(10) Employee Benefits

(a) The Corporation has several non-contributory defined benefit pension plans covering substantially all employees. Prior to 2001, benefits were generally based on an employee’s years of service and average compensation during the last five years of employment. Effective January 1, 2001, the Corporation changed the formula for providing pension benefits from the final average pay formula to a cash balance formula. Under the cash balance formula, a notional account is established for each employee, which is credited semi-annually with an amount equal to a percentage of eligible compensation based on age and years of service plus interest based on the account balance. Employees hired prior to 2001 will generally be eligible to receive vested benefits based on the higher of the final average pay or cash balance formulas.

The Corporation’s funding policy is to contribute amounts that meet regulatory requirements plus additional amounts determined by management based on actuarial valuations, market conditions and other factors. This may result in no contribution being made in a particular year.

The Corporation also provides certain other postretirement benefits, principally health care and life insurance, to retired employees and their beneficiaries and covered dependents. Substantially all employees hired before January 1, 1999 may become eligible for these benefits upon retirement if they meet minimum age and years of service requirements. Health care coverage is contributory. Retiree contributions vary based upon a retiree’s age, type of coverage and years of service with the Corporation. Life insurance coverage is non-contributory.

The Corporation funds a portion of the health care benefits obligation where such funding can be accomplished on a tax effective basis. Benefits are paid as covered expenses are incurred.

The funded status of the pension and other postretirement benefit plans at December 31, 2013 and 2012 was as follows:


	Pension Benefits						Other Postretirement Benefits
	2013			2012			2013			2012
	(in millions)
Benefit obligation, beginning of year	$	2,894		$	2,494		$	470		$	454
Service cost		95			88			13			12
Interest cost		125			124			19			20
Actuarial loss (gain)		(261	)		256			(97	)		(4	)
Benefits paid		(75	)		(74	)		(11	)		(12	)
Foreign currency translation effect		(1	)		6			—			—

Benefit obligation, end of year		2,777			2,894			394			470
Plan assets at fair value		2,717			2,305			130			96

Funded status at end of year, included in other liabilities	$	60		$	589		$	264		$	374

Net actuarial loss (gain) and prior service cost included in accumulated other comprehensive income that were not yet recognized as components of net benefit costs at December 31, 2013 and 2012 were as follows:


	Pension Benefits				Other Postretirement Benefits
	2013		2012		2013			2012
	(in millions)
Net actuarial loss (gain)	$	396	$	989	$	(13	)	$	108
Prior service cost		16		18		1			—

	$	412	$	1,007	$	(12	)	$	108

The accumulated benefit obligation for the pension plans was $2,381 million and $2,479 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The accumulated benefit obligation is the present value of pension benefits earned as of the measurement date based on employee service and compensation prior to that date. It differs from the pension benefit obligation in the table on the previous page in that the accumulated benefit obligation includes no assumptions regarding future compensation levels.

The weighted average assumptions used to determine the benefit obligations were as follows:


	Pension Benefits						Other Postretirement Benefits
	2013			2012			2013			2012
Discount rate		5.2	%		4.4	%		5.2	%		4.4	%
Rate of compensation increase		4.5			4.5			—			—

The Corporation made pension plan contributions of $74 million and $98 million during 2013 and 2012, respectively. The Corporation made other postretirement benefit plan contributions of $10 million during both 2013 and 2012.

The components of net pension and other postretirement benefit costs reflected in net income and other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 were as follows:


	Pension Benefits									Other Postretirement Benefits
	2013			2012			2011			2013			2012			2011
	(in millions)
Costs reflected in net income
Service cost	$	95		$	88		$	79		$	13		$	12		$	11
Interest cost		125			124			120			19			20			22
Expected return on plan assets		(165	)		(155	)		(140	)		(7	)		(6	)		(5	)
Amortization of net actuarial loss and prior service cost and other		90			80			68			3			3			3

	$	145		$	137		$	127		$	28		$	29		$	31

Changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income
Net actuarial loss (gain)	$	(505	)	$	139		$	355		$	(117	)	$	(11	)	$	45
Amortization of net actuarial loss and prior service cost and other		(90	)		(80	)		(68	)		(3	)		(3	)		(3	)

	$	(595	)	$	59		$	287		$	(120	)	$	(14	)	$	42

The estimated aggregate net actuarial loss and prior service cost that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income into net benefit costs during 2014 for the pension and other postretirement benefit plans is $34 million.

