to determine the allowance for credit losses are continually refined and enhanced. Recent accounting pronouncements – The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) as noted below. ASU 2020-04 Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)”. Due to the potential discontinuance of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), regulators have undertaken reference rate initiatives to identify alternative reference rates that are more observable or transaction based and less susceptible to manipulation. The ASU also provides option expedients for contract modifications that replace a reference rate affected by reference rate reform. The guidance is effective as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. Wesbanco is currently assessing the impact of ASU 2018-15 on Wesbanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. ASU 2018-15 Intangibles – Goodwill and Other- Internal-Use Software In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement that is a Service Contract.” This ASU specifically aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software and hosting arrangements that include an internal-use software license. The ASU does not affect the accounting for the service element of a hosting arrangement that is a service contract. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. For Wesbanco, this update was effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of this pronouncement did not have a material impact on Wesbanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. ASU 2018-14 Compensation—Retirement Benefits—Defined Benefit Plans—General (Topic 715-20) In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, “Compensation—Retirement Benefits—Defined Benefit Plans—General (Topic 715-20): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans.” This ASU modifies Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 715-20 to improve disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. The guidance is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. Wesbanco is currently assessing the impact of ASU 2018-14 on Wesbanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. ASU 2018-13 Fair Value Measurement – Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement – Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement.” This ASU modifies the disclosure objective paragraphs of ASC 820 to eliminate (1) “at a minimum” from the phrase “an entity shall disclose at a minimum” and (2) other similar “open ended” disclosure requirements to promote the appropriate exercise of discretion of entities. The guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. For Wesbanco, this update was effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of this pronouncement did not have a material impact on Wesbanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326) In September 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326),” which require entities to use a new forward-looking “expected loss” model also referred to as the current expected credit loss model (“CECL”) on trade and other receivables, held-to-maturity debt securities, loans and other instruments that generally will result in the earlier recognition of allowances for credit losses. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, entities measure credit losses in a manner similarly to current procedures, except that the losses will be recognized as allowances rather than reductions in the amortized cost of the securities. Entities will have to disclose significantly more information, including information they use to track credit quality by year of origination for most financing receivables. In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-04, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging and Topic 825, Financial Instruments” and in May 2019 the FASB issued ASU 2019-05, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), Targeted Transition Relief. Public business entities must apply the new requirements for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years, which for Wesbanco was effective January 1, 2020. In December 2018, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) and the Office of Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”) approved a final rule to address changes to credit loss accounting under GAAP, including banking organizations’ adoption of the CECL methodology. The final rule provides banking organizations the option to phase-in, over a three-year period, the day-one adverse effects on regulatory capital that may result from the adoption of the new accounting standard. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the joint federal bank regulatory agencies issued an optional extension of the regulatory capital transition, which allows for a two-year delay and then a three-year transition period from January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2024. Under the interim final rule, the amount of adjustments to regulatory capital deferred until the phase-in period includes both the initial impact of our adoption of CECL at January 1, 2020 and 25% of subsequent changes in our allowance for credit losses during each quarter of the two-year period ended December 31, 2021, (collectively, the “CECL regulatory capital transition adjustment”). Wesbanco has elected to defer the impact of CECL for two years and then will phase in the impact of the adoption of this standard on the company’s regulatory capital to over the subsequent three-year period. Under CECL, acquired loans or pools of loans that have experienced more-than-insignificant credit deterioration are deemed to be purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans, and are grossed-up on day 1 by the initial credit estimate through the allowance as opposed to a reduction in the loan’s amortized cost. The credit mark on acquired loans deemed not to be PCD loans are reflected as a reduction in the loan’s amortized cost, with an allowance and corresponding provision for credit losses recorded in the first reporting period after acquisition through current period earnings, while the loan mark will accrete through interest income over the life of such loans. At acquisition, Wesbanco will consider several factors as indicators that an acquired loan or pool of loans has experienced more-than-insignificant credit deterioration. These factors may include loans 30 days or more past due, loans with an internal risk grade of below average or lower, loans classified as non-accrual by the acquired institution, materiality of the credit and loans that have been previously modified in a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”). Upon adoption of this standard, acquired loans from prior acquisitions that meet the guidelines under ASC 310-30 (formerly known as “purchased credit impaired”) were reclassified as PCD loans. The accretable portion of the loan mark as of adoption date continues to accrete into interest income. However, the non-accretable portion of the loan mark was added to the allowance upon adoption, and any reversals of such mark will flow through the allowance in future periods. The loan mark on ASC 310-20 loans (“non-purchased credit impaired”) from prior acquisitions continues to accrete through interest income over the life of such loans. Wesbanco formed a cross-functional team in 2016 to oversee the implementation of CECL. The team was responsible for completing an initial data gap assessment, determining if additional data was needed or current data could be improved upon, finalizing the loan segmentation procedures, analyzing the methodology options regarding the calculation of expected credit losses and concluding why the selected methodology is reasonable and in-line with accounting guidance. Wesbanco completed parallel runs in 2019 to ensure the various forecasting and modeling assumptions were reasonable and supportable, including certain qualitative factors that were developed to estimate the initial current expected credit loss allowance. Wesbanco engaged a third-party to validate the data inputs and the models utilized in the CECL calculation. In addition, the Company prepared documentation of the accounting policy decisions, changes to the business processes and procedures, and the control environment under the adoption of this standard. The day 1 impact on the allowance for credit losses was $41.4 million, which included a $6.7 million adjustment for PCD loans and a $3.0 million adjustment related to loan commitments. The after-tax effect on retained earnings was $26.6 million as of January 1, 2020. The day 1 CECL calculation is derived from the selected assumption of a one-year reasonable and supportable forecast, which was obtained from a third-party vendor. After the forecast period, Wesbanco reverts back over a one year period to historical loss rates adjusting for prepayments and curtailments, to estimate losses over the remaining life of loans. The most sensitive assumptions include the length of the forecast and reversion periods, forecast of unemployment and interest rate spreads and prepayment speeds. See Note 5, “Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses” for further detail. Wesbanco recognized an allowance for credit losses for held-to-maturity (“HTM”) debt securities of $0.2 million as of January 1, 2020 upon adoption of this standard. See Note 4, “Investments” for further detail.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of presentation — The accompanying unaudited interim financial statements of Wesbanco, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries (“Wesbanco”) have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Wesbanco’s interim financial statements have been prepared following the significant accounting policies disclosed in Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements of its 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. In the opinion of management, the accompanying interim financial information reflects all adjustments, including normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly Wesbanco’s financial position and results of operations for each of the interim periods presented. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. Such reclassifications had no impact on Wesbanco’s net income and stockholders’ equity. Results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that may be expected for a full year.

