424B3 1 d740271d424b3.htm 424B3 424B3
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Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3)
Registration No. 333-280297

 

PROSPECTUS

CAPTIVISION INC.

Up to 30,301,058 Ordinary Shares

 

 

This prospectus relates to the resale from time to time of up to 30,301,058 ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 (“Ordinary Shares”), of Captivision Inc. by New Circle Principal Investments LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“New Circle”) and Cohen and Company Capital Markets, a division of J.V.B. Financial Group, LLC (“CCM”). The Ordinary Shares included in this prospectus consist of Ordinary Shares that we have issued or that we may, in our discretion, elect to issue and sell to New Circle from time to time after the date of this prospectus pursuant to a share purchase agreement we entered into with New Circle on June 12, 2024 (the “Purchase Agreement”), in which New Circle has committed to purchase from us, at our discretion, up to $30,000,000 of Ordinary Shares, subject to the terms and conditions specified in the Purchase Agreement. In addition, the shares included in this prospectus include 151,058 Ordinary Shares that we issued to New Circle as consideration for its commitment to purchase our Ordinary Shares pursuant to the Purchase Agreement (the “Commitment Shares”) and 150,000 Ordinary Shares that we issued to CCM in consideration for its role as placement agent in connection with the financing. See the section of this prospectus entitled “Committed Equity Financing” for a description of the Purchase Agreement and the section entitled “Selling Holders” for additional information regarding the Selling Holders.

Our registration of the securities covered by this prospectus does not mean that the Selling Holders will offer or sell any of the Ordinary Shares. Subject to the terms of the Purchase Agreement, New Circle may offer, sell or distribute all or a portion of its Ordinary Shares publicly or through private transactions at prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices. We provide more information about how the Selling Holders may sell or otherwise dispose of the Ordinary Shares in the section entitled “Plan of Distribution.” We will not receive any proceeds from the sale or other disposition of our Ordinary Shares by the Selling Holders. We will, however, receive up to $30,000,000 in aggregate gross proceeds from sales of our Ordinary Shares to New Circle that we may, in our discretion, elect to make from time to time after the date of this prospectus, pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. We will bear all costs, expenses and fees in connection with the registration of the Ordinary Shares offered hereby. The Selling Holders will bear all commissions and discounts, if any, attributable to its sales of the Ordinary Shares offered hereby.

New Circle is an “underwriter” within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and any profits on the sales of Ordinary Shares by New Circle and any discounts, commissions or concessions received by New Circle may be deemed to be underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities Act.

Assuming the issuance of all of the Ordinary Shares being offered for resale in this prospectus (the “Resale Securities”) to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement and to CCM in consideration for their role as placement agent in connection with the offering, the Resale Securities would represent approximately 104.4% of our total Ordinary Shares outstanding as of the date of this prospectus. The sale of all of the Resale Securities, or the perception that these sales could occur, could result in a significant decline in the public trading price of our Ordinary Shares.

We may amend or supplement this prospectus from time to time by filing amendments or supplements as required. You should read this entire prospectus and any amendments or supplements carefully before you make your investment decision. Our Ordinary Shares and Public Warrants are listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market, (“Nasdaq”) under the trading symbols “CAPT” and “CAPTW,” respectively. On July 3, 2024, the closing prices for our Ordinary Shares and Public Warrants on Nasdaq were $2.45 per share and $.08 per warrant, respectively.


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We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 and are therefore eligible to take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements applicable to other public companies.

We are also a “foreign private issuer” as defined in the Exchange Act and are exempt from certain rules under the Exchange Act that impose certain disclosure obligations and procedural requirements for proxy solicitations under Section 14 of the Exchange Act. In addition, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions under Section 16 of the Exchange Act with respect to their purchases and sales of Ordinary Shares. Moreover, we are not required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands with our principal executive offices in South Korea. Our operations are conducted in South Korea and our subsidiaries in United Kingdom, China, Japan, Hong Kong and the United States. Throughout this prospectus, unless the context indicates otherwise, (1) references to “Captivision,” “we” or “us” refer to Captivision Inc. (formerly known as Phygital Immersive Limited), the registrant and the Cayman Islands holding company that is the current holding company of the group and its direct and indirect subsidiaries, (2) references to “Captivision Korea” refer to Captivision Korea, Inc., a corporation (chusik hoesa) organized under the laws of South Korea and the headquarters and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Captivision, and (3) references to “JGGC” refer to Jaguar Global Growth Corporation I, a Delaware corporation, a blank check company which merged with and into Captivision as a result of the Business Combination, with Captivision surviving the Merger. Captivision Korea and its subsidiaries conduct Captivision’s daily business operations. For a diagram depicting Captivision’s corporate structure, see “Prospectus Summary—Overview—Structure of Captivision.”

Investors in our securities are investing in a Cayman Islands holding company rather than securities of our operating subsidiaries. Such structure involves unique risks to investors. In particular, because our principal executive offices are located in South Korea, and a substantial portion of our operations and assets are located in South Korea, we may face various legal and operational risks associated with doing business in South Korea. For a detailed description of the risks related to Captivision’s holding company structure and doing business in South Korea and other countries in which we operate, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to South Korea and Other Countries Where We Operate.”

 

 

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 17 of this prospectus for a discussion of information that should be considered in connection with an investment in our securities.

Neither the SEC nor any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

PROSPECTUS DATED JULY 5, 2024


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

     1  

FINANCIAL INFORMATION PRESENTATION

     2  

INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA

     3  

FREQUENTLY USED TERMS

     4  

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

     9  

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

     11  

THE OFFERING

     16  

RISK FACTORS

     17  

COMMITTED EQUITY FINANCING

     58  

USE OF PROCEEDS

     62  

DIVIDEND POLICY

     63  

MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS

     64  

MATERIAL CAYMAN ISLANDS TAX CONSIDERATIONS

     71  

BUSINESS

     72  

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

     92  

MANAGEMENT

     138  

EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

     146  

CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PERSON TRANSACTIONS

     152  

DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES

     159  

BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP OF SECURITIES

     178  

SELLING HOLDERS

     180  

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

     182  

EXPENSES RELATED TO THE OFFERING

     184  

LEGAL MATTERS

     185  

EXPERTS

     186  

ENFORCEABILITY OF CIVIL LIABILITY UNDER U.S. SECURITIESLAWS

     187  

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

     188  

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

     F-1  

 

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You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus or any supplement. Neither we nor the Selling Holders have authorized anyone else to provide you with different information. We and the Selling Holders take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. The securities offered by this prospectus are being offered only in jurisdictions where the offer is permitted. You should not assume that the information in this prospectus or any supplement is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front of each document. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date.

Except as otherwise set forth in this prospectus, neither we nor the Selling Holders have taken any action to permit a public offering of these securities outside the United States or to permit the possession or distribution of this prospectus outside the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about and observe any restrictions relating to the offering of these securities and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.

 

 

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ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form F-1 that we filed with the SEC. The Selling Holders named in this prospectus may, from time to time, sell the securities described in this prospectus in one or more offerings. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale by the Selling Holders of the Ordinary Shares offered by them described in this prospectus. This prospectus includes important information about us, the securities being offered by us and the Selling Holders and other information you should know before investing. Any prospectus supplement may also add, update, or change information in this prospectus. If there is any inconsistency between the information contained in this prospectus and any prospectus supplement, you should rely on the information contained in that particular prospectus supplement. This prospectus does not contain all of the information provided in the registration statement that we filed with the SEC. You should read this prospectus together with the additional information about us described in the section below entitled “Where You Can Find More Information.” You should rely only on information contained in this prospectus, any prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus. We have not, and the Selling Holders have not, authorized anyone to provide you with information different from that contained in this prospectus, any prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date on the front cover of the prospectus. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any other date.

The Ordinary Shares may be sold or distributed from time to time by the Selling Holders directly to one or more purchasers or through brokers, dealers, or underwriters who may act solely as agents at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to the prevailing market prices, at negotiated prices, or at fixed prices, which may be changed. See “Plan of Distribution.”

This prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy, any securities, or the solicitation of a proxy, in any jurisdiction to or from any person to whom it is unlawful to make any such offer or solicitation in such jurisdiction.

 

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FINANCIAL INFORMATION PRESENTATION

Captivision

We qualify as a foreign private issuer as defined under Rule 405 under the Securities Act and will prepare our financial statements denominated in U.S. dollars and in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as adopted by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IFRS”). Accordingly, the audited financial information included in this prospectus have been prepared in accordance with IFRS and denominated in U.S. dollars.

 

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INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA

In this prospectus, we present industry data, information and statistics regarding the markets in which we compete as well as publicly available information, industry and general publications and research and studies conducted by third parties. This information is supplemented where necessary with our own internal estimates and information obtained from discussions with our customers, taking into account publicly available information about other industry participants and our management’s judgment where information is not publicly available. This information appears in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Business” and other sections of this prospectus.

Industry publications, research, studies and forecasts generally state that the information they contain has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but that the accuracy and completeness of such information is not guaranteed. Forecasts and other forward-looking information obtained from these sources are subject to the same qualifications and uncertainties as the other forward-looking statements in this prospectus. These forecasts and forward-looking information are subject to uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described under “Risk Factors.” These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in any forecasts or estimates.

 

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FREQUENTLY USED TERMS

The following terms used in this prospectus have the meanings indicated below:

Business Combination” means the Merger, the Share Swap (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement) and the other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, collectively.

Business Combination Agreement” means the Business Combination Agreement, dated as of March 2, 2023, as amended as of June 16, 2023, July 7, 2023, July 18, 2023 and September 7, 2023 by and among JGGC, Captivision Korea, Jaguar Global Growth Korea Co., Ltd, and the Company.

Business Day” shall mean any day other than a Saturday, a Sunday or other day on which commercial banks in New York, New York, Seoul, Republic of Korea or the Cayman Islands are authorized or required by Legal Requirements to close.

Captivision”, the “Company” and “we” means Captivision Inc. (formerly known as Phygital Immersive Limited), an exempted company with limited liability under the laws of the Cayman Islands, together with its direct and indirect subsidiaries.

Captivision Korea” means Captivision Korea, Inc. (f/k/a GLAAM Co., Ltd.), a corporation (chusik hoesa) organized under the laws of the Republic of Korea and a subsidiary of the Company.

Captivision Korea Common Shares” means the common shares, KW 500 par value per share, of Captivision Korea.

Captivision Korea Exchange Ratio” means 0.800820612130561.

Captivision Korea Founder Earnout Letter” means the letter agreement, dated March 2, 2023, by and among the Captivision Korea Founders, the Company, Exchange Sub, JGGC and Captivision Korea, pursuant to which, at the Closing, issued or caused to be issued to the Captivision Korea Founders (in the aggregate), (i) the 1,666,666.67 Series I RSRs, (ii) the 1,666,666.67 Series II RSRs and (iii) the 1,666,666.67 Series III RSRs and setting forth the terms upon which such 5,000,000 Earnout RSRs shall vest and be settled for Ordinary Shares.

Captivision Korea Founders” means Houng Ki Kim and Ho Joon Lee.

Captivision Korea Options” means the options to purchase Captivision Korea Common Shares.

Captivision Korea Shareholders” means the holders of Captivision Korea Common Shares.

Closing” means the consummation of the Business Combination.

Code” means the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

Companies Act” means the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands.

Converted Options” means the options to acquire Ordinary Shares issued upon conversion of the Captivision Korea Options, in each case subject to substantially the same terms and conditions as were applicable under the converted Captivision Korea Option, the number of Ordinary Shares (rounded down to the nearest whole share), determined by multiplying the number of Captivision Korea Common Shares subject to the converted Captivision Korea Option as of immediately prior to the Share Swap by the Captivision Korea Exchange Ratio, at an exercise price per Captivision Korea Common Share (rounded up to the nearest whole cent) equal to (x) the exercise price per Captivision Korea Common Share of the converted Captivision Korea Options divided by (y) the Captivision Korea Exchange Ratio.

 

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Converted Warrants” means, collectively, the Public Warrants and the Private Warrants.

Convertible Notes” means the convertible promissory notes issued to certain investors in private placements pursuant to those certain subscription agreements dated February 16, 2024 and April 16, 2024 which shall automatically be converted into Ordinary Shares upon the effectiveness of the securities registration statement submitted to the Financial Supervisory Services of Korea in accordance with applicable Korean law.

DOOH” means digital out of home.

Earnout Period” means, with respect to the Earnout RSRs, the period commencing at Closing and ending on the third anniversary of the Closing.

Earnout RSRs” means, collectively, the Series I RSRs, the Series II RSRs and the Series III RSRs.

Earnout Shares” means the shares issuable upon settlement of the Earnout RSRs.

Earnout Strategic Transaction” means the occurrence in a single transaction or as a result of a series of related transactions, of (i) a merger, consolidation, business combination, reorganization, recapitalization, liquidation, dissolution or other similar transaction with respect to the Company, in each case, in which shares of the Company are exchanged for cash, securities of another person or other property (excluding, for the avoidance of doubt, any domestication of the Company or any other transaction in which Ordinary Shares are exchanged for substantially similar securities of the Company or any successor entity of the Company) or (ii) the sale, lease or other disposition, directly or indirectly, by the Company of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole (excluding any such sale or other disposition to an entity at least a majority of the combined voting power of the voting securities of which are owned by holders of Ordinary Shares).

Equity Plan” means the equity incentive plan for employees, directors and service providers of the Company and its subsidiaries in effect as of the Closing.

Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

Exchange Sub” means Jaguar Global Growth Korea Co., Ltd., a stock corporation (chusik hoesa) organized under the laws of the Republic of Korea and wholly owned direct subsidiary of the Company.

Founder Warrants” means the warrants held by the Captivision Korea Founders that are exercisable for an aggregate of 1,779,368 Ordinary Shares at $11.50 per share.

FPCB” means flexible printed circuit board.

GaaS” means glass as a service.

Governmental Entity” means (a) any federal, provincial, state, local, municipal, foreign, national or international court, governmental commission, government or governmental authority, department, regulatory or administrative agency, board, bureau, agency or instrumentality, tribunal, arbitrator or arbitral body (public or private), or similar body; (b) any self-regulatory organization; or (c) any political subdivision of any of the foregoing.

IASB” means International Accounting Standards Board.

IC semiconductor chip” means an integrated circuit chip.

IFRS” means International Financial Reporting Standards, as issued by the IASB.

 

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Investment Company Act” means the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

IRS” means the U.S. Internal Revenue Service.

JGGC” means Jaguar Global Growth Corporation I, a Cayman Islands exempted company.

JGGC Class A Ordinary Shares” means JGGC’s Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share.

JGGC IPO” means JGGC’s initial public offering of units of JGGC, each consisting of one JGGC Class A Ordinary Share, one JGGC Right and one-half of one JGGC Public Warrant, which was consummated on February 10, 2022.

JGGC Public Warrants” means the redeemable warrants, each exercisable to purchase one JGGC Class A Ordinary Share.

JGGC Rights” means the rights entitling the holder thereof to receive one-twelfth of one JGGC Class A Ordinary Share.

JGGC Sponsor” means Jaguar Global Growth Partners I, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company.

JOBS Act” means Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended.

LED” means light-emitting diode.

Legal Requirements” means any federal, state, local, municipal, foreign or other law, statute, constitution, treaty, principle of common law, resolution, ordinance, code, edict, decree, rule, regulation, ruling, injunction, judgment, order, assessment, writ or other legal requirement, administrative policy or guidance or requirement issued, enacted, adopted, promulgated, implemented or otherwise put into effect by or under the authority of any Governmental Entity.

Merger” means the merger of JGGC with and into the Company upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Business Combination Agreement, the plan of merger relating to the Merger and in accordance with the applicable provisions of the Companies Act, whereupon the separate corporate existence of JGGC ceased and the Company continued its existence under the Companies Act as the surviving company.

Nasdaq” means the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC.

Ordinary Shares” means the ordinary shares of the Company, par value $0.0001 per share.

PCAOB” means the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board.

PFIC” means passive investment foreign company.

Private Warrant” means a warrant of the Company to purchase one Ordinary Share that was issued upon conversion of a private placement warrant issued by JGGC in the Merger.

Public Warrant” means a warrant of the Company to purchase one Ordinary Share that was issued upon conversion of a public warrant issued by JGGC in the Merger.

Purchase Agreement” means that certain share purchase agreement, dated as of June 12, 2024, by and between Captivision Inc. and New Circle.

 

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Registration Rights Agreement” means the Registration Rights Agreement entered into at Closing by and among the Company, the JGGC Sponsor, certain former Captivision Korea Shareholders party thereto and the other parties thereto, which amended and restated the registration rights agreement, dated February 10, 2022, by and among JGGC, the JGGC Sponsor and other holders of JGGC securities party thereto.

Resale Securities” means those Ordinary Shares being offered for resale pursuant to this prospectus.

SEC” means the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

Selling Holders” means New Circle Principal Investments LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and Cohen & Company Capital Markets, a division of J.V.B. Financial Group, LLC.

Series I RSRs” means the 1,666,666.67 Series I restricted stock rights of the Company that will vest and be settled for an equal number of Ordinary Shares if, during the Earnout Period, the daily VWAP of the Ordinary Shares is greater than or equal to $12.00 for any twenty (20) Trading Days within any thirty (30) consecutive Trading Day period.

Series II RSRs” means the 1,666,666.67 Series II restricted stock rights of the Company that will vest and be settled for an equal number of Ordinary Shares if, during the Earnout Period, the daily VWAP of the Ordinary Shares is greater than or equal to $14.00 for any twenty (20) Trading Days within any thirty (30) consecutive Trading Day period.

Series III RSRs” means the 1,666,666.67 Series III restricted stock rights of the Company that will vest and be settled for an equal number of Ordinary Shares if, during the Earnout Period, the daily VWAP of the Ordinary Shares is greater than or equal to $16.00 for any twenty (20) Trading Days within any thirty (30) consecutive Trading Day period.

SLAM” means Super Large Architectural Media.

Specified Period” means the later of (i) the date that is 180 days after the Closing and (ii) the VWAP for Ordinary Share being at least $12.50 for 20 Trading Days within any 30-consecutive Trading Day period during the period following the Closing and ending on the five (5) year anniversary of the Closing.

Sponsor Support Agreement” means the support agreement dated March 2, 2023 entered into between JGGC, the Company, Captivision Korea and the JGGC Sponsor.

Transfer Agent” means Continental, the Company’s transfer agent.

Treasury Regulations” shall mean the regulations promulgated by the U.S. Department of the Treasury pursuant to and in respect of provisions of the Code.

Trust Account” means the trust account that held a portion of the proceeds from the IPO and the concurrent sale of the JGGC Private Placement Warrants and that was maintained by Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, acting as trustee.

U.S.” means the United States.

U.S. GAAP” means generally accepted accounting principles in the United States as in effect from time to time.

 

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VWAP” means for each Trading Day, the daily volume-weighted average price for Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq during the period beginning at 9:30:01 a.m., New York time on such Trading Day and ending at 4:00:00 p.m., New York time on such Trading Day, as reported by Bloomberg through its “HP” function (set to weighted average).

Warrants” means, collectively, the Converted Warrants and the Founder Warrants.

 

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended. These forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements relating to expectations for future financial performance, business strategies or expectations for our respective businesses. These statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of our management. Although we believe that our plans, intentions and expectations reflected in or suggested by these forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot assure you that we will achieve or realize these plans, intentions or expectations. These statements constitute projections, forecasts and forward-looking statements, and are not guarantees of performance. Such statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. When used in this prospectus, words such as “anticipate”, “believe”, “can”, “continue”, “could”, “estimate”, “expect”, “forecast”, “intend”, “may”, “might”, “plan”, “possible”, “potential”, “predict”, “project”, “seek”, “should”, “strive”, “target”, “will”, “would” or the negative of such terms, and similar expressions, may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

The risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to:

 

   

our ability to raise financing in the future and to comply with restrictive covenants related to indebtedness;

 

   

our ability to realize the benefits expected from the Business Combination;

 

   

the significant market adoption, demand and opportunities in the construction and DOOH media industries for Captivision Korea’s products;

 

   

our ability to maintain the listing of the Ordinary Shares and the Public Warrants on Nasdaq;

 

   

the ability of Captivision Korea to remain competitive in the fourth-generation architectural media glass industry in the face of future technological innovations;

 

   

the ability of Captivision Korea to execute its international expansion strategy;

 

   

the ability of Captivision Korea to protect its intellectual property rights;

 

   

the profitability of Captivision Korea’s larger projects, which are subject to protracted sales cycles;

 

   

whether the raw materials, components, finished goods and services used by Captivision Korea to manufacture its products will continue to be available and will not be subject to significant price increases;

 

   

the IT, vertical real estate and large format wallscape modified regulatory restrictions or building codes;

 

   

the ability of Captivision Korea’s manufacturing facilities to meet their projected manufacturing costs and production capacity;

 

   

our future financial performance and the future financial performance of Captivision Korea;

 

   

the emergence of new technologies and the response of our customer base to those technologies;

 

   

our ability and the ability of Captivision Korea to retain or recruit, or to effect changes required in, their respective officers, key employees or directors;

 

   

our ability and the ability of Captivision Korea to comply with laws and regulations applicable to its business;

 

   

our ability to meet conditions precedent to issue Ordinary Shares to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement;

 

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the dilution of holders of Ordinary Shares from our issuance of Ordinary Shares to the Selling Holders. There can be no guarantee that how many Ordinary Shares we will issue under the Purchase Agreement, if any at all;

 

   

the volatility of the price of Ordinary Shares that may result from sales of Ordinary Shares by the Selling Holders; and

 

   

other risks and uncertainties indicated in this prospectus, including those set forth under the section of this prospectus entitled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 17.

These forward-looking statements are based on information available as of the date of this prospectus and our management team’s current expectations, forecasts and assumptions, and involve a number of judgments, known and unknown risks and uncertainties and other factors, many of which are outside of our control and our directors, officers and affiliates. Accordingly, forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing our management team’s views as of any subsequent date. We do not undertake any obligation to update, add or to otherwise correct any forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect events or circumstances after the date they were made, whether as a result of new information, future events, inaccuracies that become apparent after the date hereof or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

 

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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

Overview

Captivision is a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands on February 24, 2023, with principal executive offices in South Korea. We conduct our operations through Captivision Korea, one of our wholly-owned subsidiaries in the Republic of South Korea, and its subsidiaries in the United Kingdom, China, Japan, Hong Kong and the United States. We are the exclusive developer, manufacturer and installer of an innovative architectural media glass product called G-Glass. G-Glass is the world’s first IT-enabled construction material that transforms buildings into extraordinary digital content delivery devices. We are a market leader in the delivery of fully transparent media façade capabilities with over 460 architectural installations worldwide. Founded in South Korea in 2005, Captivision Korea is now a vertically integrated manufacturer controlling almost every aspect of product assembly and installation, including assembling media glass laminates, manufacturing aluminum frames, developing electronics, operating software, and delivering products.

Structure of Captivision

The following diagram depicts our simplified organizational structure:

 

LOGO

 

(1)

Excludes G-Frame’s 11.4% Ownership

(2)

Excludes G-Frame’s 7.4% Ownership

(3)

Excludes G-Frame’s 16.6% Ownership

Status as Emerging Growth Company

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. We will remain an “emerging growth company” until the earliest to occur of (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the IPO, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of Ordinary Shares held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our prior second fiscal quarter, and (ii) the date on which we issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period. We may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to most other public companies, whether or not they are classified as “emerging growth companies,” including, but not limited to, an exemption from the provisions of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requiring that our independent registered public

 

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accounting firm provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation. If some investors find us less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our securities and the prices of securities may be more volatile.

Foreign Private Issuer

Captivision is a “foreign private issuer” as defined in the Exchange Act. As a “foreign private issuer,” we are exempt from certain rules under the Exchange Act, including certain disclosure and procedural requirements applicable to proxy solicitations under Section 14 of the Exchange Act, our board, officers and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act with respect to their purchases and sales of our Ordinary Shares, and we are not required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act but are not foreign private issuers. Foreign private issuers are also not required to comply with Regulation Fair Disclosure (“Regulation FD”), which restricts the selective disclosure of material non-public information. Accordingly, there may be less publicly available information concerning Captivision than there is for companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act but are not foreign private issuers, and such information may not be provided as promptly as it is provided by such companies. As a “foreign private issuer,” we are also permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices in lieu of the requirements of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules (the “Nasdaq Rules”) pursuant to Nasdaq Rule 5615(a)(3), which provides for such exemption to compliance with the Nasdaq Rule 5600 Series. We rely on the exemptions available to foreign private issuers listed in the section entitled “Management—Corporate Governance Practices,” and we may rely on additional exemptions in the future.

Committed Equity Financing

On June 12, 2024, we entered into the Purchase Agreement with New Circle. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, we have the right to sell to New Circle up to $30,000,000 of Ordinary Shares, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement, from time to time during the term of the Purchase Agreement. Sales of Ordinary Shares to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement, and the timing of any such sales, are at our option and we are under no obligation to sell any securities to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement. In connection with the execution of the Purchase Agreement, we issued the Commitment Shares to New Circle as consideration for its commitment to purchase our Ordinary Shares pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. We have also issued 150,000 Ordinary Shares to CCM in consideration for its role as placement agent in connection with the financing.

In accordance with our obligations under the Registration Rights Agreement, we have filed the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part with the SEC to register under the Securities Act the resale by New Circle of up to 30,000,000 Ordinary Shares that we may elect, in our sole discretion, to issue and sell to New Circle from time to time under the Purchase Agreement. The shares included in this prospectus include the Commitment Shares that we issued to New Circle as consideration for its commitment to purchase our Ordinary Shares pursuant to the Purchase Agreement and the 150,000 Ordinary Shares we issued to CCM in consideration for its role as placement agent in connection with the financing. Upon the satisfaction of the conditions to New Circle’s purchase obligation set forth in the Purchase Agreement, including that the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part be declared effective by the SEC and the final form of this prospectus is filed with the SEC, we will have the right, but not the obligation, from time to time at our discretion during the 24-month period after the date the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part is declared effective by the SEC, to direct New Circle to purchase a specified amount of Ordinary Shares (each such sale, a “Purchase”) by delivering written notice to New Circle (each, a “Purchase Notice”). While there is no mandatory minimum amount for any Purchase, a Purchase Notice may not be for the purchase of more than the

 

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greater of (i) an amount of Ordinary Shares equal to one hundred percent (100%) of the average daily traded amount for the five (5) trading days immediately preceding a Purchase Notice, and (ii) the number of Ordinary Shares equal to $50,000 divided by the volume weighted average price (the “VWAP”) of the Ordinary Shares during the five (5) trading days immediately preceding a Purchase Notice. The per share purchase price for the Ordinary Shares that we elect to sell to New Circle in a Purchase will be determined by reference to the Market Price (as defined in the Purchase Agreement) and calculated in accordance with the Purchase Agreement, less a discount of 3.0%.

We will control the timing and amount of any sales of Ordinary Shares to New Circle. Actual sales of Ordinary Shares to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement will depend on a variety of factors to be determined by us from time to time, which may include, among other things, market conditions, the trading price of our Ordinary Shares, and determinations by us as to the appropriate sources of funding for our company and its operations.

Under the applicable Nasdaq rules, in no event may we issue to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement more than 5,803,296 Ordinary Shares, which number of shares is equal to 19.99% of the Ordinary Shares of the Company outstanding as of the date of the Purchase Agreement (the “Exchange Cap”), unless (i) we obtain shareholder approval to issue Ordinary Shares in excess of the Exchange Cap in accordance with applicable Nasdaq rules, (ii) all applicable sales of Ordinary Shares under the Purchase Agreement equal or exceed $2.74 per share (which represents the lower of (a) the Nasdaq official closing price (as reflected on Nasdaq.com) immediately prior to the date of the Purchase Agreement or (b) the average Nasdaq official closing price for the five (5) trading days immediately prior to the date of the Purchase Agreement), or (iii) we have duly elected to follow home country practice rules in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5615(a)(3). Because we have duly elected to follow home country practice rules in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5615(a)(3), the Exchange Cap does not apply at this time. Moreover, we may not issue or sell any Ordinary Shares to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement which, when aggregated with all other Ordinary Shares then beneficially owned by New Circle and its affiliates (as calculated pursuant to Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and Rule 13d-3 promulgated thereunder), would result in the beneficial ownership by New Circle and its affiliates to exceed 4.99% of the then outstanding voting power or number of Ordinary Shares (the “Beneficial Ownership Limitation”). Notwithstanding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, New Circle may sell our Ordinary Shares in the public market at any time, so long as the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part remains effective and this prospectus remains usable and the related Purchase Agreement with New Circle has not been terminated. Sales of a substantial number of our Ordinary Shares in the public market, including the number of Resale Securities being offered pursuant to this prospectus (which equals approximately 104.4% of our total Ordinary Shares outstanding as of the date of this prospectus, calculated as 30,151,058 Ordinary Shares potentially issuable to New Circle and 150,000 Ordinary Shares issued to CCM, divided by 29,030,998 currently outstanding Ordinary Shares), or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our securities. The frequency of such sales could cause the market price of our securities to decline or increase the volatility in the market price of our securities.

Neither we nor New Circle may assign or transfer any of our respective rights and obligations under the Purchase Agreement without the prior written consent of the other party, and no provision of the Purchase Agreement may be modified or waived by the parties other than by an instrument in writing signed by both parties.

Risk Factors

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those highlighted in the section entitled “Risk Factors” immediately following this prospectus summary, that represent challenges that we face in connection with the successful implementation of our strategy and the growth of our business. In particular, the following considerations, among others, may offset our competitive strengths or have a negative effect on our

 

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business strategy, which could cause a decline in the price of our securities and result in a loss of all or a portion of your investment. Some of these risks include, but are not limited to:

 

   

We will require substantial additional financing to fund our operations and complete the development and commercialization of the process technologies that produce each of our products or new aspects of our existing process technologies that produce each of our products, and we may not be able to obtain such financing on favorable terms, or at all.

 

   

Unpaid transaction expenses, the costs of certain fee deferral arrangements and the issuances of additional Ordinary Shares under certain of our contracts and arrangements may result in dilution of holders of Ordinary Shares and have a negative impact on our results of operation, our liquidity and/or the market price of the Ordinary Shares.

 

   

The fourth-generation architectural media glass industry is a nascent industry; it may take a long time for Captivision Korea’s technology to penetrate its target markets.

 

   

Captivision Korea’s future growth and success is dependent upon the DOOH market and the construction industry’s willingness to adopt architectural media glass and specifically its G-Glass technology.

 

   

Failure to maintain the performance, reliability and quality standards required by Captivision Korea’s customers could have a materially adverse impact on its financial condition and results of operation.

 

   

Captivision Korea’s business and results have been and, may in the future be, adversely affected by fluctuations in the cost or availability of raw materials, components, purchased finished goods, shipping or services.

 

   

A global economic downturn could result in reduced demand for Captivision Korea’s products and adversely affect its profitability.

 

   

Captivision Korea’s sales cycle for large projects is protracted, which makes its annual revenue and other financial metrics hard to predict.

 

   

Technological innovation by others could render Captivision Korea’s technology and the products produced using its process technologies obsolete or uneconomical.

 

   

Captivision Korea’s financial projections are subject to significant risks, assumptions, estimates and uncertainties. As a result, its actual revenues, market share, expenses and profitability may differ materially from expectations.

 

   

Captivision Korea’s success depends upon its ability to develop new products and services and enhance existing products and services through product development initiatives and technological advances; any failure to make such improvements could harm its future business and prospects.

 

   

Captivision Korea’s government sector sales, which comprise a significant portion of its sales, may be adversely affected by presidential and congressional elections, policy changes, government land development plan changes and other local political events.

 

   

The IT, vertical real estate and large format wallscape sectors are regulated and any new or modified regulatory restrictions could adversely affect Captivision Korea’s sales and results of operations.

 

   

Changes in building codes could lower the demand for Captivision Korea’s G-Glass technology.

 

   

Captivision Korea sometimes manages the installation of its products, which subjects it to risks and costs that may impact its profit margin.

 

   

Captivision Korea sometimes relies on third-party contractors for the installation of its products, which subjects it to risks and costs that are out of its control.

 

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Captivision Korea is subject to labor, health, construction/building and safety regulations, and may be exposed to liabilities and potential costs for lack of compliance.

 

   

Equipment failures, delays in deliveries and catastrophic loss at Captivision Korea’s manufacturing facilities could lead to production curtailments or shutdowns that prevent it from producing its products.

 

   

Captivision Korea may be adversely affected by disruptions to its manufacturing facilities or disruptions to its customer, supplier or employee base.

 

   

Captivision Korea operates with a modest inventory, which may make it difficult for it to efficiently allocate capacity on a timely basis in response to changes in demand.

 

   

Captivision Korea’s business involves complex manufacturing processes that may cause personal injury or property damage, subjecting it to liabilities and possible losses or other disruptions of its operations in the future, which may not be covered by insurance.

 

   

Failure to protect Captivision Korea’s intellectual property rights could impair its competitiveness and harm its business and future prospects.

 

   

Earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, severe health epidemics and other natural calamities could materially adversely affect Captivision Korea’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

 

   

Captivision Korea continues to face significant risks associated with its international expansion strategy.

 

   

Our current liquidity resources raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern and to comply with our debt covenants unless we raise additional capital to meet our obligations in the near term.

 

   

Captivision Korea’s results of operations are subject to exchange rate fluctuations, which may affect its costs and revenues.

 

   

Captivision Korea is subject to the risks of operations in the United Kingdom, China, Japan, Hong Kong and the United States.

 

   

The Warrants and the Converted Options may never be in the money, and may expire worthless.

 

   

We rely on production facility operators and manufacturing facility employees, and the loss of the services of any such personnel or the inability to attract and retain will adversely affect our business.

 

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THE OFFERING

The summary below describes the principal terms of the offering. The “Description of Securities” section of this prospectus contains a more detailed description of our Ordinary Shares and Warrants.

 

Issuer

Captivision Inc.

 

Ordinary Shares that may be offered and sold from time to time by the Selling Holders

Up to 30,301,058 Ordinary Shares

 

Terms of the Offering

The Selling Holders will determine when and how it will dispose of any Ordinary Shares registered under this prospectus for resale.

 

Ordinary Shares outstanding before this Offering

29,030,998

 

Ordinary Shares that may be outstanding immediately after the offering

59,332,056

 

Use of proceeds

We will not receive any proceeds from the resale of the Ordinary Shares to be offered by the Selling Holders. However, we may receive up to $30,000,000 in aggregate gross proceeds, before deducting any discount to New Circle or expenses payable by us, under the Purchase Agreement from sales of Ordinary Shares that we may elect to make to New Circle pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, if any, from time to time in our discretion. See “Use of Proceeds” for more information.

 

Risk Factors

See the section titled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 17 of this prospectus and other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of factors that you should consider carefully before deciding to invest in our securities.

 

Market for our Ordinary Shares and Public Warrants

Our Ordinary Shares and Public Warrants are listed on Nasdaq under the symbols “CAPT” and “CAPTW,” respectively.

 

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RISK FACTORS

Investing in our securities involves risks. You should carefully consider the risks described below and the other information contained in this prospectus, including the financial statements and notes to the financial statements included herein, in evaluating your decision to buy our securities. These risk factors are not exhaustive and investors are encouraged to perform their own investigation with respect to the business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations of Captivision Korea and the Company. The occurrence of one or more of the events or circumstances described in these risk factors, alone or in combination with other events or circumstances, may have a material adverse effect on the business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations of Captivision. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations. Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by any of these risks. The risk factors described below are not necessarily exhaustive and you are encouraged to perform your own investigation with respect to the business of the Company.

Risks Related to This Offering

It is not possible to predict the actual number of Ordinary Shares we will sell under the Purchase Agreement to New Circle, or the actual gross proceeds resulting from those sales. Further, we may not have access to the full amount available under the Purchase Agreement with New Circle.

On June 12, 2024, we entered into the Purchase Agreement with New Circle, pursuant to which New Circle has committed to purchase up to $30,000,000 of our Ordinary Shares, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement. In addition, we issued the Commitment Shares to New Circle as consideration for its commitment to purchase our Ordinary Shares pursuant to the Purchase Agreement and 150,000 Ordinary Shares to CCM in consideration for its role as placement agent in connection with the financing. The Ordinary Shares that may be issued under the Purchase Agreement may be sold by us to New Circle at our discretion from time to time.

We generally have the right to control the timing and amount of any sales of our Ordinary Shares to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement. Sales of our Ordinary Shares, if any, to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement will depend upon market conditions and other factors to be determined by us. We may ultimately decide to sell to New Circle all, some or none of the Ordinary Shares that may be available for us to sell to New Circle pursuant to the Purchase Agreement.

Because the purchase price per share to be paid by New Circle for the Ordinary Shares that we may elect to sell to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement, if any, will fluctuate based on the market prices of our Ordinary Shares prior to each Purchase made pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, if any, it is not possible for us to predict, as of the date of this prospectus and prior to any such sales, the number of Ordinary Shares that we will sell to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement, the purchase price per share that New Circle will pay for Ordinary Shares purchased from us under the Purchase Agreement, or the aggregate gross proceeds that we will receive from those purchases by New Circle under the Purchase Agreement, if any.

Moreover, although the Purchase Agreement provides that we may sell up to an aggregate of $30,000,000 of our Ordinary Shares to New Circle, only 30,000,000 Ordinary Shares are being registered for resale under the registration statement that includes this prospectus. If we elect to sell to New Circle all of the 30,000,000 Ordinary Shares being registered for resale under this prospectus, depending on the market price of our Ordinary Shares prior to each Purchase made pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the actual gross proceeds from the sale of all such Ordinary Shares may be substantially less than the $30,000,000 available to us under the Purchase Agreement, which could materially adversely affect our liquidity.

If it becomes necessary for us to issue and sell to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement more than the 30,000,000 Ordinary Shares being registered for resale under this prospectus in order to receive aggregate gross

 

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proceeds equal to $30,000,000 under the Purchase Agreement, we must file with the SEC one or more additional registration statements to register under the Securities Act the resale by New Circle of any such additional Ordinary Shares we wish to sell from time to time under the Purchase Agreement, which the SEC must declare effective. Any issuance and sale by us under the Purchase Agreement of Ordinary Shares in addition to the 30,000,000 Ordinary Shares being registered for resale by New Circle under the registration statement that includes this prospectus could cause additional dilution to our shareholders.

We are not required or permitted to issue any Ordinary Shares under the Purchase Agreement if such issuance would breach our obligations under the rules or regulations of Nasdaq. In addition, New Circle will not be required to purchase any Ordinary Shares if such sale would result in New Circle’s beneficial ownership exceeding 4.99% of the then issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares. Our inability to access a part or all of the amount available under the Purchase Agreement, in the absence of any other financing sources, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The sale and issuance of our Ordinary Shares to New Circle will cause dilution to our existing shareholders, and the sale of the Ordinary Shares acquired by New Circle, or the perception that such sales may occur, could cause the price of our Ordinary Shares to fall.

The purchase price for the Ordinary Shares that we may sell to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement will fluctuate based on the price of our Ordinary Shares. Depending on a number of factors, including market liquidity, sales of such Ordinary Shares may cause the trading price of our Ordinary Shares to fall.

If and when we do sell Ordinary Shares to New Circle, New Circle may resell all, some, or none of those Ordinary Shares at its discretion, subject to the terms of the Purchase Agreement. Therefore, sales of Ordinary Shares to New Circle by us could result in substantial dilution to the interests of other holders of our Ordinary Shares. Additionally, the sale of a substantial number of Ordinary Shares to New Circle, or the anticipation of such sales, could make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a desirable time and price.

Investors who buy Ordinary Shares at different times will likely pay different prices.

Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, we control the timing and amount of any sales of Ordinary Shares to New Circle. If and when we do elect to sell Ordinary Shares to New Circle pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, New Circle may resell all, some, or none of such shares in its discretion and at different prices, subject to the terms of the Purchase Agreement. As a result, investors who purchase Ordinary Shares from New Circle in this offering at different times may experience different outcomes in their investment results. Investors may experience a decline in the value of the Ordinary Shares they purchase from New Circle in this offering as a result of future sales made by us to New Circle at prices lower than the prices such investors paid for their Ordinary Shares in this offering. In addition, if we sell a substantial number of Ordinary Shares to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement, or if investors expect that we will do so, the actual sales of Ordinary Shares or the mere existence of our arrangement with New Circle may make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a desirable time and price.

Our management team may invest or spend the proceeds of this offering in ways with which you may not agree or in ways which may not yield a significant return.

Our management will have broad discretion over the use of proceeds from this offering. We intend to use the net proceeds, if any, from this offering for general corporate purposes, which may include, among other things, working capital. Our management will have considerable discretion in the application of the net proceeds, and you will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. The net proceeds may be used for corporate purposes that do not increase our operating results or enhance the value of Ordinary Shares.

 

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Risks Related to Our Industry and Company

The fourth-generation architectural media glass industry is a nascent industry; it may take a long time for our technology to penetrate our target markets.

We believe we are the first and only provider of fourth generation architectural media glass. Unlike third generation architectural media glass, the fourth-generation iteration is architecturally durable, fully transparent and is able to be installed in any structures where traditional architectural glass can be installed. However, despite its use in a variety of industries, such as hardware / equipment, software, media content and design, architectural media glass is mainly used for building exteriors and DOOH advertising, giving it limited uses in a somewhat limited market. Since the commercial trends of the fourth-generation architectural media glass industry are still uncertain in this relatively nascent industry in which we are the sole player, we cannot assure you of the future growth of our G-Glass technology. We further cannot assure you that our G-Glass technology will be widely adopted or that it will penetrate any or all of our target markets in the near term, which may adversely affect our profitability.

Our future growth and success are dependent upon the DOOH market and the construction industry’s willingness to adopt architectural media glass and specifically our G-Glass technology.

Our growth is highly dependent upon the adoption of architectural media glass by the construction industry and DOOH media industry. Although we anticipate growing demand for our products, there is no guarantee of such future demand, or that our products will remain competitive in the market.

Many of our potential customers in the construction industry are heavily invested in conventional building materials and may be resistant to new technology or unfamiliar products and services, in part due to health and safety concerns. Any perception of health and safety concerns, whether or not valid, may indirectly inhibit market acceptance of our products and services. Although we continue to expand our sales by successfully completing over 490 projects across multiple continents, our ability to continue to penetrate the market remains uncertain, as there is no guarantee that we will gain widespread market acceptance.

If the market for architectural media glass in general and our products in particular does not develop as we expect, or develops more slowly than we expect, or if demand for our products decreases, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be harmed. The market for our products could be affected by numerous factors, such as:

 

   

perceptions about G-Glass’ features, quality, safety, performance and cost;

 

   

competition, including from other types of architectural media glass or traditional architectural glass;

 

   

the cost premium for G-Glass in contrast to traditional architectural glass;

 

   

government regulations and economic incentives;

 

   

reduced construction activity; and

 

   

concerns about our future viability.

