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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
12 Months Ended
Dec. 29, 2012
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block]
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Company Overview: St. Jude Medical, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (St. Jude Medical or the Company) develops, manufactures and distributes cardiovascular medical devices for the global cardiac rhythm management, cardiovascular and atrial fibrillation therapy areas and implantable neurostimulation devices for the management of chronic pain. The Company's principal products in each therapy area are as follows: Cardiac Rhythm Management - tachycardia implantable cardioverter defibrillator systems (ICDs) and bradycardia pacemaker systems (pacemakers); Cardiovascular - vascular products, which include vascular closure products, pressure measurement guidewires, optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging products, vascular plugs and other vascular accessories, and structural heart products, which include heart valve replacement and repair products and structural heart defect devices; Atrial Fibrillation - electrophysiology (EP) introducers and catheters, advanced cardiac mapping, navigation and recording systems and ablation systems; and Neuromodulation - neurostimulation products, which include spinal cord and deep brain stimulation devices. The Company markets and sells its products primarily through a direct sales force. The principal geographic markets for the Company's products are the United States, Europe, Japan and Asia Pacific.
During the third quarter of 2012, the Company announced the realignment of its product divisions into two new operating divisions: the Cardiovascular and Ablation Technologies Division (CATD) (combining its legacy Cardiovascular (CV) and Atrial Fibrillation (AF) product divisions) and the Implantable Electronic Systems Division (IESD) (combining its Cardiac Rhythm Management (CRM) and Neuromodulation (NMD) product divisions). In addition, the Company centralized certain support functions, including information technology, human resources, legal, business development and certain marketing functions. While this divisional realignment was effective August 30, 2012, the Company continued to report under its legacy operating segment structure for internal management financial forecasting and reporting purposes through the end of fiscal year 2012. The Company will report under the new organizational structure effective the beginning of fiscal year 2013.
Principles of Consolidation: The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
Fiscal Year: The Company utilizes a 52/53-week fiscal year ending on the Saturday nearest December 31st. Fiscal year 2012, 2011 and 2010 consisted of 52 weeks and ended on December 29, 2012, December 31, 2011 and January 1, 2011, respectively.
Reclassifications: Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current year presentation.
Use of Estimates: Preparation of the Company's consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S. GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cash Equivalents: The Company considers highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates fair value. The Company's cash equivalents include bank certificates of deposit, money market funds and instruments and commercial paper investments. The Company performs periodic evaluations of the relative credit standing of the financial institutions and issuers of its cash equivalents and limits the amount of credit exposure with any one issuer.
Marketable Securities: Marketable securities consist of publicly-traded equity securities that are classified as available-for-sale securities and investments in mutual funds that are classified as trading securities. On the balance sheet, available-for-sale securities and trading securities are classified as other current assets and other assets, respectively.
The following table summarizes the components of the balance of the Company's available-for-sale securities at December 29, 2012 and December 31, 2011 (in millions):
 
December 29, 2012
 
December 31, 2011
Adjusted cost
$
9

 
$
9

Gross unrealized gains
32

 
30

Fair value
$
41

 
$
39



Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value based upon quoted market prices (see Note 12). Unrealized gains and losses, net of related incomes taxes, are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders' equity. Upon the sale of an available-for-sale security, the unrealized gain (loss) is reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income and reflected as a realized gain (loss) in net earnings. Realized gains (losses) are computed using the specific identification method and recognized as other income (expense). During 2012 and 2010, the Company sold available-for-sale securities, recognizing realized after-tax gains of $8 million and $3 million, respectively. The total pre-tax gains of $14 million and $5 million were recognized as other income (see Note 9) during 2012 and 2010, respectively. There were no realized gains (losses) from the sale of available-for-sale securities recorded during fiscal year 2011. Additionally, when the fair value of an available-for-sale security falls below its original cost and the Company determines that the corresponding unrealized loss is other-than-temporary, the Company recognizes an impairment loss to net earnings in the period the determination is made.

