Derivative Instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative Instruments

Derivative instruments

Derivative contracts derive their value from underlying asset prices, indices, reference rates, other inputs or a combination of these factors and may expose counterparties to risks and rewards of an underlying asset or liability without having to initially invest in, own or exchange the asset or liability. JPMorganChase makes markets in derivatives for clients and also uses derivatives to hedge or manage its own risk exposures. Predominantly all of the Firm’s derivatives are entered into for market-making or risk management purposes.

Market-making derivatives

The majority of the Firm’s derivatives are entered into for market-making purposes. Clients use derivatives to mitigate or modify interest rate, credit, foreign exchange, equity and commodity risks. The Firm actively manages the risks from its exposure to these derivatives by entering into other derivative contracts or by purchasing or selling other financial instruments that partially or fully offset the exposure from client derivatives.

Risk management derivatives

The Firm manages certain market and credit risk exposures using derivative instruments, including derivatives in hedge accounting relationships and other derivatives that are used to manage risks associated with specified assets and liabilities.

The Firm generally uses interest rate derivatives to manage the risk associated with changes in interest rates. Fixed-rate assets and liabilities appreciate or depreciate in market value as interest rates change. Similarly, interest income and expense increase or decrease as a result of variable-rate assets and liabilities resetting to current market rates, and as a result of the repayment and subsequent origination or issuance of fixed-rate assets and liabilities at current market rates. Gains and losses on the derivative instruments related to these assets and liabilities are expected to substantially offset this variability.

Foreign currency derivatives are used to manage the foreign exchange risk associated with certain foreign currency–denominated (i.e., non-U.S. dollar) assets and liabilities and forecasted transactions, as well as the Firm’s net investments in certain non-U.S. subsidiaries or branches whose functional currencies are not the U.S. dollar. As a result of fluctuations in foreign currencies, the U.S. dollar–equivalent values of the foreign currency–denominated assets and liabilities or the forecasted revenues or expenses increase or decrease. Gains or losses on the derivative instruments related to these foreign currency–denominated assets or liabilities, or forecasted transactions, are expected to substantially offset this variability.

Commodities derivatives are used to manage the price risk of certain commodities inventories. Gains or losses on these derivative instruments are expected to

substantially offset the depreciation or appreciation of the related inventory.

Credit derivatives are used to manage the counterparty credit risk associated with loans and lending-related commitments. Credit derivatives compensate the purchaser when the entity referenced in the contract experiences a credit event, such as bankruptcy or a failure to pay an obligation when due. Credit derivatives primarily consist of CDS. Refer to the Credit derivatives section on pages 222–224 of this Note for a further discussion of credit derivatives.

Refer to the risk management derivatives gains and losses table on page 221 and the hedge accounting gains and losses tables on pages 218–221 of this Note for more information about risk management derivatives.

Derivative counterparties and settlement types

The Firm enters into OTC derivatives, which are negotiated and settled bilaterally with the derivative counterparty. The Firm also enters into, as principal, certain ETD such as futures and options, and OTC-cleared derivative contracts with CCPs. ETD contracts are generally standardized contracts traded on an exchange and cleared by the CCP, which is the Firm’s counterparty from the inception of the transactions. OTC-cleared derivatives are traded on a bilateral basis and then novated to the CCP for clearing.

Derivative clearing services

The Firm provides clearing services for clients in which the Firm acts as a clearing member at certain exchanges and clearing houses. The Firm does not reflect the clients’ derivative contracts in its Consolidated Financial Statements. Refer to Note 28 for further information on the Firm’s clearing services.

Accounting for derivatives

All free-standing derivatives that the Firm executes for its own account are required to be recorded on the Consolidated balance sheets at fair value.

As permitted under U.S. GAAP, the Firm nets derivative assets and liabilities, and the related cash collateral receivables and payables, when a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists between the Firm and the derivative counterparty. Refer to Note 1 for further discussion of the offsetting of assets and liabilities. The accounting for changes in value of a derivative depends on whether or not the transaction has been designated and qualifies for hedge accounting. Derivatives that are not designated as hedges are reported and measured at fair value through earnings. The tabular disclosures on pages 213–221 of this Note provide additional information on the amount of, and reporting for, derivative assets, liabilities, gains and losses. Refer to Notes 2 and 3 for a further discussion of derivatives embedded in structured notes.