Failure to maintain the performance, reliability and quality standards required by our customers could have a materially adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operation.

If our products or services have performance, reliability or quality problems, or our products are improperly installed (for instance, with incompatible glazing materials), we may experience additional warranty and service expenses, reduced or canceled orders, diminished pricing power, higher manufacturing or installation costs or delays in the collection of accounts receivable. Additionally, performance, reliability or quality claims from our customers, with or without merit, could result in costly and time-consuming litigation that could require significant time and attention of management and involve significant monetary damages that could adversely affect our financial results.

 

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Our business and results have been and may be adversely affected by fluctuations in the cost or availability of raw materials, components, purchased finished goods, shipping or services.

Although certain of the raw materials we use to produce G-Glass, such as unique resin, IC semiconductor chips and LEDs, are manufactured through proprietary processes, we source all of our raw materials and components from a limited number of third-party providers on an as-needed basis. Mitigating volatility in certain commodities, such as oil, affecting all suppliers may result in additional price increases from time to time, regardless of the number and availability of suppliers. Our profitability and production could be negatively impacted by limitations inherent within the supply chains of certain of these component parts, including competitive, governmental, and legal limitations, natural disasters, and other events that could impact both supply and price.

Additionally, we are dependent on certain service providers for key operational functions, such as installation of finished goods. While there are a number of providers of these services, the cost to change service providers and set up new processes could be significant. Our ongoing efforts to improve the cost effectiveness, performance, quality, support, delivery and capacity of our products and services may reduce the number of providers we depend on, in turn increasing the risks associated with reliance on a single or a limited number of providers. Our results of operations would be adversely affected if we are unable to obtain adequate supplies of high-quality raw materials, components or finished goods in a timely manner or make alternative arrangements for such supplies in a timely manner.

The enduring consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic had an adverse impact on our business in both 2020 and 2021. Additionally, the simultaneous negative effects of the armed conflicts in Israel and Ukraine, coupled with a sluggish economic environment exacerbated by high-interest rates, contributed to the disruptions of our supply chain for specific components throughout 2023. These disruptions resulted in increased prices for essential commodities such as glass, semiconductors, and aluminum, alongside increased shipping and warehousing costs. If these supply chain disruptions and shortages persist in the future, they could affect our ability to procure components for our products on a timely basis, or at all, or could require us to provide longer lead times to secure critical components by entering into longer term supply agreements. Alternatively, supply chain disruptions and shortages may require us to rely on spot market purchases at higher costs to obtain certain materials or products. Future increases in our costs and/or continued disruptions in the supply chain could negatively impact our profitability, as there can be no assurance that future price increases will be successfully passed through to customers. See “—We are currently operating in a period of economic uncertainty and capital markets disruption, which has been significantly impacted by geopolitical instability due to the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and armed conflicts between Israel and Hamas. Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected by any negative impact on the global economy and capital markets resulting from the conflicts in Ukraine, the Gaza Strip or any other geopolitical tensions.”

A global economic downturn could result in reduced demand for our products and adversely affect our profitability.

In recent years, adverse conditions and volatility in the worldwide financial markets, fluctuations in oil and commodity prices and the general weakness of the global economy have contributed to the uncertainty of global economic prospects in general and have adversely affected, and may continue to adversely affect, the South Korean economy. Global economic downturns in the past have adversely affected demand for our products and services by our customers in South Korea and overseas.

The architectural media glass business is heavily influenced by the economic trends in the real estate, construction, and advertising industries, the governments’ spending abilities and the overall domestic and global economic fluctuations and economic growth trends. The uncertainty of the Biden administration’s policies and the U.S. Federal Reserve’s increase of the base interest rate may pose risks to economic recovery and growth. Additionally, the uncertainty arising out of the European Union’s political environment, including the United

 

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Kingdom’s exit from the European Union, and China’s current regulations to cool down its overheated real estate market may curtail investor confidence.

We cannot provide any assurance that demand for our products can be sustained at current levels in future periods or that the demand for our products will not decrease in the future due to such economic downturns, which may adversely affect our profitability. We may decide to adjust our production levels in the future subject to market demand for our products, the production outlook of the global architectural media glass industry, any significant disruptions in our supply chain and global economic conditions in general. Any decline in demand for architectural media glass products may adversely affect our business, results of operations and/or financial condition.

Our short-term profitability will be adversely impacted by our anticipated need to incur significant expenses in connection with the expansion of our staff and marketing efforts.

We plan to fund primarily marketing and sales personnel in our international jurisdictions in order to fuel growth. To date, the expenses and long lead times inherent in our efforts to pursue additional South Korean and international business opportunities have slowed, and are expected to continue to slow, the implementation of our expansion strategy, particularly in light of our ongoing capital constraints, and have limited, and are expected to continue to limit, the revenue that we receive as a result of our efforts to develop international business in the short term. Until we are able to increase our sales as a result of such investment, our short-term profitability will be adversely impacted by the increased costs associated with investing in our expansion plans.

Our sales cycle for large projects is protracted, which makes our annual revenue and other financial metrics hard to predict.

For our Super Large Architectural Media (“SLAM”) installations, our sales cycles, which spans from initial commercial discussion to installation, is approximately four to five years on average, subject to a variety of factors including economic fluctuations and economic growth trends, supply chain disruptions and shortages, political climate changes and credit availability, all of which are out of our immediate control and which could cause delays at various stages of a SLAM installation.

The design and sales quotation phase of a SLAM project typically takes two to three years, followed by a two to three-year construction phase. We ship and install our architectural media glass at the very end of the construction phase. The points at which we recognize revenue can be highly variable and tend to be determined on a case-by-case basis as a combination of when the initial order is placed, when the products are shipped, and when the products are installed and handed over to the customer. Revenue may be recognized at predetermined milestones during the lifecycle of a SLAM project, such as the point of the initial order, the shipment and installation. The longer the sales cycle for a particular project, the more unpredictable our ability to recognize the full potential revenue from such project. Extended sales cycles, without offsetting revenue from smaller projects with shorter sales cycles, can create volatile revenue swings from period to period. In addition, the expenses and long lead times inherent in pursuing SLAM projects have slowed Captivision Korea’s implementation of its strategy to pursue international business opportunities, particularly in light of Captivision Korea’s ongoing capital constraints, and have limited, and are expected to continue to limit, the revenue that Captivision Korea receives as a result of its efforts to develop international business in the short term. For a more detailed explanation of Captivision Korea’s revenue recognition strategy see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation of Captivision KoreaComponents of Results of OperationsRevenues.”

 

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Our ability to realize revenues on our projects is subject to risks related to the financial health and condition of the real estate developers, and their suppliers or contractors, with whom we contract to supply our products. The financial distress or bankruptcy of such developers, and their suppliers and contractors, could result in our inability to realize revenues on contracted projects.

Our key customers include real estate developers and their suppliers and contractors. Because we depend on these customers for a significant portion of our revenue, if any of these real estate developers and their suppliers or contractors were to encounter financial difficulties affecting their ability to make payments, we may not be paid in full or at all on one or more contracted projects, which could adversely affect our operating results, financial position, and cash flows. Further, if any of our customers with whom we have billing or payment disputes seek bankruptcy protection, such dispute or bankruptcy will likely force us to incur additional costs in attorneys’ fees and fees for other professional consultants, which will negatively affect our revenue and profit.

Technological innovation by others could render our technology and the products produced using our process technologies obsolete or uneconomical.

Our success will depend on our ability to maintain a competitive position with respect to technological advances. Our technology and the products derived from our technology may be rendered obsolete or uneconomical by technological advances by others, more efficient and cost-effective products, or entirely different approaches developed by one or more of our competitors or other third parties. Though we plan to continue to expend significant resources to enhance our technology platform and processes, there are no assurances we will be able to keep pace with technological change.

Our success depends partly upon our ability to enhance existing products and services and to develop new products and services through product development initiatives and technological advances; any failure to make such improvements could harm our future business and prospects.

We have continuously enhanced and improved our existing products and developed new products and services. We are devoting resources to the development of new products in all aspects of our business, including products that can reach a broader customer base. For example, we are working to diversify our customer base by offering smaller scale, mass market products such as bus shelter, bridge, showroom and handrail applications, which require less customization and allow us to generate revenue in a much shorter time frame than SLAM projects. We are also developing our “G-Store,” an e-platform where our customers can purchase various artworks and videos, and other media content, to be displayed on G-Glass. Wherever and whenever our customers install G-Glass, they will also use media content. Some of our customers have the capability to create their own content. However, the vast majority of our customers do not have their own content creation capability. This creates a secondary sales opportunity to sell media content to our customers. As such, we are developing our content platform, G-Store. Our South Korean team, dedicated to creating media content, has created an aggregate of over 500 artworks and videos since 2017 to populate the G-Store. The successful development of our products and product enhancements are subject to numerous risks, both known and unknown, including unanticipated delays, access to significant capital, budget overruns, technical problems and other difficulties that could result in the abandonment or substantial change in the design, development and commercialization of these new products. These events could have a materially adverse impact on our results of operations.

Given the uncertainties inherent with product development and introduction, including lack of market acceptance, we cannot provide assurances that any of our product development efforts will be successful on a timely basis or within budget, if at all. Failure to develop new products and product enhancements on a timely basis or within budget could harm our business and prospects. In addition, we may not be able to achieve the technological advances necessary for us to remain competitive, which could have a materially negative impact on our financial condition.

 

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If our efforts to attract prospective clients and advertisers and to retain existing clients and users of our services are not successful, our growth prospects and revenue will be adversely affected.

Our ability to grow our business, including our DOOH delivery capabilities, and generate revenue depends on retaining, expanding and monetizing our customer base. In particular, our future growth depends in large part on G-Glass installation, adoption of our services and advertising revenue and content monetization across our DOOH business. We have focused on both developing longer-term higher-value SLAM projects in an effort to accelerate our growth and profitability and advancing smaller scale mass-market products that we believe will provide greater earnings stability over time. As part of our effort to secure more SLAM projects, we are looking to introduce glass as a service (“GaaS”) globally, whereby we bear a portion of the maintenance and installation costs of each new G-Glass installation and license the use of the G-Glass to third parties in exchange for a portion of the media and advertising revenue derived from the installation.

However, familiarizing prospective customers with and convincing them of the value proposition of our products and services require significant time and resources. Many of our existing and prospective clients are large property owners, developers and government agencies, and we often struggle to gain access to their ultimate decision makers. The expenses and long lead times inherent in pursuing SLAM projects have slowed the implementation of our strategy to pursue international business opportunities, particularly in light of our ongoing capital constraints, and have limited, and are expected to continue to limit, the revenue that we receive as a result of our efforts to develop international business in the short term. Furthermore, our ability to attract new clients, retain existing clients, and convert users of our G-Glass to our value-added services depends in large part on our ability to continue to offer compelling curated content, leading technologies and products, superior functionality, and an engaging customer experience.

Continued downward pricing of third generation products could adversely affect fourth generation architectural media glass pricing, which may affect our results of operations.

Although we are the only player in the fourth-generation iteration of architectural media façades, the pricing of third-generation products still impacts our revenues in the DOOH media industry. The market for third-generation display-glass products is large and has attracted numerous new DOOH advertising media and media companies. As some companies have sought to compete based on price, they have created pricing pressures on architectural media glass, which we expect to continue in the future. If competitive forces drive down the prices we are able to charge for our products, our margins will shrink, which will adversely affect our ability to maintain our profitability and to invest in and grow our business.

Our revenue largely depends on continuing domestic and global demand for architectural media glass, large media displays, and associated digital content. Our sales may not grow at the rate we expect.

Currently, our total sales are derived principally from real estate developers, building owners, and to a lesser extent, governments. Going forward, our diversification strategy includes targeting more sales to content, applications and DOOH media. As each of these product segments significantly contributes to our total sales, we will continue to be dependent on continuing demand for our architectural media glass, large media displays and associated digital content from each of the construction industry, the remodeling industry and the DOOH media industry for a substantial portion of our sales. Any downturn in any of those industries in which our customers operate would result in reduced demand for our products, which may in turn result in reduced revenue, lower average selling prices and/or reduced margins.

If new construction levels out and repair and remodeling markets decline, such market pressures have, and may in the future, adversely affect our results of operations.

The architectural media glass industry is subject to the cyclical market pressures of the larger new construction and repair and remodeling markets. In turn, these larger markets have in the past been, and may in

 

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the future be, affected by adverse changes in economic conditions such as demographic trends, employment levels, interest rates, commodity prices, availability of credit and consumer confidence, as well as by changing needs and trends in the markets, such as shifts in customers’ preferences and architectural trends. Already, Captivison Korea’s revenue has been negatively affected by the ongoing environment of elevated interest rates in South Korea, which has delayed and/or reduced spending in the South Korean real estate industry, which historically has been our largest market. Any future downturn or any other negative market pressures could adversely affect our results of operations in the future, as margins may decrease as a direct result of an overall decrease in demand for our products. Additionally, we have additional idle manufacturing capacity which may have a negative effect on our cost structure.

If property developers, who make up our key customer base, continue to, or in the future, face operational and financial challenges, they may continue to, or in the future, change, delay or even cancel ongoing and planned projects. Since our architectural media glass products are installed at the very end of the construction process, at which point we have already, or would already have, incurred significant costs, such changes, delays or cancellations have had, or would have, a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our government sector sales, which comprise a significant portion of our sales, may be adversely affected by presidential and congressional elections, policy changes, government land development plan changes and other local political events.

Our customers include national, provincial and local government entities. Our significant government sector sales are made primarily in South Korea. Political events such as pending presidential and congressional elections, the outcome of recent elections, changes in leadership among key executive decision makers, or revisions to government land development plans can affect our ability to secure new government contracts or the speed at which new contracts are signed, decrease future levels of spending and authorizations for programs that we bid on and/or shift spending priorities to programs in areas for which we do not provide products or services.

The IT, vertical real estate and large format wallscape sectors are regulated and any new or modified regulatory restrictions could adversely affect our sales and results of operations.

The IT, vertical real estate and large format wallscape sectors are subject to various laws, ordinances, rules and regulations concerning zoning, building design and safety, hurricane and floods, construction, and other similar matters. G-Glass has been tested and successfully obtained various certifications required for electric safety as well as construction materials in all of our key markets, including Korea Certification (KC), China Compulsory Certification (CCC), Conformité Européenne (CE) and Underwriter Laboratories (UL) certification. However, if we fail to maintain or renew these certifications, we are at risk of falling out of compliance with applicable laws, ordinances, rules and regulations, which will negatively affect our sales and results of operations. Further, increased regulatory restrictions could limit demand for our products and/or services, which could adversely affect our sales and results of operations. We may not be able to satisfy any future regulations, which consequently could have a negative effect on our sales and results of operations.

Changes in building codes could lower the demand for our G-Glass technology.

The market for G-Glass depends in large part on our ability to satisfy applicable state and local building codes. If the standards in such building codes are raised, we may not be able to meet such requirements, and demand for our products could decline. Conversely, if the standards in such building codes are lowered or are not enforced in certain areas, demand for our products may decrease in favor of cheaper alternatives. If we are unable to satisfy future regulations, including building code standards, it could adversely affect our sales and results of operations.

Certain jurisdictions have stricter regulations covering the types of products and services we offer, which may potentially deter us from entering or expanding within such jurisdictions in the future. For example, the

 

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Hong Kong government imposes stringent rules and requirements with respect to building codes and we may not invest additional resources to penetrate the Hong Kong market if the cost of meeting these requirements outweighs perceived economic gains.

We sometimes manage the installation of our products, which subjects us to risks and costs that may impact our profit margin.

From time to time, we plan and manage the installation of our products at our customers’ venues. The installation process subjects us to risks that are out of our immediate control, including construction delays, unexpected modifications, work stoppages, extreme weather conditions and operational hazards. In addition, we rely on various contractors and subcontractors to carry out each step of the construction and installation process, including brick, façade, insulation, windowpane and curtain glass installers, carpenters, electricians, painters and other contractors. Our reliance on third party contractors in combination with certain operational risks can result in delays, damages, replacements or repairs that may subject us to increased or unexpected costs and may affect our ability to complete installations in a timely manner.

Due to the number of contractors and workers on a construction site and the difficulty in identifying issues during the construction process, including delays in identifying latent leaks, intermittent electrical power or signal failures, or other issues, it is difficult to identify the root cause of certain issues that materialize during the installation process. This uncertainty may prevent us from assigning legal liability or requesting reimbursement from third party contractors, forcing us to fund any replacements or remedies necessary for the completion of the installation. As a result, our project margin may be adversely affected.

We sometimes rely on third-party contractors for the installation of our products, which subjects us to risks and costs that are out of our control.

We may rely on third party contractors for the installation of our products at our customers’ venues. Such installation work is subject to various hazards and risks, including extreme weather conditions, work stoppages and operational hazards. If we are delayed or unable to complete installations due to a third-party contractors’ failure to properly operate or if we experience significant changes in the cost of these services due to new or additional regulations, we may not be able to complete installations in a timely manner or make alternative arrangements for such installations in a timely manner. As installation costs represent a significant part of our cost structure, substantial increases in these costs would result in a material adverse effect on our revenues and costs of operations.

Additionally, the performance of such third-party contractors is outside of our control, as a result, failures or deficiencies in the installations of third-party contractors could have an adverse impact on our operating results.

We are subject to labor, health, construction/building and safety regulations, and may be exposed to liabilities and potential costs for lack of compliance.

We are subject to labor, health, construction/building and safety laws and regulations that govern, among other things, the relationship between us and our employees, and the health and safety of our employees. If an adverse final decision that we violated any labor or health and safety laws is issued, we may be exposed to penalties and sanctions, including the payment of fines. Our subsidiaries could also be subject to work stoppages or closure of operations.

We rely on key researchers and engineers, senior management and production facility operators, and the loss of the services of any such personnel or the inability to attract and retain them may adversely affect our business.

Our success depends to an extent upon the continued service of our research and development and engineering personnel, as well as on our ability to continue to attract, retain and motivate qualified researchers

 

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and engineers, especially during periods of rapid growth. Our focus on rapid technological developments and advanced manufacturing processes has meant that we must aggressively recruit research and development personnel and engineers with expertise in cutting-edge technologies.

We also depend on the services of experienced key senior management, and if we lose their services, it would be difficult to find and integrate replacement personnel in a timely manner, if at all. We also employ highly skilled line operators at our production facilities.

The loss of the services of a significant number of our key research and development and engineering personnel, senior management or skilled operators without adequate replacement, or the inability to attract new qualified personnel, may have an adverse effect on our operations.

Equipment failures, delays in deliveries and catastrophic loss at our manufacturing facilities could lead to production curtailments or shutdowns that prevent us from producing our products.

We have one operational state-of-the-art manufacturing facility located in Pyeongtaek, South Korea, which currently fulfills all of the market demand for our products. In March 2020, our second manufacturing facility, located in Tianjin, China, temporarily suspended its operations as a result of COVID-19 pandemic-related restrictions imposed by the Chinese government on manufacturers. Our Chinese manufacturing facility has not yet restarted operations, and no concrete proposal has been made as to if, and when, operations might resume. Any interruption or significant disruption in production capabilities at our facilities stemming from equipment failures, insufficient personnel to operate our manufacturing facilities, or other reasons could result in our inability to manufacture our products, which would reduce our sales and earnings for the affected period. See “—We rely on production facility operators and manufacturing facility employees, and the loss of the services of any such personnel or the inability to attract and retain will adversely affect our business.

In addition, as a result of the highly customizable nature of our products, we generally begin the manufacturing process after receiving an order from a customer rather than relying on pre-existing inventory. If our manufacturing facilities experience any production stoppages, even if only temporarily, or any delays, delivery times could be severely affected. Any significant delay in deliveries to our customers could lead to increased product returns or cancellations and cause us to lose future sales. Our manufacturing facilities are also subject to the risk of loss due to unanticipated events such as fires, explosions, acts of terrorism or extreme weather conditions. Any plant shutdowns or periods of reduced production stemming from equipment failure, delays in deliveries or catastrophic loss, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Further, we may not have adequate insurance to compensate for all losses that result from any of these events.

We may be adversely affected by disruptions to our manufacturing facilities or disruptions to our customer, supplier or employee base.

Any disruption to our manufacturing facilities could damage a significant portion of our inventory and materially impair our ability to distribute our products to customers. We could incur significantly higher costs and longer lead times associated with distributing our products to customers during the time that it takes for us to reopen or replace a damaged facility. In addition, if there are disruptions to our customer and supplier base or to our employees caused by weather-related events, acts of terrorism, pandemics, our ongoing capital constraints, or any other cause, our business could be temporarily adversely affected by decreased production capabilities, higher costs for materials, increased shipping and storage costs, increased labor costs, increased absentee rates and scheduling issues. Any interruption in the production or delivery of our supplies could reduce sales of our products and increase costs.

 

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We rely on production facility operators and manufacturing facility employees, and the loss of the services of any such personnel or the inability to attract and retain will adversely affect our business.

Our success depends to an extent upon the continued service of our production facility operators and manufacturing facility personnel, especially for the completion of large-scale projects and during periods of rapid growth. The recent loss of the services of a significant number of our manufacturing facility personnel and our inability to identify adequate replacements due to our ongoing capital constraints will have an adverse effect on our operations. In particular, our reduction in human capital has disrupted our production capabilities at our facilities for the production of one of our large-scale projects, which we expect will lead to the delayed delivery of the product to our client. This delay will reduce our sales and earnings for the affected period, and could lead to increased product returns or cancellations and cause us to lose future sales from this client.

We operate with a modest inventory, which may make it difficult for us to efficiently allocate capacity on a timely basis in response to changes in demand.

Our customers provide us with advance forecasts of their product requirements. However, due to the highly customizable nature of our components and large-scale products in particular, firm orders are not placed until negotiations on purchase prices and construction timelines are finalized and definitive orders are placed several months prior to delivery.

As a result, firm orders may be less than anticipated based on these prior forecasts. Although we typically operate with an inventory level estimated for several months, it may be difficult for us to adjust production costs or to allocate production capacity in a timely manner to compensate for any such modifications in order volumes. Our inability to respond quickly to changes in overall demand for architectural media glass as well as changes in product mix and specifications may result in lost revenue, which would adversely affect our results of operations.

We may experience losses on inventories.

The customizable nature of most of our projects makes it difficult for us to maintain usable stock of finished or semi-finished products. As a result, our inventory consists mostly of raw materials including, glass stocks, LEDs, aluminum extrusion, resins, adhesives, drivers, FPCBs and spacer tape, among other items. Our ability to fulfil orders in a timely manner regardless of their size is dependent on the maintenance of adequate reserves of raw materials in our inventory.

We manage our inventory based on our customers’ and our own forecasts and typically operate with an inventory level estimated for several months. Although adjustments are regularly made based on market conditions, we typically deliver our goods to the customers within several months after a firm order has been placed. While we maintain open channels of communication with our major customers to avoid unexpected decreases in firm orders or subsequent changes to placed orders, and try to minimize our inventory levels, such actions by our customers may have an adverse effect on our inventory management. Other factors affecting our inventory levels include the shelf life of our raw materials and the production capacity of our manufacturing facilities.

Any issues or delays in meeting our projected manufacturing costs and production capacity could adversely impact our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition.

Future events could result in issues or delays in further ramping our products and expanding production output at our existing and future operating lines. In order to achieve our volume and the anticipated ramp in production of our products, we must continue to sustain and ramp significant production at our existing production lines. We are not currently employing a full degree of automation in the manufacturing processes for our products. If we are unable to maintain production at our facilities, ramp output additionally over time as needed, and do so cost-effectively, or if we are unable to attract, hire and retain, as we have been unable to do

 

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recently, a substantial number of highly skilled personnel, our ability to supply our products could be negatively impacted, which could adversely affect our brand and harm our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. See “—We will require substantial additional financing to fund our operations and complete the development and commercialization of the process technologies that produce each of our products or new aspects of our existing process technologies that produce each of our products, and we may not be able to obtain such financing on favorable terms, or at all.”

Our failure to properly manage the distribution of our products and services could result in the loss of revenues and profits.

We utilize a direct sales force, as well as a network of distribution and integration partners, to market and sell our products and services. We are continually reviewing our go-to-market strategy to help ensure that we are reaching the most customers that we can and with the highest level of service. At times, this may require strategic changes to our sales organization or enlisting or dropping various distributors in certain regions, which could result in additional costs or operational challenges. Successfully managing the interaction of our direct and indirect sales channels to reach various potential customers for our products and services is a complex process. In addition, our reliance on indirect selling methods may reduce visibility to demand and pricing issues.

To support the expansion of our business internationally, we may decide to make changes to our operating structure in other countries when we believe these changes will make us more competitive by reaching additional customers, offering faster delivery, importation services, and/or local currency sales. These new operating models may require changes in legal structures, business systems, and business processes that may result in significant business disruption and negatively impact our customers’ experience, resulting in loss of sales. Furthermore, as we assume more responsibility for the importation of our products into other countries, we face higher compliance risk in adhering to local regulatory and trade requirements. Finally, the local stocking of our products in countries outside of our primary distribution centers may result in higher costs and increased risk of excess or obsolete inventory associated with maintaining the appropriate level and mix of stock in multiple inventory locations, resulting in lower gross margins.

Our go-to-market strategy has distinct risks and costs, and therefore, our failure to implement the most advantageous balance in the sales and operating model for our products and services could have a material adverse effect on our revenue and profitability.

Our business involves complex manufacturing processes that may cause personal injury or property damage, subjecting us to liabilities and possible losses or other disruptions of our operations in the future, which may not be covered by insurance.

Our business involves complex manufacturing processes. Some of these processes, such as various forms of durability testing, involve high pressures, temperatures and other hazards that present certain safety risks to workers employed at our manufacturing facilities. The potential exists for accidents involving death or serious injury. The potential liability resulting from any such accident to the extent not covered by insurance, could result in unexpected cash expenditures, thereby reducing the cash available to operate our business. Such an accident could disrupt operations at any of our facilities, which could adversely affect our ability to deliver products to our customers on a timely basis and to retain our current business.

Operating hazards inherent in our business, some of which may be outside of our control, can cause personal injury and loss of life, damage to or destruction of property, plant and equipment and environmental damage. We maintain insurance coverage in amounts and against the risks we believe are consistent with industry practice, but this insurance may not be adequate or available to cover all losses or liabilities we may incur in our operations. Our insurance policies are subject to varying levels of deductibles. Losses up to our deductible amounts accrue based upon our estimates of the ultimate liability for claims incurred and an estimate of claims incurred but not reported. However, liabilities subject to insurance are difficult to estimate due to unknown

 

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factors, including the severity of an injury, the determination of our liability in proportion to other parties, the number of incidents not reported and the effectiveness of our safety programs. If we were to experience insurance claims or costs above our estimates, we might also be required to use working capital to satisfy these claims.

Our business relies on our patent rights which may be narrowed in scope or found to be invalid or otherwise unenforceable.

Our success will depend, to a significant extent, on our ability to obtain and enforce our patent rights both in South Korea and worldwide. The coverage claimed in a patent application can be significantly reduced before a patent is issued, either in South Korea or abroad. Consequently, we cannot provide assurance that any of our pending or future patent applications will result in the issuance of patents. Patents issued to us may be subjected to further proceedings limiting their scope and may not provide significant proprietary protection or competitive advantage. Our patents also may be challenged, circumvented, invalidated or deemed unenforceable. In addition, because patent applications in certain countries generally are not published until more than 18 months after they are first filed, and because publication of discoveries in scientific or patent literature often lags behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain that we were, or any of our licensors was, the first creator of inventions covered by pending patent applications, that we or any of our licensors will be entitled to any rights in purported inventions claimed in pending or future patent applications, or that we were, or any of our licensors was, the first to file patent applications on such inventions.

Furthermore, pending patent applications or patents already issued to us or our licensors may become subject to dispute, and any dispute could be resolved against us. For example, we may become involved in re-examination, reissue or interference proceedings and the result of these proceedings could be the invalidation or substantial narrowing of our patent claims. We also could be subject to court proceedings that could find our patents invalid or unenforceable or could substantially narrow the scope of our patent claims. In addition, depending on the jurisdiction, statutory differences in patentable subject matter may limit the protection we can obtain on some of our inventions.

Failure to protect our intellectual property rights could impair our competitiveness and harm our business and future prospects.

We believe that the fact that we produce G-Glass from fully proprietary, self-developed production machines and equipment, and are the only market player that can offer products of this kind at this time are critical to the success of our business. We take active measures to obtain international protection of our intellectual property by obtaining patents and undertaking monitoring activities in our major markets. However, we cannot assure you that the measures we are taking will effectively deter competitors from improper use of our proprietary technologies. Our competitors may misappropriate our intellectual property, disputes as to ownership of intellectual property may arise and our intellectual property may otherwise become known or independently developed by our competitors.

We may in the future be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators, or other third parties have an interest in our patents or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. For example, we may have inventorship disputes arise from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing our products. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

Any failure to protect our intellectual property could impair our competitiveness and harm our business and future prospects.

 

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We are subject to potential exposure to environmental liabilities and are subject to environmental regulation and any such liabilities or regulation may adversely affect our costs and results of operations in the future.

Our manufacturing processes involve hazardous materials and generate industrial waste such as used glass containing resin at various stages in the manufacturing process, and we are subject to a variety of laws and regulations relating to the use, storage, discharge and disposal of waste substances, which are frequently changing and becoming more stringent. Although we have enacted safety measures, engaged in employee education on handling such materials and installed various types of safety equipment, consistent with industry standards, for the treatment of such industrial waste, engage a professional third party industrial waste management service provider and believe that our facilities are materially in compliance with such laws and regulations, we cannot provide assurance that our protocols will always be followed by our employees or the third party service provider and safety or environmental related claims will not be brought against us or that the local or national governments will not take steps toward adopting more stringent safety or environmental standards.

Furthermore, as owners of real property, our subsidiaries can be held liable for the investigation or remediation of contamination on such properties, in some circumstances, without regard to whether we knew of or were responsible for such contamination. Remediation may be required in the future because of spills or releases of hazardous substances, the discovery of unknown environmental conditions, or more stringent standards regarding existing residual contamination. Environmental regulatory requirements may become more burdensome, increase our general and administrative costs, the availability of construction materials, raw materials and energy, and increase the risk that our subsidiaries incur fines or penalties or be held liable for violations of such regulatory requirements. New regulations regarding climate change may also increase our expenses and eventually reduce our sales.

Earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, severe health epidemics (including any possible recurrence of COVID-19 or other types of widespread infectious diseases) and other natural calamities could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

If earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, fires, extreme weather events (whether as a result of climate change or otherwise), severe health epidemics or any other natural calamities were to occur in the future in any area where any of our assets, suppliers or customers are located, our business, results of operations or financial condition could be adversely affected. A number of suppliers of our raw materials, components and manufacturing equipment, as well as certain of our manufacturing facilities, are located in countries which have historically suffered natural calamities from time to time, such as China and South Korea. Any occurrence of such natural calamities in countries where our suppliers are located may lead to shortages or delays in the supply of raw materials, components or manufacturing equipment. In addition, natural calamities in areas where our customers are located, including South Korea, China, Japan, the United States and Europe, may cause disruptions in their businesses, which in turn could adversely impact their demand for our products. If we are unable to develop adequate plans to ensure that our business functions continue to operate during and after a disaster and to execute successfully on those plans in the event of a disaster or emergency, our business would be seriously harmed.

Future pandemics could have an adverse effect on our business.

Future pandemics could significantly impact the national and global economy and commodity and financial markets. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic caused, among other things, extreme volatility in financial markets, a slowdown in economic activity, extreme volatility in commodity prices and a global recession. The response to COVID-19 led to significant restrictions on travel, temporary business closures, quarantines and global stock market volatility.

While the impacts of COVID-19 have diminished, any resurgence or new strains, or any future pandemics, may have further impacts on labor availability, consumable supply and transport logistics. Any future pandemics,

 

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or a resurgence, or new strains of COVID-19 could lead to significant restrictions on travel and business closures. These travel restrictions and business closures may in the future adversely affect our operations, including our ability to obtain regulatory approvals and to sell our product, which could materially and adversely affect our business. The impacts of any future pandemics on our operational and financial performance will depend on various future developments, including the duration and spread of any new outbreak of an existing or new strain and the impact on regulatory agencies, customers, suppliers and employees.

We continue to face significant risks associated with our international expansion strategy.

We are continuing to seek new opportunities to produce and commercialize products using our process technologies outside the South Korea through entering into licensing and distribution with new and existing industry partners. Overall, the expenses and long lead times inherent in our efforts to pursue international business opportunities have slowed, and are expected to continue to slow, the implementation of our expansion strategy, particularly in light of our ongoing capital constraints, and have limited, and are expected to continue to limit, the revenue that we receive as a result of our efforts to develop international business in the short term. More broadly, our international business operations are subject to a variety of risks, including:

 

   

challenges associated with operating in diverse cultural and legal environments, including legal restrictions that impact our ability to enter into strategic partnering arrangements;

 

   

the need to comply with a variety of South Korean laws applicable to the conduct of overseas operations, including export control laws and local law requirements;

 

   

our ability, or reduced ability, to protect our intellectual property in certain countries;

 

   

potential for longer sales cycles in certain countries;

 

   

changes in or interpretations of foreign rules and regulations that may adversely affect our or our industry partners’ ability to produce or sell products manufactured using our process technologies or repatriate profits to South Korea;

 

   

economic, political or social instability in foreign countries;

 

   

difficulties in staffing and managing foreign and geographically dispersed operations including our ongoing operations and planned operational growth in China;

 

   

changes in demand for products produced using our process technologies in international markets;

 

   

the imposition of tariffs and other foreign taxes;

 

   

the imposition of limitations on, or increase of, withholding and other taxes on remittances and other payments by foreign subsidiaries or joint ventures; and

 

   

the availability of government subsidies or other incentives that benefit competitors in their local markets that are not available to us.

Our inability to overcome these obstacles could harm our business, financial condition and operating results. Even if we are successful in managing these obstacles, our industry partners internationally are subject to these same risks and may not be able to manage these obstacles effectively.

Our financial results could vary significantly from quarter to quarter and are difficult to predict.

Our financial results could vary significantly from quarter to quarter because of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control and are difficult to predict. As a result, comparing our results of operations on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. In addition to the risk factors stated herein, other factors that could cause our quarterly results of operations to fluctuate include:

 

   

achievement of, or failure to achieve, technology or product development milestones needed to allow us to enter identified markets on a timely and cost-effective basis; delays or greater than anticipated

 

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expenses associated with the scale-up and the commercialization of process technologies to produce new products;

 

   

changes in the amount that we invest to develop, acquire or license new technologies and processes;

 

   

our ability to successfully enter into partnering arrangements, and the terms of those relationships (including levels of related capital contributions);

 

   

fluctuations in the prices or availability of the raw materials required to produce products using our process technologies or those of our competitors;

 

   

changes in the size and complexity of our organization, including our expanded operations as a public company;

 

   

changes in general economic, industry and market conditions, both domestically and in our foreign markets;

 

   

business interruptions, including disruptions in the production process at any facility where products produced using our process technologies are manufactured;

 

   

departure of executives or other key management employees;

 

   

changes in the needs for the products produced using our process technologies;

 

   

the development of new competitive technologies or products by others and competitive pricing pressures;

 

   

the timing, size and mix of sales to our industry partners for products produced using our process technologies; and

 

   

seasonal production and the sale of products produced using our process technologies.

Due to these and other factors, our financial results for any quarterly or annual period may not meet our expectations or the expectations of our investors and may not be meaningful indications of our future performance.

Our current liquidity resources raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern and to comply with our debt covenants unless we raise additional capital to meet our obligations in the near term.

Since inception, we have incurred recurring net losses and negative cash flows from operating activities, and we have financed operations primarily through financing transactions, such as the issuance of convertible promissory notes and loans. As of December 31, 2023 we have an outstanding deficit of $136.8 million, and our current liabilities exceed current assets by $40.7 million. We expect our losses to continue for the foreseeable future as we invest in our capabilities and continue to market and deploy our products with customers. Our cash and cash equivalents are not sufficient to fund operating expenses, currently anticipated expenditures and other obligations as they come due, and we will require additional capital infusions to fund our ongoing operations. As a result, substantial doubt exists about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the issuance date of our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023. In addition, based on our current business plan and forecasts, without the injection of further capital, we anticipate being unable to comply with certain of our debt covenants in our existing loan agreements. Unless these defaults are waived or cured, our lenders could accelerate repayment of our indebtedness which would give them the right to declare any and all debt outstanding, together with accrued and unpaid interest and fees, to be immediately due and payable. In addition, the lenders would have the right to proceed against the collateral in which we granted a security interest to them. If our debt were to be accelerated, we may not have sufficient cash or be able to borrow sufficient funds to refinance the debt or sell sufficient assets to repay the debt, which would materially and adversely affect our cash flows, business, results of operations, and financial condition.

 

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We will require substantial additional financing to fund our operations and complete the development and commercialization of the process technologies that produce each of our products or new aspects of our existing process technologies that produce each of our products, and we may not be able to obtain such financing on favorable terms, or at all.

 

   

Captivision Korea’s operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception, and we expect to incur increasing expenses going forward, in particular, as we:

 

   

repay transaction and other expenses associated with the Business Combination;

 

   

enter into and engage in strategic partnering arrangements to produce products cost-effectively at acceptable quality levels and price points, including making capital contributions for the construction of certain plants;

 

   

invest in developments with respect to existing process technologies in order to increase their effectiveness or reduce related capital expenditures;

 

   

expand research and development efforts;

 

   

grow the business organization;

 

   

pursue select distribution opportunities;

 

   

seek to identify additional market opportunities for the products produced using Captivision Korea’s process technologies; and

 

   

pursue partnering arrangements.

Our operating cash flow, short term financing capabilities, and our existing cash and cash equivalents will not be sufficient to fund operations for at least 12 months from the date of this prospectus. To continue operations, we will need to raise capital through equity debt, or mezzanine financing. Securing additional financing could require a substantial amount of time and attention from management and may divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our business activities, which may adversely affect our and Captivision Korea’s ability to conduct day-to-day operations. In addition, neither we, nor Captivision Korea, can guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on acceptable terms, if at all. Captivision Korea has faced, and continues to face, significant ongoing capital constraints in 2023 which have prevented it from implementing more aggressive sales efforts resulting in decreased pipeline growth and reduced conversion of existing pipeline into revenue. Further, circumstances may cause it to consume capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate, and it may need to spend more money than currently expected because of circumstances beyond our and its control. Moreover, Captivision Korea and its industry partners may experience delays in the production of commercial quantities of products, in a manner that is cost-effective and at suitable quality levels, which would postpone Captivision Korea’s, and therefore our, ability to generate revenue associated with the sale of such products.

As discussed above, ongoing capital constraints have prevented Captivision Korea from implementing more aggressive sales efforts resulting in decreased pipeline growth and reduced conversion of existing pipeline into revenue. If we and Captivision Korea are unable to raise additional capital on acceptable terms or at all, we may be required to:

 

   

delay or suspend some or all manufacturing and commercialization efforts;

 

   

decrease or abandon some or all research and development efforts;

 

   

decrease the financial resources dedicated to partnering efforts, which may substantially postpone the development, manufacture, marketing or sale of existing and future products produced using Captivision Korea’s process technologies;

 

   

suspend the growth of the organization; and/or

 

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liquidate our assets even though the values we receive for our assets in liquidation or dissolution could be significantly lower than the values reflected in the financial statements.

To raise additional funds to support business operations, we may sell additional equity, or convertible debt securities, which would result in the issuance of additional share capital and dilution to our shareholders. Alternatively, we may incur debt or issue other debt securities. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed payment obligations and could also result in certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. If we continue to be unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we will be prevented from pursuing discovery, development and commercialization efforts and our ability to generate revenues and achieve or sustain profitability will be substantially harmed. Ultimately, if we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts we will be forced to liquidate.

If we are unable to manage our growth and expand our operations successfully, our reputation and brand may be damaged, and our business and results of operations may be harmed.

We expect our growth to accelerate in the future in connection with our commercialization efforts, expanded research and development activities, and as we transition to operating as a public company. Our ability to effectively manage our anticipated growth and expansion of our operations will require us to do, among other things, the following:

 

   

enhance our operational, financial and management controls and infrastructure, human resource policies, and reporting systems and procedures;

 

   

effectively scale our operations;

 

   

successfully identify, recruit, hire, train, maintain, motivate and integrate additional employees;

 

   

expand our facilities and equipment; and

 

   

effectively manage and maintain our corporate culture.

These enhancements and improvements will require significant capital expenditures that are beyond our existing resources and allocation of valuable management and employee resources, and our growth will continue to place a strain on our operational, financial and management infrastructure. Our future financial performance and our ability to execute on our business plan will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth and expansion. There are no guarantees we will be able to do so in an efficient or timely manner, or at all. Our failure to effectively manage growth and expansion could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, prospects and reputation.

Our results of operations are subject to exchange rate fluctuations, which may affect our costs and revenues.

There has been considerable volatility in foreign exchange rates in recent years, including rates between the Korean Won and the U.S. dollar, between the Korean Won and the Chinese Yuan, between the Korean Won and the Euro, and between the Korean Won and the Japanese Yen. To the extent that we incur costs in one currency and make sales in another, our profit margins may be affected by changes in the exchange rates between the two currencies.

To date, the majority of our revenue is derived from the Korean market; as a result, our revenue is denominated mainly in Korean Won. Most of our international sales are denominated in U.S. dollars, and, to a much lesser extent, Japanese Yen and Chinese Yuan. The majority of our costs and the largest proportion of our expenditures on capital equipment are denominated in Korean Won. Accordingly, fluctuations in exchange rates, in particular between the U.S. dollar and the Korean Won, between the Chinese Yuan and the Korean Won as well as between the Japanese Yen and the Korean Won, will affect our pre-tax income.

 

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In recent years, the value of the Won relative to the U.S. dollar, Chinese Yuan and Japanese Yen has fluctuated widely. Although a depreciation of the Korean Won against the U.S. dollar increases the Korean Won value of our export sales and enhances the price-competitiveness of our products in foreign markets in U.S. dollar terms, it also increases the cost of imported raw materials and components in Korean Won terms.

A depreciation of the Korean Won against the Chinese Yuan or Japanese Yen increases the Korean Won cost of our Chinese Yuan- or Japanese Yen-denominated purchases of equipment, raw materials or components, as applicable. Despite the fact that the majority of our costs and revenues are in Korean Won, continued exchange rate volatility may also result in foreign exchange losses for us. Although a depreciation of the Korean Won against the U.S. dollar, in general, has a net positive impact on our results of operations that more than offsets the net negative impact caused by a depreciation of the Korean Won against the Chinese Yuan or Japanese Yen, we cannot provide assurance that the exchange rate of the Korean Won against foreign currencies will not be subject to significant fluctuations, or that the impact of such fluctuations will not adversely affect the results of our operations.