Loans and Loans Held for Sale — Loans originated by Wesbanco are reported at the principal amount outstanding, net of unearned income including credit valuation adjustments, unamortized deferred loan fee income and loan origination costs. Interest is accrued as earned on loans except where doubt exists as to collectability, in which case accrual of income is discontinued. Loans originated and intended for sale are carried, in aggregate, at the estimated market value as Wesbanco elected the fair value option on October 1, 2017.

Loan origination fees and direct costs are deferred and accreted or amortized into interest income, as an adjustment to the yield, over the life of the loan using the level yield method. When a loan is paid off, the remaining unaccreted or unamortized net origination fees or costs are immediately recognized into income.

Loans are generally placed on non-accrual when they are 90 days past due, unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection. Loans may be returned to accrual status when a borrower has resumed paying principal and interest for a sustained period of at least six months and Wesbanco is reasonably assured of collecting the remaining contractual principal and interest. Loans are returned to accrual status at an amount equal to the principal balance of the loan at the time of non-accrual status less any payments applied to principal during the non-accrual period. Loans are reported as a troubled debt restructuring when Wesbanco for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties grants a concession to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider. Refer to the “Troubled Debt Restructuring” policy below for additional detail.

A loan is considered non-performing, based on current information and events, if it is probable that Wesbanco will be unable to collect the payments of principal and interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Non-performing loans include all non-accrual loans and troubled debt restructurings. Wesbanco recognizes interest income on non-accrual loans on the cash basis only if recovery of principal is reasonably assured.

Consumer loans are charged down to the net realizable value at 120 days past due for closed-end loans and 180 days past due for open-end revolving lines of credit. Residential real estate loans are charged down to the net realizable value of the collateral at 180 days past due. Commercial loans are charged down to the net realizable value when it is determined that Wesbanco will be unable to collect the principal amount in full. Loans are reclassified to other assets at the net realizable value when foreclosure or repossession of the collateral occurs. Refer to the “Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets” policy below for additional detail.

Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDR”) — A restructuring of a loan constitutes a TDR if the creditor, for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor's financial difficulties, grants a concession to the debtor that it would not otherwise consider. The determination of whether a concession has been granted includes an evaluation of the debtor’s ability to access funds at a market rate for debt with similar risk characteristics and among other things, the significance of the modification relative to unpaid principal or collateral value of the debt, and/or the significance of a delay in the timing of payments relative to the frequency of payments, original maturity date, or the expected duration of the loan. The most common concessions granted generally include one or more modifications to the terms of the debt such as a reduction in the interest rate below the prevailing market rate for the remaining life of the debt, an extension of the maturity date at an interest rate lower than the prevailing market rate for new debt with similar risk, or reduction of the unpaid principal or interest. Additionally, all consumer bankruptcies are considered TDR; all TDRs are considered nonperforming loans.

When determining whether a debtor is experiencing financial difficulties, consideration is given to any known default on any of its debt or whether it is probable that the debtor would be in payment default in the foreseeable future without the modification. Other indicators of financial difficulty include whether the debtor has declared or is in the process of declaring bankruptcy, the debtor’s ability to continue as a going concern, or the debtor’s projected cash flow to service its debt (including principal & interest) in accordance with the contractual terms for the foreseeable future, without a modification. If the payment of principal at original maturity is primarily dependent on the value of collateral, the current value of that collateral is considered in determining whether the principal will be paid.

The restructuring of a loan does not increase the allowance or provision for credit losses unless the loan is extended or the loans are commercial loans that are individually evaluated for impairment, in which case a specific reserve is established pursuant to GAAP. Portfolio segment loss history is the primary factor for establishing the allowance for residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans.

Non-accrual loans that are restructured remain on non-accrual, but may move to accrual status after they have performed according to the restructured terms for a period of time. TDRs on accrual status generally remain on accrual as long as they continue to perform in accordance with their modified terms. TDRs may also be placed on non-accrual if they do not perform in accordance with the restructured terms. Loans may be removed from TDR status after they have performed according to the renegotiated terms for a period of time if the interest rate under the modified terms is at or above market, or if the loan returns to its original terms.

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) was signed into law. Section 4013 of the CARES Act, “Temporary Relief From Troubled Debt Restructurings,” allows financial institutions the option to temporarily suspend certain requirements under U.S. GAAP related to TDRs for a limited period of time during the COVID-19 pandemic. On April 7, 2020, the joint federal regulatory agencies issued a statement, “Interagency Statement on Loan Modifications and Reporting for Financial Institutions Working With Customers Affected by the Coronavirus (Revised),” which further discusses loan modifications related to COVID-19. Wesbanco has extended up to a 180 day delay in loan principal and/or interest payments for customers whom are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. These customers must meet certain criteria, such as they were in good standing and not more than 30 days past due prior to the pandemic, as well other requirements noted in the regulatory agencies’ revised statement. Based on the guidance noted above, Wesbanco does not classify the COVID-19 loan modifications as TDRs, nor are the customers considered past due with regards to their delayed payments. Upon exiting the loan modification deferral program, the measurement of loan delinquency will resume where it left off upon entry into the program.

Acquired Loans - Loans acquired in connection with acquisitions are recorded at their acquisition-date fair value with no carryover of related allowance for credit losses. Acquired loans are classified into two categories –purchased financial instruments with more than insignificant credit deterioration (“PCD”) loans, and loans with insignificant credit deterioration (“non-PCD”). PCD loans are defined as a loan or group of loans that have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. Non-PCD loans will have an allowance established on acquisition date, which is recognized in the current period provision for credit losses. For PCD loans, an allowance is recognized on day 1 by adding it to the fair value of the loan, which is the “Day 1 amortized cost”. There is no credit loss expense recognized on PCD loans because the initial allowance is established by grossing-up the amortized cost of the PCD loan. Determining the fair value of the acquired loans involves estimating the principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest. Management considers a number of factors in evaluating the acquisition-date fair value including the remaining life of the acquired loans, delinquency status, estimated prepayments, payment options and other loan features, internal risk grade, estimated value of the underlying collateral and interest rate environment.