The weighted average assumptions used to determine net pension and other postretirement benefit costs were as follows:


	Pension Benefits						Other Postretirement Benefits
	2013		2012		2011		2013		2012		2011
Discount rate		4.4%		5.0%		5.75%		4.4%		5.0%		5.75%
Rate of compensation increase		4.5		4.5		4.5		—		—		—
Expected long term rate of return on plan assets		7.5		7.75		7.75		7.5		7.75		7.75

The weighted average health care cost trend rate assumptions used to measure the expected cost of medical benefits were as follows:


	December 31
	2013			2012
Health care cost trend rate for next year		7.6	%		7.9	%
Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline (the ultimate trend rate)		4.5			4.5
Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate		2028			2028

The health care cost trend rate assumption has a significant effect on the amount of the accumulated other postretirement benefit obligation and the net other postretirement benefit cost reported. To illustrate, a one percent increase in the trend rate for each year would increase the accumulated other postretirement benefit obligation at December 31, 2013 by approximately $67 million and the aggregate of the service and interest cost components of net other postretirement benefit cost for the year ended December 31, 2013 by approximately $6 million. A one percent decrease in the trend rate for each year would decrease the accumulated other postretirement benefit obligation at December 31, 2013 by approximately $53 million and the aggregate of the service and interest cost components of net other postretirement benefit cost for the year ended December 31, 2013 by approximately $5 million.

The long term objective of the pension plan is to provide sufficient funding to cover expected benefit obligations, while assuming a prudent level of portfolio risk. The assets of the pension plan are invested, either directly or through pooled funds, in a diversified portfolio of predominately U.S. equity securities and fixed maturities. The Corporation seeks to obtain a rate of return that over time equals or exceeds the returns of the broad markets in which the plan assets are invested. The target allocation of plan assets is 55% to 65% invested in equity securities, with the remainder primarily invested in fixed maturities. The Corporation rebalances its pension assets to the target allocation as market conditions permit. The Corporation determined the expected long term rate of return assumption for each asset class based on an analysis of the historical returns and the expectations for future returns. The expected long term rate of return for the portfolio is a weighted aggregation of the expected returns for each asset class.

The fair values of the pension plan assets were as follows:


	December 31
	2013		2012
	(in millions)
Short term investments	$	37	$	33

Fixed maturities
U.S. government and government agency and authority obligations		224		239
Corporate bonds		371		321
Foreign government and government agency obligations		104		80
Mortgage-backed securities		217		174

Total fixed maturities		916		814

Equity securities		1,718		1,404
Other assets		46		54

	$	2,717	$	2,305

At December 31, 2013 and 2012, pension plan assets invested in pooled funds had a fair value of $1,425 million and $1,200 million, respectively.

At December 31, 2013 and 2012, other postretirement benefit plan assets were invested in pooled funds and had a fair value of $130 million and $96 million, respectively.

The estimated benefits expected to be paid in each of the next five years and in the aggregate for the following five years are as follows:


Years Ending December 31	Pension Benefits		Other Postretirement Benefits
	(in millions)
2014	$	99	$	12
2015		104		13
2016		114		15
2017		149		16
2018		130		18
2019-2023		803		114

(b) The Corporation has a defined contribution benefit plan, the Capital Accumulation Plan, in which substantially all employees are eligible to participate. Under this plan, the employer makes an annual matching contribution equal to 100% of each eligible employee’s pre-tax elective contributions, up to 4% of the employee’s eligible compensation. Contributions are invested at the election of the employee in Chubb’s common stock or in various other investment funds. The expense recognized with respect to the plan was $29 million, $26 million and $27 million in 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.