Increasing interest rates could materially adversely affect our ability to generate positive cashflows and secure financing required to carry out our strategic plans.

Historically, portions of our debt have been indexed to variable interest rates that are affected by a variety of factors over which we have no control. A rise in interest rates could adversely impact the cost of financing for a portion of our debt with variable interest rates which could negatively impact our cash flow generation. Furthermore, a rise in interest rates could limit our ability to obtain financing required to support our growth through our continuing programs designed to develop new products, expand the capacity of our manufacturing facilities and execute our business strategy. While we may mitigate the risk derived from interest rate fluctuations by entering into derivative contracts or by obtaining fixed rate financing, general increases in interest rates would still have an impact on the cost of financing and our ability to obtain appropriate funding.

Government regulation of DOOH media may restrict our out-of-home advertising operations.

Regulation of the DOOH media industry varies by municipality, region and country, but generally limits the size, placement, hours of operations, nature and density of out-of-home displays. Other regulations limit the subject matter, animation and language of out-of-home displays. Our failure to comply with these or any future regulations could have an adverse impact on the effectiveness of our architectural media glass installations or their attractiveness to clients as an advertising medium. As a result, we may experience a significant impact on our operations, revenue, international client base and overall financial condition.

We have encountered regulations that restrict or prohibit digital displays, such as our digital billboards that display digital advertising copy from various advertisers which changes several times per minute. Since digital billboards have been developed and introduced relatively recently into the market on a large scale, existing regulations that currently do not apply to them by their terms could be revised or new regulations could be enacted to impose greater restrictions on digital billboards due to alleged concerns over aesthetics or driver safety. Any new restrictions on digital billboards could have a material adverse effect on both our existing inventory of digital billboards and our plans to expand our digital deployment.

A number of state and local governments have implemented or initiated taxes, fees and registration requirements in an effort to decrease or restrict the number of outdoor signs and/or to raise revenue. From time to time, legislation has also been introduced in international jurisdictions attempting to impose taxes on revenue from out-of-home advertising, for the right to use out-of-home advertising assets or for the privilege of engaging in the out-of-home advertising business. Several jurisdictions have imposed such taxes as a percentage of our out-of-home advertising revenue generated in that jurisdiction or based on the size of the billboard and type of display technology. In addition, some jurisdictions have taxed companies’ personal property and leasehold interests in advertising locations using various valuation methodologies. We expect U.S. and foreign jurisdictions

 

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to continue to try to impose such taxes as a way of increasing revenue. The increased imposition of these measures could adversely affect our operating income if we are unable to pass on the cost of these items to our customers.

Regulations governing categories of products that can be advertised through our products vary across the countries in which we conduct business. Certain products and services, such as tobacco, are banned from outdoor advertising in the U.S., and other products, such as alcohol, may be targeted in the future. Most E.U. countries, among other nations, also have banned outdoor advertisements for tobacco products and regulate alcohol advertising. In the U.K., there are localized restrictions on the location of advertising for high fat, salt and sugar foods. While we don’t generate any revenues from such advertising today, any significant reduction in advertising of products due to content-related restrictions in the future could cause a reduction in our direct revenues from such advertisements and an increase in available space on the existing inventory of billboards in the out-of-home advertising industry.

The advancement of laws and regulations may not keep pace with the accelerating advancement of the digital signage industry and technology, which may have a detrimental effect on the growth of our industry.

Changes in government policies can have significant impacts on the profitability of our architectural media glass business. The revised Act on the Management of Outdoor Advertisements in South Korea defines “digital advertising” as the “use of digital displays to provide information or advertisements.” However, defining digital outdoor advertising is complex because digital technology continues to evolve. Additionally, specific discussions surrounding a possible standardization of digital advertisements, display methods, and installation standards have yet to be carried out. Rather than approaching the issue as an ecosystem encompassing hardware, software and content industries, the scope of the current legal approach is limited to regulating advertisements. We believe that the Act on the Management of Outdoor Advertisements is a more complex legal framework than other laws regulating media advertisements.

Because the installation and operation of advertisements are mandated by city and province regulations, even if the law is revised, the installation and operation of advertisements will be complicated by local frameworks unless the city, province, county, and local ordinances are similarly revised. Given the digital signage industry and enabling technology are fast evolving, the laws and regulations may not keep the pace, which may hamper the growth of our industry.

Failures or security breaches of our networks or information technology systems could have an adverse effect on our business.

We rely heavily on information technology (“IT”) both in our products and services for customers and in our IT systems used to run our business. Government agencies and security experts have warned about growing risks of hackers, cyber-criminals, malicious insiders and other actors targeting confidential information and all types of IT systems. These actors may engage in fraudulent activities, theft of confidential or proprietary information and sabotage or ransomware.

Our IT systems, connected products, and confidential information, which we collect and store in our cloud-based data centers and on our networks, may be vulnerable to damage or intrusion from a variety of attacks including computer viruses, worms or other malicious software programs. The risk of such attacks may increase as we integrate newly acquired companies or develop new connected products and related software. These attacks pose a risk to the security of our products, systems and networks and those of our customers, suppliers and third-party service providers, as well as to the confidentiality of our information and the integrity and availability of our data. While we attempt to mitigate these risks through board oversight, controls, due diligence, employee training and communication, third party intrusion testing, system hardening, email and web filters,

 

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regular patching, multi-factor authentication, surveillance, encryption, and other measures, we remain vulnerable to information security threats.

We may experience cyber security threats and vulnerabilities in our systems and those of our third-party providers, and we have experienced viruses and attacks targeting our IT systems and networks. Despite the precautions we take, we could experience an intrusion or infection of our systems or connected products. While we have not had such intrusions or infections to date, we cannot guarantee there will be no such intrusions or infections in the future. Similarly, an attack on our IT systems or connected products could result in theft or disclosure of trade secrets or other intellectual property, a breach of confidential customer or employee information, or product failure or misuse. Any such events could have an adverse impact on sales, harm our reputation and cause us to incur legal liability and increased costs to address such events and related security concerns. As threats evolve and become more potent, we may incur additional costs to secure the products that we sell, as well as our data and infrastructure of networks and devices.

We do not have absolute control over the affiliates where we are the minority shareholder nor do we maintain control over the actions of other shareholders. Actions of other shareholders of affiliates could negatively impact our performance.

We do not have a majority ownership stake in each of G-SMATT Japan Co., Ltd. (“G-SMATT Japan”), G-SMATT Hong Kong Co., Ltd. (“G-SMATT Hong Kong”) and Tian Jin CECEP Brillshow Co., Ltd. (“Brillshow”), a joint venture with China Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Group (“CECEP”). Although together with G-Frame Co., Ltd. (“G-Frame”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Captivision Korea, we own a majority stake in G-SMATT America Co., Ltd. (“G-SMATT America”), Captivision Korea does not individually own a majority stake in G-SMATT America. As a result, we do not have absolute control over the operations of such companies nor do we maintain control over the actions of other shareholders.

In many cases, other shareholders may share certain approval rights over major decisions and these investments may involve risks not otherwise present with other methods of investment, including, but not limited to:

 

   

that other shareholders might become bankrupt;

 

   

that other shareholders may at any time have economic or business interests or goals which are or which become inconsistent with our business interests or goals;

 

   

that other shareholders may be in a position to take action contrary to our instructions or requests or contrary to our policies or objectives; For example, Zhong Jiénéng New Material Investment Co., Ltd., our co-venturer in Brillshow, is entitled to elect a majority of the board of directors of, and thereby exercise control over Brillshow;

 

   

that, if other shareholders fail to fund their share of any required capital contributions, we may be required to contribute that capital;

 

   

that joint venture or shareholders agreements often restrict the transfer of other shareholders’ interest or may otherwise restrict our ability to sell the interest when we desire or on advantageous terms;

 

   

that our relationships with other shareholders are contractual in nature and may be terminated or dissolved under the terms of the agreements and, in each event, we may not continue to own or operate the interests or assets underlying the relationship or may need to purchase these interests or assets at an above-market price to continue ownership;

 

   

that disputes between us and any of other shareholders may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers and directors from focusing their time and effort on our business; and

 

   

that we may in certain circumstances be liable for the actions of other shareholders.

 

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Our joint distribution agreement with G-SMATT Global, which is in effect until 2025, may adversely affect our financial results.

Pursuant to the Distribution Agreement dated as of July 31, 2015, between us and G-SMATT Global Co., Ltd. (“G-SMATT Global”), as amended on March 7, 2019 (the “G-SMATT Global Distribution Agreement”), Captivision Korea granted G-SMATT Global the joint right with Captivision Korea to distribute G-Glass in any and all territories worldwide, except China, until July 31, 2025.

In December 2013, we granted Brillshow exclusive distribution and manufacturing rights in China. Subsequently, in July 2016, Brillshow granted us permission to distribute in China. As a result of ongoing challenging economic conditions in China following the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, Brillshow’s manufacturing and distribution business in Tianjin, China is currently non-operational and, as of the date of this prospectus, Brillshow does not currently have a plan to resume such operations. Since Captivision Korea has permission to distribute its products in China, Captivision Korea is not currently restricted from distributing and selling products in China that Captivision Korea has manufactured in its South Korean manufacturing facility while Brillshow’s factory remains non-operational. We believe there is a possibility that Brillshow is wound-up and ceases operations, and the assets currently sitting in the Brillshow JV may be unrecoverable.

Under the G-SMATT Global Distribution Agreement, the pricing of the products produced by Captivision Korea and sold to G-SMATT Global for distribution are mutually agreed between the parties, provided that the parties ensure there is an appropriate margin for Captivision Korea. Further, where G-SMATT Global pursues a project, whether in South Korea or abroad, the prices of the products shall be decided by mutual consultation by Captivision Korea and G-SMATT Global prior to the submission of project proposals. In addition, in the event that Captivision Korea and G-SMATT Global jointly develop a new product, (i) any rights to such product, including any intellectual property rights, will be jointly owned by Captivision Korea and G-SMATT Global and (ii) Captivision Korea will have the right to exclusively produce, and G-SMATT Global will have the right to exclusively distribute, such product.

On September 14, 2022, the Suwon District Court denied G-SMATT Global’s filing in connection with the commencement of corporate rehabilitation proceedings, However, we believe that our efforts to mitigate the effects of G-SMATT Global’s prior bankruptcy proceedings have insulated us from any material impacts on our business functions, financial condition and result of operation. In September 2018, as part of G-SMATT Global’s restructuring process, Captivision Korea’s management decided to sell G-SMATT Global. As part of the terms of the sale, (i) Captivision Korea and G-SMATT Global were given dual distribution rights to distribute G-Glass in any and all territories worldwide, except China, and (ii) all staff involved in the G-Glass operation within G-SMATT Global were transferred to Captivision Korea. The sale of G-SMATT Global was completed in March 2019.

As a result of the sale and Captivision Korea gaining joint distribution rights to distribute G-Glass in any and all territories worldwide, except China, Captivision Korea did not suffer any disruption of its operations. Since the start of G- SMATT Global’s bankruptcy proceedings, Captivision Korea has retained no material relationship or transactional or financial link with G-SMATT Global. As such, G-SMATT Global’s bankruptcy had no material impact on Captivision Korea’s financial condition or results of operation. Once the G-SMATT Global Distribution Agreement expires in 2025, Captivision Korea will regain full distribution rights.

Although G-SMATT Global has expressed that it has no intent to distribute our products, we cannot assure you that G-SMATT Global will not successfully emerge from bankruptcy and exercise its rights under the G-SMATT Global Distribution Agreement, potentially imposing restrictions on Captivision Korea’s ability to price its products, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations and/or financial condition.

 

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Our Excellent Product designation of G-Glass by the Public Procurement Service of Korea expires on March 31, 2025, which may materially adversely affect our domestic government sales.

All businesses who wish to supply goods and services to government agencies in South Korea are required to compete through a public tender process to ensure transparency and fair competition, except for goods designated as “Excellent Quality Products” by the Public Procurement Service of Korea (“PPS”). In such case, government agencies can enter into agreements and transact without a public tender.

PPS has been operating the Excellent Quality Products program since 1996, which aims to provide support to prominent small and medium-sized domestic businesses and venture companies struggling to supply their products to government institutions. The program grants the designation of Excellent Quality Products to technologies that achieve certified standards for Korean Technology, New Technology, Excellent Machine, Mechanism & Materials, Innovative Technology, Good Recycled Product, Good Quality, electric technologies, construction technologies, and patents following a rigorous evaluation by PPS.

Once a product obtains the Excellent Quality Product designation, PPS registers the designated product as a government-supply product and contracts with the company. PPS subsequently procures advertisement and promotional services and promotes the product as an Excellent Quality Product to various government agencies and public institutions.

G-Glass has been a registered Excellent Quality Product since 2020, which has allowed us to enter into contracts with government agencies without participating in public tendering procedures. However, G-Glass’ Excellent Quality Product designation will expire on March 31, 2025, after which we will lose the exemption from the public tender requirement. This may result in a decrease in revenues generated from government contracts which could have a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operation.

Risks Related to South Korea and Other Countries Where We Operate

If economic conditions in South Korea deteriorate, our current business and future growth could be materially and adversely affected.

We are headquartered in South Korea and a substantial portion of our operations and assets are located in South Korea.

In addition, the vast majority of our installed projects are located in South Korea. Accordingly, we are subject to political, economic, legal and regulatory risks specific to South Korea, and our performance and successful fulfillment of our operational strategies are dependent in large part on the overall South Korean economy. The economic indicators in South Korea in recent years have shown mixed signs of growth and uncertainty, and starting in 2020, the South Korean and global economies were affected as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, future growth of the South Korean economy is subject to many factors beyond our control, including developments in the global economy.

The South Korean economy is closely tied to, and is affected by developments in, the global economy. In recent years, adverse conditions and volatility in the worldwide financial markets, fluctuations in oil and commodity prices, and the COVID-19 pandemic, have contributed to the uncertainty of global economic prospects in general and have adversely affected, and may continue to adversely affect, the South Korean economy. Due to liquidity and credit concerns and volatility in the global financial markets, the value of the Korean Won relative to the U.S. dollar and other foreign currencies and the stock prices of South Korean companies have fluctuated significantly in recent years. Further declines in the Korea Composite Stock Price Index, and large amounts of sales of South Korean securities by foreign investors and subsequent repatriation of the proceeds of such sales may adversely affect the value of the Korean Won, the foreign currency reserves held by financial institutions in South Korea, and the ability of South Korean companies to raise capital. Any future deterioration of the South Korean economy or the global economy could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 

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Potential developments that have had or could have an adverse impact on South Korea’s economy include:

 

   

adverse conditions or developments in the economies of countries and regions that are important export markets for South Korea, such as China, the United States, Europe, and Japan, or in emerging market economies in Asia or elsewhere, including as a result of deteriorating economic and trade relations between the United States and China and increased uncertainties resulting from the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union;

 

   

adverse changes or volatility in foreign currency reserve levels, commodity prices (including oil prices), exchange rates (including fluctuation of the Korean Won, the U.S. dollar, the euro or other exchange rates, or the revaluation of the Chinese Renminbi), interest rates, inflation rates, or stock markets;

 

   

increased sovereign default risk of select countries and the resulting adverse effects on the global financial markets;

 

   

a deterioration in the financial condition or performance of small- and medium-sized enterprises and other companies in South Korea due to the South Korean government’s policies to increase minimum wages and limit working hours of employees;

 

   

investigations of large South Korean business groups and their senior management for possible misconduct;

 

   

a continuing rise in the level of household debt and increasing delinquencies and credit defaults by retail and small- and medium-sized enterprise borrowers in South Korea;

 

   

the continued emergence of the Chinese economy, to the extent its benefits (such as increased exports to China) are outweighed by its costs (such as competition in export markets or for foreign investment and the relocation of the manufacturing base from South Korea to China), as well as a slowdown in the growth of China’s economy, which is one of Korea’s most important export markets;

 

   

the economic impact of any pending or future free trade agreements or of any changes to existing free trade agreements;

 

   

social or labor unrest;

 

   

substantial changes in the market prices of South Korean real estate;

 

   

a decrease in tax revenue and a substantial increase in the South Korean government’s expenditures for fiscal stimulus measures, unemployment compensation, and other economic and social programs that, together, would lead to an increased government budget deficit;

 

   

financial problems or lack of progress in the restructuring of certain South Korean conglomerates, certain other large troubled companies, or their suppliers;

 

   

loss of investor confidence arising from corporate accounting irregularities and corporate governance issues concerning certain South Korean conglomerates;

 

   

increases in social expenditures to support an aging population in South Korea or decreases in economic productivity due to the declining population size in South Korea;

 

   

geopolitical uncertainty and risk of further attacks by terrorist groups around the world;

 

   

the occurrence of severe health epidemics in South Korea or other parts of the world;

 

   

deterioration in economic or diplomatic relations between South Korea and its trading partners or allies, including deterioration resulting from territorial or trade disputes or disagreements in foreign policy (such as the ongoing trade disputes with Japan);

 

   

political uncertainty or increasing strife among or within political parties in South Korea;

 

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hostilities or political or social tensions involving oil producing countries in the Middle East and North Africa and any material disruption in the global supply of oil or increase in the price of oil;

 

   

an increase in the level of tensions or an outbreak of hostilities between North Korea and South Korea or the United States;

 

   

political or social tensions involving Russia and any resulting adverse effects on the global supply of oil or the global financial markets;

 

   

natural or man-made disasters that have a significant adverse economic or other impact on South Korea or its major trading partners; and

 

   

changes in financial regulations in South Korea.

We are subject to the risks of operations in the United Kingdom, China, Japan, Hong Kong and the United States.

We have subsidiaries in the United Kingdom, China, Japan, Hong Kong and the United States and a manufacturing plant in Tianjin, China. Consequently, we are subject to the economic, political and tax conditions prevalent in the countries in which we have our subsidiaries and manufacturing facilities, including:

 

   

fluctuations in the value of local currencies;

 

   

labor unrest, difficulties in staffing and geographic labor shortages;

 

   

longer payment cycles;

 

   

cultural differences;

 

   

increases in duties, tariffs, and taxation levied on our products including anti-dumping and countervailing duties;

 

   

trade restrictions including limitations on imports or exports of components or assembled products, unilaterally or bilaterally;

 

   

trade sanctions and related regulatory enforcement actions and other proceedings;

 

   

potential trade wars;

 

   

increased scrutiny by the media and other third parties of labor practices within our industry (including but not limited to working conditions) which may result in allegations of violations, more stringent and burdensome labor laws and regulations and inconsistency in the enforcement and interpretation of such laws and regulations, higher labor costs, and/or loss of revenues if our customers become dissatisfied with our labor practices and diminish or terminate their relationship with us;

 

   

imposition of restrictions on currency conversion or the transfer of funds;

 

   

expropriation of private enterprises;

 

   

ineffective legal protection of our intellectual property rights in certain countries;

 

   

natural disasters;

 

   

exposure to infectious disease, epidemics and pandemics, including the effects of the COVID-19 on our business operations in geographic locations impacted by the outbreak and on the business operations of our customers and suppliers;

 

   

inability of international customers and suppliers to obtain financing resulting from tightening of credit in international financial markets;

 

   

political unrest; and

 

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a potential reversal of current favorable policies encouraging foreign investment or foreign trade by our host countries.

Our manufacturing facility located in Tianjin, China suspended its operations in March 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions imposed by the Chinese government on manufacturers. Since then, it has not yet resumed production due to ongoing economic challenges in the region. Consequently, CECEP, the primary shareholder with a 62% stake, has consistently communicated its intent to divest this stake to Captivision Korea. We believe that this proposed transaction will serve to fully secure our manufacturing capabilities, contingent upon meeting the specified conditions with Captivision Korea. While it was operational, our Chinese production capabilities were primarily geared towards the domestic Chinese market. If and when we resume manufacturing at our Tianjin facility, our attractiveness to customers and our ability to expand our operations may be affected by changes in United States and other jurisdictions’ trade policies.

In 2018, the United States imposed tariffs on a large variety of products of Chinese origin. On May 10, 2019, the United States increased tariffs on $200 billion of Chinese goods to 25%. Further, on May 15, 2019, former President Donald Trump issued an executive order designed to secure the information and communications technology and services supply chain, which would restrict the acquisition or use in the United States of information and communications technology or services designed, developed, manufactured, or supplied by persons owned by, controlled by, or subject to the jurisdiction or direction of foreign adversaries. The executive order is subject to implementation by the Secretary of Commerce and applies to contracts entered into prior to the effective date of the order. In addition, the U.S. Commerce Department has implemented additional restrictions and may implement further restrictions that would affect the conduct of business with certain Chinese companies. A “phase one” trade deal signed between the United States and China on January 15, 2020 accompanied a U.S. decision to cancel a plan to increase tariffs on an additional list of Chinese products and to reduce the tariffs imposed on May 13, 2019 from 15% to 7.5% effective February 14, 2020. With U.S.-China discussions over the “phase one” trade deal potentially stalled, there is a risk the current administration may consider raising tariffs on critical Chinese industries while rolling back tariffs for other products. At present, the majority of tariff exclusions granted have expired and many of the additional tariffs on Chinese origin goods remain, as do concerns over the stability of bilateral trade relations, particularly given the limited scope of the phase one agreement. In addition, China has not met its obligations under the deal and the economic disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic increases the potential for China to invoke the deal’s “disaster clause,” which could further challenge US-China bilateral trade relations. Depending upon their duration and implementation as well as our ability to mitigate their impact, these tariffs, the executive order and its implementation and other regulatory actions could materially affect our business, including in the form of increased cost of goods sold, decreased margins, increased pricing for customers, and reduced sales.

In light of these circumstances, U.S.-China bilateral trade relations remain uncertain. At this time, there is no assurance that a broader trade agreement will be successfully negotiated between the United States and China to reduce or eliminate the existing tariffs. Furthermore, in China, governmental authorities exercise significant influence over many aspects of the economy, and their actions could have a significant effect on us.

Operations in foreign countries also present risks associated with currency exchange and convertibility, inflation and repatriation of earnings. Inflation may impact our profits and cash flows as well as adversely affect foreign exchange rates. In some countries, economic and monetary conditions and other factors could affect our ability to convert our cash distributions to U.S. dollars or other freely convertible currencies, or to move funds from our accounts in these countries. Furthermore, the central bank of any of these countries may have the authority to suspend, restrict or otherwise impose conditions on foreign exchange transactions or to approve distributions to foreign investors.

 

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Increased tensions with North Korea could adversely affect the South Korean economy and, consequently, our results of operations and financial condition in the future.

Relations between South Korea and North Korea have been tense throughout South Korea’s modern history. The level of tension between the two countries has fluctuated and may increase abruptly as a result of current and future events. In particular, there have been heightened security concerns stemming from North Korea’s nuclear weapons and ballistic missile programs and its hostile military actions against Korea.

North Korea’s economy also faces severe challenges, which may further aggravate social and political pressures within North Korea. Although bilateral summit meetings were held between the two nations in April, May and September 2018 and between the United States and North Korea in June 2018, February 2019 and June 2019 (held at the Korean Demilitarized Zone), North Korea has since resumed its missile testing, heightening tensions, and the outlook of such discussions remains uncertain. As such, there can be no assurance that the level of tension on the Korean peninsula will not escalate further in the future. Any such further increase in tensions, which may occur, for example, if North Korea experiences a leadership or economic crisis, high-level contacts between South Korea and North Korea break down or further military hostilities occur, could have a material adverse effect on the South Korean economy and on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations and could lead to a decline in the market value of our securities.

Our businesses and partnerships may be affected by geopolitical tensions between China and the United States.

In recent years, there has been a deterioration in the relationship between China and the United States which has resulted in intense potential conflicts between the two countries in trade, technology, finance and other areas, and this has led to greater uncertainties in the geopolitical situations in other parts of the world affecting China, Chinese companies and companies that have business relationships with Chinese companies. For example, economic and trade sanctions have been threatened and/or imposed by the U.S. government on a number of Chinese technology companies. The United States has also threatened to impose further sanctions, trade embargoes, and other heightened regulatory requirements. Most recently, in August 2020 and January 2021, former U.S. President Donald Trump issued Executive Orders 13942, 13943 and 13971, setting forth restrictions on persons subject to U.S. jurisdiction from entering into certain transactions within the United States involving TikTok, WeChat and WeChat Pay and eight other Chinese-linked communications and financial technology software applications. The U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia enjoined enforcement of the EO 13942 restrictions on September 19, 2020 and the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California enjoined enforcement of the EO 13943 restrictions on September 27, 2020. Although President Biden issued Executive Order 14034 on June 9, 2021 (the “EO 14034”) revoking these three Trump administration executive orders, the EO 14034 reaffirms that apps designed, developed, manufactured or supplied by “foreign adversaries” may present national security concerns, particularly with regard to access by persons owned, controlled, or subject to the jurisdiction of “foreign adversaries,” including China.

Our manufacturing facility in Tianjin, China is currently inactive due to the country’s challenging economic conditions, and no concrete proposal has been made as to if, and when, operations might resume. In addition, we plan to sell all stakes in G-SMATT TECH Co., Ltd. This will streamline marketing operations and reduce cash support. Accordingly, any further deterioration of U.S.-China relations or further sanctions involving Chinese companies with whom we may do business may be detrimental and have an adverse impact on our business.

Further militarization of the South Pacific in response to the growing military strength of China could destabilize political relationships in the region and impact regional businesses.

Over the past two decades, China has significantly increased its military presence in the South China Sea, causing tensions in the region to rise. In the event that our product distribution channels are disrupted because of hostile action stemming from the militarization of the South Pacific in response to China’s growing military presence in the area, our ability to deliver our products to our customers could be materially adversely affected.

 

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We are currently operating in a period of economic uncertainty and capital markets disruption, which has been significantly impacted by geopolitical instability due to the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and armed conflicts between Israel and Hamas. Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected by any negative impact on the global economy and capital markets resulting from the conflicts in Ukraine, the Gaza Strip or any other geopolitical tensions.

On February 24, 2022, Russia launched an invasion into Ukraine, which has escalated global tensions between the United States and NATO countries against Russia. South Korea has also condemned Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Multiple economic sanctions against Russia have been imposed by many countries worldwide which has impacted the global economy as many commercial, industrial and financial businesses are closing operations in Russia. Trade restrictions imposed on Russia have led to increasing prices of oil, fluctuation in commodities markets and destabilizing many foreign currency exchange rates.

Further escalation of conflict can lead to severe constraints on global supply chains such as logistics obstructions, raw material price increases and shortages, and higher energy costs. Disruptions in global supply chains can adversely affect our ability to manufacture and deliver product to our customers.

In addition, the recent Hamas’ attack of Israel and the ensuing war has created and is expected to create further global economic consequences. The lengths, impacts and outcomes of both the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine and the armed conflict between Israel and Hamas are highly unpredictable, and such unpredictability has created uncertainty for financial and commodity markets. We are continuing to monitor the situations in Ukraine, the Gaza Strip and globally and assessing their potential impacts on our business.

In addition, sanctions on Russia and hostilities involving Israel could adversely affect the global economy and financial markets and lead to instability and lack of liquidity in capital markets, potentially making it more difficult for us to obtain additional funds.

It may be difficult or impossible to enforce judgments of courts of the United States and other jurisdictions against us.

While we have a subsidiary in the United States, a number of our directors and officers and other persons named in this document reside outside the United States, and a substantial majority of our assets and many of the personal assets of such persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to effect service of process on, or to enforce judgments of United States courts against them or us based on the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States or of the securities laws of any state of the United States. There is doubt as to the enforceability in South Korea, either in original actions or in actions for enforcement of judgments of United States courts, of civil liabilities predicated on the federal securities laws of the United States or the securities laws of any state of the United States.

Changes in South Korea’s customs, import and export laws and foreign policy, may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our business depends significantly on South Korea’s customs and foreign exchange laws and regulations, including import and export laws, as well as on fiscal and foreign policies. In the past we have benefited from, and now currently benefit from, certain customs and tax benefits granted by South Korean laws, such as free trade zones which incentivizes the import of machinery and equipment by providing tax breaks, as well as from South Korean foreign policy, such as free trade agreements with countries like the United States. As a result, our business and results of operations or financial condition may be adversely affected by changes in government or fiscal policies, foreign policy or customs and foreign exchange laws and regulations. We cannot predict what policies the South Korean government will adopt and whether those policies would have a negative impact on the South Korean economy or on our business and financial performance in the future.

 

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New or higher taxes resulting from changes in tax regulations or the interpretation thereof in South Korea could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition in the future.

New tax laws and regulations, and uncertainties with respect to future tax policies pose risks to us.

Changes in tax-related laws and regulations, and interpretations thereof, can create additional tax burdens on us and our businesses by increasing tax rates and fees, creating new taxes, limiting tax deductions, and/or eliminating tax-based incentives and non-taxed income. In addition, tax authorities and competent courts may interpret tax regulations differently than us, which could result in tax litigation and associated costs and penalties in part due to the novelty and complexity of new regulation.

Risks Related to Operating as a Public Company

Unpaid transaction expenses, the costs of certain fee deferral arrangements and the issuances of additional ordinary shares under certain of our contracts and arrangements may result in dilution of holders of Ordinary Shares and have a negative impact on our results of operation, our liquidity and/or the market price of the Ordinary Shares.

On April 16, 2024, we issued the April Convertible Notes in favor of certain investors in the aggregate amount of $1,175,000, convertible into 233,600 Ordinary Shares, at a conversion price of $5.03 per share, upon the effectiveness of a securities registration statement to the Financial Supervisory Services in Korea in accordance with applicable Korean law. On February 16, 2024, we issued the February Convertible Notes in favor of certain investors in the aggregate amount of $1,250,000, convertible into 201,290 Ordinary Shares, at a conversion price of $6.21 per share, upon the effectiveness of a securities registration statement submitted to the Financial Supervisory Services of Korea in accordance with applicable Korean law. On June 30, 2023, JGGC issued a promissory note in favor of JGG SPAC Holdings LLC (“JGG SPAC Holdings”) in the amount of $450,000, which was subsequently increased to $1,500,000 (the “Working Capital Promissory Note”). The total amount owed under the Working Capital Promissory Note as of the Closing Date, is $1,112,500. On the Closing Date, we entered into a deferral agreement with JGGC, JGG SPAC Holdings and Captivision Korea (the “JGGC SPAC Holdings Deferral Agreement”) for the amount outstanding under the Working Capital Promissory Note. Due to ongoing capital constraints, we were unable to pay approximately $14.1 million of additional transaction expenses on the Closing Date. Effective as of November 15, 2023, a number of our service providers, Captivision Korea and JGGC entered into agreements (“Deferred Fee Arrangements” and together with the JGGC SPAC Holdings Deferral Agreement, the “Deferral Agreements”) to defer amounts due to these service providers (“Deferred Amounts”) until a future date when sufficient funds may become available to us to pay such Deferred Amounts in cash. Each of the Deferral Agreements generally provides that (i) until repaid, the Deferred Amounts accrue interest at the rate of 12% per annum and (ii) (A) 50% of the Deferred Amount under such agreement, plus accrued interest, is to be paid 365 days after the Closing Date and (B) the remaining 50%, plus accrued interest, is to be paid 730 days after the Closing Date.

As an alternative to cash payment, certain of the Deferral Agreements, including the JGGC SPAC Holdings Deferral Agreement, accounting for approximately $7.7 million of the unpaid transaction expenses, provide that the counterparties have the option to convert all of a portion their outstanding amount owed to them under their respective Deferral Agreements into Ordinary Shares at a share price equal to the average of the volume weighted average of an Ordinary Share for the 20 consecutive trading day period occurring prior to the applicable election date. The timing, frequency, and the price at which we issue Ordinary Shares are subject to market prices and such counterparty’s decision to accept repayment for any such amount in equity. Any Ordinary Shares issued pursuant to these arrangements will need to be registered for resale on a Form F-1 registration statement.

If and when we issue such Ordinary Shares, such recipients, upon effectiveness of a Form F-1 or Form F-3 (as applicable) registration statement registering such securities for resale, may resell all, some or none of such shares in their discretion and at different prices subject to the terms of the applicable agreement. As a result,

 

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investors who purchase shares from such recipients at different times will likely pay different prices for those shares, and so may experience different levels of dilution (and in some cases substantial dilution) and different outcomes in their investment results. Existing investors may experience a decline in the value of the shares they purchase as a result of future issuances or issuances and sales made by us to such aforementioned parties or others at prices lower than the prices such investors paid for their shares. In addition, if we issue a substantial number of shares to such parties, or if investors expect that we will do so, the actual sales of shares or the mere existence of an arrangement with such parties may adversely affect the price of our securities or make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a desirable time and price, or at all.

The issuance, if any, of Ordinary Shares would not affect the rights or privileges of our existing shareholders, except that the economic and voting interests of existing shareholders would be diluted, potentially substantially. Although the number of Ordinary Shares that existing shareholders own would not decrease as a result of these additional issuances, the Ordinary Shares owned by existing shareholders would represent a smaller percentage of the total outstanding Ordinary Shares after any such issuance, potentially significantly smaller.

On the dates that are 365 days and 730 days following the Closing Date, we will be required to make substantial payments in respect of any Deferred Amounts that remain outstanding, plus accrued interest. To finance these costs, we may need to raise capital through equity, debt or mezzanine financing. Securing additional financing could require a substantial amount of time and attention from management and may divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our business activities, which may adversely affect our and Captivision Korea’s ability to conduct day-to-day operations. In addition, neither we, nor Captivision Korea, can guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable, if at all. We may sell additional equity, or convertible debt securities, which would result in the issuance of additional share capital and dilution to our shareholders.

Alternatively, we may incur debt or issue other debt securities. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed payment obligations and could also result in certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. If we continue to be unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we will be prevented from pursuing discovery, development and commercialization efforts and our ability to generate revenues and achieve or sustain profitability will be substantially harmed. Ultimately, if we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts we will be forced to liquidate.

We incur significant costs as a result of operating as a public company.

As a public company, we incur and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that Captivision Korea did not incur as a private company. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, as well as rules adopted, and to be adopted, by the SEC and Nasdaq. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives and may not effectively or efficiently manage the transition into a public company. Moreover, we expect these rules and regulations to substantially increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, such rules and regulations may make it more difficult and expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits or incur substantially higher costs to maintain the same or similar coverage. We cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs it may incur to respond to these requirements. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board of directors’ committees or as executive officers.

Certain members of our management team have limited experience managing a publicly traded company, interacting with public company investors and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to

 

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public companies in the United States. The additional demands associated with being a public company may disrupt regular operations of our business by diverting the attention of some of our senior management team away from revenue producing activities to management and administrative oversight, adversely affecting our ability to attract and complete business opportunities and increasing the difficulty in both retaining professionals and managing and growing our businesses. Our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage our transition to being a public company subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the U.S. federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors.

In addition, the public reporting obligations associated with being a public company in the United States may subject us to litigation as a result of increased scrutiny of our financial reporting. If we are involved in litigation regarding our public reporting obligations, this could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and management attention from our business and seriously undermine our business.

Any of these effects could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We incur, and will continue to incur significant costs and are subject to additional regulations and financial reporting obligations in South Korea.

Prior to the Business Combination, Captivision Korea was required to file with the Financial Services Commission of Korea (“FSC”) (i) a securities registration statement relating to the public offering of its shares in South Korea, which Captivision Korea had caused to be accepted and made effective by the FSC and (ii) a prospectus when such securities registration statement became effective.

As a public company, we incur, and will continue to incur, significant expenses. As a result of filing a securities registration statement in South Korea, we are subject to certain reporting requirements and regulations in South Korea, including, submitting to the FSC (1) an annual business report within 120 calendar days after the end of each fiscal year, (2) interim reports with respect to the three month period, six month period and nine month period from the beginning of each fiscal year within 60 calendar days following the end of each period, and (3) reports describing any event that may have a material effect on its business, financial condition or results of operations; provided, however, that if Captivision Korea has filed any reports deemed equivalent to such reports with the authorities in relevant jurisdictions, we are required to file with the FSC within 10 calendar days from the date of such filing in relevant jurisdictions instead of the above prescribed periods (or, within 5 calendar days in case of the report prescribed in (3) above or such filings deemed equivalent to it), (i) such reports as prescribed in (1) through (3) above or (ii) the filing made in relevant jurisdictions together with its summary in South Korean.

As stipulated under applicable South Korean law, a failure to comply with such obligation may result in criminal punishment, fines, penalties, or suspension or prohibition of issuance, public offering, sales or other transactions of securities in South Korea.

We may not be able to timely and effectively implement controls and procedures required by Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

We are required to provide management’s attestation on internal controls in connection with our second annual report on Form 20-F. The standards required for a public company under Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act are significantly more stringent than those required of Captivision Korea as a privately-held company. Management may not be able to effectively and timely implement controls and procedures that adequately respond to the increased regulatory compliance and reporting requirements. If we are not able to implement the additional requirements of Section 404(a) in a timely manner or with adequate compliance, we may not be able to assess whether our internal controls over financial reporting are effective, which may subject us to adverse regulatory consequences and could harm investor confidence and the market price of Ordinary Shares.

 

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As a foreign private issuer and a company treated as an “emerging growth company” for certain purposes, we have different disclosure and other requirements than U.S. domestic registrants and non-emerging growth companies.

As a foreign private issuer and a company treated as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”) for certain purposes, we are subject to different disclosure and other requirements than domestic U.S. registrants and non-emerging growth companies. For example, as a foreign private issuer, in the United States, we are not subject to the same disclosure requirements as a domestic U.S. registrant under the Exchange Act, including the requirements to prepare and issue quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or to file current reports on Form 8-K upon the occurrence of specified significant events, the proxy rules applicable to domestic U.S. registrants under Section 14 of the Exchange Act or the insider reporting and short-swing profit rules applicable to domestic U.S. registrants under Section 16 of the Exchange Act with respect to purchases or sales of Ordinary Shares. In addition, we may rely on exemptions from certain U.S. rules which will permit us to follow Cayman Islands legal requirements rather than certain of Nasdaq’s corporate governance requirements that are applicable to U.S. domestic registrants. Cayman Islands laws and regulations applicable to Cayman Islands companies do not contain any provisions comparable to the U.S. proxy rules, the U.S. rules relating to the filing of reports on Form 10-Q or 8-K or the U.S. rules relating to liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time.

Furthermore, foreign private issuers are required to file their annual report on Form 20-F within four months after the end of each fiscal year, while U.S. domestic issuers that are accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 75 days after the end of each fiscal year. Foreign private issuers are also exempt from Regulation Fair Disclosure (“Regulation FD”), aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures of material information, although we are subject to Cayman Islands laws and regulations having substantially the same effect as Regulation FD. As a result of the above, even though we are required to file reports on Form 6-K disclosing the limited information which we have made or are required to make public pursuant to Cayman Islands law, or is required to distribute to shareholders generally, and that is material to us, you may not receive information of the same type or amount that is required to be disclosed to shareholders of a U.S. company.

The JOBS Act contains provisions that, among other things, relax certain reporting requirements for emerging growth companies. Under this act, as a company treated as an emerging growth company for certain purposes, we are not be subject to the same disclosure and financial reporting requirements as non-emerging growth companies. For example, we are permitted to, and may take advantage of, certain exemptions that allow us to comply with reduced disclosure obligations in this prospectus that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. As a result, our shareholders may not have access to certain information that they deem important. Accordingly, the information about us available to you will not be the same as, and may be more limited than, the information available to shareholders of a non-emerging growth company.

Moreover, we are not required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or within the same time frames as U.S. companies with securities registered under the Exchange Act. We currently prepare our financial statements in accordance with IFRS. We will not be required to file financial statements prepared in accordance with or reconciled to U.S. GAAP so long as our financial statements are prepared in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the IASB.

We cannot predict if investors will find Ordinary Shares less attractive because we rely on certain of these exemptions. If some investors find Ordinary Shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for Ordinary Shares and our share price may be more volatile.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status, which would then require us to comply with the Exchange Act’s domestic reporting regime and cause us to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses.

In order to maintain our current status as a foreign private issuer, either (a) more than 50% of our Ordinary Shares must be directly or indirectly owned of record by non-residents of the United States or (b)(1) a majority of

 

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our executive officers or directors must not be U.S. citizens or residents; (2) more than 50% of our assets must be located outside of United States; and (3) our business must be administered principally outside the United States. If we lose this status, we would be required to comply with the Exchange Act reporting and other requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, which are more detailed and extensive than the requirements for foreign private issuers. We may also be required to make changes in our corporate governance practices in accordance with various SEC and Nasdaq rules. The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws if we are required to comply with the reporting requirements applicable to a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly higher than the costs us will incur as a foreign private issuer.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to rely on exemptions from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. issuers. This may afford less protection to holders of Ordinary Shares.

Section 5605 of the Nasdaq listing rules requires listed companies to have, among other things, a majority of their board members be independent, and to have independent director oversight of executive compensation, nomination of directors and corporate governance matters. As a foreign private issuer, however, we are permitted to follow, and we may follow, home country practice in lieu of certain of the above requirements. As a result, you may not be provided with the benefits of certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq applicable to U.S. domestic public companies. See “ManagementCorporate Governance Practices.”

Warrants are exercisable for Ordinary Shares, which will increases the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to its shareholders.

Warrants to purchase Ordinary Shares are exercisable in accordance with the terms of the agreement governing those securities. Warrants will become exercisable 30 days after the completion of the Business Combination. The exercise price of Warrants will be $11.50 per share. To the extent Warrants are exercised, additional Ordinary Shares will be issued, which will result in dilution to the holders of Ordinary Shares and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market or the fact that Warrants may be exercised could adversely affect the market price of Ordinary Shares. However, there is no guarantee that the Warrants will ever be in the money prior to their expiration, and as such, Warrants may expire worthless.

Our ability to meet expectations and projections in any research or reports published by securities or industry analysts, or a lack of coverage by securities or industry analysts, could result in a depressed market price and limited liquidity for our securities. Additionally, if securities or industry analysts do not publish research, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research, about our business, the price of our securities and our trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our securities will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us or our business, market, or our competitors. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of us, the price of our securities would likely be less than that which would be obtained if we had such coverage and the liquidity, or trading volume of our securities may be limited, making it more difficult for a holder to sell securities at an acceptable price or amount. If any analysts do cover us, their projections may vary widely and may not accurately predict the results we actually achieve. The price of our securities may decline if our actual results do not match the projections of research analysts covering us. Similarly, if one or more of the analysts who write reports on us downgrades our securities or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our securities could decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, the price of our securities or trading volume could decline.

 

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Future resales of a substantial number of Ordinary Shares in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could cause the price of Ordinary Shares to decline.