The Company's investments in mutual funds are reported at fair market value based upon quoted market prices (see Note 12) and are held in a rabbi trust, which is not available for general corporate purposes and is subject to creditor claims in the event of insolvency. These investments are specifically designated as available to the Company solely for the purpose of paying benefits under the Company's deferred compensation plan (see Note 11).
Accounts Receivable: The Company grants credit to customers in the normal course of business, but generally does not require collateral or any other security to support its receivables. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for potential credit losses. In Greece, the Company had sold its products through a distributor through early 2012. In February 2012, an agreement was reached between the Greek government and the European Union and International Monetary Fund whereby creditors would swap existing Greek government bonds for new bonds with a significant reduction in face value, a longer term and lower interest rates. This agreement, among other macroeconomic and factors specific to the distributor, negatively impacted the solvency and liquidity of the Company's Greek distributor, raising significant doubt regarding the collectability of the Company's outstanding receivable balance. As a result, the Company recognized a $57 million accounts receivable allowance charge in the consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011, which was subsequently written off during 2012. No significant accounts receivable allowance charges were recognized in 2012. The Company's total allowance for doubtful accounts was $47 million and $101 million at December 29, 2012 and December 31, 2011, respectively.
Inventories: Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market with cost determined using the first-in, first-out method. Inventories consisted of the following (in millions):

 
December 29, 2012
 
December 31, 2011
Finished goods
$
416

 
$
438

Work in process
50

 
54

Raw materials
144

 
132

 
$
610

 
$
624



Property, Plant and Equipment: Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost and are depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, ranging from 15 years to 39 years years for buildings and improvements, three to 15 years years for machinery and equipment, including capitalized development costs for internal-use software, and three to seven years for diagnostic equipment. Diagnostic equipment primarily consists of programmers that are used by physicians and healthcare professionals to program and analyze data from ICDs and pacemakers. Diagnostic equipment also includes other capital equipment provided by us to customers for use in diagnostic and surgical procedures. The estimated useful lives of this equipment are based on anticipated usage by physicians and healthcare professionals and the timing and impact of expected new technology platforms and rollouts by the Company. Property, plant and equipment are depreciated using accelerated methods for income tax purposes. During 2012, 2011 and 2010, depreciation expense was $196 million, $203 million, and $178 million, respectively.
Goodwill: Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the fair value of identifiable net assets of a business acquired. Goodwill for each reporting unit is reviewed for impairment at least annually. As of December 29, 2012, the Company has four reporting units consisting of its four operating segments (see Note 14). The Company assesses goodwill impairment by considering qualitative factors such as macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, financial performance, entity specific events, changes in net assets and sustained decrease in share price. If the qualitative assessment results in a determination that the fair value of a reporting unit is more-likely-than-not ("likely" meaning having a likelihood of more than 50%) greater than its carrying amount, no additional testing is considered necessary. However, if the Company determines the fair value is more-likely-than-not below the carrying value of a reporting unit, the Company performs the two-step goodwill impairment test required by Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other. In the first step, the Company compares the fair value of each reporting unit, as computed primarily by present value cash flow calculations, to its book carrying value, including goodwill. If the carrying value exceeds the fair value, the goodwill of the reporting unit is potentially impaired and the Company would complete step 2 in order to measure the potential impairment loss. In step 2, the Company calculates the implied fair value of goodwill by deducting the fair value of all tangible and intangible net assets (including unrecognized intangible assets) of the reporting unit from the fair value of the reporting unit (as determined in step 1). If the implied fair value of goodwill is less than the carrying value of goodwill, the Company would recognize an impairment loss equal to the difference. During the fourth quarters of 2012 and 2011, the Company concluded that it was unlikely that the fair value was less than its carry value based on its qualitative assessment. Additionally, during the fourth quarter of 2010, the Company completed its quantitative goodwill impairment assessment under previous accounting guidance and determined there was no evidence of impairment associated with the carrying values of goodwill for its reporting units.
Other Intangible Assets: Other intangible assets consist of purchased technology and patents, in-process research and development (IPR&D) acquired in a business acquisition, customer lists and relationships, trademarks and tradenames, licenses and distribution agreements. Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life ranging from three to 20 years. Certain trademark assets are considered indefinite-lived intangible assets and are not amortized.
The Company's policy defines IPR&D as the value of technology acquired for which the related products have not yet reached technological feasibility and have no future alternative use. The primary basis for determining the technological feasibility of these projects is obtaining regulatory approval to market the underlying products in an applicable geographic region. IPR&D acquired in a business acquisition is subject to ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, which requires the fair value of IPR&D to be capitalized as an indefinite-lived intangible asset until completion of the IPR&D project or abandonment. Upon completion of the development project (generally when regulatory approval to market the product is obtained), the IPR&D is amortized over its estimated useful life. If the IPR&D projects are abandoned, the related IPR&D assets would likely be impaired and written down to fair value. The purchase of certain intellectual property assets or the rights to such intellectual property is considered a purchase of assets rather than the acquisition of a business. For such purchases, rather than being capitalized, any IPR&D acquired in such asset purchases is expensed immediately.
The Company also reviews its indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually to determine if any adverse conditions exist that would indicate impairment or when impairment indicators exist. The Company assesses its indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment similar to goodwill by considering qualitative factors such as macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, financial performance, entity specific events, changes in net assets and sustained decrease in share price. Similar to the goodwill impairment analysis, if the qualitative assessment results in a determination that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is more-likely-than-not ("likely" meaning having a likelihood of more than 50%) greater than its carrying amount, no additional testing is considered necessary. However, if the Company determines the fair value of its indefinite-lived intangible assets is more-likely-than-not below the carrying value, impairment indicators exist. The Company then analyzes the carrying value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset to quantitatively determine if the carrying value exceeds the asset's expected undiscounted future cash flows. If the carrying value exceeds the undiscounted future cash flows, the asset is written down to the fair value, which the Company determines by a present value cash flow calculation.
The Company also reviews its definite-lived intangible assets for impairment when impairment indicators exist. When impairment indicators exist, the Company determines if the carrying value of its definite-lived intangible assets exceeds the related undiscounted future cash flows. In cases where the carrying value exceeds the undiscounted cash flows, the carrying value is written down to fair value, which the Company determines using present value cash flow calculations. During 2012, the Company recognized impairment charges of $31 million associated with purchased technology assets in the Company's NMD, AF and CV businesses as their future expected undiscounted cash flows did not exceed the carrying value of the related assets. During both 2012 and 2011, the Company recognized $2 million and $52 million, respectively, of intangible asset impairments associated with customer relationship intangible assets acquired in connection with legacy acquisitions of businesses involved in the distribution of the Company's products. Due to the changing dynamics of the U.S. healthcare market, specifically as it relates to hospital purchasing practices, these intangible assets were determined to have no future discrete cash flows and were fully impaired in the respective periods. There was no impairment of the Company's intangible assets during fiscal year 2010. See Note 8 for further detail regarding the intangible asset impairments recognized during fiscal years 2012 and 2011.
Product Warranties: The Company offers a warranty on various products; the most significant of which relate to pacemaker and ICD systems. The Company estimates the costs that may be incurred under its warranties and records a liability in the amount of such costs at the time the product is sold. Factors that affect the Company's warranty liability include the number of units sold, historical and anticipated rates of warranty claims and cost per claim. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty liabilities and adjusts the amounts as necessary.