PCD loans are accounted for in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 326-20, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses – Measure at Amortized Cost, if, at acquisition, the loan or pool of loans has experienced more-than-insignificant credit deterioration since origination. At acquisition, Wesbanco considers several factors as indicators that an acquired loan or pool of loans has experienced more-than-insignificant credit deterioration. These factors include loans 30 days or more past due, loans with an internal risk grade of below average or lower, loans classified as non-accrual by the acquired institution, the materiality of the credit and loans that have been previously modified in a troubled debt restructuring.

Under the ASC 326-20, a group of loans with similar risk characteristics can be assessed to determine if the pool of loans is PCD. However, if a loan does not have similar risk characteristics as any other acquired loan, the loan is individually assessed to determine if it is PCD. In addition, the initial allowance related to acquired loans can be estimated for a pool of loans if the loans have similar risk characteristics. Even if the loans were individually assessed to determine if they were PCD, they can be grouped together in the initial allowance calculation if they share similar risk characteristics. Since Wesbanco uses the discounted cash flow (DCF) approach, the initial allowance calculation for PCD loans is calculated as the expected contractual cash shortfalls, discounted at the rate that equates the present value of estimated future cash flows expected to be collected with the purchase price of the loan(s). If a PCD loan has an unfunded commitment at acquisition, the initial allowance for credit losses calculation reflects only the expected credit losses associated with the funded portion of the PCD loan. Expected credit losses associated with the unfunded commitment are included in the initial measurement of the commitment.

For PCD loans, the non-credit discount or premium is allocated to individual loans as determined by the difference between the loan’s amortized cost basis and the unpaid principal balance. The non-credit premium or discount is recognized into interest income on a level yield basis over the remaining expected life of the loan. For non-PCD loans, the interest and credit discount or premium is allocated to individual loans as determined by the difference between the loan’s amortized cost basis and the unpaid principal balance. The premium or discount is recognized into interest income on a level yield basis over the remaining expected life of the loan.

Allowance for Credit Losses — The allowance for credit losses reduces the loan portfolio to the net amount expected to be collected and establishes an allowance for unfunded loan commitments. The allowance for credit losses represents the lifetime expected losses for all loans and unfunded loan commitments at the initial recognition date. The allowance incorporates forward-looking information and applies a reversion methodology beyond the reasonable and supportable forecast. The allowance is increased by a provision charged to operating expense and reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries. Management evaluates the appropriateness of the allowance at least quarterly. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant change from period to period.

The allowance for credit loss calculation (“CECL”) is based on the loan’s amortized cost basis, which is comprised of the unpaid principal balance of the loan, deferred loan fees (costs), acquired premium (discount) less write-downs. Wesbanco made an accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest from the measurement of the allowance for credit losses because the Company has a robust policy in place to reverse or write-off accrued interest when a loan is placed on non-accrual. Wesbanco made an accounting policy election to reverse accrued interest deemed uncollectible as a reversal of interest income.

The allowance for credit losses reflects the risk of loss on the loan portfolio. To appropriately measure expected credit losses, management disaggregates the loan portfolio into pools of similar risk characteristics. The Company utilizes the probability of default (“PD”) / loss given default (“LGD”) approach to calculate the expected loss for each segment, which is then discounted. PD is the probability the asset will default within a given timeframe and LGD is the percentage of the assets not expected to be collected due to default. The primary macroeconomic drivers of the quantitative model include forecasts of national unemployment and interest rate spreads. Management relies on macroeconomic forecasts obtained from various reputable sources, which may include the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) forecast and other publicly available forecasts from well recognized, leading economists. These forecasts can range from one to two years, depending upon the facts and circumstances of the current state of the economy, portfolio segment and management’s judgement of what can be reasonably supported. The model reversion period ranges from one to three years.

The allowance for credit losses is calculated over the loan’s contractual life. For term loans, the contractual life is calculated based on the maturity date. For commercial and industrial (“C&I”) revolving loans with no stated maturity date, the contractual life is calculated based on the internal review date. For all other revolving loans, the contractual life is based on either the estimated maturity date or a default date. The contractual term does not include expected extension, renewals or modifications unless management has a reasonable expectation as of the reporting period that Wesbanco will execute a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) with the borrower. Management assumes a loan will become a TDR if a consumer loan has matured, has a principal balance, and has previously been partially charged-off. This assumption extends the maturity of these loans to the six months beyond maturity date.