The market price of Ordinary Shares could decline as a result of substantial sales of Ordinary Shares, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers and significant shareholders, a large number of ordinary shares becoming available for sale or the perception in the market that such sales could occur. As of the date of this prospectus, there are approximately 29,030,998 Ordinary Shares outstanding and an additional 66,108,524 Ordinary Shares reserved for issuance upon conversion, exercise or vesting of outstanding securities (excluding any Ordinary Shares reserved for issuance under the Equity Plan). The Ordinary Shares sold in the Business Combination are freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act by persons other than our affiliates within the meaning of Rule 144 of the Securities Act. Our shareholders or entities controlled by them or their permitted transferees will be able to sell their Ordinary Shares in the public market from time to time without registering them, subject to certain limitations on the timing, amount and method of those sales imposed by regulations promulgated by the SEC. If any of our shareholders, the affiliated entities controlled by them or their respective permitted transferees were to sell a large number of their Ordinary Shares, the market price of Ordinary Shares may decline significantly. In addition, the perception in the public markets that sales by them might occur may also cause the trading price of Ordinary Shares to decline.

The Registration Rights Agreement provides that the RRA Parties will be granted certain customary registration rights, demand rights and piggyback rights with respect to their respective Ordinary Shares. We have filed a registration statement to inter alia satisfy our obligations thereunder. Upon effectiveness of any registration statement that we file pursuant to the above-referenced Registration Rights Agreement, in a registered offering of securities pursuant to the Securities Act or otherwise in accordance with Rule 144 under the Securities Act, our shareholders may sell large amounts of Ordinary Shares in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, which could have the effect of increasing the volatility in the trading price of the Ordinary Shares or putting significant downward pressure on the trading price of the Ordinary Shares. Further, sales of Ordinary Shares could encourage short sales by market participants. Generally, short selling means selling a security, contract or commodity not owned by the seller. The seller is committed to eventually purchase the financial instrument previously sold. Short sales are used to capitalize on an expected decline in the security’s price. As such, short sales of Ordinary Shares could have a tendency to depress the price of the Ordinary Shares, which could increase the potential for short sales.

We cannot predict the size of future issuances of Ordinary Shares or the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of Ordinary Shares will have on the market price of the Ordinary Shares. Sales of substantial amounts of Ordinary Shares, or the perception that such sales could occur, may materially and adversely affect prevailing market prices of Ordinary Shares.

The Warrants and the Converted Options may never be in the money, and may expire worthless.

The exercise price of the Warrants is $11.50 per share, and the exercise price of the Converted Options is $4.84 per share. We believe the likelihood that warrant holders will exercise the Warrants, and therefore the amount of cash proceeds that we would receive, is dependent upon the trading price of our Ordinary Shares. If the market price for our Ordinary Shares is less than the exercise price of the Warrants (on a per share basis), we believe that the holders of the Warrants will be very unlikely to exercise their Warrants. If the market price for our Ordinary Shares is less than the exercise price of the Converted Options, we believe the holders of Converted Options will be very unlikely to exercise their Converted Options. On July 3, 2024, the closing price of our Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq was $2.45 per share. There is no guarantee that the Warrants or the Converted Options will be in the money following the time they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, and as such, the Warrants and/or the Converted Options may expire worthless and we may receive no proceeds from the exercise of the Warrants or the Converted Options.

 

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You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, we conduct substantially all of our operations, and a majority of its directors and executive officers reside, outside of the United States.

We are an exempted company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, and we conduct a majority of our operations through our subsidiaries outside the United States. Substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States. Many of our officers and directors reside outside the United States and a substantial portion of the assets of those persons are located outside of the United States. As a result, it could be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals outside of the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed upon under the applicable securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of South Korea could render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.

Our corporate affairs are governed by the Governing Documents, the Companies Act and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as that from English common law. Appeals from the Cayman Islands courts to the Privy Council (which is the final Court of Appeal for British overseas territories such as the Cayman Islands) are binding on the courts of the Cayman Islands. Decisions of the English courts, and particularly the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeal are generally of persuasive authority, but are not binding in the courts of the Cayman Islands. Decisions of courts in other Commonwealth jurisdictions are similarly of persuasive but not binding authority. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws relative to the United States. In addition, some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fulsome and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands.

As a result of all of the above, our shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of our board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States.

While Cayman Islands law allows a dissenting shareholder to express the shareholder’s view that a court sanctioned reorganization of a Cayman Islands company would not provide fair value for the shareholder’s shares, Cayman Islands statutory law does not specifically provide for shareholder appraisal rights in connection with a court sanctioned reorganization (by way of a scheme of arrangement). This may make it more difficult for you to assess the value of any consideration you may receive in a merger or consolidation (by way of a scheme of arrangement) or to require that the acquirer gives you additional consideration if you believe the consideration offered is insufficient. However, Cayman Islands statutory law provides a mechanism for a dissenting shareholder in a merger or consolidation that does not take place by way of a scheme of arrangement to apply to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands for a determination of the fair value of the dissenter’s shares if it is not possible for the company and the dissenter to agree on a fair price within the time limits prescribed.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies (such as us) have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records and accounts or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders. Our directors have discretion under the Governing Documents to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

 

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Subject to limited exceptions, under Cayman Islands law, a minority shareholder may not bring a derivative action against the board of directors. Class actions are not recognized in the Cayman Islands, but groups of shareholders with identical interests may bring representative proceedings, which are similar.

It is not expected that we will pay dividends in the foreseeable future.

It is expected that we will retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, it is not expected that we will pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on the future results of operations and cash flow, capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors.

The Governing Documents contain anti-takeover provisions that may discourage a third party from acquiring us and adversely affect the rights of holders of Ordinary Shares.

The Governing Documents contain certain provisions that could limit the ability of others to acquire control of us, including provisions that:

 

   

Authorize our board of directors to issue, without further action by our shareholders, undesignated preferred shares with terms, rights and preferences;

 

   

impose advance notice requirements for shareholder proposals at annual general meetings;

 

   

limit our shareholders’ ability to call extraordinary general meetings; and

 

   

require approval from the holders of at least two-thirds in voting power of all outstanding shares who attend and voted at our general meeting to amend a provision of the Governing Documents.

These anti-takeover defenses could discourage, delay or prevent a transaction involving our change of control. These provisions could also make it more difficult for you and other of our shareholders to appoint directors of your choosing and cause us to take other corporate actions that you desire.

Captivision Korea has granted in the past, and we intend to grant in the future, share incentives, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses.

In connection with the Business Combination, our board of directors adopted the Equity Plan. Initially, the maximum number of Ordinary Shares that may be issued under the Equity Plan after it becomes effective is 6,668,797 Ordinary Shares. We believe the granting of share-based compensation is of significant importance to our ability to attract and retain key personnel and employees, and as such, we will grant share-based compensation and incur share-based compensation expenses. As a result, expenses associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. See “Executive Compensation—Equity Incentive Plan.”

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability. The rights of its shareholders, including with respect to fiduciary duties and corporate opportunities, may be different from the rights of shareholders governed by the laws of U.S. jurisdictions.

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability. Our corporate affairs are governed, by the Governing Documents, the Companies Act and by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders and the responsibilities of members of our board of directors may be different from the rights of

 

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shareholders and responsibilities of directors in companies governed by the laws of U.S. jurisdictions. In particular, as a matter of Cayman Islands law, directors of a Cayman Islands company owe fiduciary duties to the company and separately a duty of care, diligence and skill to the company. Under Cayman Islands law, directors and officers owe the following fiduciary duties: (1) duty to act in good faith in what the director or officer believes to be in the best interests of the company as a whole; (2) duty to exercise powers for the purposes for which those powers were conferred and not for a collateral purpose; (3) directors should not improperly fetter the exercise of future discretion; (4) duty to exercise powers fairly as between different sections of shareholders; (5) duty to exercise independent judgment; and (6) duty not to put themselves in a position in which there is a conflict between their duty to the company and their personal interests. The Governing Documents vary this last obligation by providing that a director must disclose the nature of his or her interest in any contract or arrangement, and following such disclosure, such director may vote in respect of any transaction or arrangement in which he or she is interested and may be counted in the quorum at the meeting. Conversely, under Delaware corporate law, a director has a fiduciary duty to the corporation and its shareholders (made up of two components) and the director’s duties prohibit self-dealing by a director and mandate that the best interest of the corporation and its shareholders take precedence over any interest possessed by a director, officer or controlling shareholder and not shared by the shareholders generally.

United States civil liabilities and certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company and substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, many of our directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States, and a substantial portion of the assets of these persons is located outside of the United States.

As a result, it may be difficult to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons. It may also be difficult to enforce in U.S. courts judgments obtained in U.S. courts based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors who are not resident in the United States and the substantial majority of whose assets are located outside of the United States.

Further, it is unclear if original actions predicated on civil liabilities based solely upon U.S. federal securities laws are enforceable in courts outside the United States, including in the Cayman Islands. We have been advised by our Cayman Islands legal counsel, Ogier (Cayman) LLP, that the courts of the Cayman Islands are unlikely to: (i) recognize or enforce against us judgments of U.S. courts obtained against us or our directors or officers predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state of the United States; and (ii) in original actions brought in the Cayman Islands, to impose liabilities against us or our directors or officers predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any State, to the extent that the liabilities imposed by those provisions are penal in nature. The Cayman Islands court will not enforce criminal fines and tax judgments and judgments that are contrary to Cayman Islands public policy. However, although there is currently no statutory enforcement or treaty between the U.S. and the Cayman Islands providing for enforcement of judgments obtained in the United States, the courts of the Cayman Islands will recognize and enforce a foreign money judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits based on the principle that a judgment of a competent foreign court imposes upon the judgment debtor an obligation to pay the sum for which judgment has been given provided certain conditions are met. For a foreign judgment to be enforced in the Cayman Islands, such judgment must be final and conclusive, given by a court of competent jurisdiction (the courts of the Cayman Islands will apply the rules of the Cayman Islands private international law to determine whether the foreign court is a court of competent jurisdiction), and must not be in respect of taxes or a fine or penalty, inconsistent with a Cayman Islands judgment in respect of the same matter, impeachable on the grounds of fraud or obtained in a manner, and or be of a kind the enforcement of which is contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands. Furthermore, it is uncertain that Cayman Islands courts would enforce: (1) judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against us or other persons that are predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws; or (2) original actions brought against us or other persons predicated upon the Securities Act. Ogier (Cayman) LLP has

 

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informed us that there is uncertainty with regard to Cayman Islands law relating to whether a judgment obtained from the U.S. courts under civil liability provisions of the securities laws will be determined by the courts of the Cayman Islands as penal, punitive in nature. In addition, a Cayman Islands court may stay proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere.

The A&R Warrant Agreement designates the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by holders of the warrants, which could limit the ability of warrant holders to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us.

The A&R Warrant Agreement provides that, subject to applicable law: (i) any action, proceeding or claim against us arising out of or relating in any way to the warrant agreement, including under the Securities Act, will be brought and enforced in the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, and (ii) that we irrevocably submit to such jurisdiction, which jurisdiction shall be the exclusive forum for any such action, proceeding or claim. The A&R Warrant Agreement also provides that we waive any objection to such exclusive jurisdiction or that such courts represent an inconvenient forum. Notwithstanding the foregoing, these provisions of the A&R Warrant Agreement will not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal district courts of the United States of America are the sole and exclusive forum. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any of Warrants shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the forum provisions in the A&R Warrant Agreement. If any action, the subject matter of which is within the scope of the forum provisions of the A&R Warrant Agreement, is filed in a court other than a court of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (a “foreign action”) in the name of any holder of Warrants, such holder shall be deemed to have consented to: (x) the personal jurisdiction of the state and federal courts located in the Country of New York, State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York in connection with any action brought in any such court to enforce the forum provisions (an “enforcement action”) and (y) having service of process made upon such warrant holder in any such enforcement action by service upon such warrant holder’s counsel in the foreign action as agent for such warrant holder.

This choice-of-forum provision may limit a warrant holder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us, which may discourage such lawsuits. Alternatively, if a court were to find this provision of A&R Warrant Agreement inapplicable or unenforceable with respect to one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and result in a diversion of the time and resources of our management and board of directors.

The price of our Ordinary Shares has and may continue to be volatile.

The price of the Ordinary Shares has and may continue to fluctuate due to a variety of factors, including:

 

   

changes in the industries in which we and our customers operate;

 

   

developments involving our competitors;

 

   

changes in laws and regulations affecting our business;

 

   

variations in our operating performance and the performance of our competitors in general;

 

   

actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly or annual operating results;

 

   

publication of research reports by securities analysts about us or our competitors or our industry;

 

   

the public’s reaction to our press releases, our other public announcements and our filings with the SEC;

 

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actions by shareholders, including the sale by potential PIPE investors of any of their Ordinary Shares;

 

   

additions and departures of key personnel;

 

   

commencement of, or involvement in, litigation involving us;

 

   

changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of securities or the incurrence of additional debt;

 

   

the volume of Ordinary Shares available for public sale;

 

   

general economic and political conditions, such as the effects of public health outbreaks, recessions, interest rates, local and national elections, fuel prices, international currency fluctuations, corruption, political instability; and

 

   

acts of war or terrorism.

These market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of the Ordinary Shares regardless of our operating performance.

Estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth may prove to be inaccurate, and even if the market in which we compete achieves the forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all.

Market opportunity estimates and growth forecasts, including those Captivision Korea has generated, are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may not prove to be accurate. The variables that go into the calculation of our market opportunity are subject to change over time, and there is no guarantee that any particular number or percentage of companies covered by our market opportunity estimates will purchase our products at all or generate any particular level of revenue for us. Any expansion in our market depends on a number of factors, including the cost, performance, and perceived value associated with our platform and products and those of our competitors. Even if the market in which we compete meets the size estimates and growth forecasted, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all. Our growth is subject to many factors, including our success in implementing its growth strategies, which are subject to many risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, our forecasts of market growth should not be taken as indicative of our future growth.

We may be required to take write-downs or write-offs, restructuring and impairment or other charges that could have a significant negative effect on our financial condition, results of operations and share price, which could cause you to lose some or all of the shareholders’ investment.

We may be forced to write down or write off assets, restructure our operations, or incur impairment or other charges that could result in losses. Unexpected risks may arise and previously known risks may materialize. Even though these charges may be non-cash items and not have an immediate impact on our liquidity, the fact that we report charges of this nature could contribute to negative market perceptions about us or our securities. In addition, charges of this nature may cause us to violate net worth or other covenants to which we may be subject as a result of assuming any pre-existing debt or by virtue of any financing arrangement or be unable to obtain future financing on favorable terms or at all. Accordingly, shareholders could suffer a reduction in the value of their initial investment. Such shareholders are unlikely to have a remedy for such reduction in value.

We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.

Our share price has been and may continue to be volatile and, in the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their shares have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Litigation of this type could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Any adverse determination in litigation could also subject us to significant liabilities.

 

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Our only significant asset is our ownership interest in Captivision Korea. If our business is not profitably operated, we may be unable to pay our shareholders dividends or make distributions or loans to enable us to pay any dividends on our Ordinary Shares or satisfy our other financial obligations.

We have no direct operations and no significant assets other than our ownership interest in Captivision Korea. We depend on profits generated by our business for distributions, debt repayment and other payments to generate the funds necessary to meet our financial obligations, including our expenses as a publicly traded company, and to pay any dividends with respect to our Ordinary Shares. Legal and contractual restrictions in agreements governing our indebtedness, as well as our financial condition and operating requirements, may limit our ability to receive distributions.

There is a risk that we may be classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which could have adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders of our Securities.

A foreign (i.e., non-U.S.) corporation will be a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes if at least 75% of its gross income in a taxable year, including its pro rata share of the gross income of any corporation in which it is considered to own at least 25% of the shares by value (a “Look- Through Subsidiary”), is passive income. Alternatively, a foreign corporation will be a PFIC if at least 50% of its assets in a taxable year, ordinarily determined based on fair market value and averaged quarterly over the year, including its pro rata share of the assets of any Look-Through Subsidiary (and excluding the value of the shares held in such corporation), are held for the production of, or produce, passive income. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents and royalties (other than certain rents or royalties derived from the active conduct of a trade or business) and gains from the disposition of passive assets.

We have not made a determination as to our PFIC status or the PFIC status of any of the entities in which we hold equity interests. However, based on the nature of our business, the composition of our income and assets, the value of our assets, and our market capitalization, there is a risk that we may be classified as a PFIC in the current taxable year.

Furthermore, our PFIC status for any taxable year is an annual determination that can be made only after the end of such taxable year, and is based on the composition of our income and assets, the value of our assets, our market capitalization, and activities in a given year. We therefore cannot express a view as to whether we will be a PFIC for the current or any future taxable year, and U.S. Holders (as defined below in “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations”) should invest in Ordinary Shares or Warrants only if they are willing to bear the U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in a PFIC.

If we are characterized as a PFIC, U.S. Holders may suffer adverse tax consequences, including having gains realized on the sale of our Ordinary Shares treated as ordinary income rather than capital gain, the loss of the preferential rate applicable to dividends received on Ordinary Shares by individuals who are U.S. Holders, having interest charges apply to certain distributions by us and the proceeds of sales of Ordinary Shares, and a requirement to file annual reports with the IRS.

As further described under “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—PFIC Considerations”, certain elections may be available to U.S. Holders with respect to Ordinary Shares that may mitigate the adverse consequences of PFIC status. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding our PFIC status for any taxable year and the potential application of the PFIC rules.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, shareholders could lose confidence in our financial and other public reporting, which is likely to adversely affect our business and the market price of Ordinary Shares.

Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in our

 

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implementation could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. In addition, any testing conducted by us, or any testing conducted by our independent registered public accounting firm, may reveal deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses or that may require prospective or retroactive changes to our financial statements or identify other areas for further attention or improvement. Inferior internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which is likely to adversely affect our business and the market price of Ordinary Shares.

 

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COMMITTED EQUITY FINANCING

On June 12, 2024, we entered into the Purchase Agreement with New Circle. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, we have the right to sell to New Circle up to $30,000,000 of our Ordinary Shares, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement, from time to time during the term of the Purchase Agreement. In connection with the execution of the Purchase Agreement, we issued the Commitment Shares to New Circle as consideration for its commitment to purchase our Ordinary Shares pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. We have also issued 150,000 Ordinary Shares to CCM in consideration for its role as placement agent in connection with the financing. Sales of Ordinary Shares to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement, and the timing of any such sales, are at our option, and we are under no obligation to sell any securities to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement.

In accordance with our obligations under the Registration Rights Agreement, we have filed the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part with the SEC to register under the Securities Act the resale by New Circle of up to 30,000,000 Ordinary Shares that we may elect, in our sole discretion, to issue and sell to New Circle, from time to time under the Purchase Agreement. Upon the satisfaction of the conditions to New Circle’s purchase obligation set forth in the Purchase Agreement, including that the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part be declared effective by the SEC and the final form of this prospectus is filed with the SEC, we will have the right, but not the obligation, from time to time at our discretion during the 24-month period after the date the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part is declared effective by the SEC, to direct New Circle to purchase Ordinary Shares by delivering a Purchase Notice to New Circle. While there is no mandatory minimum amount for any Purchase, a Purchase Notice may not be for the purchase of more than the greater of (i) an amount of Ordinary Shares equal to one hundred percent (100%) of the average daily traded amount for the five (5) trading days immediately preceding a Purchase Notice, and (ii) the number of Ordinary Shares equal to $50,000 divided by the VWAP of the Ordinary Shares during the five (5) trading days immediately preceding a Purchase Notice. The per share purchase price for the Ordinary Shares that we elect to sell to New Circle in a Purchase will be determined by reference to the Market Price (as defined in the Purchase Agreement) and calculated in accordance with the Purchase Agreement, less a discount of 3.0%.

We will control the timing and amount of any sales of Ordinary Shares to New Circle. Actual sales of Ordinary Shares to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement will depend on a variety of factors to be determined by us from time to time, which may include, among other things, market conditions, the trading price of our Ordinary Shares, and determinations by us as to the appropriate sources of funding for our company and its operations.

Under the applicable Nasdaq rules, in no event may we issue to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement more than 5,803,296 Ordinary Shares, which number of Ordinary Shares is equal to the Exchange Cap, unless (i) we obtain shareholder approval to issue Ordinary Shares in excess of the Exchange Cap in accordance with applicable Nasdaq rules, (ii) all applicable sales of Ordinary Shares under the Purchase Agreement equal or exceed $2.74 per share (which represents the lower of (a) the Nasdaq official closing price (as reflected on Nasdaq.com) immediately prior to the date of the Purchase Agreement or (b) the average Nasdaq official closing price for the five (5) trading days immediately prior to the date of the Purchase Agreement), or (iii) we have duly elected to follow home country practice rules in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5615(a)(3). Because we have duly elected to follow home country practice rules in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5615(a)(3), the Exchange Cap does not apply at this time. Moreover, we may not issue or sell any Ordinary Shares to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement which, when aggregated with all other Ordinary Shares then beneficially owned by New Circle and its affiliates (as calculated pursuant to Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and Rule 13d-3 promulgated thereunder), would result in the beneficial ownership by New Circle and its affiliates to exceed the Beneficial Ownership Limitation. Notwithstanding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, New Circle may sell our Ordinary Shares in the public market at any time, so long as the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part remains effective and this prospectus remains usable and the related Purchase Agreement with New Circle has not been terminated.

 

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Neither we nor New Circle may assign or transfer any of our respective rights and obligations under the Purchase Agreement without the prior written consent of the other party, and no provision of the Purchase Agreement may be modified or waived by the parties other than by an instrument in writing signed by both parties.

The net proceeds from sales, if any, under the Purchase Agreement, will depend on the frequency and prices at which we sell Ordinary Shares to New Circle. To the extent we sell Ordinary Shares under the Purchase Agreement, we currently plan to use any proceeds therefrom for working capital and general corporate purposes.

The Purchase Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, conditions, and indemnification obligations of the parties. The representations, warranties, and covenants contained in such agreements were made only for purposes of such agreements and as of specific dates, were solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreements and may be subject to limitations agreed upon by the contracting parties.

Purchases of Ordinary Shares Under the Purchase Agreement

Purchases

We will have the right, but not the obligation, from time to time at our discretion, during the 24-month period after the date the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part is declared effective by the SEC, to direct New Circle to purchase up to a specified maximum amount of Ordinary Shares as set forth in the Purchase Agreement by delivering an Purchase Notice on any trading day (each, a “Share Purchase Notice Date”), so long as the amount under any single Purchase Notice does not exceed the greater of (i) an amount of Ordinary Shares equal to one hundred percent (100%) of the average daily traded amount for the five (5) trading days immediately preceding a Purchase Notice, and (ii) the number of Ordinary Shares equal to $50,000 divided by the VWAP of the Ordinary Shares during the five (5) trading days immediately preceding a Purchase Notice, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.

Conditions to Each Purchase

New Circle’s obligation to accept Purchase Notices that are timely delivered by us under the Purchase Agreement and to purchase Ordinary Shares under the Purchase Agreement are subject to the satisfaction, at the applicable Share Purchase Notice Date, of the conditions precedent thereto set forth in the Purchase Agreement, all of which are entirely outside of New Circle’s control, which conditions include the following:

 

   

the accuracy in all material respects of our representations and warranties included in the Purchase Agreement and the applicable Purchase Notice;

 

   

us having issued to New Circle the Commitment Shares;

 

   

there being an effective registration statement pursuant to which New Circle is permitted to utilize the prospectus thereunder to resell all of the Ordinary Shares pursuant to such Purchase Notice;

 

   

the sale and issuance of such Ordinary Shares being legally permitted by all laws and regulations to which we are subject;

 

   

our board of directors shall have approved the transactions contemplated hereby and such approval has not been amended, rescinded or modified and remains in full force and effect as of each Share Purchase Notice Date;

 

   

no Material Outside Event (as such term is defined in the Purchase Agreement) shall have occurred and be continuing;

 

   

us having performed, satisfied, and complied in all material respects with all covenants, agreements, and conditions required by the Purchase Agreement to be performed, satisfied, or complied with by us;

 

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no statute, rule, regulation, executive order, decree, ruling, or injunction having been enacted, entered, promulgated, or endorsed by any court or governmental authority of competent jurisdiction that prohibits or directly, materially, and adversely affects any of the transactions contemplated by the Purchaser Agreement;

 

   

the Ordinary Shares being quoted for trading on Nasdaq and us having not received any written notice that is then still pending threatening the continued quotation of the Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq;

 

   

there being a sufficient number of authorized but unissued and otherwise unreserved Ordinary Shares for the issuance of all of the Ordinary Shares pursuant to such Purchase Notice;

 

   

except with respect to the first Purchase Notice, we have delivered all Ordinary Shares relating to all prior Purchases; and

 

   

the Ordinary Shares on the Trading Day immediately preceding the Share Purchase Notice Date is not less than the Threshold Price (as defined in the Purchase Agreement).

Termination of the Purchase Agreement

Unless earlier terminated as provided in the Purchase Agreement, the Purchase Agreement will terminate automatically on the earliest to occur of:

 

   

the 24-month anniversary of the date a resale registration statement for the Shares is declared effective by the SEC;

 

   

the date on which New Circle shall have purchased Ordinary Shares under the Purchase Agreement for an aggregate gross purchase price equal to $30,000,000; and

 

   

the date any statute, rule, regulation, executive order, decree, ruling or injunction shall have been enacted, entered, promulgated, withdrawn or endorsed by any court or governmental authority of competent jurisdiction, as applicable, (which shall include the SEC), the effect of which would prohibit any of the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement.

We also have the right to terminate the Purchase Agreement at any time, at no cost or penalty, upon five trading days’ prior written notice to New Circle; provided that (i) there are no outstanding Purchase Notices under which we are yet to issue Ordinary Shares and (ii) we have paid all amounts owed to New Circle pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. We and New Circle may also terminate the Purchase Agreement at any time by mutual written consent.

No Short-Selling by New Circle

New Circle has agreed that it and its affiliates will not engage in any short sales during the term of the Purchase Agreement and will not enter into any transaction that establishes a net short position with respect to the Ordinary Shares; provided, however, that New Circle may sell such Ordinary Shares that it is unconditionally obligated to purchase pursuant to, and following receipt of, a Purchase Notice, but prior to receiving such Ordinary Shares, and may sell other Ordinary Shares acquired pursuant to the Purchase Agreement that New Circle has continuously held from a prior date of acquisition.

Effect of Sales of Our Ordinary Shares under the Purchase Agreement on Our Shareholders

All of the Ordinary Shares that are being registered under the Securities Act for resale by New Circle in this offering are expected to be freely tradable. The Ordinary Shares being registered for resale in this offering may be issued and sold by us to New Circle from time to time at our discretion over the term of the Purchase Agreement. The resale by New Circle of a significant amount of Ordinary Shares registered for resale in this offering at any given time, or the perception that these sales may occur, could cause the market price of our

 

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Ordinary Shares to decline and to be highly volatile. Sales of our Ordinary Shares, if any, to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement will depend upon market conditions and other factors to be determined by us. We may ultimately decide to sell to New Circle all, some, or none of the Ordinary Shares that may be available for us to sell to New Circle pursuant to the Purchase Agreement.

If and when we do elect to sell Ordinary Shares to New Circle pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, New Circle may resell all, some, or none of such Ordinary Shares in its discretion and at different prices subject to the terms of the Purchase Agreement. As a result, investors who purchase Ordinary Shares from New Circle in this offering at different times will likely pay different prices for those Ordinary Shares, and so may experience different outcomes in their investment results. Investors may experience a decline in the value of the Ordinary Shares they purchase from New Circle in this offering as a result of future sales made by us to New Circle at prices lower than the prices such investors paid for their Ordinary Shares in this offering. In addition, if we sell a substantial number of Ordinary Shares to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement, or if investors expect that we will do so, the actual sales of Ordinary Shares or the mere existence of our arrangement with New Circle may make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a desirable time and price.

Because the purchase price per share to be paid by New Circle for the Ordinary Shares that we may elect to sell to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement, if any, will fluctuate based on the market prices of our Ordinary Shares during the applicable pricing period, as of the date of this prospectus we cannot reliably predict the number of Ordinary Shares that we will sell to the Selling Holder under the Purchase Agreement, the actual purchase price per share to be paid by New Circle for those Ordinary Shares, or the actual gross proceeds to be received by us from those sales, if any. As of the date of this prospectus, there were 29,030,998 Ordinary Shares outstanding. If all of the 30,151,058 Ordinary Shares offered for resale by New Circle under the registration statement that includes this prospectus were issued and outstanding as of the date of this prospectus, such Ordinary Shares would represent approximately 103.9% of the total number of our Ordinary Shares outstanding.

Although the Purchase Agreement provides that we may, in our discretion, from time to time after the date of this prospectus and during the term of the Purchase Agreement, direct New Circle to purchase Ordinary Shares from us in one or more Purchases under the Purchase Agreement, for a maximum aggregate purchase price of up to $30,000,000, only 30,000,000 Ordinary Shares are being registered for resale under the registration statement that includes this prospectus. While the market price of our Ordinary Shares may fluctuate from time to time after the date of this prospectus and, as a result, the actual purchase price to be paid by New Circle under the Purchase Agreement for our Ordinary Shares, if any, may also fluctuate, in order for us to receive the full amount of New Circle’s commitment under the Purchase Agreement, it is possible that we may need to issue and sell more than the number of Ordinary Shares being registered for resale under the registration statement that includes this prospectus.

If it becomes necessary for us to issue and sell to New Circle more Ordinary Shares than are being registered for resale under this prospectus in order to receive aggregate gross proceeds equal to $30,000,000 under the Purchase Agreement, we must first file with the SEC one or more additional registration statements to register under the Securities Act the resale by New Circle of any such additional Ordinary Shares, which the SEC must declare effective, in each case, before we may elect to sell any additional Ordinary Shares to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement. The number of Ordinary Shares ultimately offered for resale by New Circle depends upon the number of Ordinary Shares, if any, we ultimately sell to New Circle under the Purchase Agreement.

The issuance, if any, of Ordinary Shares to New Circle pursuant to the Purchase Agreement would not affect the rights or privileges of our existing shareholders, except that the economic and voting interests of each of our existing shareholders would be diluted. Although the number of Ordinary Shares that our existing shareholders own would not decrease as a result of sales, if any, under the Purchase Agreement, the Ordinary Shares owned by our existing shareholders would represent a smaller percentage of our total outstanding Ordinary Shares after any such issuance.

 

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USE OF PROCEEDS

All of the securities offered by the Selling Holders pursuant to this prospectus will be sold by the Selling Holders for their own account. We will not receive any of the direct proceeds from these sales. However, we may receive up to $30,000,000 aggregate gross proceeds, before deducting expenses payable by us, from any sales we make to New Circle pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. The net proceeds from sales, if any, under the Purchase Agreement, will depend on the frequency and prices at which we sell Ordinary Shares to New Circle after the date of this prospectus. See the section titled “Plan of Distribution” elsewhere in this prospectus for more information.

We expect to use any proceeds that we receive under the Purchase Agreement for working capital and general corporate purposes. As of the date of this prospectus, we cannot specify with certainty all of the particular uses, and the respective amounts we may allocate to those uses, for any net proceeds we receive. Accordingly, we will retain broad discretion over the use of these proceeds.

The Selling Holders will pay any underwriting commissions and discounts, and expenses incurred by the Selling Holders for brokerage, marketing costs, or legal services (other than those detailed below). We will bear the costs, fees and expenses incurred in effecting the registration of the securities covered by this prospectus, including all registration and filing fees, securities or blue sky law compliance fees, Nasdaq listing fees and expenses of our counsel and our independent registered public accounting firm.

 

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DIVIDEND POLICY

We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our Ordinary Shares. We currently intend to retain any future earnings and do not expect to pay any dividends on our Ordinary Shares in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends on our Ordinary Shares would be at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws, and would depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business conditions, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

 

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MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS

The following is a discussion of material U.S. federal income tax considerations generally applicable to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Ordinary Shares (the “Captivision Shares”) by a U.S. Holder (as defined below). This discussion applies only to a U.S. Holder that acquires Captivision Shares in this offering and that holds such securities as capital assets within the meaning of the Code (generally, property held for investment). This discussion does not discuss all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to holders in light of their particular circumstances or status including:

 

   

the JGGC Sponsor or our officers or directors or any affiliate thereof;

 

   

financial institutions or financial services entities;

 

   

broker-dealers;

 

   

taxpayers that are subject to the mark-to-market accounting rules;

 

   

tax-exempt entities, qualified retirement plans, individual retirement accounts or other tax deferred accounts;

 

   

governments or agencies or instrumentalities thereof;

 

   

insurance companies;

 

   

regulated investment companies or real estate investment trusts;

 

   

expatriates or former long-term residents of the United States;

 

   

persons that actually or constructively own five percent (5%) or more of the total voting power or value of any class of our outstanding ordinary shares;

 

   

persons that acquired Captivision Shares pursuant to an exercise of employee share options, in connection with employee share incentive plans or otherwise as compensation or in connection with the performance of services;

 

   

persons that hold Captivision Shares as part of a straddle, constructive sale, hedging or conversion, integrated or similar transaction;

 

   

partnerships or other pass-through entities or arrangements for U.S. federal income tax purposes, or beneficial owners of partnerships or other pass-through entities or arrangements;

 

   

persons required to accelerate the recognition of any item of gross income with respect to Captivision Shares as a result of such income being recognized on an applicable financial statement;

 

   

persons that hold Captivision Shares in connection with a trade or business conducted outside the United States;

 

   

controlled foreign corporations or passive foreign investment companies; or

 

   

persons whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar.

This discussion is based on the Code, proposed, temporary and final Treasury Regulations promulgated under the Code, and judicial and administrative interpretations thereof, all as of the date hereof. All of the foregoing is subject to change, which change could apply retroactively and could affect the tax considerations described herein. This discussion does not address U.S. federal taxes other than those pertaining to U.S. federal income taxation (such as estate or gift taxes, the alternative minimum tax or the Medicare tax on net investment income), nor does it address any aspects of U.S. state or local or non-U.S. taxation.

We have not and do not intend to seek any rulings from the IRS with respect to any statement or conclusion in this discussion. There can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge such statement or conclusion in the following discussion or, if challenged, that a court will uphold such statement or conclusion.

 

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This discussion does not consider the tax treatment of partnerships (or other entity or arrangement classified as a partnership or other pass-through entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes) or persons who hold Captivision Shares through such entities or arrangements. If a partnership (or any entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds Captivision Shares, the tax treatment of such partnership and a person treated as a partner of such partnership will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding any Captivision Shares and partners of such partnerships should consult their own tax advisors as to the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of the Captivision Shares.

For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of Captivision Shares who or that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (i) a citizen or individual resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation (or other entity that is treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized (or treated as created or organized) in or under the laws of the United States, any state therein or the District of Columbia; (iii) an estate, the income of which is subject to the U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or (iv) a trust if (A) a U.S. court can exercise primary supervision over the administration of such trust and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (B) it has a valid election in place to be treated as a U.S. person. The term U.S. Holder does not include an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

EACH U.S. HOLDER SHOULD CONSULT ITS OWN TAX ADVISOR WITH RESPECT TO THE PARTICULAR TAX CONSEQUENCES TO SUCH HOLDER OF THE CONSIDERATIONS RELATING TO THE ACQUISITION, OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF CAPTIVISION SHARES, INCLUDING THE EFFECTS OF U.S. FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL AND NON-U.S. TAX LAWS.

U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations of Acquiring, Owning and Disposing of Ordinary Shares

Taxation of Dividends and Other Distributions on Ordinary Shares

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, if we make a distribution of cash or other property to a U.S. Holder of Ordinary Shares, such distribution will generally be treated as a dividend for U.S. federal income tax purposes on the date actually or constructively received to the extent the distribution is paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles). Such dividends will be taxable to a corporate U.S. Holder at regular rates and will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction generally allowed to domestic corporations in respect of dividends received from other domestic corporations.

Distributions in excess of such earnings and profits will generally be applied against and reduce the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in its Ordinary Shares (but not below zero) and, to the extent in excess of such adjusted tax basis, will be treated as gain from the sale or exchange of such Ordinary Shares. We may not determine our earnings and profits on the basis of U.S. federal income tax principles, however, in which case any distribution paid by us will be reported as a dividend.

Dividends received by non-corporate U.S. Holders (including individuals) may be taxable at preferential rates applicable to “qualified dividend income,” provided that certain holding period requirements and other conditions are satisfied, including that the Ordinary Shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. However, qualified dividend income treatment will not apply if we are treated as a PFIC with respect to the U.S. Holder for the taxable year in which a dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year. See discussion below under “—PFIC Considerations.” There can be no assurance that Ordinary Shares will be considered “readily tradable” on an established securities market in any taxable year. U.S. Treasury guidance indicates that shares listed on Nasdaq (which the Ordinary Shares are currently listed on) will be considered readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. However, there can be no assurance that Ordinary Shares will be considered readily tradable on an established securities market in future years. Non-corporate U.S. Holders that do not meet a minimum holding period requirement during which they are not protected from the risk of loss or that elect to treat

 

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the dividend income as “investment income” pursuant to Section 163(d)(4) of the Code (concerning the deduction for investment interest expense) will not be eligible for the reduced rates of taxation, regardless of our status as a qualified foreign corporation. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the availability of the lower tax rate for any dividends paid with respect to Ordinary Shares.

Dividends on Ordinary Shares will generally constitute foreign source income for foreign tax credit limitation purposes. Subject to certain conditions and limitations, non-refundable non-U.S. withholding taxes, if any, on dividends paid by us may be treated as foreign taxes eligible for credit against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability under the U.S. foreign tax credit rules. However, recently issued Treasury Regulations require non-U.S. income tax laws to meet certain requirements in order for taxes imposed under such laws to be eligible for credit. We have not determined whether these requirements have been met and, accordingly, no assurance can be given that any withholding tax on dividends paid by us will be creditable. For this purpose, dividends distributed by us with respect to the Ordinary Shares generally will constitute “passive category income” but could, in the case of certain U.S. Holders, constitute “general category income.” In lieu of claiming a foreign tax credit, a U.S. Holder may deduct foreign taxes in computing their taxable income, subject to generally applicable limitations under U.S. federal income tax law. The rules governing the U.S. foreign tax credit are complex. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the availability of the U.S. foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances.

Taxation on the Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of Captivision Shares

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, upon a sale or other taxable disposition of Captivision Shares, a U.S. Holder will generally recognize capital gain or loss. The amount of gain or loss recognized will generally be equal to the difference between (i) the sum of the amount of cash and the fair market value of any property received in such disposition and (ii) the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in such Ordinary Shares or such Converted Warrants, as applicable.

Under tax law currently in effect, long-term capital gains recognized by non-corporate U.S. Holders are generally subject to U.S. federal income tax at a reduced rate of tax. Capital gain or loss will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the securities exceeds one year. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. This gain or loss generally will be treated as U.S. source gain or loss for a U.S. Holder. In the event any non-U.S. tax (including withholding tax) is imposed upon such sale or other taxable disposition, a U.S. Holder’s ability to claim a foreign tax credit for such non-U.S. tax is subject to various limitations and restrictions. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the ability to claim a foreign tax credit.

PFIC Considerations

Definition of a PFIC

A foreign (i.e., non-U.S.) corporation will be a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes if at least 75% of its gross income in a taxable year, including its pro rata share of the gross income of any Look-Through Subsidiary, is passive income. Alternatively, a foreign corporation will be a PFIC if at least 50% of its assets in a taxable year, ordinarily determined based on fair market value and averaged quarterly over the year, including its pro rata share of the assets of any Look-Through Subsidiary (and excluding the value of the shares held in such corporation), are held for the production of, or produce, passive income. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents and royalties (other than certain rents or royalties derived from the active conduct of a trade or business) and gains from the disposition of passive assets.

Our PFIC Status

We have not made a determination as to our PFIC status or the PFIC status of any of the entities in which we hold equity interests. However, based on the nature of our business, the composition of our income and assets, the value of our assets, and our market capitalization, there is a risk that we may be classified as a PFIC in the current taxable year.

 

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Furthermore, our PFIC status for any taxable year is an annual determination that can be made only after the end of such taxable year, and is based on the composition of our income and assets, the value of our assets, our market capitalization, and activities in a given year. We therefore cannot express a view as to whether we will be a PFIC for the current or any future taxable year, and U.S. Holders should invest in our Securities only if they are willing to bear the U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in a PFIC.

Application of PFIC Rules

If we are determined to be a PFIC for any taxable year (or portion thereof) that is included in a U.S. Holder’s holding period in Captivision Shares, then such holder will generally be subject to special rules (the “Default PFIC Regime”) unless, in the case of Ordinary Shares, the U.S. Holder made (i) a timely and effective QEF Election (as defined below) in respect of our first taxable year as a PFIC in which the U.S. Holder held Ordinary Shares (such taxable year as it relates to each U.S. Holder, the “First PFIC Holding Year”), (ii) a QEF Election along with a “purging election,” or (iii) a “mark-to-market” election, each as described below under “—QEF Election, Mark-to-Market Election and Purging Election.” The Default PFIC Regime applies with respect to:

 

   

any gain recognized by the U.S. Holder on the sale or other disposition of its Captivision Shares (which may include gain realized by reason of transfers of Captivision Shares that would otherwise qualify as non-recognition transactions for U.S. federal income tax purposes); and

 

   

any “excess distribution” made to the U.S. Holder (generally, any distributions to such U.S. Holder during a taxable year of the U.S. Holder that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions received by such U.S. Holder in respect of its Ordinary Shares during the three preceding taxable years of such U.S. Holder or, if shorter, such U.S. Holder’s holding period for such Ordinary Shares).

Under the Default PFIC Regime:

 

   

the U.S. Holder’s gain or excess distribution will be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for its Captivision Shares;

 

   

the amount of gain allocated to the U.S. Holder’s taxable year in which the U.S. Holder recognized the gain or received the excess distribution, or to the period in the U.S. Holder’s holding period before the first day of the First PFIC Holding Year, will be taxed as ordinary income; and

 

   

the amount of gain allocated to other taxable years (or portions thereof) of the U.S. Holder and included in such U.S. Holder’s holding period will be taxed at the highest tax rate in effect for that year and applicable to the U.S. Holder and the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the U.S. Holder will be imposed on the U.S. Holder in respect of the tax attributable to each such other taxable year of such U.S. Holder.

It is not entirely clear how various aspects of the PFIC rules apply to the Converted Warrants. Section 1298(a)(4) of the Code provides that, to the extent provided in Treasury Regulations, any person who has an option to acquire stock in a PFIC shall be considered to own such stock in the PFIC for purposes of the PFIC rules. No final Treasury Regulations are currently in effect under Section 1298(a)(4) of the Code. However, proposed Treasury Regulations under Section 1298(a)(4) of the Code have been promulgated with a retroactive effective date (the “Proposed PFIC Option Regulations”). As a result, if a U.S. Holder sells or otherwise disposes of Converted Warrants (other than upon exercise of such Converted Warrants), and we were a PFIC at any time during the U.S. Holder’s holding period of such Converted Warrants, any gain recognized generally will be treated as an excess distribution, taxed as described above. Each U.S. Holder is urged to consult its own tax advisors regarding the possible application of the Proposed PFIC Option Regulations to the Converted Warrants. Solely for discussion purposes, the following discussion assumes that the Proposed PFIC Option Regulations will apply to the Converted Warrants.