Changes in the Company's product warranty liability during fiscal years 2012 and 2011 were as follows (in millions):
 
 
 
 
 
2012
 
2011
Balance at beginning of period
$
36

 
$
25

Warranty expense recognized
5

 
15

Warranty credits issued
(3
)
 
(4
)
Balance at end of period
$
38

 
$
36



Product Liability: Based on historical loss trends, the Company accrues for product liability claims through its self-insurance program in effort to adequately cover future losses. Additionally, the Company accrues for product liability claims when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be reasonably estimated. Receivables for insurance recoveries from prior product liability insurance coverage are recognized when it is probable that a recovery will be realized. The Company has not incurred a significant amount of product liability charges during fiscal years 2012, 2011 or 2010.

Litigation: The Company accrues a liability for costs related to litigation, including future legal costs, settlements and judgments where it has assessed that a loss is probable and an amount can be reasonably estimated.
Revenue Recognition: The Company sells its products to hospitals primarily through a direct sales force. In certain international markets, the Company sells its products through independent distributors. The Company recognizes revenue when persuasive evidence of a sales arrangement exists, delivery of goods occurs through the transfer of title and risks and rewards of ownership, the selling price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. A portion of the Company's inventory is held by field sales representatives or consigned at hospitals. Revenue is recognized at the time the Company is notified that the inventory has been implanted or used by the customer. For products that are not consigned, revenue recognition occurs upon shipment to the hospital or, in the case of distributors, when title transfers under the contract. The Company offers sales rebates and discounts to certain customers. The Company records such rebates and discounts as a reduction of net sales in the same period revenue is recognized. The Company estimates rebates based on customers' contracted terms and historical sales experience.
Research and Development: Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs include product development costs, pre-approval regulatory costs and clinical research expenses.
Stock-Based Compensation: The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC Topic 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation (ASC Topic 718). Under the fair value recognition provisions of ASC Topic 718, the Company measures stock-based compensation cost at the grant date fair value and recognizes the compensation expense over the requisite service period, which is the vesting period, using a straight-line attribution method.
The amount of stock-based compensation expense recognized during a period is based on the portion of the awards that are ultimately expected to vest. The Company estimates pre-vesting award forfeitures at the time of grant by analyzing historical data and revises those estimates in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Ultimately, the total expense recognized over the vesting period will only be for those awards that vest. The Company's awards are not eligible to vest early in the event of retirement, however, the majority of the Company's awards vest early in the event of a change in control.
Net Earnings Per Share: Basic net earnings per share is computed by dividing net earnings by the weighted average number of outstanding common shares during the period, exclusive of restricted stock awards. Diluted net earnings per share is computed by dividing net earnings by the weighted average number of outstanding common shares and dilutive securities.
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net earnings per share for fiscal years 2012, 2011 and 2010 (in millions, except per share amounts):
 