The loan portfolio is segmented based on the risk profiles of the loans. Commercial loans are segmented between commercial real estate (“CRE”), which are collateralized by real estate and commercial & industrial (“C&I”), which are typically utilized for general business purposes. CRE is further segmented between land and construction (“LCD”) and improved property, which are generally loans to purchase or refinance owner-occupied and investment properties. LCD loans have a unique risk that the developer or builder may not complete the project or not complete it on time or within budget. Improved property loans are reviewed for risk based on the underlying real estate property such as rental income and current lease terms. Retail loans are a homogenous group, generally consisting of standardized products that are smaller in amount and distributed over a large number of individual borrowers. The group is segmented into three categories – residential real estate, HELOC and consumer.

Contractual terms must be adjusted for prepayments to arrive at expected cash flows. Wesbanco models term loans with a “prepayment” rate, annualized to one year. When Wesbanco has a specific expectation of differing payment behavior for a given loan, the loan may be evaluated individually. For revolving loans that do not have a principal payment schedule, a curtailment rate is factored into the cash flow.

The evaluation also considers qualitative factors such as economic trends and conditions, which includes levels of regional unemployment, real estate values and the impact on specific industries and geographical markets, changes in lending policies and underwriting standards, delinquency and other credit quality trends, concentrations of credit risk, if any, the results of internal loan reviews and examinations by bank regulatory agencies, the volatility of historical loss rates and the velocity of changes in historical loss rates pertaining to the allowance for credit losses. Management relies on observable data from internal and external sources to the extent it is available to evaluate each of these factors and adjusts the model’s quantitative results to reflect the impact these factors may have on probable losses in the portfolio.

Commercial loans, include commercial real estate (“CRE”) and C&I, greater than $1 million that are reported as non-accrual, a troubled debt restructuring or that have unique characteristics are tested individually for estimated credit losses. Specific reserves are established when appropriate for such loans based on the present value of expected future cash flows of the loan or the estimated realizable value of the collateral, if any.

Management may also adjust its assumptions to account for differences between expected and actual losses from period to period. The variability of management’s assumptions could alter the level of the allowance for credit losses and may have a material impact on future results of operations and financial condition. The loss estimation models and methods used to determine the allowance for credit losses are continually refined and enhanced.

Recent accounting pronouncements – The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) as noted below.

ASU 2020-04 Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)”. Due to the potential discontinuance of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), regulators have undertaken reference rate initiatives to identify alternative reference rates that are more observable or transaction based and less susceptible to manipulation. The ASU also provides option expedients for contract modifications that replace a reference rate affected by reference rate reform. The guidance is effective as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. Wesbanco is currently assessing the impact of ASU 2018-15 on Wesbanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

ASU 2018-15 Intangibles – Goodwill and Other- Internal-Use Software

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement that is a Service Contract.” This ASU specifically aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software and hosting arrangements that include an internal-use software license. The ASU does not affect the accounting for the service element of a hosting arrangement that is a service contract. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. For Wesbanco, this update was effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of this pronouncement did not have a material impact on Wesbanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

ASU 2018-14 Compensation—Retirement Benefits—Defined Benefit Plans—General (Topic 715-20)

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, “Compensation—Retirement Benefits—Defined Benefit Plans—General (Topic 715-20): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans.” This ASU modifies Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 715-20 to improve disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. The guidance is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. Wesbanco is currently assessing the impact of ASU 2018-14 on Wesbanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

ASU 2018-13 Fair Value Measurement – Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement – Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement.” This ASU modifies the disclosure objective paragraphs of ASC 820 to eliminate (1) “at a minimum” from the phrase “an entity shall disclose at a minimum” and (2) other similar “open ended” disclosure requirements to promote the appropriate exercise of discretion of entities. The guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. For Wesbanco, this update was effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of this pronouncement did not have a material impact on Wesbanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326)