 

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ALL U.S. HOLDERS SHOULD CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS REGARDING THE EFFECTS OF THE PFIC RULES ON THE ACQUISITION, OWNERSHIP OR DISPOSITION OF CAPTIVISION SHARES, INCLUDING THE IMPACT OF ANY PROPOSED OR FINAL TREASURY REGULATIONS.

QEF Election, Mark-to-Market Election and Purging Election

In general, a U.S. Holder may avoid the Default PFIC Regime with respect to its Ordinary Shares (but not Converted Warrants) by making a timely and effective “qualified electing fund” election under Section 1295 of the Code (a “QEF Election”) with respect to such holder’s First PFIC Holding Year. A U.S. Holder that makes a QEF Election will include in income its pro rata share of our net capital gains (as long-term capital gain) and other earnings and profits (as ordinary income), on a current basis, in each case whether or not distributed, in the taxable year of the U.S. Holder in which or with which our taxable year ends if we are treated as a PFIC for that taxable year. A U.S. Holder generally can make a separate election to defer the payment of taxes on undistributed income inclusions under the QEF Election rules, but if deferred, any such taxes will be subject to an interest charge.

It is the IRS’s view that a U.S. Holder may not make a QEF Election with respect to its Converted Warrants. As a result, if a U.S. Holder sells or otherwise disposes of such Converted Warrants (other than upon exercise of such Converted Warrants) and we were a PFIC at any time during the U.S. Holder’s holding period of such Converted Warrants, any gain recognized will generally be subject to the special tax and interest charge rules treating the gain as an excess distribution, as described above. If a U.S. Holder that exercises such Converted Warrants properly makes a QEF Election with respect to the newly acquired Ordinary Shares, the QEF Election will apply to the newly acquired Ordinary Shares (it is not clear how a previously made QEF Election that is in effect with respect to us would apply to Ordinary Shares subsequently acquired on the exercise of such Converted Warrants). Notwithstanding the foregoing, the adverse tax consequences relating to PFIC shares, adjusted to take into account current income inclusions resulting from the QEF Election, will generally continue to apply with respect to such newly acquired Ordinary Shares (which will generally be deemed to have a holding period – for purposes of the PFIC rules – that includes all or a portion of the period the U.S. Holder held such Converted Warrants), unless the U.S. Holder makes a purging election (discussed below).

The QEF Election is made on a shareholder-by-shareholder basis and, once made, can be revoked only with the consent of the IRS. A U.S. Holder generally makes a QEF Election by attaching a completed IRS Form 8621 (Return by a Shareholder of a Passive Foreign Investment Company or Qualified Electing Fund), including the information provided in a PFIC Annual Information Statement, to a timely filed U.S. federal income tax return for the taxable year to which the election relates. Retroactive QEF elections generally may be made only by filing a protective statement with such return and if certain other conditions are met or with the consent of the IRS. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the availability and tax consequences of a retroactive QEF Election under their particular circumstances.

In order to comply with the requirements of a QEF Election with respect to Ordinary Shares, a U.S. Holder must receive a PFIC Annual Information Statement from us. If we determine that we are a PFIC for a taxable year, we will endeavor to use commercially reasonable efforts to make available to U.S. Holders a PFIC Annual Information Statement with respect to such taxable year. However, there is no assurance that we will have timely knowledge of our status as a PFIC in the future or that we will make available a PFIC Annual Information Statement.

If a U.S. Holder has made a QEF Election with respect to Ordinary Shares, and the special tax and interest charge rules do not apply to such shares (because the QEF Election was made in the U.S. Holder’s First PFIC Holding Year or a purging election (discussed below) was made), any gain recognized on the sale of Ordinary Shares will generally be taxable as capital gain and no interest charge will be imposed under the PFIC rules. As discussed above, U.S. Holders who make a QEF Election with respect to a PFIC are currently taxed on their pro rata shares of such PFIC’s earnings and profits, whether or not distributed. In such case, a subsequent distribution of such earnings and profits that were previously included in income should generally not be taxable as a dividend to such U.S. Holders. The adjusted tax basis of a U.S. Holder’s shares in a PFIC with respect to which a

 

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QEF Election has been made will be increased by amounts that are included in taxable income, and decreased by amounts distributed but not taxed as dividends, under the above rules. Similar basis adjustments apply to property if by reason of holding such property the U.S. Holder is treated under the applicable attribution rules as owning shares in a PFIC with respect to which a QEF election has been made.

As noted above, a determination that we are a PFIC for a taxable year in which a U.S. Holder holds our shares will generally continue to apply to such U.S. Holder for subsequent years in which such holder continues to hold our shares (including a successor entity), whether or not we continue to be a PFIC. A U.S. Holder who makes the QEF Election for such holder’s First PFIC Holding Year, however, will not be subject to the PFIC tax and interest charge rules discussed above in respect to such shares. In addition, such U.S. Holder will not be subject to the qualified electing fund inclusion regime with respect to such shares for any of our taxable years that ends within or with a taxable year of the U.S. Holder and in which we are not a PFIC. However, if the QEF Election is not effective for each of our taxable years in which we are a PFIC and the U.S. Holder holds (or is deemed to hold) Ordinary Shares, the Default PFIC Regime discussed above will continue to apply to such shares unless such holder makes a purging election (discussed below), and pays the tax and interest charge with respect to the gain inherent in such shares attributable to the pre-QEF Election period.

Alternatively, if a U.S. Holder, at the close of its taxable year, owns (or is deemed to own) shares in a PFIC that are treated as marketable shares, the U.S. Holder may make a mark-to-market election with respect to such shares for such taxable year. If a U.S. Holder makes (or has made) a valid mark-to-market election with respect to Ordinary Shares for such holder’s First PFIC Holding Year, such holder will generally not be subject to the Default PFIC Regime in respect to its Ordinary Shares as long as such shares continue to be treated as marketable shares. Instead, the U.S. Holder will generally include as ordinary income for each year in its holding period that we are treated as a PFIC the excess, if any, of the fair market value of our Ordinary Shares at the end of our taxable year over the adjusted basis in such Ordinary Shares. The U.S. Holder also will be allowed to take an ordinary loss in respect of the excess, if any, of the adjusted basis of its Ordinary Shares over the fair market value of such shares at the end of its taxable year (but only to the extent of the net amount of previously included income as a result of the mark-to-market election). The U.S. Holder’s basis in its Ordinary Shares will be adjusted to reflect any such income or loss amounts, and any further gain recognized on a sale or other taxable disposition of such shares in a taxable year in which we are treated as a PFIC will be treated as ordinary income. Special tax rules may also apply if a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election for a taxable year after such holder’s First PFIC Holding Year. Currently, the mark-to-market election may not be made with respect to the Converted Warrants.

The mark-to-market election is available only for stock that is regularly traded on a national securities exchange that is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including Nasdaq. It is expected that Ordinary Shares will be listed on Nasdaq, but there can be no assurance that Ordinary Shares will continue to be so listed or will be “regularly traded” for purposes of these rules. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the availability and tax consequences of a mark-to-market election in respect of Ordinary Shares under their particular circumstances.

Ordinary Shares treated as stock of a PFIC under the Default PFIC Regime will continue to be treated as stock of a PFIC, including in taxable years in which we cease to be a PFIC, unless the applicable U.S. Holder makes a “purging election” with respect to such shares. Under one type of purging election, the U.S. Holder will be deemed to have sold such shares at their fair market value on the last day of the last year in which we are treated as a PFIC, and any gain recognized on such deemed sale will be treated as an excess distribution, as described above. As a result of this election, the U.S. Holder will have additional basis (to the extent of any gain recognized in the deemed sale) and, solely for purposes of the PFIC rules, a new holding period in such holder’s Ordinary Shares. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the purging elections rules to their particular circumstances.

If we are a PFIC and, at any time, has an equity interest in any foreign entity that is classified as a PFIC, U.S. Holders would generally be deemed to own a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of such lower-

 

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tier PFIC, and generally could incur liability for the deferred tax and interest charge described above if we receive a distribution from, or disposes of all or part of our interest in, the lower-tier PFIC or the U.S. Holders otherwise were deemed to have disposed of an interest in the lower-tier PFIC, in each case, as if the U.S. Holder held such shares directly, even though the U.S. Holder will not receive any proceeds of those distributions or dispositions. A mark-to-market election generally would not be available with respect to such lower-tier PFIC. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the tax issues raised by lower-tier PFICs.

A U.S. Holder that owns (or is deemed to own) shares in a PFIC during any taxable year of the U.S. Holder may have to file an IRS Form 8621 (whether or not a QEF Election or market-to-market election is made) with such U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax return and provide such other information as may be required by the Treasury. The rules dealing with PFICs and with the QEF Election and mark-to-market elections are very complex and are affected by various factors in addition to those described above. Accordingly, U.S. Holders of Captivision Shares should consult their own tax advisors concerning the application of the PFIC rules to Captivision Shares under their particular circumstances.

THE RULES DEALING WITH PFICS ARE VERY COMPLEX AND ARE IMPACTED BY VARIOUS FACTORS IN ADDITION TO THOSE DESCRIBED ABOVE. ALL U.S. HOLDERS SHOULD CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS REGARDING THE CONSEQUENCES TO THEM OF THE PFIC RULES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WHETHER A QEF ELECTION, A MARK-TO-MARKET ELECTION, OR ANY OTHER ELECTION IS AVAILABLE AND THE CONSEQUENCES TO THEM OF ANY SUCH ELECTION, AND THE IMPACT OF ANY PROPOSED OR FINAL PFIC TREASURY REGULATIONS.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Information reporting requirements may apply to dividends paid on and other proceeds received with respect to the Captivision Shares by U.S. Holders effected within the United States (and, in certain cases, outside the United States), in each case other than U.S. Holders that are exempt recipients (such as corporations). Backup withholding may apply to such amounts if the U.S. Holder fails to provide an accurate taxpayer identification number (generally on an IRS Form W-9 provided to the paying agent of the U.S. Holder’s broker) or is otherwise subject to backup withholding. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of the U.S. information reporting and backup withholding rules.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding may be credited against the U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, and a U.S. Holder may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules by timely filing the appropriate claim for a refund with the IRS and furnishing any required information.

Foreign Financial Asset Reporting

Certain U.S. Holders that own “specified foreign financial assets” with an aggregate value in excess of US$50,000 on the last day of the taxable year or US$75,000 at any time during the taxable year are generally required to file an information statement along with their tax returns, currently on IRS Form 8938, with respect to such assets. “Specified foreign financial assets” include any financial accounts held at a non-U.S. financial institution, as well as securities issued by a non-U.S. issuer that are not held in accounts maintained by financial institutions. Higher reporting thresholds apply to certain individuals living abroad and to certain married individuals. The understatement of income attributable to “specified foreign financial assets” in excess of US$5,000 extends the statute of limitations with respect to the tax return to six years after the return was filed. U.S. Holders who fail to report the required information could be subject to substantial penalties. U.S. Holders are encouraged to consult with their own tax advisors regarding the possible application of these rules, including the application of the rules to their particular circumstances.

 

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MATERIAL CAYMAN ISLANDS TAX CONSIDERATIONS

The following is a discussion of certain Cayman Islands tax consequences of an investment in our Ordinary Shares. The discussion is a general summary of present law, which is subject to prospective and retroactive change. It is not intended as tax advice, does not consider any investor’s particular circumstances and does not consider tax consequences other than those arising under Cayman Islands Law.

Under Existing Cayman Islands Laws

Payments of dividends and capital in respect of our Ordinary Shares will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of interest and principal or a dividend or capital to any holder of Ordinary Shares, as the case may be, nor will gains derived from the disposal of our Ordinary Shares be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax.

The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains, or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to the Company levied by the Government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or, after execution, brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

No stamp duty is payable in respect of the issuance of our Ordinary Shares or on an instrument of transfer in respect of an Ordinary Share. An instrument of transfer in respect of an Ordinary Shares is stampable if executed in or brought into the Cayman Islands.

We have been incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability and, as such, have obtained an undertaking from the Financial Secretary of the Cayman Islands in the following form:

The Tax Concessions Act Undertaking as To Tax Concessions

In accordance with the Tax Concessions Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands, the following undertaking is hereby given to us:

 

   

That no Act which is hereafter enacted in the Islands imposing any tax to be levied on profits, income, gains or appreciations shall apply to us or our operations; and

 

   

In addition, that no tax to be levied on profits, income, gains or appreciations or which is in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax shall be payable

 

   

on or in respect of our shares, debentures or other obligations; or

 

   

by way of the withholding in whole or in part of any relevant payment as defined in the Tax Concessions Act (As Revised).

These concessions shall be for a period of TWENTY years from the 1st day of March, 2023.

 

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BUSINESS

Overview of the Business

Captivision Korea is the exclusive developer and manufacturer of an innovative architectural media glass product called G-Glass. G-Glass is the world’s first IT-enabled construction material capable of transforming buildings into extraordinary digital media devices. Captivision Korea’s G-Glass technology combines architectural glass with customizable, large-scale light-emitting diode (“LED”) digital media display capabilities, delivering architectural durability, near full transparency and sophisticated media capabilities. Utilized in diverse applications from handrails to complete glass building façades, G-Glass delivers a paradigm shift in the Digital Out of Home (“DOOH”) media market, providing entirely new revenue models for vertical real estate. With over 490 architectural installations worldwide, we believe Captivision Korea is the market leader in fully transparent media façade capabilities.

Through Captivision Korea, we are a vertically integrated manufacturer controlling almost every aspect of product manufacturing and assembly, including assembling the media glass laminates, manufacturing the aluminum frame, developing the electronics, operating the software and delivering and installing the product. Our ability to exert control over the various stages of design, manufacturing and development of our products enables us to deliver an unparalleled level of quality and service to our customers, who include prestigious automotive brands, commercial retailers, hospitals, major sporting institutions, members of the music industry (as filming backdrops), film production companies, transportation hubs and telecommunications companies.

Our rapid expansion and innovative G-Glass technology have translated into an increasing international presence. We are a global company with headquarters in South Korea and offices in the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan and China (including Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (“Hong Kong”)). In the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we generated $14.6 million, $20.2 million and $9.4 million in revenue, respectively.

History of the Company

We are an exempted company incorporated with limited liability in the Cayman Islands on February 24, 2023. We own no material assets other than our equity interests in its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Exchange Sub and Captivision Korea.

Captivision Korea was founded in 2005 in Seoul, South Korea. The first founder of the Company was Mr. Hyungjoo Kim, who established the Company in 2005 under the name, Saman ELT Co., Ltd. In 2009, Saman ELT Co., Ltd. filed for bankruptcy. In 2011, Dr. Ho Joon Lee and Houng Ki Kim fully acquired the Company and re-founded the Company as G-SMATT Co., Ltd (n/k/a Captivision Korea). In 2024 GLAAM Co., Ltd. changed its name to Captivision Korea Inc. Its registered office and factory are located at 298-42 Chung-buk Chungang-ro Chung-buk, Pyeong-taek, Gyounggi, Republic of Korea. The following table shows major events in Captivision Korea’s history:

 

Calendar Year    Event
2005    Founded in Seoul, South Korea
2007    Completed manufacturing facilities and commenced operations
2007-2014    Improved core product and grew small to medium reference sites
2013    Formed Chinese joint venture Brillshow
2016-2017    Opened overseas offices in the United States, United Kingdom, Japan and Hong Kong
2017    Installed a 12,000 square foot media façade at COEX Expo Center Seoul’s Gangnam business district
2018    Completed manufacturing facility located in Tianjin, China
2018    Delivered several large media glass implementations to the Pyeongchang Winter Olympics
2019    Completed full set of international certifications

 

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Calendar Year    Event
2021    First Launched Pier 17 Howard Hughes installation in New York, United States
2022    Announced strategic partnership with LG Electronics of South Korea for very large-scale projects integrating façades and other digital screens
2022    Installed 43,000 square foot media façade at the View Hospital in Doha, Qatar
2023    Entered into a binding Business Combination Agreement for its merger with Jaguar Global Growth Corporation I (Nasdaq: JGGC), resulting in us becoming a publicly traded company on Nasdaq
2023    Executed contracts to supply over 16,000 sq. ft. of glass for each of the Mohegan INSPIRE Entertainment Resort in Incheon and the Magok Meeting, Incentives, Convention, and Exhibition (“MICE”) complex in Seoul

Competitive Strengths

G-Glass is Fully Customizable

Architectural media glass projects require a very high degree of customization. A façade may need different sizes of glass, glass coatings, frit patterns (glass printed with ink that contains microscopic particles of ground-up glass), toughened or heat-soaked glass, specialist glass types, different glass thicknesses and/or double or triple glazing. Developing the flexibility to deliver all these modifications is complex and requires a specialized production line. We have spent the last decade building these capabilities and integrating them seamlessly into our manufacturing process. This means that we have become a one-stop shop not only for a customer’s media glass requirement but also for all their glass requirements. We also employ highly proficient façade engineers that understand the detail of glass façade projects and can consult with customers to meet, and sometimes exceed, their glass requirements. The combination of an integrated glass customization process and specialist façade engineering knowledge places us at a significant competitive advantage in bidding for projects.

Architectural Durability

Architectural projects require durable materials in order to withstand extreme weather conditions and normal wear and tear over time. Third generation media façade products currently on the market are ordinary electronic products and have typical life spans of two to five years. Much of the technical innovation of Captivision Korea solutions is our ability to deliver an architectural level durable electronic product that meets real estate developers’ needs for products with a life span of at least 30-40 years. In order to achieve this durability, we use high-quality LEDs that are rated to withstand daily use of a minimum of eight hours a day for more than 35 years and are built to the rigorous standards of construction materials. Our product is comprised of LED-embedded glass components that function just like architectural glass and have full architectural life span. The electronic component is composed of drivers and other such innately less-durable components and these are housed in the aluminum mullion frame around our G-Glass and can be easily accessed by opening a cover panel, making them readily accessible for maintenance or replacement. As a result, our product design leads to a highly architecturally durable electronic glass product that is easy to maintain and has a low rate of failure.

Full Transparency

Nearly all of the currently available media glass technology on the market is partly opaque, limiting its ability to be installed in locations and building façades that require full transparency. As most building façades cannot be obstructed by bar or mesh media systems, there is a much larger market opportunity for transparent products. Our G-Glass product is more than 99% transparent and can be implemented on virtually any glass façade, vastly increasing the vertical real estate space available for media display. We provide our products to a wide range of applications ranging from new construction to replacement, refurbishment and upgrade of existing architectural glass façades and over existing façades. In addition, our media glass is used as a transparent media surface for interior real estate, for example, behind existing windows, as separate wall dividers, safety guards and bus shelters, among other applications.

 

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Sophisticated Media Capability

When built into a façade, G-Glass effectively has the same capabilities as any computer monitor. This means that any application or service you can imagine on your personal computer (“PC”) can be run on the façade. However, due to the sheer size and scale of a typical architectural façade that houses G-Glass, appropriate content and applications need to be chosen that work in that particular setting. Importantly, this content can easily be monetizable and provide additional revenue streams to vertical real estate space with G-Glass installed. Our G-Glass technology is able to generate revenue from several different applications, such as:

 

   

Content Services: Advertising currently provides most of the content played on large external media screens, but so much more is possible. Outdoor cinema, dynamic art displays, building or city information, and public service content are just a few of the use cases in which G-Glass can be implemented to generate revenue.

 

   

Interactive Services: This could be as simple as changing colors of a building as people walk in front of it or could be more complex such as imitating a pool of water and as people walk in front of the building it drops water into the pool. G-Glass’ capabilities also include architectural gaming, allowing people to play with each other on the side of a building, creating groups that gravitate around to observe these games. These types of services interest and excite people and foster greater community in an area that benefits all the commercial outlets in the vicinity.

 

   

Broadcasting Services: If appropriate broadcast rights are negotiated, a building could be used to broadcast a football game or other sporting event. The building itself would provide a giant screen for people to watch the action together. Similarly, institutions such as art galleries, theatres or museums could broadcast activities inside the institution on the outside of the building, extending their reach into the community.

 

   

Messaging Services: Building façades could be used for a public address in the event of an emergency integrating with citywide notification systems. They can also be used for more localized messaging such as reporting on local traffic conditions or the occupancy status of local car parks.

 

   

Apps: There is endless potential for architectural apps that could broadcast content through a G-Glass display. There are the obvious ones like a clock, the weather forecast and air quality information but many others are possible, such as a smartphone app that generates a personalized message, a picture or other content when you walk past the building. Buildings could be creative, allowing for paid wedding proposals or a bidding system for different types of content to appear on the building.

Vertical Integration

Our vertical integration and local sourcing of components help keep our cost of production low, delivering a substantial gross margin. With little competition in the market that would drive commoditization and economies of scale in production as we grow, we predict that our gross margin will improve over time.

All of our products are currently manufactured in our state-of-the-art facility covering over 43,000 square feet, located in Pyeongtaek, South Korea, which has a production capacity of over 700,000 square feet of G-Glass per year, which represents total output capacity of an estimated $220 million of product revenue per year. Current estimated revenue accounts for only about 12% of total output capacity, by revenue, of our South Korean manufacturing facility, which we believe allows for significant market growth without the need for additional CAPEX investment.

Barriers to Entry

The architectural digital media market is very difficult to break into due in part to the customary requirement for a significant number of reference sites. We have penetrated this market over more than a decade by creating small projects and gradually working towards bigger and bigger installations of our technology.

 

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Twelve years following our initial launch we now have a significant number of reference sites. Our installations range from smaller installations all the way up to a 43,000 square foot installation. We believe our reputation as a trusted partner for even bigger implementations is increasing. For example, we recently held discussions regarding a future confidential project of a 140,000 square foot hotel façade implementation in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Our manufacturing machinery and production line is almost entirely proprietary and self-developed. We believe we have the world’s largest proprietary super-precision laser etching and surface-mount technology machine. We offer a complete in-house solution, including G-Glass, framing, driver, controller, software, media content, installation, repair and accessory parts. We have developed over 30 proprietary raw materials used in our manufacturing, including unique resin and LEDs from global suppliers.

Our technology is covered by over 20 patents, five of which are fundamental patents essential for G-Glass production. To date we have completed hundreds of projects worldwide and invested over $185 million in research and development, production facilities and marketing.

We have a full set of international certifications that cover our media glass, including glass safety, glass construction, fire safety and electronics certifications across the European, North American and South Korean markets. These include Conformité Européenne (“CE”), Europäische Norm (“EN”), China Compulsory Certificate, and Korea Certification (“KC”) certifications and this breadth allows us to deliver product into every international market.

We believe that our high production capacity, proprietary technology, deep experience and numerous installations provide us with at least 10 years of market lead over new industry entrants.

Growth Strategies

Converting Current Pipeline

We currently have identified a significant amount of opportunities where we are conducting ongoing discussions with property owners, developers, architects and other potential customers. Of these opportunities, approximately 64 projects are in the proposal phase. Converting these pipelines into “closed deals” diligently and efficiently in the future will drive our company’s initial growth over the next few years.

Developing Media and Services

Our media glass products form a firm foundation for strong growth over the next decade. However, we believe that value added services delivered through our media glass technology can generate significant additional monetary upside. We plan to continue to concentrate on developing media services and applications that can be used at architectural scale to transform urban environments. We believe that buildings can be transformed into giant media devices able to tell stories, deliver information, beautify the cityscape, advertise brands and interact directly with people on both a general and personal level. As the first entrant into this market at an architectural scale, we have an opportunity to become the market leader by firmly tying application platforms to our technology.

Innovation

Innovation and diversification of our product portfolio is a key component of our strategy. In addition to improvements in quality, pixel density and brightness, and technical performance, we are working to deliver new systems, including, for example, for the events market, road safety and sustainable media display. In particular, we are currently working on the integration of photovoltaic systems with our media glass with the intent of delivering media façades that are carbon neutral. This is in line with our strong commitment to sustainability, ethical sourcing of materials and ensuring that our systems move towards carbon neutrality.

 

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Additional Verticals and Applications

As we continue to innovate on our product and expand internationally, we believe there is significant potential for new applications and uses for our G-Glass, including the utilization of third-party LED products. By growing our product portfolio and becoming a comprehensive architectural display solutions provider, we believe we will be able to compete for a wide array of projects and customer types not currently served by our G-Glass. Historically, we have developed our strongest demand in large commercial and governmental construction projects in the APAC and EMEA regions. However, as our product becomes more widely known, we are seeing strong demand for short-term rental applications, and with the addition of other smaller pixel pitch products, we are seeing further demand among sports, events, media and entertainment customers who can replicate the project over their entire portfolio of assets. Simply put, by utilizing a smaller pixel pitch, we provide a higher resolution product that is required for daytime visibility and close proximity viewing.

Further Penetration of International Markets

We believe a key benefit of the public listing will be the ability to fully staff our regional sales and marketing offices in order to generate an actionable and diversified global pipeline. Based on our experience, $15 million of marketing spend would be expected to result in approximately $100 million of revenue.

Historically, most of our growth has been in South Korea, but, over the last two years, the United States and the United Kingdom offices have also installed scaled projects and have robust growth trajectories. In our Los Angeles location, our media glass technology is utilized by the film and music industry and we have been able to count some of the largest names in media production such as Netflix as recent customers. Further, our Los Angeles office is also seeing growth in its pipeline towards the additional verticals and applications, as evidenced by a recently completed temporary installation at a Coachella Music Festival event with Hulu, as well as continued demand for larger and mid-size installations with commercial and construction customers. Our United Kingdom office recently completed a 43,000 square foot façade installation at View Hospital in Doha, Qatar, our largest installation to date. We believe that this will set the trend towards rapid growth in the Middle Eastern market.

Generating and Converting Global Pipeline

We use a multi-channel marketing approach that concentrates on informing all potential stakeholders for large and medium sized construction projects about our products. This includes giving Continuing Professional Development (“CPD”) seminars to architects, contacting developers directly via personal contacts or direct marketing, briefing main contractors at trade shows we attend, maintaining memberships with professional bodies in the construction and audio-visual markets, and an active social media presence. We have a robust reseller network that we support constructively with technical expertise, demonstration units and marketing materials.

Over the next two to three years, we plan to focus on both larger scale opportunities, such as Inspire Casino Resort, the Magok Meeting, Incentives, Convention, and Exhibition (“MICE”) complex in South Korea and NEOM City in Saudi Arabia as well as numerous smaller and mid-size projects. We currently have a signed contract with Inspire Casino, the Magok MICE complex, and are in discussions for future projects regarding NEOM City and various other opportunities in the United States and the APAC region. Our smaller projects, which we believe will be a large driver for growth and will represent a larger mix of our pipeline over time, have a shorter sales cycle and reduce volatility in our revenue stream. Examples of recent smaller projects include a media wall in Incheon Airport in Korea, a showroom for Porsche in the United Kingdom, and various rental and media related projects in the United States.

Maximizing Digital Content Delivery Opportunities

We plan to expand our Glass as a Service (“GaaS”) offering globally. GaaS is a method of cost sharing capital expenditures with the customer, together with an agreement to maintain the installation, in exchange for a license covering the use of the media glass by third parties. Under these arrangements, we would typically retain

 

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80% of the media and advertising revenue that the installation generates, thereby creating a “win-win” solution where the customer reduces its upfront cost and retains a portion the upside potential while we increase our margins through GaaS, monetizing the installations over 30 years.

Implementations over 200,000 square feet maximize our digital content delivery. These installations are landmark installations and the content cost or advertising spend can be in excess of $10,000 per day. If we are able to acquire multiple sites in capital cities across the world, the opportunities for a brand looking to gain awareness for global product releases would be substantial. This requires that we continue our transformation into a platform product with the content and software becoming as important as the media glass product.

Product

In developing our G-Glass technology, we set out early to solve three fundamental flaws that we have observed in many of the media façade products currently in the market:

 

  1.

Transparency: Blockage of line of sight or opacity of the product, which limited the utility of such products;

 

  2.

Durability: The bar and mesh products are primarily electronic products and do not have the durability necessary for long-term architectural usage leading to high maintenance costs; and

 

  3.

Cost: All the systems available at the time were an addition to the building façade adding an extra level of complexity and cost.

The concept for our product was very simple: create a media display system that has architectural durability and nearly complete transparency that can be used as the building envelope. We wanted to remove the need for a secondary system. G-Glass has all of these characteristics and can be modified with specialist glass, glass coatings, double glazing, different glass thicknesses and sizes. This is vital in the construction industry as most projects are highly bespoke. To our knowledge, we are the only manufacturer that can deliver a transparent glass media system to such a high degree of specialization and at significant scale.

Product Structure

Our core media glass product, G-Glass, is laminated glass with embedded LEDs mounted inside the glass and driven by electronics hidden inside the mullion frames around the media glass panes. The composition of our media glass products is a base glass coated in a transparent conductive layer into which we laser-etch circuitry.

High-quality, long-life LEDs are attached to this circuitry using a metallic adhesive. A cover glass is then placed over the base glass using separators to protect the LEDs. Flexible printed circuit boards (“FPCBs”) are connected to the etched circuitry at the edges of the base glass. The gap between the base and cover glass is filled with a proprietary resin. The frame of the glass contains the LED drivers and each of these drivers are connected to the media glass via the FPCBs.

Drivers are connected in series into frames and each unit of media glass has at least one data and one power connection. Data connections run to a high-definition multimedia interface (“HDMI”) controller unit that has multiple channels connected to different media glass panels. One or more HDMI controllers take a single HDMI input from a PC or laptop running either proprietary or third-party LED screen management software.

The product can be delivered in multiple panel-sizes up to nine feet tall by four and a half feet wide dependent on LED pitch. The LED pitch defines the distance between individual LEDs and determines the resolution of the media glass. We currently deliver G-Glass with a pitch of 80 millimeters, 60 millimeters, 40 millimeters, 30 millimeters and 20 millimeters and can produce both color and monochrome versions of our media glass.

 

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Architectural projects can require very idiosyncratic glass specifications which we are able to conform to our G- Glass technology. For example, we have delivered mirrored glass, low iron glass, heat treated or toughened glass, specialist no-reflective coatings, double glazing, various thicknesses of cover and base glass, and frit patterns.

Installation

Although from time to time we plan and manage the installation of our products at our customers’ venues, we also rely heavily on a third-party façade engineering company for the installation of our products for certain projects. Typically, there is a separate provider for the steel or aluminum curtain wall system to which our media glass panels attach. In those instances, we work with these providers to develop a combined façade system. See “Risk Factors—Risk Factors Related to Our Industry and Company—We sometimes manage the installation of our products, which subjects us to risks and costs that may impact our profit margin.” and “—We sometimes rely on third-party contractors for the installation of our products, which subjects us to risks and costs that are out of our control.”

There are currently three different types of architectural installation that are possible:

 

   

New build: Our media glass forms the external envelope of the building attaching to the curtain wall system, which in turn is affixed to the concrete floor slabs.

 

   

Internal: This tends to be a brown field solution where the customer is trying to add media functionality to an existing façade. In this instance, the media glass is affixed to the inside of an existing façade system.

 

   

External rain façade: Another brown field solution that can be utilized on almost any existing façade. This is typically a secondary skin built over the existing façade. It’s often used where the existing façade is either old or unattractive and the owners want to enhance the appearance of the structure to make it more modern.

Captivision Korea project engineers are typically onsite to help with any problems during installation and to verify that the installation meets our expected standards.

Applications

Our G-Glass technology is flexible, and G-Glass can be used for many different applications ranging from large architectural deployments to temporary event installations. Examples of the types of deployments we have delivered include the following:

 

   

Architectural façade: At over 43,000 square feet, our View Hospital façade is our largest screen to date, but it is just the latest in a long list of architectural façade implementations. Our architectural façades are typically the largest and most lucrative of our deployments.

 

   

Bridge railing: We have installed G-Glass on numerous bridge railings in South Korea. Prior to our G-Glass technology, bridges mainly used traditional lighting to enhance their aesthetic appearance at night. However, we are now seeing increasing demand for storytelling-capable media. Although traditional LED screens have media capabilities, they diminish the aesthetic beauty of an architect’s design and require high maintenance costs. The use of G-Glass has proved to be a perfect solution for this application.

 

   

Handrails: Our handrail product has become increasingly popular in South Korea since its release. Like our bridge railing deployments, we believe the success behind our handrail product is due to its storytelling capabilities, ability to enhance the aesthetics of architectural design and relatively low maintenance costs.

 

   

G-Tainer: One of our event solutions, the G-Tainer, consists of a steel frame of the approximate size of a shipping container, which is used to mount our media glass. G-Tainers allow us to create multi-story,

 

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temporary structures. They have been deployed at scale for events in both South Korea and the United Kingdom.

 

   

G-Wall: Another one of our event implementations, the G-Wall, is comprised of a steel or aluminum frame that allows us to mount one or more standard panels for both outdoor and indoor events.

 

   

Showroom application: Our G-Glass technology has been used to create showroom partitions for both BMW and Porsche showrooms. We believe showroom applications are a potential growth market.

 

   

Bus Shelter Applications: These have been implemented mostly in South Korea; they involve using our media glass to either deliver wayfinding information or to display artistic imagery on the sides of bus shelters.

While these applications cover our recent deployments, we continue to pursue the development of new uses for our technology.

Technology

Since 2011, we have pioneered an architectural media glass technology that is durable, nearly completely transparent and capable of rich media display. Our technology contains many innovations in both the materials and machinery used in the production line. It embeds LEDs in an ultraviolet (“UV”) cured resin laminate with laser etched circuitry connecting the LEDs to FPCBs at the edge of the glass that are then connected to drivers in the frame of the glass.

Laser etching circuitry at such a large scale was a significant technical problem and for which we managed to develop in-house specific machinery for the process. The resin in the laminate is also proprietary and was developed in conjunction with Kömmerling Chemische Fabrik GmbH (“Kommerling”) to have very specific viscosity, transparency, durability and curing characteristics. The silver paste used to attach the LEDs to the fluorine-doped tin oxide glass is also a proprietary compound specially designed to give uniform adhesion and connectivity without deterioration of the bond over time. In the aggregate, we have over 30 proprietary raw materials in use across our production line.

We use high performance LEDs from both Osram GmbH (“Osram”) and Nichia Corporation (“Nichia”) in our products. These LEDs are rated for over 100,000 hours of performance at full brightness giving us both the quality and durability we and our customers require for an architectural product.

Our LED drivers that power and control the individual LEDs that are mounted inside the G-Glass frame, are designed by us and are built to our or our customers specifications. These LED drivers are mounted inside the frame mullion that surround each G-Glass window pane and are easily serviced or replaced after the G-Glass windows are installed.

Our glass comes from internationally recognized and certified flat glass manufacturers such as Pilkington plc (“Pilkington”) and Saint-Gobain.

Our technology also includes our bespoke designed HDMI controllers, sub controller units and data receivers. We deliver our own mapping software that allows us to upload mapping files to the HDMI controllers allowing them to be configured for multiple orientations, size and pitches of glass. Our software development department has also created a proprietary LED screen media management system that allows us to choose architectural scale media from a large range of content, much of which has been specifically designed to play on an LED screen.

Patents

We currently have over 20 patents registered across several different countries including South Korea, the United States, China and Japan. Five of these are fundamental patents essential for G-Glass production. We also

 

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have another four patents pending in South Korea. Our patents cover both our technology and our manufacturing process.

Research and Development

Over the past 12 years, our research and development department has consistently created reliable products that meet and exceed customer expectations. Our product and technology roadmaps are carefully coordinated. In particular, our research and development team concentrates on the following areas:

 

   

Components and materials: We have developed over 30 proprietary components, including our LED drivers, and materials, such as our specialized resin. We expect to continue to innovate in this area to ensure that our components and materials continue to improve in performance and longevity.

 

   

Manufacturing: The majority of our manufacturing process relies on our proprietary machinery and systems. In the future, we intend to increase the maximum dimensions of our products and accommodate additional functions, such as photovoltaic, electrochromic and audio functions.

 

   

Products: To date, we have been able to deliver a wide range of bespoke products with LED pitches between 20 and 80 millimeters in both monochrome and color. We concentrate on improving the brightness and ease of use of our current media glass products while also exploring different ways of implementing our base technology to meet evolving market needs.

 

   

Software: We have developed software for the mapping of our controllers to different media glass configurations and an LED media display and content management system. We expect the market for architectural media glass to be substantial and strive for our business to become more media-orientated over time. Software development is likely to be an increasingly significant focus of our research and development efforts in the future.

We intend to expand our research and development activities in the future to meet our aspirations of leading the architectural display market.

We have obtained 28 separate certifications across the United States, European, Chinese, Japanese and South Korean markets. These include, amongst others, CE electricity safety and CE electromagnetic EMC certifications in Europe, a KC electromagnetic compatibility certification in South Korea, and FCC electromagnetic certifications in the United States. Our certifications cover all aspects of our media glass, including fire safety, building material, electrical standards and production processes at our manufacturing plants. We monitor evolving regional regulations and take steps to ensure our products comply with expected standards.

Manufacturing

Machines & Equipment

We own or lease a range of equipment, including production line machinery, transportation, computers and plants. The machinery for the production line is proprietary and heavily modified to enable the production of bespoke media glass products. It includes the following main components: cutting, laser etching, LED bonding, UV resin setting, glass hardening and double-glazing. In addition, there are testing rigs and a range of other stations that allow for bonding of FPCBs, resin pouring and aging.

Quality Control

We apply quality control in three main areas of production: raw materials, machinery and product. Our raw materials are tested by our partners under strict guidelines and international standards before being sent to us. Accordingly, we are assured of high quality upon arrival in the factory. Our production line machinery undergoes calibration testing at scheduled intervals to ensure that it is performing as expected and within known tolerances.

 

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We source our raw materials from leading global manufacturers, including KCC Corporation, Kommerling, Magnachip Semiconductor Corp (“Magnachip”) Nichia, Osram, Pilkington, and Schuco International KG. Most of our materials can be easily sourced locally in South Korea. For some key raw materials, we source at least two suppliers as a contingency so that any unexpected delay from one supplier does not interrupt our manufacturing.

In order to promote the highest quality, our products are individually checked and tested for a range of potential issues before leaving the factory. In particular we check and test for:

 

   

Debonding of the laminate: the resin has not hardened uniformly causing delamination at points within the glass laminate.

 

   

Faulty LEDs: LEDs are either not working or working incorrectly (poor brightness or color performance).

 

   

Faulty bonding of LEDs: the LEDs are only partially bonded to the circuitry on the glass.

 

   

Bubbles in the resin: pockets of air in the hardened resin, especially around the LEDs.

 

   

Faulty bonding of FPCBs: the FPCBs are only partially bonded to the glass.

 

   

Faulty drivers: the drivers are not performing as expected leading to either failure of a part of the media glass panel or faulty brightness or performance of a section of the media panel.

 

   

Faulty receivers: a failure of the receiver causing poor performance of the whole media glass panel.

In addition, all cables and terminations are checked to ensure that they are securely connected and are free of damage.

Warranty

We generally provide a basic two-year warranty for the glass part of our product and a two-year warranty for the electronic part of our product. This includes a provision for the replacement parts and warranty services of our products. We also give customers an option to extend their warranties for a fee.

Costs incurred under our warranty liabilities consist primarily of repairs. We set aside a warranty reserve based on our historical experience and future expectations as to the rate and cost of claims under our warranties. We maintain warranty exchange inventories in regional hubs to meet our customers’ needs.

Capacity

We have one operational manufacturing facility in Pyeongtaek, South Korea (operational since 2012) and one manufacturing facility in Tianjin, China (operational from 2019 to 2020), which suspended its operations in March 2020 due to COVID-19 regulations imposed by the Chinese government and has not yet restarted its operations due to the region’s sluggish economic conditions following the COVID-19 pandemic. When operational, each facility has the capacity to produce 700,000 square feet of G-Glass per year. This allows us to rapidly produce large quantities of high-quality customizable products. In the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, our glass production amounted to approximately 5.9% and 4.5%, respectively, of our operational facility’s total possible production capacity based on our revenue for those time periods, indicating we have considerable room for sales and production growth without the need for concomitant capital investment.

Materials and Suppliers

Many of our raw materials are proprietary. We have worked with a range of suppliers to develop these materials, such as our UV activated laminate resin which was specifically formulated for us through an experimental development process with our supplier. The suppliers of many of our critical components are

 

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considered “best-in- class” for their materials, such as Pilkington for our glass or Osram and Nichia for our LEDs. We have raw material contracts with supply periods of up to one year, which has enabled us to remain flexible and adaptable to fluctuations and uncertainties in the supply of raw material. All materials are rigorously tested to provide high- quality final products able to meet the expectations of our customers for both durability and reliability.

Although the prices of raw material have remained generally stable over the past 10 years, recent disruptions in the global supply chain, including the armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine, have significantly driven up the prices of some of our raw material. However, this increase is partially offset by decreases in our manufacturing costs, due to improved manufacturing efficiency. As of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, our manufacturing costs only increased approximately 3.7% and 6.1%, respectively, over the prior year, which has not made a significant impact on our financial condition and results of operation. Going forward, we would expect that global supply chain stabilization and increasing production volume result in a decline in our raw material costs.

Supply Agreements

We are party to multiple supply agreements with various partners (our “Partners”). Pursuant to the supply agreements, our Partners have agreed to supply us with ordered materials (“Ordered Materials”) at our request pursuant to purchase orders.

The price of the Ordered Materials is determined by our Partners. When considering the price of the Ordered Materials, our Partners take into consideration the quantity, quality, specification, delivery date, payment method, material price, labor, or market price trends and include all costs such as freight, unloading and insurance fees to a delivery location designated by the order form, unless otherwise specified. We may, if necessary, provide the raw materials used by our Partners for the production of the Ordered Materials by consulting with the Partner.

The supply agreements are each effective for a term of one year from the date of signing. Each supply agreement may be automatically extended for an additional year on the same terms and conditions unless either party provides written notice of termination at least one month prior to the expiration of the term of the agreement.

The supply agreement may be terminated by either party, if either party: (i) has been suspended from a financial institution, (ii) begins a liquidation process, (iii) enters into a merger agreement, (iv) experiences a force majeure, or (v) provides a preemptory notice to the other party for a period of not less than one month. Upon termination, each party must promptly return to the other party any specification documents and loaned or gratuitous materials that was used in the course of the supply agreements. While the Partners may have considered the Business Combination Agreement to be a merger agreement under the terms of their supply agreements that could trigger their termination right thereunder, none of the supply agreements has been terminated and Captivision Korea has not received notice of termination or intent to terminate from any of the Partners.

Insurance

We currently have property insurance coverage, including business interruption coverage, for our production facility in Pyeongtaek, South Korea for up to such amounts as we deem reasonable for our business. We also have insurance coverage for work-related injuries to our employees, damage during construction, damage to products and equipment during shipment, automobile accidents and bodily, as well as mandatory unemployment insurance for our workers and director and officer liability insurance. In addition, we maintain general and product liability, employment practice liability, and world-wide cargo insurance. Our subsidiaries also have insurance coverage for damage to office fixtures and equipment and life and disability insurance for their employees. All of our overseas subsidiaries also carry property insurance and commercial general liability insurance.