2012
 
2011
 
2010
Numerator:
 
 
 
 
 

Net earnings
$
752

 
$
826

 
$
907

Denominator:
 
 
 
 
 

Basic weighted average shares outstanding
313.3

 
324.3

 
328.2

Effect of dilutive securities:
 
 
 
 
 

Stock options
1.3

 
2.6

 
2.3

Restricted stock units
0.2

 
0.2

 

Diluted weighted average shares outstanding
314.8

 
327.1

 
330.5

Basic net earnings per share
$
2.40

 
$
2.55

 
$
2.76

Diluted net earnings per share
$
2.39

 
$
2.52

 
$
2.75


Approximately 18.9 million, 11.5 million and 18.3 million shares of common stock subject to stock options and restricted stock units were excluded from the diluted net earnings per share computation because they were not dilutive during fiscal years 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively.
Foreign Currency Translation: Sales and expenses denominated in foreign currencies are translated at average exchange rates in effect throughout the year. Assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated at period-end exchange rates with the impacts of foreign currency translation recognized to cumulative translation adjustment, a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in other income (expense).
Derivative Financial Instruments: The Company follows the provisions of ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging (ASC Topic 815) to account for its derivative instruments and hedging activities. ASC Topic 815 requires all derivative financial instruments to be recognized on the balance sheet at fair value. Changes in the fair value of derivatives are recognized in net earnings or other comprehensive income depending on whether the derivative is designated as part of a qualifying hedge transaction.
The Company uses forward contracts to manage foreign currency exposures primarily related to intercompany receivables and payables arising from intercompany purchases of manufactured products. These forward contracts are not designated as qualifying hedges and therefore, the changes in the fair values of these derivatives are recognized in net earnings and classified in other income (expense). The gains and losses on these forward contracts largely offset the losses or gains on the foreign currency exposures being managed.
The Company has periodically entered into interest rate swap contracts to hedge the risk of the change in the fair value of fixed-rate borrowings due to changes in the benchmark interest rate. As designated fair value hedges, changes in the value of the fair value hedge are recognized as an asset or liability, as applicable, offsetting the changes in the fair value of the hedged debt instrument. The Company has also periodically entered into interest rate swap contracts to hedge the risk to net earnings associated with movements in interest rates by converting variable-rate borrowings into fixed-rate borrowings. As designated cash flow hedges, the fair value of the swap contract is recognized as an asset or liability, as applicable, with the related unrealized gain (loss) recorded to other comprehensive income. The Company's swap contracts are classified on the consolidated balance sheets as a component of other current assets, other assets, other accrued expenses or other liabilities based on the gain or loss position of the contract and the contract maturity date.
New Accounting Pronouncements: In June 2011, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2011-05, Comprehensive Income (Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 220): Presentation of Comprehensive Income, which eliminates the option to report other comprehensive income and its components in the consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity. ASU 2011-05, as amended, requires an entity to present items of net income and other comprehensive income in one continuous statement – referred to as the statement of comprehensive income – or in two separate, but consecutive, statements. Each component of net income and each component of other comprehensive income is required to be presented with subtotals for each and a grand total for total comprehensive income. The updated guidance does not change the calculation of earnings per share. The Company adopted ASU 2011-05 and ASU 2011-12, as amended, Presentation of Comprehensive Income: Reclassifications of Items of Other Comprehensive Income, in the first quarter of fiscal year 2012. Refer to the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the new presentation requiring a separate statement, which had no impact to the Company's Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Consolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in any interim or for the year ended December 29, 2012.
In July 2012, the FASB issued ASU 2012-02, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Testing Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets for Impairment, an update to ASU 2011-08, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Testing Goodwill for Impairment. ASU 2012-02 enables an entity to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative impairment test in accordance with Subtopic 350-30, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - General Intangibles Other than Goodwill. The more-likely-than-not threshold is defined as having a likelihood of more than 50 percent. Previous guidance in Subtopic 350-30 required an entity to test an indefinite-lived intangible asset for impairment by comparing the fair value of the asset with its carrying amount, utilizing only a quantitative impairment test. ASU 2012-02 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods for fiscal years beginning after September 15, 2012, with early adoption permitted. The Company early adopted ASU 2012-02 during the fourth quarter of 2012, and there was no impact to the Company's financial statements.