In September 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326),” which require entities to use a new forward-looking “expected loss” model also referred to as the current expected credit loss model (“CECL”) on trade and other receivables, held-to-maturity debt securities, loans and other instruments that generally will result in the earlier recognition of allowances for credit losses. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, entities measure credit losses in a manner similarly to current procedures, except that the losses will be recognized as allowances rather than reductions in the amortized cost of the securities. Entities will have to disclose significantly more information, including information they use to track credit quality by year of origination for most financing receivables. In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-04, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging and Topic 825, Financial Instruments” and in May 2019 the FASB issued ASU 2019-05, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), Targeted Transition Relief. Public business entities must apply the new requirements for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years, which for Wesbanco was effective January 1, 2020. In December 2018, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) and the Office of Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”) approved a final rule to address changes to credit loss accounting under GAAP, including banking organizations’ adoption of the CECL methodology. The final rule provides banking organizations the option to phase-in, over a three-year period, the day-one adverse effects on regulatory capital that may result from the adoption of the new accounting standard. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the joint federal bank regulatory agencies issued an optional extension of the regulatory capital transition, which allows for a two-year delay and then a three-year transition period from January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2024. Under the interim final rule, the amount of adjustments to regulatory capital deferred until the phase-in period includes both the initial impact of our adoption of CECL at January 1, 2020 and 25% of subsequent changes in our allowance for credit losses during each quarter of the two-year period ended December 31, 2021, (collectively, the “CECL regulatory capital transition adjustment”). Wesbanco has elected to defer the impact of CECL for two years and then will phase in the impact of the adoption of this standard on the company’s regulatory capital to over the subsequent three-year period.

Under CECL, acquired loans or pools of loans that have experienced more-than-insignificant credit deterioration are deemed to be purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans, and are grossed-up on day 1 by the initial credit estimate through the allowance as opposed to a reduction in the loan’s amortized cost. The credit mark on acquired loans deemed not to be PCD loans are reflected as a reduction in the loan’s amortized cost, with an allowance and corresponding provision for credit losses recorded in the first reporting period after acquisition through current period earnings, while the loan mark will accrete through interest income over the life of such loans. At acquisition, Wesbanco will consider several factors as indicators that an acquired loan or pool of loans has experienced more-than-insignificant credit deterioration. These factors may include loans 30 days or more past due, loans with an internal risk grade of below average or lower, loans classified as non-accrual by the acquired institution, materiality of the credit and loans that have been previously modified in a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”). Upon adoption of this standard, acquired loans from prior acquisitions that meet the guidelines under ASC 310-30 (formerly known as “purchased credit impaired”) were reclassified as PCD loans. The accretable portion of the loan mark as of adoption date continues to accrete into interest income. However, the non-accretable portion of the loan mark was added to the allowance upon adoption, and any reversals of such mark will flow through the allowance in future periods. The loan mark on ASC 310-20 loans (“non-purchased credit impaired”) from prior acquisitions continues to accrete through interest income over the life of such loans.

Wesbanco formed a cross-functional team in 2016 to oversee the implementation of CECL. The team was responsible for completing an initial data gap assessment, determining if additional data was needed or current data could be improved upon, finalizing the loan segmentation procedures, analyzing the methodology options regarding the calculation of expected credit losses and concluding why the selected methodology is reasonable and in-line with accounting guidance. Wesbanco completed parallel runs in 2019 to ensure the various forecasting and modeling assumptions were reasonable and supportable, including certain qualitative factors that were developed to estimate the initial current expected credit loss allowance. Wesbanco engaged a third-party to validate the data inputs and the models utilized in the CECL calculation. In addition, the Company prepared documentation of the accounting policy decisions, changes to the business processes and procedures, and the control environment under the adoption of this standard. The day 1 impact on the allowance for credit losses was $41.4 million, which included a $6.7 million adjustment for PCD loans and a $3.0 million adjustment related to loan commitments. The after-tax effect on retained earnings was $26.6 million as of January 1, 2020. The day 1 CECL calculation is derived from the selected assumption of a one-year reasonable and supportable forecast, which was obtained from a third-party vendor. After the forecast period, Wesbanco reverts back over a one year period to historical loss rates adjusting for prepayments and curtailments, to estimate losses over the remaining life of loans. The most sensitive assumptions include the length of the forecast and reversion periods, forecast of unemployment and interest rate spreads and prepayment speeds. See Note 5, “Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses” for further detail.

Wesbanco recognized an allowance for credit losses for held-to-maturity (“HTM”) debt securities of $0.2 million as of January 1, 2020 upon adoption of this standard. See Note 4, “Investments” for further detail.