 

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Competitive Landscape

Fourth Generation

We consider Captivision Korea to be the first and only provider of fourth generation architectural media glass. G-Glass’s combination of transparency, durability and media opportunity presents a new opportunity in the digital marketplace. As seen in the below image we see G-Glass as the natural progression of architectural lighting and media façade.

 

LOGO

 

1.

Based on management’s review of publicly available information. Note: Definition of 4th Generation media façade is media product that has more than 99% transparency and architectural durability. The definition was minted by Moto Design.

As illustrated above, we consider the first generation of architectural lighting to be the scenic lighting that has lit buildings for centuries in order to better display architecture at night. This first generation of architectural lighting is historic scenic lighting. In the 1940s, second generation architectural lighting began in the form of neon lighting that could start to tell crude stories using pictograms. As a result, lights could now run advertisements, light up to consumers the name of a building or brand, or simply highlight aspects of structures. The third generation of architectural lighting began in the 1990s. Starting in the 1990s the world started to see LED bar and mesh products form the first true media façades. Compared to the second generation, video became possible and designers or architects could begin to tell more complex stories. However, third generation architectural lighting still has many drawbacks. Due to the metal or plastic matrix obscuring the line of sight, these solutions were then and are still today limited in their areas of deployment and only a very limited number of locations can use third generation lighting. Additionally, because third generation displays are not transparent, those behind the display cannot see beyond the LEDs. Captivision Korea architectural media glass is a true fourth generation product. Being almost fully transparent, it can be implemented anywhere traditional architectural glass can be implemented. It does not negatively impact the aesthetic beauty of an architect’s design and it does not block the line of sight from inside the building. Combining this with sophisticated media capability and full architectural durability, G-Glass is revolutionary.

According to the 2023 Freedonia Group Global Flat Glass Report, the global demand for architectural glass market is estimated to be 128 billion square feet per year. This market does not include the first, second or third

 

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generation architectural lighting market, since these products are not in glass form. In addition, as the previous generations of architectural lighting are not categorized as construction material, they will not replace or become interchangeable with architectural glass products.

We believe that our fourth generation glass façade product, G-Glass, is squarely within the architectural glass market. Unlike the previous generations of architectural lighting, our G-Glass technology is an IT-enabled construction material. It combines conventional architectural glass with customizable, large-scale LED digital media display capabilities, delivering architectural durability, near full transparency and sophisticated media capabilities. As such, we believe it has the potential to displace part of the traditional architectural glass market.

Competitors

Due to the capital-intensive nature of the architectural media glass industry and the high production volume required to achieve economies of scale, the international market for architectural glass media installations is characterized by significant barriers to entry, curtailing major competitors from entering the market.

We estimate it would take any competitor five to six years to develop a process and machinery, three years to obtain the necessary certifications, and five to six years to build reference sites. This totals an aggregate of 15 years to penetrate the market. We largely attribute our success to our ability to produce our novel G-Glass technology in- house, with a mix of proprietary raw materials and raw materials sourced by third parties. The majority of our key raw materials are internally developed and unavailable in the market. Additionally, we have completed over 490 projects, three of which are SLAM projects in the APAC and EMEA regions. Potential competitors would also have to compete against our global distribution and reference network.

Our employees have extensive training, knowledge and experience at manufacturing high specification products. We believe the vertically integrated nature of our operations means there are high barriers to successfully entering our markets and competing with us on price, quality and versatility. In addition, the equipment, research and development expenses needed to operate in the architectural media glass industry are expensive, therefore requiring significant upfront capital investment. As of December 31, 2023, we have invested over $0.7 million into research and development as well as machinery and manufacturing capabilities, and any emerging competitor would likely need to do the same.

We do not believe that traditional architectural glass manufacturers could easily enter the architectural media glass market. Although our products do use architectural glass produced by traditional architectural glass manufacturers, our product is fundamentally an IT product with complex circuitry, electronic functions and novel manufacturing processes that are non-existent in the conventional architectural glass market. In order to penetrate this market, traditional architectural glass manufacturers would need to rapidly develop and integrate IT products with their glass products, which would require very significant expenses and development time.

Similarly, we do not believe that traditional DOOH manufacturers could easily enter the architectural media glass market. Although DOOH manufacturers have an understanding of circuitry and electronics, our manufacturing process differs greatly from that of traditional DOOH products. Our processes involves architectural aspects such as glass tempering, insulated glass units, fire-proofing and complex customization, which traditional DOOH manufacturers do not utilize. In order to penetrate this market, traditional DOOH manufacturers would also need to rapidly develop new manufacturing techniques which would incur substantial costs and entail lengthy development times.

We consider Captivision Korea to be the first and only commercialized and mass-producer of architectural media glass. Architectural media glass combines conventional architectural glass with LED digital media display capabilities and is characterized by (i) more than 99% transparency, (ii) architectural durability and (iii) architectural customization capability. We believe Captivision Korea to be the only large-scale architectural media glass manufacturer that fits this definition. However, we do compete with earlier generation hardware

 

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products that do not deliver the architectural industry mandated transparency, durability and customization, including LED bars, LED mesh and LED screens.

Smaller-scale architectural media glass manufacturers

We believe we are the only company to successfully commercialize and mass-produce a construction material that integrates LEDs into glass panels. Other companies that have endeavored to commercialize similar products include:

 

   

Glas-Platz GmbH & Co’s Power Glass, a German manufacturer, who, to our knowledge, is only able to produce a very limited quantity their product and is unable to fulfil diverse customization requirement required by clients; and

 

   

AGC Glass Europe’s Glassiled, a European arm of a global glass manufacturer which has been largely inactive during the past few years and has few commercial or installation references.

Lesser generation architectural hardware manufacturers

We have also faced a new class of competitors using LED films, including LG Electronics (“LGE”). LED films, however, have critical disadvantages such as limited durability, hazy transparency, sub-standard aesthetic finish and an inability to customize size stemming from inherent technological limits of LED film technology. These are all critical in the architectural market.

As a result, we believe that there is no other existing LED technology with comparable durability, scalability or mass-production capability competing with G-Glass in the architectural media glass market. We are also not aware of any other architectural media glass competitor that has a comparable commercial history, proven architectural durability, significant installation references and meaningful manufacturing production capacity and technology.

Market Size, Marketing and Sales

Market Size and Market Strategy

We continue to expand on our existing South Korean foundation by strategically expanding our sales efforts globally in both developing and developed markets. We are an established company with a proven, innovative product and strong market acceptance, having made hundreds of completed installations across multiple continents. According to the 2023 Freedonia Group Global Flat Glass Report, global demand for architectural glass is 128 billion square feet per year. Assuming we are able to penetrate 0.1% of that area, our total addressable market would be $38 billion per year based on a $300 price per square foot. Furthermore, according to a report by PQ Media Global Digital, the DOOH media has a current estimated market value of $20 billion and is expected to grow at 12% per annum until 2025 despite being relatively new to the technological landscape. We believe there is no significant convergence between the architectural glass market and the DOOH media market. We expect that the emergence of a more architecturally appealing solution, like G-Glass, will accelerate and expand the growth of this market.

We are targeting the largest DOOH markets in Asia, the Americas and EMEA through a robust regional sales and marketing efforts. Our efforts have shown us that each market costs roughly $2 million to penetrate, but we estimate that each market will generate $10 million annually within five years. As part of our international strategy, we built overseas sales channels through several subsidiaries: G-SMATT America, G-SMATT Japan, G-SMATT Hong Kong, G-SMATT Europe and G-SMATT Tech.

Our sales strategy also allows us to capitalize on advertising revenue. For each new installation, Captivision Korea will offer to split the upfront capital expenditures or installation costs with the customer and agree to maintain the installed G-Glass. In return, Captivision Korea will license the use of the G-Glass to third parties and retain 80% of the media and advertising revenue the installation generates.

 

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Sales Cycle

The sales cycles of our SLAM projects are an average of four to five years. The bid process of these large-scale projects takes approximately six months to one year, which is followed by a design and sales quotation phase of two to three years. The construction phase can then take anywhere from two to three years, including the installation of G-Glass at our customers’ venues. This timeline is subject to a variety of factors such as delays in construction schedules, reallocation of budgets and project modifications. While SLAM projects are lucrative and represent the most impressive implementations of our technology, we do not rely wholly upon these projects to drive revenue. See “Risk Factors—Risk Factors Related to Our Industry and Company—Our sales cycle for large projects is protracted, which makes our annual revenue and other financial metrics hard to predict.”

Our smaller projects and rental applications, such as handrails, bus stops, bridges, G-Tainers and media walls, have shorter sales cycles that typically range from three months to one year from the time of the initial order to the completion of the installation of our products. The timelines for these smaller projects are also subject to a number of factors such as government policy changes, reallocation of budgets and typical construction delays.

Our sales cycles may also be subject to seasonality, depending on the sector. The small-scale architectural sector tends to be quieter during the winter season because the colder weather conditions often hinder active construction work. Our domestic government sales have been weaker in the first quarter tend as most government budgets are typically spent in the fourth quarter. In general, our sales have been slower in the first half of the year and busier in the second half. However, we believe that this could change over time as our geographic footprint, customer base, product line-up and services expand.

Geographic Distribution

We are establishing a leading reputation in the domestic South Korean and international construction and DOOH markets by providing high value and impact-resistant architectural media glass products. We have ongoing or completed projects across three continents and eight countries. Our G-Glass is certified in compliance with South Korean regulations and has been registered as an “Excellent Product” by the Public Procurement Service of Korea since 2020, allowing us to enter into contracts with government agencies without participating in public tendering procedures. See “Risk Factors—Risk Factors Related to Our Industry and Company—Our Excellent Product designation of G-Glass by the Public Procurement Service of Korea expires on March 31, 2025, which may materially adversely affect our domestic government sales.”

Since our inception, the majority of our sales to date have been concentrated mainly in South Korea and surrounding Asian countries, including China and Japan. Sales in APAC comprised 73%, 51% and 87% of our revenue in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. However, we have now started to meaningfully break into the United States and Middle East markets. Utilizing various marketing opportunities resulting from the Business Combination, we intend to continue to grow our sales organically in other geographical jurisdictions in an effort to expand our global footprint.

 

Geographic Market    Growth for the
Year Ended
December 31,
2023 vs 2022
    Revenue for the
Year Ended
December 31,
2023
(in $ million)
     % of Total
Revenue for the
Year Ended
December 31,
2023
    Revenue for the
Year Ended
December 31,
2022
(in $ million)
     % of Total
Revenue for the
Year Ended
December 31,
2022
 

APAC

     3.7     10.7        73.0     10.3        51

EMEA

     (46.4 %)      3.6        24.5     6.7        33

North America

     (88.6 %)      0.4        2.5     3.2        16

Total

     (131.3 %)      14.6        100     20.2        100
  

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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Geographic Market    Growth for
2022 vs 2021
    Revenue for the
Year Ended
December 31,
2022
(in $ million)
     % of Total
Revenue for the
Year Ended
December 31,
2022
    Revenue for the
Year Ended
December 31,
2021
(in $ million)
     % of Total
Revenue for the
Year Ended
December 31,
2021
 

APAC

     26     10.3        51     8.2        87

EMEA

     2,549     6.7        33     0.3        3

North America

     244     3.2        16     0.9        10

Total

     114     20.2        100     9.4        100
  

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Group Structure

We are incorporated and domiciled in the Republic of Korea. Our registered office and manufacturing facility are located at 298-42 Chung-buk Chungang-ro Chung-buk, Pyeong-taek, Gyounggi, Republic of Korea.

The following table lists our associates or entities over which we have influence but do not possess control or joint control.

 

Associate    Jurisdiction of Formation    Percent Owned  

Brillshow Limited

   China      33.00

G-SMATT Japan

   Japan      40.16 %* 

G-SMATT Hong Kong

   Hong Kong      27.40 %* 

 

(*)

Including the shares of G-Frame Co., Ltd. which is 100% owned by Captivision Korea.

Our corporate structure is comprised of the following consolidated subsidiaries and associates that are either wholly owned or majority-owned.

 

Entity    Jurisdiction of Formation    Percent Owned  

G-Frame Co., Ltd.

   South Korea      100.00

G-SMATT Europe

   United Kingdom      76.55

G-SMATT America

   United States      54.63 %* 

G-SMATT Tech

   China      100.00

 

(*)

Including the shares of G-Frame Co., Ltd. which is 100% owned by Captivision Korea.

Distribution Agreements

Captivision Korea and G-SMATT Global

On July 31, 2015, Captivision Korea and G-SMATT Global, a former related party of Captivision Korea (“G-SMATT Global”), entered into an exclusive distribution agreement (the “Original G-SMATT Global Distribution Agreement”). Pursuant to the agreement, G-SMATT Global was granted exclusive distribution rights for Captivision Korea’s LED transparent display products in all territories, except China from 2015 to 2025.

On September 14, 2022, the Suwon District Court denied G-SMATT Global’s filing in connection with the commencement of corporate rehabilitation proceedings. However, we believe that our efforts to mitigate the effects of G-SMATT Global’s prior bankruptcy proceedings have insulated us from any material impacts on our business functions, financial condition and result of operation. In September 2018, as part of G-SMATT Global’s restructuring process, Captivision Korea’s management decided to sell G-SMATT Global. As part of the terms of the sale, (i) Captivision Korea and G-SMATT Global were given dual distribution rights to distribute G-Glass in any and all territories worldwide, except China, and (ii) all staff involved in the G-Glass operation within G-SMATT Global were transferred to Captivision Korea. On March 7, 2019, the Original G-SMATT Global

 

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Distribution Agreement was amended (together with the Original G-SMATT Global Distribution Agreement, the “G-SMATT Global Distribution Agreement”) to grant Captivision Korea a joint distribution right in its products. As a result, Captivision Korea acquired 50% of the consideration received from G-SMATT Global in connection with the G-SMATT Global Distribution Agreement for this exclusive territorial distribution right as intangible assets. The sale of G-SMATT Global was completed in March 2019.

Under the G-SMATT Global Distribution Agreement, the pricing of the products produced by Captivision Korea and sold to G-SMATT Global for distribution are mutually agreed upon between the parties, provided that the parties ensure there is an appropriate margin for Captivision Korea. Further, where G-SMATT Global pursues a project, whether in South Korea or abroad, Captivision Korea is required to consult on the pricing of products with G-SMATT Global prior to the submission of project proposals. In addition, in the event that Captivision Korea and G-SMATT Global jointly develop a new product, (i) any rights to such product, including any intellectual property rights, will be jointly owned by Captivision Korea and G-SMATT Global and (ii) Captivision Korea will have the right to exclusively produce, and G-SMATT Global will have the right to exclusively distribute, such product. G-SMATT Global has expressed that it has no intent to distribute our products. Once the G-SMATT Global Distribution Agreement expires in 2025, Captivision Korea will regain full distribution rights.

The G-SMATT Global Distribution Agreement contains termination rights in the event of a breach of the agreement by the other party, the event of a bankruptcy or if the distributed product is found to infringe on a third party’s industrial property rights. The G-SMATT Global Distribution Agreement is governed by the laws of South Korea and contains conflict resolution procedures in the event of a dispute between the parties. See “Risk Factors—Risk Related to Our Industry and Company—Our joint distribution agreement with G-SMATT Global, which is in effect until 2025, may adversely affect our financial results.”

Captivision Korea and G-SMATT Europe

On May 18, 2020, Captivision Korea and G-SMATT Europe entered into an exclusive distribution and license agreement (the “G-SMATT Europe Distribution Agreement”). Pursuant to the agreement, G-SMATT Europe was granted exclusive distribution rights for Captivision Korea’s LED transparent display products in the United Kingdom and European Union for an initial term of seven years. Upon the expiry of the initial term, the G-SMATT Europe Distribution Agreement shall be automatically renewed for a period of three years without notice, unless the parties agree in writing to terminate the agreement no later than six months before the end of the initial term.

Under the terms of the agreement, G-SMATT Europe determines its own resale prices for the products in the United Kingdom and European Union. If there is a country where G-SMATT Europe does not sell Captivision Korea’s products within two years from the commencement of the term of the G-SMATT Europe Distribution Agreement, Captivision Korea may accept an offer from a third party to purchase the distribution rights for such country. In that case, G-SMATT Europe’s right may convert into a non-exclusive distribution right in the country in question.

In addition, Captivision Korea granted G-SMATT Europe a non-exclusive, non-transferrable and non-sub-licensable license to manufacture and sell Captivision Korea’s products in the United Kingdom and European Union. G-SMATT Europe may construct a factory to manufacture Captivision Korea’s products in the United Kingdom or the European Union, subject to consultation with Captivision Korea prior to commencing construction. The agreement is not assignable without the prior consent of the other party.

Captivision Korea has the right to terminate the G-SMATT Europe Distribution Agreement with immediate effect by written notice to G-SMATT Europe in the event that G-SMATT Europe (i) fails to satisfy the minimum sales obligation, which entails purchasing and re-selling GBP 63,000,000 worth of Captivision Korea products over the initial term of the agreement, (ii) liquidates or becomes insolvent, (iii) fails to make any undisputed

 

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payments within two months of notice of such breach from Captivision Korea or (iv) defaults on its obligations under the agreement and fails to remedy the breach within three months of written notice from Captivision Korea.

The G-SMATT Europe Distribution Agreement is governed by the laws of England and contains dispute resolution procedures in the event of a dispute between the parties.

Captivision Korea and G-SMATT America

On May 18, 2020, Captivision Korea and G-SMATT America entered into an exclusive distribution and license agreement (the “G-SMATT America Distribution Agreement”). Pursuant to the agreement, G-SMATT America was granted exclusive distribution rights for Captivision Korea’s LED transparent display products in the United Stated of America for an initial term of six years. Upon the expiry of the initial term, the G-SMATT America Distribution Agreement shall be automatically renewed for a period of three years, unless both parties agree to terminate the agreement.

Under the terms of the agreement, Captivision Korea granted G-SMATT America a non-exclusive, non-transferrable and non-sub-licensable license to manufacture and sell Captivision Korea’s products in the United States. G-SMATT America may construct a factory to manufacture Captivision Korea’s products in the United States, subject to consultation with Captivision Korea prior to commencing construction. The agreement is non-assignable without the prior consent of the other party.

Captivision Korea has the right to terminate the G-SMATT America Distribution Agreement with immediate effect by written notice to G-SMATT America in the event that G-SMATT America (i) fails to satisfy the minimum sales obligation, which entails purchasing and re-selling $85,000,000 worth of Captivision Korea products over the initial term of the agreement, (ii) liquidates or becomes insolvent, (iii) fails to make any undisputed payments within two months of notice of such breach from Captivision Korea or (iv) defaults on its obligations under the agreement and fails to remedy the breach within three months of written notice from Captivision Korea.

The G-SMATT America Distribution Agreement is governed by the laws of the Republic of Korea and binds the parties to the Korean Commercial Arbitration board in Seoul in the event of a dispute between the parties.

G-SMATT Global and G-SMATT America

On June 15, 2016, G-SMATT Global, a former related party of Captivision Korea, and G-SMATT America entered into an exclusive distribution and license agreement with a ten-year term covering the United States and Canada. Per the agreement, in consideration for the exclusive territorial distribution rights and license, G-SMATT America paid a one-time, non-refundable royalty fee, of which 50% of the consideration by G-SMATT Global for sub-licensing the exclusive territorial distribution right to another party must be paid to Captivision Korea. Accordingly, 50% of the consideration received from G-SMATT America was paid to Captivision Korea by G-SMATT Global after finalizing the exclusive territorial distribution contract with G-SMATT America.

G-SMATT Global and G-SMATT Europe

On March 27, 2017, G-SMATT Global and G-SMATT Europe entered into exclusive distribution and license agreements for an initial term of 10 years covering Europe. The payment for the exclusive territorial distribution rights and license granted, is being amortized using the straight-line method over a useful life of 10 years. 50% of the consideration received from G-SMATT Europe was paid by G-SMATT Global to Captivision Korea.

 

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Regulation

We are subject to extensive and varied federal, state and local government regulation in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including laws and regulations relating to zoning and density, building design and safety, fire, hurricane and floods, construction, and similar matters. In particular, the market for G-Glass depends in large part on our ability to satisfy state and local building codes. Additionally, some jurisdictions in which we operate require that installation of doors and windows be approved by the competent authorities that grant distribution licenses. We have invested significantly in our quality assurance department in order to maintain rigorous oversight over the production process to ensure the consistent production of high-quality products that comply with local regulation. We have been certified in compliance with rigorous safety standards, as described in more detail in the section titled “—Certifications.”

We are also typically subject to laws and regulations related to light pollution and city beautification. The laws and regulations vary widely between countries, cities and even within different zones in a city. As our product tends not to create light pollution we are generally in compliance with these policies.

If our product is to be used for outdoor advertising, we are subject to laws and regulations related to outdoor advertising. Outdoor advertising laws and regulations tend to be strict in developed countries. These laws and regulations vary widely between countries, cities and even within different zones in a city. There are also many countries, cities and zones which promote outdoor advertising to boost the local economy.

We are subject to laws and regulations relating to our relationships with our employees, public health and safety and fire codes. Although our business and facilities are subject to federal, state and local environmental regulation, environmental regulation does not have a material impact on our operations.

Aggregate Compensation of Executive Officers and Directors

The aggregate cash compensation paid and shared-based compensation and other payment expensed by us and our subsidiaries to our executive officers and directors as a group for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $1,136,073.

None of our directors or executive officers are compensated by any third party for their respective services rendered to us as required to be disclosed pursuant to Nasdaq Rule 5250(b)(3).

Under the Labor Standard Act and the Employee Retirement Benefit Security Act, we are required to pay a severance amount to eligible employees who voluntarily or involuntarily terminate their employment with us, including through retirement. The severance amount for our officers equals the monthly salary at the time of his or her departure, multiplied by the number of continuous years of service. There is no severance benefit for our directors.

We maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policy covering certain potential liabilities of our directors and officers.

Human Capital

As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had a total of 98 and 103 employees, respectively. As of the date of this prospectus, we have experienced the loss of a significant number of our manufacturing personnel due to our working capital constraints, which will have an adverse effect on our operations.

Our key personnel includes specialized engineering personnel, key researchers, engineers, senior management and production facility operators. We actively encourage and facilitate the development of our employees through rolling training programs, with multiple training sessions held on regular basis. These

 

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programs increase the ability of our employees with appropriate skill sets required for dedicated tasks. We are committed to developing our employees and remaining at the forefront of technology and market dominance in our industry. We consider ourselves an equal opportunity employer and have constantly sought to seek the best talent irrespective of gender or ethnicity. While the jobs associated to the core operations are predominantly filled by males, our sales and administrative staff is comprised of approximately 18% female and 82% male staff. From an ethnicity perspective, our labor force is diverse but predominantly South Korean based on our location.

Property and Facilities

We maintain one operational manufacturing facility in Pyeongtaek, South Korea and one temporarily non-operational facility in Tianjin, China. We also maintain offices in South Korea, the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan and China (including Hong Kong). All of our facilities are used in our sole operating segment. We believe these are sufficient for our needs.

Legal Proceedings

We may, from time to time, be subject to legal proceedings in connection with our regular course of business. Although we cannot predict with certainty the ultimate resolution of lawsuits, investigations and claims asserted against us, we are not currently a party to any litigation or legal proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, are likely to have a material effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

Additional Information About the Company

We maintain a number of websites including www.captivision.com, www.captivision.co.kr, www.g-smatteurope.com, and www.glaamamerica.com. The information contained in, or accessible through, our website does not constitute a part of this prospectus.

Our corporate filings, and any amendments to those filings, are available in English free of charge on our Investor Relations page at https://ir.captivision.com/, which are uploaded as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file (or furnish in certain cases) such material with the SEC, and can also be found at the SEC’s website at http://sec.gov.com.

 

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis provide information which management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of our operations and financial condition. The discussion should be read together with our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related notes that are included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion may contain forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, including those factors set forth in the “Cautionary Note Concerning Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” sections of this prospectus, our actual results could differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” to “we”, “us”, “our”, and “the Company” are intended to mean the business and operations of Captivision Korea and its consolidated subsidiaries prior to the Closing of the Business Combination and to Captivision and its consolidated subsidiaries following the Closing of the Business Combination.

Overview

We are the exclusive developer, manufacturer and installer of an innovative architectural media glass product called G-Glass. G-Glass is the world’s first IT-enabled construction material that transforms buildings into extraordinary digital media content delivery devices. G-Glass combines architectural glass with customizable, large-scale LED digital media display capabilities, delivering architectural durability, nearly full transparency, and sophisticated media capability. Utilized in diverse applications from handrails to complete glass building façades, G-Glass delivers a paradigm shift in the Digital out of Home (“DOOH”) media market providing entirely new revenue models for vertical real estate. We believe we are the market leader in the delivery of fully transparent media façade capabilities with over 490 architectural installations worldwide.

We are a vertically integrated manufacturer controlling almost every aspect of product assembly and installation, including assembling the media glass laminates, manufacturing the aluminum frame, developing the electronics as well as delivering and installing the product. This enables us to provide an unparalleled level of quality and service to our customers, who include prestigious automotive brands, commercial retailers, hospitals, major sporting institutions, the music industry (as filming backdrops), film production companies, transportation hubs and telecommunications companies.

We are a global company with offices in South Korea, the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan and China (including the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region). In 2023, 2022, and 2021, we generated $14,636,763, $20,191,935 and $9,415,119 in revenue, respectively.

We have more than 490 installations in nine countries around the world split across three operational regions as detailed in the table below.

Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022

 

Geographic Market    Growth for
2023 vs 2022
    Revenue for
2023
(in $ million)
     % of Total
Revenue for
2023
    Revenue for
2022
(in $ million)
     % of Total
Revenue for
2022
 

APAC

     3.7     10.7        73     10.3        51

EMEA

     (46.4 %)      3.6        24.5     6.7        33

North America

     (88.6 %)      0.4        2.5     3.2        16
  

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

     (131.3 %)      14.7        100     20.2        100
  

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021

 

Geographic Market    Growth for
2022 vs 2021
    Revenue for
2022
(in $ million)
     % of Total
Revenue for
2022
    Revenue for
2021
(in $ million)
     % of Total
Revenue for
2021
 

APAC

     26     10.3        51     8.2        87

EMEA

     2549     6.7        33     0.3        3

North America

     244     3.2        16     0.9        10
  

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

     114     20.2        100     9.4        100
  

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Business Combination

On November 15, 2023, we consummated our Business Combination with Captivision Korea, JGGC and Exchange Sub. Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, (i) JGGC merged with and into us, with us surviving the Merger, (ii) immediately thereafter, we issued a number of Ordinary Shares equal to the Aggregate Share Swap Consideration (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement) (excluding Ordinary Shares reserved for issuance upon exercise of Converted Options) to Exchange Sub, and (iii) all Captivision Korea Shareholders transferred their respective Captivision Korea Common Shares to Exchange Sub in exchange for their respective portion of the Aggregate Share Swap Consideration in the Share Swap and, in exchange for the Aggregate Share Swap Consideration, Exchange Sub distributed all of the Captivision Korea Common Shares it received from Captivision Korea Shareholders to us. Upon consummation of the Business Combination and the other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, Captivision Korea became our wholly owned subsidiary.

Key Factors Affecting Our Operating Results

Our operating and business performance is driven by various factors that affect commercial real estate developers and their markets, trends affecting the broader construction, DOOH media and architectural media glass industries, and trends affecting the specific markets and customer base that we target, including the following:

Ability to Win Projects

Our operating results are driven by our ability to win new projects to install G-Glass with new and existing customers. Our ability to win project bids is affected by:

 

   

The existence of local reference projects with installed products at a comparable scale in a potential customer’s market;

 

   

Our access to stakeholders at various levels within a new or existing customer’s organization, including high level decision makers;

 

   

Our trained sales personnel and their ability to properly explain Captivision’s unique product value proposition;

 

   

G-Glass receiving and maintaining necessary certifications with respect to material, fire, electrical, and other construction requirements to comply with local building codes;

 

   

Our ability to generate qualified leads through an effective multi-channel marketing strategy;

 

   

Building and maintaining a successful reseller network;

 

   

Potential customers’ evaluations of our ability to successfully deliver and install G-Glass in accordance with their specifications; and

 

   

Our marketing and advertising expenses which have been, and our future marketing advertising expenses will be limited by capital constraints.

 

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Competitive Pricing

Our operating results are directly tied to the sale price of our products and services. Our prices are affected by a variety of factors including prices charged by our competitors in the third generation space, the efficacy of our products, our cost basis, changes in our product mix, the size of the project and our relationship with the relevant customer, as well as general market and economic conditions. We carefully monitor our target markets and set prices taking into account local market conditions. Our prices have remained relatively stable since 2019 at levels that we believe make our product competitive with alternative display offerings. Special pricing is available for scaled projects on a case-by-case basis. We also maintain separate reseller pricing to ensure that G-Glass provides an attractive sales proposition for our partners and sales channels.

Average Project Size and Average Revenue

In addition to the number of project bids we win, the size of our projects and the average revenue per project are key drivers of our revenue and overall operating results. Our ability to continue to grow revenue will depend on our ability to increase both the number of our projects and the average size per project. To do this we need to be continuously effective in marketing to increase the number of sales opportunities, and continue to install successful larger size implementations to serve as reference projects to encourage cautious prospective customers.

Ability to Develop New Applications

As part of our growth strategy, we plan to continue to innovate on product applications. Our continued success depends on our ability to develop and implement use cases for G-Glass at both large scales, such as SLAMs, and smaller scales, such as handrails. SLAMs entail lengthy sales cycles and are subject to a variety of uncertainties outside of our control. Although SLAMs are lucrative, and represent the most impressive implementation of G- Glass, we do not rely wholly upon these projects to drive revenue because of their extended sales cycles. A key component of our growth strategy and revenue generation is to develop and implement smaller projects using G- Glass that have shorter sales cycles, require reduced customer investment and allow us to showcase our technology. Current G-Glass applications include:

 

   

G-Tainers: Our G-Tainer product is a convergence of a shipping container and G-Glass container-sized modular system that uses steel frames and G-Glass panels to deliver compelling, media enabled, temporary structures for events and pop-up retail spaces. To date, G-Tainers have been utilized in numerous acclaimed outdoor events and exhibitions such as the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics in South Korea and the BoomTown EDM festival in the United Kingdom.

 

   

Handrails: Developed for both external and internal uses, our handrail products turn balustrades into media devices allowing them to deliver motion art, wayfinding information, and advertising. To date, our handrail installations include external bridge railings and shopping center balustrades.

 

   

Bus Shelters: We are offering solutions that integrate G-Glass into bus shelters that allow bus operators to deliver wayfinding information, motion art and advertising to passengers and those passing.

 

   

G-Wall: Our G-Wall product can be a free-standing or permanent installation. It is typically a smaller-scale implementation of G-Glass that has been used in promotional events, internal office partitions, retail displays and outdoor urban media features.

International Expansion

Although we have more than 490 installations in nine countries around the world, we believe that our geographical footprint is relatively small compared to what it could become. We expect that our international activities will continue to grow for the foreseeable future as we continue to pursue opportunities in existing and new international markets. Our operating results will be impacted by our ability to break into new markets in a

 

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cost-efficient manner and to use our initial projects in each new market as the launching pad for broader marketing efforts in that region. To date, the expenses and long lead times inherent in our efforts to pursue additional South Korean and international business opportunities have slowed, and are expected to continue to slow, the implementation of our expansion strategy, particularly in light of our ongoing capital constraints, and have limited, and are expected to continue to limit, the revenue that we receive as a result of our efforts to develop international business in the short term.

Inventory

The customizable nature of most of our projects makes it difficult for us to maintain usable stock of finished or semi-finished products. As a result, our inventory consists mostly of raw materials that we can use across a variety of products regardless of customer or application. These raw materials include glass stocks, LEDs, aluminum extrusion, resins, adhesives, drivers, flexible printed circuit boards (“FPCB”) and spacer tape, among other items.

As our product portfolio develops and extends further into shorter sales cycle product lines, typically requiring less customization, we believe we will be able to hold an inventory of regularly requested, smaller-scale products. In addition, we may in the future hold an inventory of lower priced, standard size panels for certain smaller-scale architectural applications. Our handrails, G-Wall and G-Tainer products all have potential to be offered “off the shelf” and thus kept as inventory items.

Our ability to fulfill orders in a timely manner regardless of their size and broad customization needs is dependent on, amongst other things, the maintenance of a large enough reserve of raw materials in our inventory. This needs to be carefully controlled taking into account a variety of factors including expected order time, shelf life and production capacity.

Sales Commissions

We rely on a trained sales force to sell G-Glass. Sales commissions vary per operational region and are dependent on the type of compensation and incentive package agreed upon with our sales agents. Commissions can vary widely from a fully commission-based model to a mostly fixed salary model with a commission based on either revenue or profit. Our implementation of commission structures best suited to each operational region is critical and requires local knowledge and good judgement. To empower local management to design appropriate commission structures, while retaining central oversight and preventing unnecessarily large commissions, we give local sales management discretion to implement an appropriate structure within the parameters of agreed human resource budgets and company policies.

Ability to Obtain Competitively Priced Raw Materials and Components

Although some of the raw materials we use to produce G-Glass are manufactured through proprietary processes, we source all of our raw materials from third-party providers. These providers include global suppliers with local distribution, global suppliers that ship internationally and local suppliers. We rely on these suppliers to deliver our raw materials on time, to specification and at acceptable prices. If our suppliers are unable or unwilling to continue to supply our raw materials at requested quality, quantity, performance and costs, or in a timely manner, our business and reputation could be seriously harmed. Our inability to procure raw materials from other suppliers at the desired quality, quantity, performance and cost might result in unforeseen manufacturing and operations problems. To mitigate these risks, we attempt to maintain more than one supplier of every type of raw material. Obtaining suitable raw materials and components to meet our operational requirements also requires us to have sufficient working capital to pay our suppliers for those inputs. Our ongoing capital constraints have impaired, and are expected to continue to impair, our ability to acquire suitable raw materials and components in sufficient quantities to meet our operational requirements, which we expect will delay our ability to meet our obligations under certain contracts, which will delay revenue.

 

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As our operations scale, we expect that we will have an increasing ability to negotiate the pricing of raw materials and take advantage of significant volume discounts from many of our suppliers. It is our policy to obtain competing quotes from our suppliers of raw materials and regularly assess both suppliers and raw material costs to maintain low fixed costs at the highest quality for our products.

Global Political Events and Other Disruptions

As our operations scale, we expect that we will have an increasing ability to negotiate the pricing of raw materials and take advantage of significant volume discounts from many of our suppliers. It is our policy to obtain competing quotes from our suppliers of raw materials and regularly assess both suppliers and raw material costs in order to maintain low fixed costs at the highest quality for our products.

The Construction Industry’s Adoption of our G-Glass Technology

G-Glass is a unique architectural media product as it provides construction grade durability, media functionality and full transparency. With our product portfolio, installed base, range of certifications and ability to provide highly customized solutions at high volumes, we believe Captivision is the clear market leader. As we complete more scaled projects and integrate more sophisticated applications and media into our G-Glass technology, we believe we will become the de facto industry standard. We believe that this will lead to widespread adoption of our technology within the construction, real estate, and property markets.

Regulations of DOOH Media, IT, Vertical Real Estate and Large Format Wallscape

We are subject to many complex, uncertain and overlapping laws, ordinances, rules and regulations concerning zoning, building design and fire, safety, hurricane, earthquake and flood regulations, construction and advertising in the various markets where we operate. These laws and regulations will likely be subject to evolving interpretations and applications, and it can often be difficult to predict how these might be applied to our business, particularly as we introduce new products and services and expand into new jurisdictions.

In addition, we will progressively be subject to laws and regulations relating to the collection, use, retention, security, and transfer of information, including the personally identifiable information of our clients and all of the users in the information chain. Our current product implementations do not have access to or collect personal information because we sell our products to be installed in buildings or other public areas that are owned and operated by our customers who in turn may use our products for one-directional, mass advertising. In the future, we may develop architectural applications that cause us or our customers to collect and store personal information. This will require us to evaluate and update our compliance models to ensure that we are complying with applicable restrictions.

Foreign Exchange Gains and Losses

As an increasingly international company with a global customer base and primarily South Korean operations, we are exposed to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates.

While most of our revenue is generated in Korean Won, our operating revenues from our foreign operations during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, amounted to 6.1%, 17.4% and 11.0% of our total revenue, respectively, and foreign-currency denominated revenues accounted for 32.3%, 49.6% and 20.9% of our total operating revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The majority of our operating costs are denominated in or indexed to Korean Won, constituting 86.8%, 86.2% and 82.6% of our total operating costs for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our key U.S. dollar-denominated operating costs relate to operations of our U.S. subsidiary and include facilities, work force, marketing, plant and material costs.

 

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Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar (USD) and our functional currency is the Korean Won (KRW). As our international operations expand and our revenues grow, we will increasingly be subject to potential foreign exchange rate gains and losses. We intend to manage our foreign exchange risk exposure by a policy of matching, to the extent possible, receipts and local payments in each individual currency. To date, our foreign exchange risk exposure results primarily from the impact of changes in the Korean Won – U.S. dollar exchange rate on our Korean Won transactions. See “Risk Factors—Risk Related to Our Industry and Company—Our results of operations are subject to exchange rate fluctuations, which may affect our costs and revenues.

Our Corporate Structure

The following table lists our associates or entities over which we have influence but do not possess control or joint control.

 

Associate    Jurisdiction of Formation    Percent Owned  

Brillshow Limited

   China      33.00

G-SMATT Japan

   Japan      40.16 %* 

G-SMATT Hong Kong

   Hong Kong      27.40 %* 

 

(*)

Including the shares of G-Frame Co., Ltd. which is 100% owned by Captivision Korea.

Our corporate structure is comprised of the following consolidated subsidiaries that are either wholly owned or majority-owned.

 

Entity    Jurisdiction of Formation    Percent Owned  

G-Frame Co., Ltd.

   South Korea      100.00

G-SMATT Europe**

   United Kingdom      76.55 %* 

G-SMATT America***

   United States      54.63 %* 

G-SMATT Tech

   China      100.00

 

(*)

Including the shares of G-Frame Co., Ltd. which is 100% owned by Captivision Korea.

(**)

On November 30, 2022, G-SMATT Europe acquired 100% ownership of Inflectix Limited (“Inflectix”) as a wholly owned subsidiary for USD 301,654. Inflectix was incorporated on July 11, 2018, by Orhan Ertughrul, G-SMATT Europe’s chief executive officer. It is located in Gloucestershire, United Kingdom and provides high level technical expertise service in biotechnology investment consulting field. As of the date of this prospectus, Inflectix no longer has ongoing operations.

(***)

In 2022, certain minority shareholders of G-SMATT America Co., Ltd (an equity method associate located in CA, USA) sold all their shares, a total of 1,470,116 shares, to us. As a result, our ownership in G-SMATT America Co., Ltd. increased by 12.00% from 42.63% to 54.63% and became the major shareholder. G-SMATT America Co., Ltd. is subject to consolidation from the date of the majority ownership change in July 1, 2022.

 

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The following diagram depicts the simplified organizational structure of the Company, its subsidiaries and associates:

 

LOGO

 

(1)

Excludes G Frame’s 11.4% Ownership

(2)

Excludes G Frame’s 7.4% Ownership

(3)

Excludes G Frame’s 16.6% Ownership

Components of Results of Operations

Revenues

Captivision Korea generates revenue primarily from the sale and installation of architectural media glass. Our product revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control over Captivision Korea’s products, which typically occurs upon delivery or completion of installation depending on the terms of the contracts with the customer. The point at which we recognize revenue can be highly variable and tends to be determined on a project-by-project basis. Factors affecting revenue recognition include: size of project; location of project; whether a third party is used for all or part of the installation; commercial conditions surrounding the contract; length of time of install (revenue may be recognized at predetermined points during the project). Payment terms vary widely from project to project, but we typically expect an initial payment of 30% to 50% of the total project value upon signing, with the balance of payment due upon completion of the project.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales includes cost of goods sold, commissions, administrative and marketing costs and installation, transportation, raw materials, installation, utility, maintenance, depreciation of machinery and labor costs related to manufacturing costs.

Selling and administrative expenses

Selling and administrative expenses consist primarily of bad debt expenses, commissions, salaries, amortization, ordinary research and development expenses, employee share compensation cost, taxes and dues, employee benefits, severance benefits, travel expenses, transportation, sundry allowances, rent, marketing, advertisement expenses and electricity.

 

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Finance income

Finance income comprises interest income on funds invested (including debt instruments measured at Fair Value Through Other Comprehensive Income (“FVOCI”), gains on disposal of debt instruments measured at FVOCI, and changes in fair value of financial assets at Fair Value Through Profit or Loss (“FVTPL”)). Interest income is recognized as it accrues in profit or loss, using the effective interest method.

We have no substantial finance income and do not manage any debt instruments.

Finance costs

Captivision Korea had a blended interest rate (all financial costs divided by total debt) of 11.23%, 4.9% and 6.4% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. New debts were incurred due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, however, this was partly offset by a large scale debt-to-equity conversion in 2021 and 2022.

Due to ongoing capital constraints, we were unable to pay approximately $14.1 million of additional transaction expenses on the Closing Date. Effective as of November 15, 2023, a number of our service providers, Captivision Korea and JGGC entered into Deferral Agreements to defer Deferred Amounts until a future date when sufficient funds may become available to pay such Deferred Amounts in cash. Each of the Deferral Agreements generally provide that (i) until repaid, the Deferred Amounts accrue interest at the rate of 12% per annum and (ii) (A) 50% of the Deferred Amount under such agreement, plus accrued interest, is to be paid 365 days after the Closing Date and (B) the remaining 50%, plus accrued interest, is to be paid 730 days after the Closing Date. As an alternative to cash payment, certain of the Deferral Agreements, including the JGGC SPAC Holdings Deferral Agreement, accounting for approximately $7.7 million of the transaction expenses, provide that the counterparties have the option to convert all of a portion their outstanding amount owed to them under their respective fee deferral agreements into Ordinary Shares at a share price equal to the average of the volume weighted average of a Captivision Ordinary Share for the 20 consecutive Trading Day period occurring prior to the applicable election date. The timing, frequency, and the price at which we issue Ordinary Shares are subject to market prices and such counterparty’s decision to accept repayment for any such amount in equity.

Other income

Other income consists of miscellaneous income, loss from equity method investment and income from disposal of related companies.

Other expenses

Other expenses primarily consist of loss from disposal of investment in subsidiaries, other allowance for other receivables and prepayments, loss from inventory impairment, miscellaneous loss, loss from equity method investment and impairment loss from intangible assets.

Corporate income tax expense (benefit)

Corporate income tax benefit consists of corporate tax paid, changes in deferred tax due to temporary differences, corporate tax benefit directly reflected in capital and other (which primarily consists of our tax refund). Corporate income tax expense consists of deferred tax expense recognized from reversal of prior year deferred tax asset.

 

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Results of Operations

Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022

The results of operations presented below should be reviewed in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. The following table sets forth our consolidated results of operations for the periods shown:

 

     2023      2022  
     (in U.S. $ unless otherwise
indicated)
 

Consolidated Statement of Profit and Loss and Comprehensive Income:

     

Revenue

     14,636,763        20,191,935  

Cost of sales

     12,361,612        13,910,570  

Gross profit

     2,275,151        6,281,365  

Selling and administrative expenses

     15,553,783        8,827,619  

Operating profit

     (13,278,632      (2,546,254

Finance income

     134,124        4,233,034  

Finance costs

     3,226,024        1,120,831  

Other income

     198,778        5,199,803  

Other expenses

     57,952,751        15,169,616  

Loss before tax

     (74,124,505      (9,403,864

Corporate income tax expense(benefit)

     2,861,079        (1,511,696

Net loss for the year

     (76,985,584      (7,892,168

Owners of the parent

     (74,726,799      (5,892,144

Non-controlling interests

     (2,258,785      (2,000,024

Other Comprehensive Loss

     (952,555      11  

Items that may not be reclassified to profit or loss

     284,832        (362,544

Re-evaluation of defined benefit plan

     284,832        (362,544

Stock option

     —         —   

(negative) Changes in retained earnings due to equity method

     —         —   

Items that may be subsequently reclassified to profit or loss

     (1,237,387      362,555  

Loss on valuation of other financial assets

     2,688        —   

Changes in equity from equity method

     —         (360,339

Exchange difference on translating foreign operations

     (1,240,075      722,894  

Total Comprehensive Income(Loss)

     (77,938,139      (7,892,157

Revenue

Our revenue decreased by 27.5% to $14,636,763 for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $20,191,935 for year ended December 31, 2022. This decrease was mainly due to a decrease in revenue from G-SMATT America amounting to $2,906,366 and a decrease in Captivision Korea revenue totaling $2,697,803. The decrease in revenue from G-SMATT America is due to the recognition of a one-off revenue amount related to Project MMOF in 2022, totaling $2,737,294. This resulted in a temporary increase in revenue in 2022, leading to a decreased revenue in 2023.

While revenue from Distribution right increased by $760,000, the inability to recognize $3,666,634 due to legal restrictions on Inspire resulted in a decrease in revenue. Accordingly, the offsetting effect of $2,906,634 constitutes the majority of the decrease in revenue.

 

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Cost of sales

Our cost of goods sold decreased by 11.1% to $12,361,612 for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $13,910,570 for the year ended December 31, 2022, mainly due to a decrease of USD 1.47 million in outsourcing costs. This decrease in outsourcing costs can be attributed to a reduction in service revenue, which decreased from $3,897,820 in FY22 to $1,610,029 in FY23, resulting in a decrease of $2,287,791. Consequently, outsourcing costs also decreased by $1.47 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our cost of sales consisted primarily of labor cost of $1.96 million, outsourced cost of $1.81 million, cost of inventory movement of $6.33 million and others of $2.2 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, our cost of sales consisted primarily of labor cost of $1.77 million, outsourced cost of $3.28 million, cost of inventory movement of $6.48 million and others of $2.39 million.

Gross profit

Gross profit decreased by 63.8% to $2,275,151 for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $6,281,365 for the year ended December 31, 2022, mainly due to a decrease in revenues from the US subsidiary, which decreased in FY23 due to a one-off non-recurring MMOF revenues of $2,737,294 in FY22. Additionally, revenues from Captivision Korea decreased as it was unable to recognize the amount of $3,666,634 in revenues from Inspire due to legal constraints.

Selling and administrative expenses

Our selling and administrative expenses increased by 76.1% to $15,553,783 for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $8,827,619 for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily caused by increases in Bad debt expenses, Employee share compensation Cost, Commission, Professional fee, by $2,381,637, $1,844,933, $609,162, $549,137, respectively. The reasons for the increase in each account are as follows:

 

   

Bad debt expenses: In 2022, as part of preparing for the PCAOB audit, the Company did not recognize significant bad debt expense as most of bad debt expense was recognized in 2021. However, in 2023, bad debt expense increased due to the recognition of bad debt based on historical rates.

 

   

Employee share compensation cost: The increase in Employee Share Compensation Cost is due to considering an average resignation rate of 22% when recognizing expenses in 2022. However, in 2023, most recipients of stock options did not resign, leading to an increase in expenses.

 

   

Commission: The increase in commission is due to higher commission payments related to the revenue generated from new key accounts, EIRAD, Magok, and Paravia World, in 2023.

 

   

Professional fee: The increase in professional fees is due to Captivision recognizing professional fees amounting to $605,721.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our selling and administrative expenses consisted primarily of employee share compensation of $2,532,821, bad debt expenses $2,427,642, salaries of $2,348,048, professional fee of $1,907,205 and commission of $1,093,270.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, our selling and administrative expenses consisted primarily of salaries of $2,124,1781, professional fees of $1,358,068, employee share compensation cost of $687,888, commission of $484,107, depreciation of $411,596 and amortization of $1,412,799.

Operating loss

Our operating profit decreased by 421.5% to $(13,278,632) for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to operating profit of $(2,546,254) for year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily

 

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caused by a significant increase in selling and administrative expense. Selling and administrative expense increased by $6,726,164 to $15,553,783 for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $8,827,619 for the year ended December 31, 2022. As a result, operating profit as a percentage of revenue decreased to (90.7)% for the year ended December 31, 2023 from (12.6)% for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Finance income

Our finance income decreased by 96.8% to $134,124 for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $4,233,034 for the year ended December 31, 2022, mainly because there was no recognition of gain from discharge of indebtedness for the year ended December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2022, there was a gain from discharge of indebtedness recognized from conversion of convertible bonds to equity which occurred in 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2023, our finance income consisted primarily of gain from foreign currency translation of $78,600, gain foreign currency transaction of $41,881, and interest income of $13,643. For the year ended December 31, 2022, our finance income consisted primarily of gain from foreign currency translation of $74,596, gain from discharge of indebtedness of $4,079,520, interest income of $39,966, and gain from foreign currency transaction of $38,952.

Finance costs

Our finance costs increased by 187.8% to $3,226,024 for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $1,120,831 for the year ended December 31, 2022, mainly due to a significant increase in interest expense of $1,546,792. The main reasons for the increase in interest expenses are the rise in interest rates and the new borrowing of $4,358,369 in long-term borrowings at the end of 2022. The interest rate related to the borrowings was increased from 4.9% during the year ended December 31, 2022 to 11.23% during the year ended December 31, 2023.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our finance costs consisted primarily of interest expense of $2,466,238, change in fair value of derivative warrant liabilities of $504,587, loss from foreign currency translation of $127,190, loss from valuation of CB of 103,342 and loss from foreign currency transaction of $24,667. For the year ended December 31, 2022, our finance costs consisted of interest expense of $919,446, loss from foreign currency translation of $133,181 and loss from foreign currency transaction of $68,204.

Other income

Our other income decreased by 96.1% to $198,778 for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $5,199,803 for the year ended December 31, 2022, mainly due the decrease in miscellaneous income by $5,140,807. Amount for the year ended 2022 includes $5,144,961 of recognition of gain from goods returned from previous year’s sales.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our other income consisted of reversal of allowance for bad debts of $136,111, $57,157 miscellaneous income resulting from the disposal of scrap materials, income from disposal of tangible assets of $4,682 and dividend income of $827.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, other income consisted of miscellaneous income of $5,197,964 and dividend income of $1,839.

Other expenses

Our other expenses decreased significantly by 282.0% to $57,952,751 for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $15,169,616 for the year ended December 31, 2022, mainly due to Nasdaq listing expense of $26,884,034 and reverse acquisition expense caused by De-SPAC transaction of $18,736,326.

 

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For the year ended December 31, 2023, other expenses consisted of $26,884,034 Nasdaq listing expense, reverse acquisition expense of $18,736,326, other allowance for other receivables and prepayments of $4,865,907, impairment loss from intangible assets of $4,070,331, miscellaneous loss of $440,331, loss from inventory impairment of $214,378, donation of $37,508, impairment loss from tangible assets $19,004 and loss from disposal of intangible assets of $1,912.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, our other expenses consisted of loss from inventory impairment of $5,645,992, impairment loss from intangible assets of $3,902,589, loss from disposal of tangible assets of $3,246,343, miscellaneous loss of $1,364,824, loss from equity method investment of $535,268, other allowance for other receivables and prepayments of $436,674 and donation of $37,926.

Profit/loss before tax

Our profit before tax decreased by 688.2% to $(74,124,505) for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to profit before tax of $(9,403,864) for the year ended December 31, 2022, mainly due to decrease in gross profit by $4,006,213 and an increase in SG&A expenses by $6,726,164 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. In addition, the net decrease of $10,732,378 from non-operating profit and loss also contributed to the decrease in profit before tax.

Corporate income tax expense (benefit)

Our corporate income tax expense (benefit) increased by 289.3% to $2,861,079 for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $(1,511,696) for the year ended December 31, 2022, mainly due to offset the deductible temporary differences of $2,861,757.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our corporate income tax expense consisted of Corporate tax refund $(678) and offset the deductible temporary differences of $2,861,757.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, our corporate income tax benefit consisted of changes in deferred tax assets due to temporary differences of $(1,031,269), other expenses (including our and G-SMATT Europe’s aggregate income tax refunds) of $(651,645), and corporate tax expense directly reflected in capital of $171,218.

Net profit/loss for the year

Our net profit decreased by 875.5% to $(76,985,584) for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $(7,892,168) for the year ended December 31, 2022, mainly due to the decrease in operating profit by $10,732,378 and the increase in non-operating loss by $35,788,393. Furthermore, offset the deductible temporary differences causes us to incur a corporate tax expense. This tax expense reduced net profit $2,861,079.

 

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Comparison of years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021

The results of operations presented below should be reviewed in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. The following table sets forth our consolidated results of operations for the periods shown:

 

     2022      2021  
     (in U.S. $ unless otherwise
indicated)
 

Consolidated Statement of Profit and Loss and Comprehensive Income:

     

Revenue

     20,191,935        9,415,119  

Cost of sales

     13,910,570        10,535,322  

Gross profit/(loss)

     6,281,365        (1,120,203

Selling and administrative expenses

     8,827,619        26,363,795  

Operating loss

     (2,546,254      (27,483,998

Finance income

     4,233,034        4,116,259  

Finance costs

     1,120,831        1,996,436  

Other income

     5,199,803        589,255  

Other expenses

     15,169,616        39,211,769  

Loss before tax

     (9,403,864      (63,986,689

Corporate income tax benefit

     (1,511,696 )       (3,599,507

Net loss for the year

     (7,892,168      (60,387,182

Owners of the parent

     (5,892,144 )       (60,114,590

Non-controlling interests

     (2,000,024 )       (272,592

Other Comprehensive Loss

     11        3,078,430  

Items that may not be reclassified to profit or loss

     (362,544 )       (142,167

Re-evaluation of defined benefit plan

     (362,544 )       —   

Stock option

     —         —   

(negative) Changes in retained earnings due to equity method

     —         (142,167

Items that may be subsequently reclassified to profit or loss

     362,555        3,220,597  

Loss on valuation of other financial assets

     —         (7,946

Changes in equity from equity method

     (360,339 )       1,901,262  

Exchange difference on translating foreign operations

     722,894        1,327,281  

Total Comprehensive Loss

     (7,982,157      (57,308,752

Revenue

Our revenue increased by 114.4% to $20,191,935 for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $9,415,119 for the year ended December 31, 2021, mainly due to increased new sales in Qatar by $6,493,332 and the impact of G-SMATT America sales of $3,271,530 recognized by Captivision Korea on a consolidated basis because, following the acquisition of additional shares of G-SMATT America in July 2022, Captivision Korea is the majority owner of G-SMATT America.

Cost of sales

Our cost of goods sold increased by 32.0% to $13,910,570 for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $10,535,322 for the year ended December 31, 2021, mainly due to increased cost of inventory movement of $4.08 million which is driven by increased new sales from Qatar and G-SMATT America, including the impact of G- SMATT America becoming a consolidated subsidiary.

 

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For the year ended December 31, 2022, our cost of sales consisted primarily of labor cost of $1.77 million, outsourced cost of $3.28 million, cost of inventory movement of $6.48 million and others of $2.39 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, our cost of sales consisted primarily of labor cost of $1.64 million, outsourced cost of $2.70 million, cost of inventory movement of $2.40 million and others of $3.79 million.

Gross profit/(loss)

Gross profit/(loss) increased by 660.3% to $6,281,365 for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $(1,120,203) for the year ended December 31, 2021, mainly due to increased new sales in Qatar by $6,493,332 and G-SMATT America sales by $3,271,530, including the impact of G-SMATT America becoming a consolidated subsidiary, as well as the continued recovery from the effects of COVID-19. Our fixed cost for the covered periods was $4.0-$4.3 million and variable cost was approximately 50.0%-55.0% of gross sales. Gross profit was negative for the year ended December 31, 2021, as sales were negatively impacted by COVID-19. For the year ended December 31, 2022, gross profit became positive due to revenue growth that exceeded the growth in costs of goods sold.

Selling and administrative expenses

Our selling and administrative expenses decreased by 66.5% to $8,827,619 for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $26,363,795 for the year ended December 31, 2021. This decrease was primarily caused by the $15,540,242 reduction in bad debt expense as compared to 2021 which resulted due to additional provision that was recognized for overdue balance of accounts receivable that were identified and written off in connection with the preparation of 2021 financial statements in accordance with PCAOB standards.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, our selling and administrative expenses consisted primarily of salaries of $2,124,171, professional fees of $1,358,068, employee share compensation cost of $687,888, commission of $484,107, depreciation of $411,596, and amortization of $1,412,799.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, our selling and administrative expenses consisted primarily of bad debt expense of $15,586,247, professional fees of $3,191,779, salaries of $2,712,236, amortization of $1,046,403, ordinary research and development expenses of $927,206, commissions of $514,879 and depreciation of $479,139. Selling and administrative expenses were higher than management believes is usual for the year ended December 31, 2021 due to the significant one- time bad debt expenses of $13,260,125 related to uncertain accounts receivable and bad inventory caused by reduced construction activity due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Operating loss

Our operating loss decreased by 90.5% to $(2,546,254) for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to operating loss of $(27,483,998) for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily caused by the turnaround in gross profit achieved for the year ended December 31, 2022, from increased new sales in Qatar by $6,493,332 and G-SMATT America sales by $3,271,530, including the impact of G-SMATT America becoming a consolidated subsidiary, the continued recovery from the effects of COVID-19, as well as the $15,540,242 (99.7%) reduction in bad debt expense as compared to 2021.

Finance income

Our finance income increased by 2.8% to $4,233,034 for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $4,116,259 for the year ended December 31, 2021, mainly due to an increase in the gain from discharge of indebtedness.

 

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For the year ended December 31, 2022, our finance income consisted primarily of gain from discharge of indebtedness of $4,079,520, gain from foreign currency translation of $74,596, and interest income of $39,966.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, our finance income consisted primarily of gain from discharge of indebtedness of $3,694,237, interest income of $202,432, gain from foreign currency translation of $110,252, gain from disposal of non-current financial assets of $75,821 and gain from foreign currency transaction of $33,517.

Finance costs

Our finance costs decreased by 43.8% to $1,120,831 for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $1,996,436 for the year ended December 31, 2021, mainly due to a 51.0% decrease in interest expense from $1,876,001 for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $919,446 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our average indebtedness in the year ended December 31, 2022 was $18.6 million with a blended interest rate of 4.9%. Our average indebtedness in the year ended December 31, 2021 was $29.2 million with a blended interest level of 6.4%.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, our finance costs consisted primarily of interest expense of $919,446, loss from foreign currency translation of $133,181, and loss from foreign currency transaction of $68,204.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, our finance costs consisted of interest expense of $1,876,001, loss from foreign currency translation of $78,570 and loss from foreign currency transaction of $41,865.

Other income

Our other income increased by 782.4% to $5,199,803 for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $589,255 for the year ended December 31, 2021, mainly due to $5,144,961 miscellaneous income from recognition of gain from goods returned from previous year’s sales.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, our other income consisted of miscellaneous (including recognition of gain from goods returned from previous year’s sales) of $5,197,964 and dividend income of $1,839.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, other income consisted of reversal of allowance for bad debts of $753,200, income from disposal of tangible assets of $7,202 and loss from equity method investment of $(171,147).

Other expenses

Our other expenses decreased significantly by 61.3% to $15,169,616 for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $39,211,769 for the year ended December 31, 2021, mainly due to a decrease in loss from disposal of investment in subsidiaries, and other allowance for other receivables and prepayments.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, other expenses consisted of loss from inventory impairment of $5,645,992, impairment loss from intangible assets of $3,902,589, and loss from disposal of tangible assets of $3,246,343.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, our other expenses consisted of loss from disposal of investment in subsidiaries of $13,318,419, other allowance for other receivables and prepayments of $10,127,381, loss from inventory impairment of $8,415,311, miscellaneous loss of $5,267,980 (related to loss due to joint guarantees provided for subsidiaries), loss from disposal of tangible assets of $1,518,115 and impairment loss from intangible assets of $564,563.

 

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Loss before tax

Our loss before tax decreased by 85.3% to $(9,403,864) for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to loss before tax of $(63,986,689) for the year ended December 31, 2021, mainly due to decreased operating loss by $24,937,744, resulting from increase in gross profit by $7,401,568 and decrease in SG&A expense by $17,536,176 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. In addition, the net increase of $29,645,081 from non-operating income and expenses also contributed to the decrease in loss before tax.

Corporate income tax expense (benefit)

Our corporate income tax expense (benefit) decreased by 58.0% to $(1,511,696) for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $(3,599,507) for the year ended December 31, 2021, mainly due to our and G- SMATT Europe’s aggregate income tax refunds.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, our corporate income tax benefit consisted of changes in deferred tax assets due to temporary differences of $(1,031,269), other expenses (including our and G-SMATT Europe’s aggregate income tax refunds) of $(651,645), and corporate tax expense directly reflected in capital of $171,218.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, our corporate income tax expense (benefit) consisted primarily of other expenses (including our income tax refund) of $(2,188,690), changes in deferred tax due to temporary differences of $(1,356,048), corporate tax expense directly reflected in capital of $(81,867) and corporate tax paid of $27,098.

Net loss for the year

Our net loss decreased by 86.9% to $(7,892,168) for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $(60,387,182) for the year ended December 31, 2021, mainly due to the achievement in gross profit turnaround and decrease in operating loss and non-operating loss by $24,937,744 and $29,645,081, respectively, contributed to an overall decrease in net loss for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception, we have financed our operations primarily with operating cash flow, equity, debt, and mezzanine financing.

On a consolidated basis, Captivision Korea incurred an operating loss of $(13,278,632) and a net loss of $(76,985,584) for the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, Captivision Korea’s current liabilities exceeded its current assets by $40,692,649 and Captivision Korea had a retained deficit of $(136,790,543). Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations over the short, medium and long term. Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash in banks, bank deposits, and money market funds. As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $476,715, $196,627 and $239,342, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2023 the main sources of cash was borrowings from financing activities amounting to $5,165,850 and the net proceeds of $3,004,613 from the Business Combination.

We believe our operating cash flow, short term financing capabilities, and our existing cash and cash equivalents will not be sufficient to fund our operations for at least 12 months from the date of this prospectus. To continue operations, we and/or Captivision Korea will need to raise capital through equity, debt or mezzanine financing. As a result, substantial doubt exists about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are available to be issued. Our financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business.

 

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Securing additional financing could require a substantial amount of time and attention from management and may divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our business activities, which may adversely affect our ability to conduct day-to-day operations. In addition, neither we, nor Captivision Korea, can guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable, if at all. Captivision Korea has faced, and continues to face, significant ongoing capital constraints in 2023 which have prevented it from implementing more aggressive sales efforts resulting in decreased pipeline growth and reduced conversion of existing pipeline into revenue.

Further, circumstances may cause Captivision Korea to consume capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate, and it may need to spend more money than currently expected because of circumstances beyond its control. Moreover, Captivision Korea and its industry partners may experience delays in the production of commercial quantities of products, in a manner that is cost-effective and at suitable quality levels, which would postpone Captivision Korea’s, and therefore our ability to generate revenue associated with the sale of such products. To raise additional funds to fund our operations and pay our obligations as they come due over the next 12 months, and for the implementation of our expansion strategy, we may sell additional equity, or convertible debt securities, which would result in the issuance of additional shares of our capital stock and dilution to our shareholders. Alternatively, we may incur non-convertible debt or issue other non-convertible debt securities. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed payment obligations and could also result in certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. If we continue to be unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we will be prevented from pursuing discovery, development and commercialization efforts and our ability to generate revenues and achieve or sustain profitability will be substantially harmed. Ultimately, if we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts we will be forced to liquidate.

In the year ended December 31, 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, our sales declined significantly to $9,415,119 and our cash flows from operations were severely adversely affected. In addition, the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted our supply chain for certain components during 2022, which resulted in increased prices for significant commodities, such as glass, semiconductors and aluminum as well as increased shipping and warehousing costs. As a result, we had to finance most of our capital requirements over such periods through short-term debt. During this time, our indebtedness increased significantly to $54 million in December 31, 2020, and peaked at $57 million in November 2021. Over this time period, our debt-to-equity ratio increased from 348% to (459)%. As Captivision Korea’s aggregate indebtedness and debt-to-equity ratio increased, and uncertainty of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic persisted, it became more difficult for Captivision Korea to secure additional financing. To improve Captivision Korea’s balance sheet, Captivision Korea negotiated for the conversion of an aggregate of $28.5 million of debt to be converted into an aggregate of 6,777,593 Captivision Korea Common Shares, which resulted in significant balance sheet improvement and a reduction of Captivision Korea’s debt-to-equity ratio to (238)% as of December 31, 2021. Captivision Korea expects cash collections from trade receivables in the first half of 2024 to be approximately equivalent to the first half for the prior year, largely driven by receiving payments from a select number of large customer projects in the APAC region which have been previously disclosed.

Although global economic conditions remained difficult in the year ended December 31, 2022, revenues remained relatively stable. In addition, Captivision Korea was successful in converting an additional $19.6 million of debt into an aggregate of 4,947,447 Captivision Korea Common Shares. As a result, Captivision Korea’s debt-to-equity ratio was reduced to 685% as of December 31, 2022.

As a result of reduced revenues related to the COVID-19 pandemic, beginning in November 2020, Captivision Korea was unable to pay outstanding principal and interest in the amount of $9,848,168, equivalent to W12,748,749,522 due on a loan from the Korean Development Bank secured by Captivision Korea’s office building and South Korean manufacturing facility, the land thereunder and the manufacturing equipment inside

 

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of Captivision Korea’s South Korean manufacturing facility. On May 28, 2021, the Korean Development Bank reclassified the loan as non-performing and transferred the loan and its rights thereunder to an asset securitization firm, UAMCO. UAMCO executed on the lien over the collateral and initiated an auction process. On September 26, 2022, Powergen, an IT consulting company that is majority-owned by Jeong- Kyu Lee, Mr. Ho-Joon Lee’s brother, purchased the collateral, Captivision Korea’s office building and South Korean manufacturing facility, the land thereunder and the manufacturing equipment inside of Captivision Korea’s South Korean manufacturing facility, at auction for an aggregate amount of $6,025,353, equivalent to W7,800,000,000 from UAMCO. On December 21, 2022, Captivision Korea entered into the Powergen Equipment Purchase Agreement, an asset purchase and sale agreement with Powergen, pursuant to which Captivision Korea repurchased from Powergen Captivision Korea’s manufacturing equipment inside of its South Korean manufacturing facility for $1,116,179, equivalent to W1,509,653,642. On December 22, 2022, Captivision Korea entered into the Powergen Manufacturing Facility and Land Purchase Agreement, an asset purchase and sale agreement with Powergen Co, pursuant to which Captivision Korea repurchased from Powergen Captivision Korea’s office building and South Korean manufacturing facility, the land thereunder for $5,112,526, equivalent to W6,618,317,849. The transfer of Captivision Korea’s assets from Powergen to Captivision Korea pursuant to the Powergen Purchase Agreements was completed on December 29, 2022.

Also due to Captivision Korea’s reduced revenues related to the COVID-19 pandemic, the persistent effects of the difficulties faced by Captivision Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing capital constraints, Captivision Korea has been unable to repay and is overdue on, certain related party and other loans. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions of Captivision Korea.”

Subsequent to December 31, 2022, Captivision Korea and Houng Ki Kim, Captivision Korea’s co-founder, entered into a credit agreement dated January 2, 2023, that provides for a revolving line of credit to Captivision Korea in an amount of $1,544,962, equivalent to W2,000,000,000, with interest accruing at an annual rate of 5% and with a maturity date of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, an aggregate of $68,129, equivalent to W88,195,396, excluding accrued interest was outstanding under the credit agreement.

On March 23, 2023, Captivision Korea issued a convertible bond (the “CB”) to Charm Savings Bank in an aggregate principal amount of $1,931,203, equivalent to W2.5 billion, with interest accruing at an annual rate of 10% and maturing on March 23, 2024. The CB is partially guaranteed by Captivision Korea stock held by Bio X, a related party of Captivision Korea. On August 21, 2023, Charm Savings Bank transferred the CB to Bluming Innovation Co. Ltd. On August 21, 2023, Bluming Innovation Co. Ltd. and Captivision Korea amended the CB to provide that, following the Business Combination, the CB is convertible into 217,614 Ordinary Shares. We are engaged in negotiations to extend the maturity date of its debt to December 31, 2024, and to allow the conversion of this debt into equity at its discretion.

On April 27, 2023, we entered into a loan agreement with Kyung Sook Kim for an aggregate principal amount of $1,158,722, equivalent to W1,500,000,000, with interest accruing at the rate of 3% per month and maturing on October 26, 2023. On May 26, 2023, a payment of $193,120, equivalent to W250,000,000 was made. Subsequently, on May 30, 2023, an additional repayment of $38,624, equivalent to W50,000,000 took place, leaving a remaining balance of $926,977, equivalent to W1,200,000,000 as of the date of this prospectus. On December 4, 2023, we entered into an extension agreement, pursuant to which the maturity date was extended to December 29, 2023. We are engaged in negotiations with Kyung Sook Kim to extend the debt’s maturity date to December 31, 2024. Furthermore, discussions are ongoing with the lender regarding the conversion of debt into equity, with a significant probability that $926.977, equivalent to W1,200,000,000 of the debt will be converted into equity shares.

We are presently engaged in negotiations for debt-to-equity conversions with I-MEAN Partners, Mirae Assets, and Jae-Young Kim. The conversions are for outstanding debts valued at $348,389, equivalent to W451,000,000, $154,496, equivalent to W200,000,000, and $98,717, equivalent to W127,792,434, respectively.

 

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On May 9, 2023, we entered into a loan agreement with Nam In Kim for an aggregate principal amount of $386,241, equivalent to W500,000,000, with interest accruing at an annual rate of 15% and maturing on June 23, 2023. The loan is secured by 170,000 Captivision Korea Common Shares held by Bio X. On December 4, 2023, we entered into an extension agreement, pursuant to which the maturity date was extended to December 29, 2023. We are engaged in negotiations pursuant to which we would repay $154,496, equivalent to W200,000,000 of the debt on February 23, 2024, and Nam In Kim would extend the term of the remaining debt of $231,744, equivalent to W300,000,000 until December 31, 2024.

On May 17, 2023, we entered into a loan agreement with Yongwoo Kim for an aggregate principal amount of $231,744, equivalent to W300,000,000, with interest accruing at an annual rate of 5% per annum. We are engaged in negotiations with Yongwoo Kim, pursuant to which we would repay $77,248, equivalent to W100,000,000 of the debt on February 23, 2024, and the lender would extend the remaining debt of $154,496, equivalent to W200,000,000 until December 31, 2024. This loan remains outstanding as of the date of this prospectus.

On June 21, 2023, we entered into a loan agreement with Seong Ik Han for an aggregate principal amount of $231,744, equivalent to W300,000,000, with interest accruing at the rate of 1% per month and maturing on July 21, 2023. The loan is secured by 900,000 Captivision Korea Common Shares held by Bio X. On December 4, 2023, we entered into an extension agreement, pursuant to which the maturity date was extended to December 29, 2023. This loan remains outstanding as of the date of this prospectus. The newly extended maturity date has been set for February 29, 2024.

On September 1, 2023, we entered into a loan agreement with Yu Ha Asset Co., Ltd. for an aggregate principal amount of $772,481, equivalent to W1,000,000,000, with interest accruing at an annual rate of 12% and maturing on November 20, 2023. On December 4, 2023, we entered into an extension agreement, pursuant to which the maturity date was extended to December 29, 2023. We are engaged in negotiations with Yu Ha Asset pursuant to which we would repay $386,241, equivalent to W500,000,000 of the debt on February 23, 2024, and the lender would extend the maturity date of the remaining debt until December 31, 2024. This loan remains outstanding as of the date of this prospectus.

Captivision Korea entered into two equity conversion agreements, dated August 1, 2023 that took effect on August 16, 2023, pursuant to which Captivision Korea agreed to convert an aggregate of $2,541,685, equivalent to W3,290,288,000 of outstanding debt and trade payables into Captivision Korea Common Shares (the “Debt to Equity Conversion”). Following the conversion, the number of Captivision Korea Common Shares increased by 357,640 shares.

On November 28, 2023, Captivision Korea entered into a loan agreement with KEB Hana Bank (“KEB”) for an aggregate principal amount of approximately $4.2 million, with interest accruing at a floating rate equal to the 3-month CD rate (currently 3.84%) plus 2.08% (equating to a current total interest rate of 5.92% per annum) and a maturity date of November 28, 2026. This facility loan is secured by land and buildings owned by Captivision Korea.

Also on November 28, 2023, Captivision Korea entered into a separate loan agreement with KEB for an aggregate principal amount of approximately $1.1 million, with interest accruing at a floating rate equal to the 3 month CD rate (currently 3.84%) plus 1.76% (equating to a current total interest rate of 5.60% per annum) and a maturity date of November 28, 2024.

Captivision Korea used the proceeds to pay off the outstanding amount of principal loans of approximately $4.2 million and approximately $0.9 million obtained from Saemaeul Savings Bank (“Saemaeul”) and Kookmin Bank (“Kookmin”), respectively. Additionally, Captivision Korea repaid the accrued interest amounts and early payment fees to Saemaeul and Kookmin in the amount of approximately $72 thousand and approximately $4 thousand, respectively.

 

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Captivision Korea is party to a certain loan agreement entered into with SBI Savings Bank (“SBI”) with a current outstanding principal amount of approximately $0.7 million, accruing interest at a rate of 7.1% per year. The SBI loan was originally scheduled to mature on December 5, 2023. However, on December 4, 2023, Captivision Korea and SBI entered into an extension agreement, pursuant to which Captivision Korea repaid $38 thousand of outstanding principal and the maturity date was extended by one year to December 5, 2024.

As part of our post-closing review of the business combination, it determined that Captivision Korea’s short-term borrowing loan agreements were not in default subsequent to December 31, 2023. Captivision Korea has extended the contracts for its maturing short-term borrowings, and Captivision Korea is also currently in the process of negotiating loan modifications with the various lenders, including discussions with various creditors to convert outstanding debt amounts into our ordinary shares.

On December 4, 2023, Captivision Korea entered into an extension agreement with eight individual lenders and Yu Ha Asset, pursuant to which the maturity date was extended until December 29, 2023. The aggregate principal amount of these extended loans was approximately $3.1 million and $0.8 million, respectively. We are currently engaged in negotiations with three individual lenders with $1.5 million in order to extend the maturity date until December 31, 2024, and the remaining six individual lenders with $1.6 million in order to extend the maturity date until February 29, 2024. We are engaged in negotiations with Yu Ha Asset pursuant to which we would repay $0.4 million of the debt on February 23, 2024, and the lender would extend the maturity date of the remaining debt of $0.4 million until December 31, 2024.

On December 6, 2023 Captivision Korea obtained written consent from Whale Investment and Samsung Securities to extend the maturity of the loans provided. The maturity date for the loan from Whale Investment of approximately $3.5 million was extended to June 28, 2024. The maturity date for the loan from Samsung Securities of approximately $0.6 million was extended to June 28, 2024, and the interest rate was modified from 6% to 8% per annum. On the same date, Captivision Korea entered into an extension agreement with Ulmus with respect to the $0.2 million loan, extending the maturity date to June 28, 2024, and modifying the interest rate from 6% to 8% per annum. Captivision Korea is engaged in negotiations to obtain a written consent from Whale Investment, Samsung Securities, and Ulmus to extend the maturity date of its debt to December 31, 2024, and to allow the conversion of this debt into equity at its discretion.

In addition, Captivision Korea currently has an outstanding secured loan payable to UD 9th Securitization Specialty Co., Ltd., in an amount of approximately $1.7 million, accruing interest at a rate of 7.4% per annum. The loan matured on June 20, 2023 and an extension request has been denied. The creditor has verbally informed Captivision Korea of its intent to exercise its legal remedies against the collateral (the G-Frame manufacturing facility), but has not yet taken any enforcement action. On January 30, 2024, Captivision Korea obtained a written consent from the UD 9th not to initiate the auction proceedings for the mortgaged properties until February 29, 2024.

On January 5, 2024, Captivision Korea executed a loan agreement with Four Season SPA, securing a principal amount of $38,624, equivalent to W50,000,000. This loan carries a monthly interest rate of 10% and is set to repay by the end of February 2024.

On January 31, 2024, Captivision Korea entered into a new loan agreement with BioX for an aggregate principal amount of $308,992, equivalent to W400,000,000, with interest accruing at 5% per annum and a maturity date of March 31, 2024.

Finally, we determined that approximately $7.3 million in Captivision Korea current liabilities are past due as of the date of this prospectus. The balances include approximately $6.5 million in liabilities related to operations and approximately $0.9 million in liabilities related to payroll expenses.

We continue to evaluate all of our options, which could include refinancing or restructuring of our debt, selling assets, and/or seeking to raise additional capital through alternative financings or other sources of private capital.

 

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We expect our liquidity condition to continue to remain insufficient to fund our operations and satisfy our obligations in the year ended December 31, 2024. We are in discussions with multiple financing sources to attempt to secure financing. There are no assurances that we will be able to obtain financing on acceptable terms, or at all, to provide the necessary funding to continue our operations and satisfy our obligations. As further described below, the potential failure of our warrant holders to exercise their warrants and the substantial percentage of Ordinary Shares held by selling securityholders may make finding additional funding more difficult. Without such additional funding, we will not be able to continue operations.

If we were not able to continue as a going concern, or if there were continued doubt about our ability to do so, additional financing may not be available to us. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Industry and Company— We will require substantial additional financing to fund our operations and complete the development and commercialization of the process technologies that produce each of our products or new aspects of our existing process technologies that produce each of our products, and we may not be able to obtain such financing on favorable terms, or at all.”

Until we can generate a sufficient amount of revenue from our sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operating activities through our operations and future financing activities, including a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic partnerships and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, shareholders’ ownership interests will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of such holders. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, intellectual property, future revenue streams or product candidates. If we are unable to raise additional funds through financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Industry and Company— We will require substantial additional financing to fund our operations and complete the development and commercialization of the process technologies that produce each of our products or new aspects of our existing process technologies that produce each of our products, and we may not be able to obtain such financing on favorable terms, or at all.

Our Warrants are exercisable at a price per share of $11.50, and our Converted Options are exercisable at a price per share of $4.84. We believe the likelihood that warrant holders will exercise their Warrants, and therefore the amount of cash proceeds that we would receive, is dependent upon the trading price of our Ordinary Shares. If the market price for our Ordinary Shares is less than $11.50 per share, we believe the holders of Warrants will be very unlikely to exercise their Warrants. If the market price for our Ordinary Shares is less than $4.84 per share, we believe the holders of the Converted Options will be very unlikely to exercise their Converted Options. On July 3, 2024, the last reported sales price of our Ordinary Shares was $2.45 per share and the last reported sales price of our Public Warrants was $.08 per Public Warrant. Therefore, any cash proceeds that we may receive in relation to the exercise of such securities is dependent on the trading price of our Ordinary Shares above the $11.50 exercise price of the Warrants. There is no guarantee that our Warrants will be in the money prior to their expiration and, as such, our Warrants may expire worthless. Our current operating plans do not assume the exercise of any of the Warrants for cash and we do not believe that the exercise of Warrants and the amount of cash proceeds, if any, from such exercise, will have a material impact on our liquidity or cash condition. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Operating as a Public Company—The Warrants and the Converted Options may never be in the money, and may expire worthless.”

The sale of our Ordinary Shares in the public market or otherwise, including sales pursuant to this prospectus, or the perception that such sales could occur, could harm the prevailing market price of our Ordinary Shares. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell

 

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equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that it deems appropriate or otherwise raise additional capital. Resales of our Ordinary Shares may cause the market price of our securities to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Operating as a Public Company—Future resales of a substantial number of Ordinary Shares in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could cause the price of Ordinary Shares to decline.”

Our ability to raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities could be significantly impacted by the resale of our Ordinary Shares by selling securityholders, which could result in a significant decline in the trading price of our Ordinary Shares and potentially hinder our ability to raise capital at terms that are acceptable to us or at all. In addition, debt financing and equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, or substantially reduce our operations. However, we do not presently anticipate the need to raise additional debt or equity financing to fund our current operations.

Sources of Liquidity

Revenue

Captivision Korea incurred net cash outflows from operations of $(10,479,265) for the year ended December 31, 2023. Captivision Korea generated net cash outflow from operations of $(8,923,630) for the year ended December 31, 2023. Captivision Korea incurred net cash outflows from operations of $(5,500,004) for the year ended December 31, 2022. Captivision Korea incurred net cash outflow from operations of $(4,988,746) for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Equity

Captivision Korea received $804,005 from the issuance of stock during the year ended December 31, 2023. Captivision Korea received $907,129 from the issuance of stocks during the year ended December 31, 2022. Captivision Korea received $2,619,890 from the issuance of stocks during the year ended December 31, 2021.

As of November 14, 2023 JGGC had approximately $2,994,577 in cash held in the Trust Account, net of transaction expenses and other expenses at Closing that was made available to Captivision Korea in connection with the consummation of the Business Combination.

Debt

Captivision Korea received $13,776,408 as proceeds from short-term borrowings and $240,180 as proceeds from long-term borrowings during the year ended December 31, 2023. Captivision Korea received $13,074,687 as proceeds from short-term borrowings and $4,257,002 proceeds from long-term borrowings during the year ended December 31, 2022. Captivision Korea received $6,273,360 as proceeds from short-term borrowings and $179,854 as proceeds from long-term borrowings during the year ended December 31, 2021.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, an aggregate of $5,747,682 of debt was converted into an aggregate of 1,180,853 Captivision Korea Common Shares.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, an aggregate of $19.6 million of debt was converted into an aggregate of 4,947,447 Captivision Korea Common Shares.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, an aggregate of $28.5 million of debt was converted into an aggregate of 6,777,593 Captivision Korea Common Shares.

 

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Material Cash Requirements

Operations

We estimate that our typical fixed cost of operation is about $10 million per year which reflects the minimum costs to keep open our factories and overseas subsidiaries, and retain a minimum staff level required for sales and various support functions.

Taking into account our historical margins, we estimate that we need approximately $26.0 million in revenues to be able to cover our fixed cost of operation, consisting of approximately $20.0 million in revenues needed to cover fixed costs of existing operations and approximately $6.0 million in revenues to cover additional costs of operations as a public company.

The cash flow from operations was not sufficient to cover our full operating costs in 2023.

Capital Expenditures

We do not expect significant capital expenditures to be required in the short to medium term because we already have operational manufacturing capacity representing approximately $220 million in annual sales as of December 31, 2023, which represents more than eight times our current estimated demand for G-Glass in 2024.

Debt Service

As of the date of this prospectus, we will need to pay $1.7 million in interest on $17.9 million of short-term borrowings, and approximately $0.3 million in annual interest on $4.9 million long-term borrowings.

Please see “—Borrowings” below for additional information on our outstanding debt as of December 31, 2023.

Subsequent to December 31, 2022, Captivision Korea and Houng Ki Kim, Captivision Korea’s co-founder, entered into a credit agreement dated January 2, 2023, that provides for a revolving line of credit to Captivision Korea in an amount of $1,544,962, equivalent to W2,000,000,000, with interest accruing at an annual rate of 5% and with a maturity date of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, an aggregate of $68,129, equivalent to W88,195,396, excluding accrued interest was outstanding under the credit agreement.

On March 23, 2023, Captivision Korea issued the CB to Charm Savings Bank in an aggregate principal amount of $1,931,203, equivalent to W2.5 billion, with interest accruing at an annual rate of 10% and maturing on March 23, 2024. The CB is partially guaranteed by Captivision Korea stock held by Bio X, a related party of Captivision Korea. On August 21, 2023, Charm Savings Bank transferred the CB to Bluming Innovation Co. Ltd. On August 21, 2023, Bluming Innovation Co. Ltd. and Captivision Korea amended the CB to provide that, following the Business Combination, the CB is convertible into 217,614 Ordinary Shares. We are engaged in negotiations to extend the maturity date of its debt to December 31, 2024, and to allow the conversion of this debt into equity at our discretion.

On April 27, 2023, we entered into a loan agreement with Kyung Sook Kim for an aggregate principal amount of $1,158,722, equivalent to W1,500,000,000, with interest accruing at the rate of 3% per month and maturing on October 26, 2023. On May 26, 2023, a payment of $193,120, equivalent to W250,000,000 was made. Subsequently, on May 30, 2023, an additional repayment of $38,624, equivalent to W50,000,000 took place, leaving a remaining balance of $926,977, equivalent to W1,200,000,000 as of the date of this prospectus. On December 4, 2023, we entered into an extension agreement, pursuant to which the maturity date was extended to December 29, 2023. We are engaged in negotiations with Kyung Sook Kim to extend the debt’s maturity date to December 31, 2024. Furthermore, discussions are ongoing with the lender regarding the conversion of debt into equity, with a significant probability that $926,977, equivalent to W1,200,000,000 of the debt will be converted into equity shares.

 

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We are presently engaged in negotiations for debt-to-equity conversions with IMEAN Partners, Mirae Assets, and Jae-Young Kim. The conversions are for outstanding debts valued at $348,389, equivalent to W451,000,000, $154,496, equivalent to W200,000,000, and $98,717, equivalent to W127,792,434, respectively.

On May 9, 2023, we entered into a loan agreement with Nam In Kim for an aggregate principal amount of $386,241, equivalent to W500,000,000, with interest accruing at an annual rate of 15% and maturing on June 23, 2023. The loan is secured by 170,000 Captivision Korea Common Shares held by Bio X. On December 4, 2023, we entered into an extension agreement, pursuant to which the maturity date was extended to December 29, 2023. This loan remains outstanding as of the date of this prospectus.

We are engaged in negotiations pursuant to which we would repay $154,496, equivalent to W200,000,000 of the debt on February 23, 2024, and Nam In Kim would extend the term of the remaining debt of $231,744, equivalent to W300,000,000 until December 31, 2024.

On May 17, 2023, we entered into a loan agreement with Yongwoo Kim for an aggregate principal amount of $231,744, equivalent to W300,000,000, with interest accruing at an annual rate of 5% per annum. We are engaged in negotiations with Yongwoo Kim, pursuant to which we would repay $77,248, equivalent to W100,000,000 of the debt on February 23, 2024, and the lender would extend the remaining debt of $154,496, equivalent to W200,000,000 until December 31, 2024. This loan remains outstanding as of the date of this prospectus.

On June 21, 2023, we entered into a loan agreement with Seong Ik Han for an aggregate principal amount of $231,744, equivalent to W300,000,000, with interest accruing at the rate of 1% per month and maturing on July 21, 2023. The loan is secured by 900,000 Captivision Korea Common Shares held by Bio X. On December 4, 2023, we entered into an extension agreement, pursuant to which the maturity date was extended to December 29, 2023. This loan remains outstanding as of the date of this prospectus. The newly extended maturity date has been set for February 29, 2024.

On September 1, 2023, we entered into a loan agreement with Yu Ha Asset Co., Ltd. for an aggregate principal amount of $772,481, equivalent to W1,000,000,000, with interest accruing at an annual rate of 12% and maturing on November 20, 2023. On December 4, 2023, we entered into an extension agreement, pursuant to which the maturity date was extended to December 29, 2023. We are engaged in negotiations with Yu Ha Asset pursuant to which we would repay $386,241, equivalent to W500,000,000 of the debt on February 23, 2024, and the lender would extend the maturity date of the remaining debt until December 31, 2024. This loan remains outstanding as of the date of this prospectus.

Due to ongoing capital constraints, we were unable to pay approximately $14.1 million of additional transaction expenses on the Closing Date. Effective as of November 15, 2023, a number of our service providers, Captivision Korea and JGGC entered into Deferral Agreements to defer Deferred Amounts until a future date when sufficient funds may become available to pay such Deferred Amounts in cash. Each of the Deferral Agreements generally provide that (i) until repaid, the Deferred Amounts accrue interest at the rate of 12% per annum and (ii) (A) 50% of the Deferred Amount under such agreement, plus accrued interest, is to be paid 365 days after the Closing Date and (B) the remaining 50%, plus accrued interest, is to be paid 730 days after the Closing Date. As an alternative to cash payment, certain of the Deferral Agreements, including the JGGC SPAC Holdings Deferral Agreement, accounting for approximately $7.7 million of the transaction expenses, provide that the counterparties have the option to convert all of a portion their outstanding amount owed to them under their respective fee deferral agreements into Ordinary Shares at a share price equal to the average of the volume weighted average of an Ordinary Share for the 20 consecutive Trading Day period occurring prior to the applicable election date. The timing, frequency, and the price at which we issue Ordinary Shares are subject to market prices and such counterparty’s decision to accept repayment for any such amount in equity.

On November 28, 2023, Captivision Korea entered into a loan agreement with KEB Hana Bank (“KEB”) for an aggregate principal amount of approximately $4.2 million, with interest accruing at a floating rate equal to the

 

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3-month CD rate (currently 3.84%) plus 2.08% (equating to a current total interest rate of 5.92% per annum) and a maturity date of November 28, 2026. This facility loan is secured by land and buildings owned by Captivision Korea.

Also on November 28, 2023, Captivision Korea entered into a separate loan agreement with KEB for an aggregate principal amount of approximately $1.1 million, with interest accruing at a floating rate equal to the 3 month CD rate (currently 3.84%) plus 1.76% (equating to a current total interest rate of 5.60% per annum) and a maturity date of November 28, 2024.

Captivision Korea used the proceeds to pay off the outstanding amount of principal loans of approximately $4.2 million and approximately $0.9 million obtained from Saemaeul Savings Bank (“Saemaeul”) and Kookmin Bank (“Kookmin”), respectively. Additionally, Captivision Korea repaid the accrued interest amounts and early payment fees to Saemaeul and Kookmin in the amount of approximately $72 thousand and approximately $4 thousand, respectively.

Captivision Korea is party to a certain loan agreement entered into with SBI Savings Bank (“SBI”) with a current outstanding principal amount of approximately $0.7 million, accruing interest at a rate of 7.1% per year. The SBI loan was originally scheduled to mature on December 5, 2023. However, on December 4, 2023, Captivision Korea and SBI entered into an extension agreement, pursuant to which Captivision Korea repaid $38 thousand of outstanding principal and the maturity date was extended by one year to December 5, 2024.

As part of our post-closing review of the business combination, we determined that Captivision Korea’s short-term borrowing loan agreements were not in default subsequent to December 31, 2023. Captivision Korea has extended the contracts for its maturing short-term borrowings, and Captivision Korea is also currently in the process of negotiating loan modifications with the various lenders, including discussions with various creditors to convert outstanding debt amounts into our ordinary shares.

On December 4, 2023, Captivision Korea entered into an extension agreement with eight individual lenders and Yu Ha Asset, pursuant to which the maturity date was extended until December 29, 2023. The aggregate principal amount of these extended loans was approximately $3.1 million and $0.8 million, respectively. We are currently engaged in negotiations with three individual lenders with $1.5 million in order to extend the maturity date until December 31, 2024, and the remaining six individual lenders with $1.6 million in order to extend the maturity date until February 29, 2024. We are engaged in negotiations with Yu Ha Asset pursuant to which we would repay $0.4 million of the debt on February 23, 2024, and the lender would extend the maturity date of the remaining debt of $0.4 million until December 31, 2024.

On December 6, 2023 Captivision Korea obtained written consent from Whale Investment and Samsung Securities to extend the maturity of the loans provided. The maturity date for the loan from Whale Investment of approximately $3.5 million was extended to June 28, 2024. The maturity date for the loan from Samsung Securities of approximately $0.6 million was extended to June 28, 2024, and the interest rate was modified from 6% to 8% per annum. On the same date, Captivision Korea entered into an extension agreement with Ulmus with respect to the $0.2 million loan, extending the maturity date to June 28, 2024, and modifying the interest rate from 6% to 8% per annum. Captivision Korea is engaged in negotiations to obtain a written consent from Whale Investment, Samsung Securities, and Ulmus to extend the maturity date of its debt to December 31, 2024, and to allow the conversion of this debt into equity at its discretion.

In addition, Captivision Korea currently has an outstanding secured loan payable to UD 9th Securitization Specialty Co., Ltd., in an amount of approximately $1.7 million, accruing interest at a rate of 7.4% per annum. The loan matured on June 20, 2023 and an extension request has been denied. The creditor has verbally informed Captivision Korea of its intent to exercise its legal remedies against the collateral (the G-Frame manufacturing facility), but has not yet taken any enforcement action. On January 30, 2024, Captivision Korea obtained a written consent from the UD 9th not to initiate the auction proceedings for the mortgaged properties until February 29, 2024.

 

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On January 5, 2024, Captivision Korea executed a loan agreement with Four Season SPA, securing a principal amount of $38,624, equivalent to W50,000,000. This loan carries a monthly interest rate of 10% and is set to repay by the end of February 2024.

On January 31, 2024, Captivision Korea entered into a new loan agreement with BioX for an aggregate principal amount of $308,992, equivalent to W400,000,000, with interest accruing at 5% per annum and a maturity date of March 31, 2024.

Finally, we determined that approximately $7.3 million in Captivision Korea current liabilities are past due as of the date of this prospectus. The balances include approximately $6.5 million in liabilities related to operations and approximately $0.9 million in liabilities related to payroll expenses.

We continue to evaluate all of our options, which could include refinancing or restructuring of our debt, selling assets, and/or seeking to raise additional capital through alternative financings or other sources of private capital.

Marketing

As we operate largely business to business, we do not rely on substantial marketing efforts. However, we expect that increasing marketing activity as we enter new markets will increase marketing expenses. We anticipate that we will need additional cash to fund marketing expenses as we enter new markets in the future.

Inventory

As sales grow, we expect that it may be necessary to hold larger supplies of raw materials in order to meet production requirements. After an initial investment of approximately $4 million, we expect future expenses for raw materials will be in an amount that can be funded by cash flow from operations.

Glass as a Service

We expect that we may need significant additional cash in the future if we were to aggressively pursue global SLAM projects with a service-based model where we are responsible for the associated advertising media platform.

Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022

 

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows:    2023      2022  

Net cash flows provided (used in):

     

Operating activities

     (10,479,265      (5,500,004

Investing activities

     297,910        (1,102,330

Financing activities

     10,512,024        6,601,098  

Effects of changes in foreign exchange rates

     (50,581      (41,479

Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

     280,088        (42,715
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Our net cash from operating activities decreased by 90.5% to $(10,479,265) for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $(5,500,004) used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, mainly due to increase in cash used in operating activities of $3,546,895, or 66.0%, to $(8,923,630) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $(5,376,735) for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase in cash used in interest payment of $793,990, or 105.1%, to $(1,549,640) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from

 

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$(755,650) for the year ended December 31, 2022, and a decrease in cash flow from income tax benefit of $635,888, or 101.0%, to $(6,344) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $629,544 for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Our net cash flows from investing activities increased by 127.0% to $297,910 for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $(1,102,330) provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, mainly due to a decrease in short term loan of $3,952,834, or 89.2%, to $(481,029) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $(4,433,863) for the year ended December 31, 2022 and a decrease in cash used in acquisition of investments in affiliates of $1,423,701, or 100.0%, to $0 for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $(1,423,701) for the year ended December 31, 2022, partially offset by a decrease in proceeds from short term loan of $4,382,687, or 91.6%, to $404,461 for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $4,787,148 for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Our net cash flows from financing activities increased by 59.2% to $10,512,024 for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $6,601,098 proved by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, mainly due to a increase in funds acquired on reverse acquisition of $3,004,613, or 100.0%, to $3,004,613 for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $0 for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease in cash used in acquisition of own stocks of $1,735,614, or 100.0%, to $0 for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $(1,735,614) for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase in fluctuations in convertible bonds of $1,694,736, or 1,074.7%, to $1,852,435 for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $157,699 for the year ended December 31, 2022, and a decrease in repayment of short-term and long-term borrowings of $1,816,156, or 17.6%, to $(8,523,111) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $(10,339,267) for the year ended December 31, 2022, partially offset by a decrease in proceeds from long-term borrowings of $4,016,822, or 94.4%, to $240,180 for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $4,257,002 for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021

 

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows:    2022      2021  

Net cash flows provided (used in):

     

Operating activities

     (5,500,004      (4,988,746

Investing activities

     (1,102,330      5,197,323  

Financing activities

     6,601,098        (125,115

Effects of changes in foreign exchange rates

     (41,479      (18,934

Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

     (42,715      64,529  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Our net cash from operating activities decreased by 10.3% to $(5,500,004) for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $(4,988,746) used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2021, mainly due to decrease in cash flow from income tax benefit of $1,530,762, or 70.9%, to $629,544 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $2,160,306 for the year ended December 31, 2021, partially offset by a decrease in cash used in operating activities of $731,909, or 12.0%, to $(5,376,735) for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $(6,108,644) for the year ended December 31, 2021 and a decrease in interest paid by $284,823, or 27.4%, to $(755,650) for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $(1,040,473) for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Our net cash flows from investing activities decreased by 121.5% to $(1,102,330) for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $5,197,323 provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31,

 

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2021, mainly due to a decrease in proceeds from short term loan of $5,611,293, or 54.0%, to $4,787,148 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $10,398,441 for the year ended December 31, 2021 and a decrease in deposits of $667,309, or 97.7%, to $15,480 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $682,789 for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Our net cash flows from financing activities increased by 5,376.0% to $6,601,098 for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $(125,115) used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021, mainly due to an increase in proceeds from short-term borrowings of $6,801,327, or 108.4%, to $13,074,687 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $6,273,360 for the year ended December 31, 2021, an increase in proceeds from long-term borrowings of $4,077,148, or 2266.9%, to $4,257,002 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $179,854 for the year ended December 31, 2021, and a decrease in repayments of long-term borrowing of $6,216,569, or 82.9%, to $(1,282,529) for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $(7,499,098) for the year ended December 31, 2021, partially offset by an increase in repayments of short-term borrowings of $7,991,865, or 750.5%, to $(9,056,738) for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $(1,064,873) for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Borrowings

Our borrowings as of December 31, 2023, are reflected in the table below:

 

                (Unit: USD)  

Type of borrowing

  

Borrowing from

   Interest
rate
    As of
December 31,
2023
 

Short-term borrowings

   SBI Savings Bank      9.37     672,059  
   KEB Hana Bank      5.59     1,158,722  
   Whale Investment      8.00     3,476,165  
   Samsung Securities Co., Ltd      6.0     619,916  
   Powergen      11.0     749,307  
   Ulmus-Solon Technology Investment Partnership 1st Joint Business Execution Cooperative      6.00     247,966  
   Yu Ha Asset      12.00     772,481  
   William Isam Company      4.00     190,632  
   BioX      5.0     314,846  
   Others        5,309,225  
   Subtotal        13,511,319  
  

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Current portion of long-term liabilities

   United asset management Ltd.      6~7.38     1,620,136  

Convertible bond

   Charm Savings Bank      10.0     1,961,792  
  

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Long-term Borrowings

   KEB Hana Bank        4,248,646  
   Others        615,727  
   Subtotal        4,864,373  
   Total        21,957,620  

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have any material off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

 

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Non-IFRS Measures

We use non-IFRS financial measures to assist in comparing our performance on a consistent basis for purposes of business decision-making by removing the impact of certain items that we believe do not directly reflect our core operations. We believe that presenting non-IFRS financial measures is useful to investors because it (a) provides investors with meaningful supplemental information regarding financial performance by excluding certain items that we believe do not directly reflect our core operations, (b) permits investors to view performance using the same tools that we use to budget, forecast, make operating and strategic decisions, and evaluate historical performance, and (c) otherwise provides supplemental information that may be useful to investors in evaluating our results.

We believe that the presentation of the following non-IFRS financial measures, when considered together with the corresponding IFRS financial measures and the reconciliations to those measures provided herein provides investors with an additional understanding of the factors and trends affecting our business that could not be obtained absent these disclosures.

Adjusted Financial Metrics

Adjusted EBITDA

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net loss before depreciation and amortization, finance income, finance cost, other income, other expense, corporate income tax benefit, bad debt expense, employee share compensation cost, inventory disposal, and litigation costs, adjusted for (i) certain non-recurring, infrequent, or unusual items that we believe do not reflect our core operating performance and (ii) certain items that may be recurring, frequent or usual, but that do not reflect our core operating performance and do not and will not require cash settlement.

We believe Adjusted EBITDA is useful for investors to use in comparing our financial performance to other companies and from period to period. Adjusted EBITDA is widely used by investors and securities analysts to measure a company’s operating performance without regard to items such as depreciation and amortization, interest expense, and interest income, which can vary substantially from company to company depending on their financing and capital structures and the method by which their assets were acquired. In addition, Adjusted EBITDA eliminates the impact of:

 

  (i)

certain non-recurring, infrequent, or unusual items that we believe do not reflect our core operating Performance; and

 

  (ii)

certain items that may be recurring, frequent or usual, but that are objectively quantifiable, directly related to the COVID-19 pandemic, do not reflect our core operating performance and do not and will not require cash settlement.

We believe that these adjustments are useful to investors because they provide meaningful information about Captivision Korea’s operating results and enhance comparability of our financial performance between fiscal periods. Adjusted EBITDA also has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider this measure in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under IFRS. For example, although depreciation expense is a non-cash charge, the assets being depreciated may have to be replaced in the future, and Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash capital expenditure requirements for such replacements or for new asset acquisitions. In addition, Adjusted EBITDA excludes stock-based compensation expense, which has been, and will continue to be for the foreseeable future, a significant recurring expense for our business and an important part of our compensation strategy. Adjusted EBITDA also does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs; interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments on our debt, which reduces the cash available to us; or tax payments that may represent a reduction in cash available to us. The expenses and other items we exclude in our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA may differ from the expenses and other items that other companies may exclude from Adjusted EBITDA when they report their financial results.

 

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Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022

 

(FX KRW/USD FY2022 = 1,292, FY2023 = 1,306)    For the year ended
December 31,
 
     2023     2022  

Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA

   (in U.S. $ unless otherwise
indicated)
 

Net Loss:

     (76,985,584     (7,892,168

Add Back:

     68,843,249       9,074,384  

Depreciation & Amortization

     2,603,475       2,815,297  

Net non-operating loss

     60,845,873       6,857,610  

Finance income

     (134,124     (4,233,034

Interest Income

     (13,643     (39,966

Gain from foreign currency transactions

     (41,881     (38,952

Gain from disposal of non-current financial assets

     —        —   

Gain from foreign currency translation

     (78,600     (74,596

Gain from discharge of indebtedness(*1)

     —        (4,079,520

Finance cost

     3,226,024       1,120,831  

Interest expense

     2,466,238       919,446  

Loss from foreign currency transactions

     24,667       68,204  

Loss from foreign currency translation

     127,190       133,181  

Loss from valuation of CB

     103,342       —   

Change in fair value of derivative warrant liabilities

     504,587       —   

Other income

     (198,778     (5,199,803

Gain from equity method

       —   

Income from disposal of tangible assets

     (4,682     —   

Miscellaneous(*2)

     (193,269     (5,197,964

Dividend income

     (827     (1,839

Other expense

     57,952,751       15,169,616  

Impairment loss from Tangible Assets

     19,004       —   

Impairment loss from Intangible Assets

     4,070,331       3,902,589  

Impairment loss from equity method investment

     2,683,019       —   

Loss from equity method investment

     —        535,268  

Loss from inventory impairment(*3)

     214,378       5,645,992  

Miscellaneous loss

     440,332       1,364,824  

Loss from disposal of investment in subsidiaries

     —        —   

Other allowance for other receivables and prepayments

     4,865,907       436,674  

Donation

     37,508       37,926  

Loss from disposal of tangible assets

     —        3,246,343  

Loss from disposal of intangible assets

     1,912       —   

Nasdaq Listing Expense

     26,884,034       —   

Reverse Acquisition Expense

     18,736,326       —   

Corporate income tax benefit

     2,861,079       (1,511,696

Employee share compensation cost

     2,532,821       687,888  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Litigation costs

     —        225,285  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Adjusted EBITDA

     (8,142,335     1,182,216  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Adjusted EBIT

     (10,745,810     (1,633,081
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

(*)

Gain from discharge of indebtedness was recognized from conversion of convertible bonds to equity which occurred in 2022.

 

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Our Adjusted EBITDA decreased by 788.7%, or $9,324,551 to $(8,142,335) for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $1,182,216 for the year ended December 31, 2022, mainly due to increased net loss in December 31, 2023.

Our Adjusted EBIT decreased by 558.0%, or $9,112,729 to $(10,745,810) for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $(1,633,081) for the year ended December 31, 2022, mainly due to increased net loss in December 31, 2023.

Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021

 

(FX KRW/USD FY2021 = 1,145, FY2022 = 1,292)    For the Year Ended
December 31,
 
Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA:    2022     2021  
     (in U.S. $ unless otherwise
indicated)
 

Net Loss:

     (7,892,168     (60,387,182

Add Back:

     9,074,384       50,019,683  

Depreciation & Amortization

     2,815,297       3,578,736  

Net non-operating loss

     6,857,610       36,502,691  

Finance income

     (4,233,034     (4,116,259

Interest Income

     (39,966     (202,432

Gain from foreign currency transactions

     (38,952     (33,517

Gain from disposal of non-current financial assets

     —        (75,821

Gain from foreign currency translation

     (74,596     (110,252

Gain from discharge of indebtedness(*1)

     (4,079,520     (3,694,237

Finance cost

     1,120,831       1,996,436  

Interest expense

     919,446       1,876,001  

Loss from foreign currency transactions

     68,204       41,865  

Loss from foreign currency translation

     133,181       78,570  

Other income

     (5,199,803     (589,255

Loss from equity method

     —        171,147  

Income from disposal of tangible assets

     —        (7,202

Miscellaneous(*2)

     (5,197,964     (753,200

Dividend income

     (1,839     —   

Other expense

     15,169,616       39,211,769  

Impairment loss from Intangible Assets

     3,902,589       564,563  

Loss from equity method investment

     535,268       1,518,115  

Loss from inventory impairment(*3)

     5,645,992       8,415,311  

Miscellaneous loss

     1,364,824       5,267,980  

Loss from disposal of investment in subsidiaries

     —        13,318,419  

Other allowance for other receivables and prepayments

     436,674       10,127,381  

Donation

     37,926       —   

Loss from disposal of tangible assets

     3,246,343       —   

Corporate income tax benefit

     (1,511,696     (3,599,507

Bad debt expenses

     —        13,260,125  

Employee share compensation cost

     687,888       277,638  

Inventory disposal

     —        —   

Litigation costs

     225,285       —   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Adjusted EBITDA

     1,182,216       (10,367,499
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Adjusted EBIT

     (1,633,081     (13,946,235
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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(*1)

Gain from discharge of indebtedness was recognized from conversion of convertible bonds to equity which occurred in 2021 and 2022.

(*2)

The amount includes $5,144,961 of recognition of gain from goods returned from previous year’s sales. The gain from goods returned from previous year’s sales was objectively quantifiable and directly related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, due to the COVID-19 pandemic construction projects were delayed or cancelled and Captivision Korea’s industry partners’ and potential industry partners’ ability or willingness to invest in new technologies or to work with Captivision Korea was negatively affected. As a result, certain customer contracts were cancelled in the year ended December 31, 2022 and the previously delivered products related.

(*3)

The losses from inventory impairment were objectively quantifiable and directly related to the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, prior to the start of the pandemic, Captivision Korea built up an inventory to meet its obligations under existing agreements and anticipated new business. However, the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted demand for G-Glass because construction projects were delayed or cancelled and Captivision Korea’s industry partners’ and potential industry partners’ ability or willingness to invest in new technologies or to work with Captivision Korea was negatively affected. As a result, Captivision Korea was unable to use the inventory within its “useful life” under IFRS and Captivision Korea recorded loss from inventory impairment of $5,645,992 and $8,415,311 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Captivision Korea does not expect to incur inventory impairment charges in the future because it views the COVID-19 pandemic as a once in a lifetime occurrence that is not reasonably likely to recur. The charges are non-operating expenses that did not require Captivision Korea to incur a cash expense at the time of determination and Captivision Korea will not incur an expense to replace the inventory because the inventory remains usable in future projects.

Our Adjusted EBITDA increased by 976.95%, or $11,549,715 to $1,182,216 for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $(10,367,499) for the year ended December 31, 2021, mainly due to reduced net loss in December 31, 2022.

Our Adjusted EBIT increased by 753.98%, or $12,313,154 to $(1,633,081) for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $13,946,235 for the year ended December 31, 2021, mainly due to reduced net loss and increased Adjusted EBITDA of $11,549,715.

Key Performance Indicators

In addition to IFRS and non-IFRS financial measures, we regularly review several metrics as a means to track quality control as well as the following key metrics, to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate financial projections and make strategic decisions. The numbers for our key metrics are calculated using internal company data. The methodologies used to measure these metrics require significant judgment. Increases or decreases in our key performance indicators may not correspond with increases or decreases in our revenue. For general notes regarding risks associated with assumptions and estimates used in calculating our key metrics, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Operating as a Public Company—Estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth may prove to be inaccurate, and even if the market in which we compete achieves the forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all.

 

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Project Metrics

We track our projects with respect to, among other things, number of projects, average size per project, and average revenue per project. As presented below, we saw growth in all three of these metrics from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2021.

 

     Growth
2023
over 2022
    2023      2022      Growth
2022
over 2021
    2022      2021  

Number of Projects

     (60.6 %)      24        61        79     61        34  

Average Size per Project (sq. ft.)

     71.7     2,021        1,177        91     1,177        616  

Average Revenue per Project (KRW million)

     242.2     1,167        341        34     341        253  

Average Revenue per Project (US$ thousands)

     239.9     894        263        19     263        221  

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The significant accounting policies followed and applied by Captivision to prepare financial statements in accordance with IFRS are described below. The financial statements for the current period are prepared using the same accounting policy except for changes to the accounting policies described in Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements.

Our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, we believe the following accounting estimates to be most critical to the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Changes in Accounting Policies

We have adopted the following amendments as of January 1, 2024.

IFRS 7 and 9 Financial Instruments, IFRS 5 Insurance Contracts, and IFRS 16 Leases

IFRS 9 Financial instruments, International Accounting Standards (IAS) 39 Financial instruments: recognition and measurement, IFRS 7 Financial instruments: disclosure, IFRS 5 Insurance contracts, IFRS 16 Leases – interest rate benchmark reform.

In relation to interest rate benchmark reform, an entity adjusts the effective interest rate rather than the carrying amount when replacing the interest rate indicator for a financial instrument measured at amortized cost and it includes exceptions such as allowing hedge accounting to continue uninterrupted in the event of an interest rate indicator replacement in a hedging relationship.

IFRS 16 Lease – Discounts on rent related to COVID-19 provided even after June 30, 2021

The application of the practical simple method, which prevents the evaluation of whether rent discounts, etc. arising directly as a result of COVID-19, are subject to lease changes, has been expanded to lease reductions that affect rents due before June 30, 2022. The lessee shall consistently apply practical expedients to contracts with similar characteristics under similar circumstances.

We introduced the amendments to IFRS 16 early, changing our accounting policy for all rent discounts that meet the conditions and applying the changed accounting policy retrospectively according to the transitional provisions.

There was no cumulative effect of retrospective application and no restatement of the previous financial statements presented. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amendments to IFRS had no significant impact on the financial statements.

 

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Significant Accounting Policies

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions that affect the assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and other related amounts during the periods covered by the financial statements. We routinely make judgments and estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. As the number of variables and assumptions affecting the future resolution of the uncertainties increases, these judgments become more subjective and complex. We have identified the following accounting policies as the most important to the presentation and disclosure of our financial condition and results of operations.

While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, we believe the following accounting estimates to be most critical to the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Subsidiaries

We have prepared the consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements.

Subsidiaries

Subsidiaries are all entities (including Special Purpose Entities (“SPEs”)) over which we have control. We control an entity when we are exposed to, or have rights to, variable returns from our involvement with the entity and have the ability to affect those returns through our power to direct the activities of the entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to us. They are deconsolidated from the date that control ceases.

The acquisition method of accounting is used to account for our business combinations. The consideration transferred is measured at the fair values of the assets transferred, and identifiable assets acquired, and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date. We recognize any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity on an acquisition-by-acquisition basis either at fair value or at the non-controlling interest’s proportionate share of the acquired entity’s net identifiable assets. All other non-controlling interests are measured at fair values, unless otherwise required by other standards. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred.

The excess of consideration transferred, the amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity and acquisition-date fair value of any previous equity interest in the acquired entity over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired is recoded as goodwill. If those amounts are less than the fair value of the net identifiable assets of the business acquired, the difference is recognized directly in the profit or loss as a bargain purchase.

Intercompany transactions, balances and unrealized gains on transactions among our companies are eliminated. Unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the transferred asset. The accounting policies of subsidiaries have been changed where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by us.

Changes in ownership interests in subsidiaries without change of control.

Any differences between the amount of the adjustment to non-controlling interest that do not result in a loss of control and any consideration paid or received is recognized in a separate reserve within equity attributable to owners of our controlling company.

 

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Disposal of subsidiaries

When we cease to consolidate for a subsidiary because of a loss of control, any retained interest in the subsidiary is re-measured to its fair value with the change in carrying amount recognized in profit or loss.

Associates

Associates are entities over which we have significant influence but do not possess control or joint control. Investments in associates are accounted for using the equity method of accounting, after initially being recognized at cost. Unrealized gains on transactions between us and our associates are eliminated to the extent of our interest in the associates. If our share of losses of an associate equals or exceeds our interest in the associate (including long-term interests that, in substance, form part of our net investment in the associate), we discontinue the recognition of our share of further losses. After our interest is reduced to zero, additional losses are provided for, and a liability is recognized, only to the extent that we have incurred legal or constructive obligations or made payments on behalf of the associate. If there is objective evidence of impairment for the investment in the associate, we recognize the difference between the recoverable amount of the associate and our book amount as impairment loss. If an associate uses accounting policies other than ours for transactions and events in similar circumstances, if necessary, adjustments shall be made to make the associates’ accounting policies conform to ours when we use the associates’ financial statements in applying the equity method.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include all cash balances and short-term highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less that are readily convertible into known amounts of cash.

Non-Derivative Financial Assets

Recognition and initial measurement

Trade receivables and debt instruments issued are initially recognized when they are originated. All other financial assets are recognized in the statement of financial position when, and only when, we become a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

A financial asset (unless it is a trade receivable without a significant financing component) is initially measured at fair value plus, for an item not at FVTPL, transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition or issue. A trade receivable without a significant financing component is initially measured at the transaction price.

Classification and subsequent measurement

On initial recognition, a financial asset is classified as measured at: amortized cost; FVOCI debt investment; FVOCI—equity investments; or FVTPL. Financial assets are not reclassified subsequent to their initial recognition unless we change our business model for managing financial assets, in which case all affected financial assets are reclassified on the first day of the subsequent reporting period following the change in the business model.

A financial asset is measured as at amortized cost if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as FVTPL:

 

   

it is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows; and

 

   

its contractual terms give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

 

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A debt investment is measured at FVOCI if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as FVTPL:

 

   

it is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and

 

   

the contractual terms give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

On initial recognition of an equity investment that is not held for trading, we may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in the investment’s fair value in OCI. This election is made on an investment-by-investment basis.

All financial assets not classified as measured at amortized cost or FVOCI as described above are measured as FVTPL. This includes all derivative financial assets. At initial recognition, we may irrevocably designate a financial asset that otherwise meets the requirements to be measured at amortized cost or at FVOCI as at FVTPL if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch that would otherwise arise.

Derecognition

We derecognize a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, we transfer the rights to receive the contractual cash flows of the financial asset in a transaction in which substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred, or we transfer or do not retain substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of a transferred asset, and do not retain control of the transferred asset.

If we have retained substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the transferred asset, we continue to recognize the transferred asset.

Offset

Financial assets and liabilities are offset, and the net amount is presented in the consolidated statement of financial position when, and only when, we have a legal right to offset the amounts and intend either to settle them on a net basis or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Trade Receivables

Trade receivables are recognized initially at the amount of consideration that is unconditional, unless they contain significant financing components when they are recognized at fair value. Trade receivables are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less loss allowance.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined using the moving average method, except for inventories in-transit.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Recognition and measurement

Items of property, plant and equipment are measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Cost includes an expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset. The cost of self-constructed assets includes the cost of materials and direct labor, any costs directly attributable to bringing the assets to a working condition for their intended use, the costs of dismantling and removing the items and restoring the site on which they are located and borrowing costs on qualifying assets.

 

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The gain or loss arising from the derecognition of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the net disposal proceeds, if any, and the carrying amount of the item, and recognized in other income or other expenses.

Subsequent costs

Subsequent expenditure on an item of property, plant and equipment is recognized as part of its cost only if it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to us and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The costs of the day-to-day servicing of property, plant and equipment are recognized in profit or loss as incurred.

Depreciation

Land is not depreciated, and depreciation of other items of property, plant and equipment is recognized in profit or loss on a straight-line basis, reflecting the pattern in which the asset’s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by us. The residual value of property, plant and equipment is zero.

Estimated useful lives of the assets are reflected on the table below:

 

Items    Estimated Useful Lives  
     (in years)  

Buildings and structures

     40  

Machinery

     10  

Others

     5  

Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each financial year-end and adjusted if appropriate and any changes are accounted for as changes in accounting estimates.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets are initially measured at cost. Subsequently, intangible assets are measured at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Intangible assets are amortized in a straight-line method for five years with the residual value of zero from the time they are available.

Subsequent costs

Subsequent expenditures are capitalized only when they increase the future economic benefits embodied in the specific intangible asset to which they relate. All other expenditures, including expenditures on internally generated goodwill and brands, are recognized in profit or loss as incurred.

Government Grants

Grants from the government are recognized at their fair value where there is a reasonable assurance that the grant will be received, and we will comply with all attached conditions. Government grants related to assets are presented in the statement of financial position by setting up the grant as deferred income that is recognized in profit or loss on a systematic basis over the useful life of the asset. Grants related to income are presented as a credit in the statement of profit or loss within the line item “other income.”

Impairment for Non-Financial Assets

The carrying amounts of our non-financial assets, other than assets arising from employee benefits, inventories, and deferred tax assets, are reviewed at each reporting date to determine whether there is any

 

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indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the asset’s recoverable amount is estimated. For goodwill and intangible assets that have indefinite useful lives or that are not yet available for use, irrespective of whether there is any indication of impairment, the recoverable amount is estimated each year.

An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated recoverable amount. Impairment losses are recognized in profit or loss.

An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an asset or its CGU exceeds its estimated recoverable amount. Impairment losses are recognized in profit or loss. Impairment losses recognized in respect of a CGU are allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the unit, and then to reduce the carrying amounts of the other assets in the unit on a pro rata basis.

In respect of assets other than goodwill, impairment losses recognized in prior periods are assessed at each reporting date for any indications that the loss has decreased or no longer exists. An impairment loss is reversed if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. An impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the asset’s carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of accumulated depreciation or amortization, if no impairment loss had been recognized from the acquisition cost. An impairment loss in respect of goodwill is not reversed.

Deferred Income Tax

Our taxable income generated from these operations are subject to income taxes based on tax laws and interpretations of tax authorities in numerous jurisdictions. There are many transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain.

If certain portion of the taxable income is not used for investments or increase in wages or dividends in accordance with the Tax System for Recirculation of Corporate Income, we are liable to pay additional income tax calculated based on the tax laws. Accordingly, the measurement of current and deferred income tax is affected by the tax effects from the new tax system. As our income tax is dependent on the investments, as well as wage and dividends increase, there is an uncertainty measuring the final tax effects.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The fair value of financial instruments that are not traded in an active market is determined by using valuation techniques. We use our judgment to select a variety of methods and make assumptions that are mainly based on market conditions existing at the end of each reporting period.

Impairment of Financial Assets

The provision for impairment for financial assets is based on assumptions about risk of default and expected loss rates. We use judgement in making these assumptions and selecting the inputs to the impairment calculation based on our history, existing market conditions as well as forward looking estimates at the end of each reporting period.

Net Defined Benefit Liability

The present value of net defined benefit liability depends on several factors that are determined on an actuarial basis using a number of assumptions including the discount rate.

Non-Derivative Financial Liabilities

We classify financial liabilities as financial liabilities at profit or loss and other financial liabilities according to the substance of the contract and the definition of financial liabilities and recognize them in our statement of financial position when we become a party to the contract.

 

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Financial liabilities at profit or loss

Financial liability at profit or loss includes a short-term trading financial liability or a financial liability designated as financial liability at profit or loss at initial recognition. A financial liability at profit or loss is measured at fair value after initial recognition and changes in fair value are recognized in profit or loss. On the other hand, transaction costs incurred in connection with the issuance at initial recognition are recognized in profit or loss immediately upon occurrence.

Other financial liabilities

Non-derivative financial liabilities that are not classified as financial liabilities at profit or loss are classified as other financial liabilities. Other financial liabilities are measured at fair value minus transaction costs directly related to issuance at initial recognition. Subsequently, other financial liabilities are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method and interest expenses are recognized using the effective interest method.

Financial liabilities are removed from the statement of financial position only when they are extinguished, i.e., contractual obligations are fulfilled, cancelled, or expired.

Trade and Other Payables

These amounts represent liabilities for goods and services provided to us prior to the end of reporting period which are unpaid. Trade and other payables are presented as current liabilities, unless payment is not due within 12 months after the reporting period. They are recognized initially at their fair value and subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

Employee Benefits

Short-term employee benefits

Short-term employee benefits that are due to be settled within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service are recognized in profit or loss on an undiscounted basis.

Defined benefit plan

A defined benefit plan is a post-employment benefit plan other than defined contribution plans. Our net obligation in respect of our defined benefit plan is calculated by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in return for their service in the current and prior periods; that benefit is discounted to determine its present value. The fair value of any plan assets is deducted.

The calculation is performed annually by an independent actuary using the projected unit credit method. The discount rate is the yield at the reporting date on high quality corporate bonds that have maturity dates approximating the terms of our obligations and that are denominated in the same currency in which the benefits are expected to be paid. We recognize all actuarial gains and losses arising from defined benefit plans in retained earnings immediately.

We determine the net interest expense (income) on the net defined benefit liability (asset) for the period by applying the discount rate used to measure the defined benefit obligation at the beginning of the annual period to the then-net defined benefit liability (asset), considering any changes in the net defined benefit liability (asset) during the period as a result of contributions and benefit payments. Consequently, the net interest on the net defined benefit liability (asset) now comprises interest cost on the defined benefit obligation, interest income on plan assets, and interest on the effect on the asset ceiling.

When the benefits of a plan are changed or when a plan is curtailed, the resulting change in benefit that relates to past service or the gain or loss on curtailment is recognized immediately in profit or loss. We recognize gains and losses on the settlement of a defined benefit plan when the settlement occurs.

 

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Termination benefits

We recognize expense for termination benefits at the earlier of the date when the entity can no longer withdraw the offer of those benefits and when the entity recognizes costs for a restructuring involving the payment of termination benefits. If the termination benefits are not expected to be settled wholly before twelve months after the end of the annual reporting period, we measure the termination benefit with the present value of future cash payments.

Share-Based Payments

Converted Options

Where share options are awarded to Captivision Korea’s employees, the fair value of the options at grant date is charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss over the vesting period. Non-market vesting conditions are taken into account by adjusting the number of equity instruments expected to vest at each reporting date so that, ultimately, the cumulative amount recognized over the vesting period is based on the number of options or warrants that eventually vest. Market vesting conditions are factored into the fair value of the options granted. The cumulative expense is not adjusted for failure to achieve a market vesting condition.

The fair value of the award also considers non-vesting conditions. These are either factors beyond the control of either party (such as a target based on an index) or factors which are within the control of one or other of the parties (such as we keeping the scheme open or the employee maintaining any contributions required by the scheme).

Where the terms and conditions of options are modified before they vest, the increase in the fair value of the options, measured immediately before and after the modification, is also charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss over the remaining vesting period.

Where equity instruments are granted to persons other than employees, the Statement of Profit and Loss is charged with fair value of goods and services received.

When share options lapse, any amounts credited to the share-based payments reserve are released to the retained earnings reserve.

RSRs (Restricted Stock Rights)

RSRs are granted to Captivision Korea Founders (Houng Ki Kim and Ho Joon Lee). Estimating the fair value of RSRs requires a determination of the most appropriate valuation model, which depends on the terms and conditions of the RSRs. This estimate also requires determination of the most appropriate inputs to the valuation model including equity value, exercise price, volatility, dividend yield, risk free rate and exercise period and making assumptions about them. For the measurement of the fair value of RSRs at both the acquisition and the reporting date, we use a Monte Carlo simulation. The assumptions and models used for this estimation are disclosed in note 35 to our consolidated financial statements.

Warrants

Warrants are classified as derivatives and are initially recognized at their fair value on the date of inception of the contract. Our warrants are subsequently re-measured at each reporting date with changes in fair value recognized in profit or loss.

As the fair value of the warrants fluctuate with movement in the underlying Captivision Inc. share price, these warrants are considered a derivative as a variable amount of cash will be settled on exercise.

 

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Provisions

Provisions for product warranties, litigations and claims, and others are recognized when we presently hold a legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events, and when it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation and the amount can be reliably estimated. Provisions are measured at the present value of our best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period, and the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as interest expense.

Leases

We lease various repeater server racks, offices, communication line facilities, machinery, and cars. Contracts may contain both lease and non-lease components. We allocate the consideration in the contract to the lease and non-lease components based on their relative stand-alone prices. However, for leases of real estate for which we are lessee, we apply the practical expedient which has elected not to separate lease and non-lease components and instead accounts for them as a single lease component.

Assets and liabilities arising from a lease are initially measured on a present value basis. Lease liabilities include the net present value of the following lease payments:

 

   

Fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments), less any lease incentives receivable;

 

   

Variable lease payment that are based on an index or a rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date;

 

   

Amounts expected to be payable by us (the lessee) under residual value guarantees;

 

   

The exercise price of a purchase option if we (the lessee) are reasonably certain to exercise that option; and

 

   

Payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects us (the lessee) exercising that option.

Measurement of lease liability also includes payments to be made in optional periods if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise an option to extend the lease.

We determine the lease term as the non-cancellable period of a lease, together with both (a) periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and (b) periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the lessee is reasonably certain not to exercise that option. When the lessee and the lessor each has the right to terminate the lease without permission from the other party, we should consider a termination penalty in determining the period for which the contract is enforceable.

The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease. If that rate cannot be determined, the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate is used, which is the rate that the lessee would have to pay to borrow the funds necessary to obtain an asset of similar value in a similar economic environment with similar terms and conditions.

We are exposed to potential future increases in variable lease payments based on an index or rate, which are not included in the lease liability until they take effect. When adjustments to lease payments based on an index or rate take effect, the lease liability is reassessed and adjusted against the right-of-use asset.

Each lease payment is allocated between the liability and finance cost. The finance cost is charged to profit or loss over the lease period in order to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability for each period.

Right-of-use assets are measured at cost comprising the following:

 

   

amount of the initial measurement of lease liability;

 

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any lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received;

 

   

any initial direct costs (leasehold deposits); and

 

   

restoration costs.

The right-of-use asset is depreciated over the shorter of the asset’s useful life and the lease term on a straight-line basis. If we are reasonably certain to exercise a purchase option, the right-of-use asset is depreciated over the underlying asset’s useful life.

Payments associated with short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognized on a straight-line basis as an expense in profit or loss. Short-term leases are leases with a lease term of 12 months or less, such as mechanical devices and cars. Low-value assets are comprised of tools, equipment, and others.

Paid-in Capital

Common shares are classified as capital, and incremental costs incurred directly related to capital transactions are deducted from capital as a net amount reflecting tax effects. If we reacquire our own equity instruments, these equity instruments are deducted directly from equity as subjects of equity. Profit or loss in the case of purchasing, selling, issuing, or incinerating a self-interest product is not recognized in profit or loss.

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

We generate revenue primarily from sale and installation of LED display glass. Product revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control over our products, which typically occurs upon delivery or completion of installation depending on the terms of the contracts with the customer.

Product revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control over our products, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery depending on the terms of the contracts with the customer.

Finance Income