Derivatives designated as hedges

The Firm applies hedge accounting to certain derivatives executed for risk management purposes – generally interest rate, foreign exchange and commodity derivatives. However, JPMorganChase does not seek to apply hedge accounting to all of the derivatives associated with the Firm’s risk management activities. For example, the Firm does not apply hedge accounting to purchased CDS used to manage the credit risk of loans and lending-related commitments, because of the difficulties in qualifying such contracts as hedges. For the same reason, the Firm does not apply hedge accounting to certain interest rate, foreign exchange, and commodity derivatives used for risk management purposes.

To qualify for hedge accounting, a derivative must be highly effective at reducing the risk associated with the exposure being hedged. In addition, for a derivative to be designated as a hedge, the risk management objective and strategy must be documented. Hedge documentation must identify the derivative hedging instrument, the asset or liability or forecasted transaction and type of risk to be hedged, and how the effectiveness of the derivative is assessed prospectively and retrospectively. To assess effectiveness, the Firm uses statistical methods such as regression analysis, nonstatistical methods such as dollar-value comparisons of the change in the fair value of the derivative to the change in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item, and qualitative comparisons of critical terms and the evaluation of any changes in those terms. The extent to which a derivative has been, and is expected to continue to be, highly effective at offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item must be assessed and documented at least quarterly. If it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective at hedging the designated exposure, hedge accounting is discontinued.

There are three types of hedge accounting designations: fair value hedges, cash flow hedges and net investment hedges. JPMorganChase uses fair value hedges primarily to hedge fixed-rate long-term debt, AFS securities and certain commodities inventories. For qualifying fair value hedges, the changes in the fair value of the derivative, and in the value of the hedged item for the risk being hedged, are recognized in earnings. Certain amounts excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recorded in OCI and recognized in earnings over the life of the derivative. If the hedge relationship is terminated, then the adjustment to the hedged item continues to be reported as part of the basis of the hedged item and, for interest-bearing financial instruments, is amortized to earnings as a yield adjustment. Derivative amounts affecting earnings are recognized consistent with the classification of the hedged item – primarily net interest income and principal transactions revenue.

The Firm employs the portfolio layer method to manage the interest rate risk of portfolios of fixed-rate assets. Throughout the life of the open hedge, basis adjustments are maintained at the portfolio level and are only allocated to individual assets under certain circumstances. These include instances where the portfolio amount falls below the hedged layer amounts, or in cases of voluntary de-designation.

JPMorganChase uses cash flow hedges primarily to hedge the exposure to variability in forecasted cash flows from floating-rate assets and liabilities and foreign currency–denominated revenue and expense. For qualifying cash flow hedges, changes in the fair value of the derivative are recorded in OCI and recognized in earnings as the hedged item affects earnings. Derivative amounts affecting earnings are recognized consistent with the classification of the hedged item – primarily noninterest revenue, net interest income and compensation expense. If the hedge relationship is terminated, then the change in value of the derivative recorded in AOCI is recognized in earnings when the cash flows that were hedged affect earnings. For hedge relationships that are discontinued because a forecasted transaction is expected to not occur according to the original hedge forecast, any related derivative values recorded in AOCI are immediately recognized in earnings.

JPMorganChase uses net investment hedges to protect the value of the Firm’s net investments in certain non-U.S. subsidiaries or branches whose functional currencies are not the U.S. dollar. For qualifying net investment hedges, changes in the fair value of the derivatives due to changes in spot foreign exchange rates are recorded in OCI as translation adjustments. Amounts excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recorded directly in earnings.

The following table outlines the Firm’s primary uses of derivatives and the related hedge accounting designation or disclosure category.

Type of Derivative	Use of Derivative	Designation and disclosure	Affected segment or unit	Page reference
Manage specifically identified risk exposures in qualifying hedge accounting relationships:
•Interest rate	Hedge fixed rate assets and liabilities	Fair value hedge	Corporate	218-219
•Interest rate	Hedge floating-rate assets and liabilities	Cash flow hedge	Corporate	220
•Foreign exchange	Hedge foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities	Fair value hedge	Corporate	218-219
•Foreign exchange	Hedge foreign currency-denominated forecasted revenue and expense	Cash flow hedge	Corporate	220
•Foreign exchange	Hedge the value of the Firm’s investments in non-U.S. dollar functional currency entities	Net investment hedge	Corporate	221
•Commodity	Hedge commodity inventory	Fair value hedge	CIB, AWM	218-219
Manage specifically identified risk exposures not designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships:
•Interest rate	Manage the risk associated with mortgage commitments, warehouse loans and MSRs	Specified risk management	CCB	221
•Credit	Manage the credit risk associated with wholesale lending exposures	Specified risk management	CIB, AWM	221
•Interest rate and foreign exchange	Manage the risk associated with certain other specified assets and liabilities	Specified risk management	Corporate, CIB	221
Market-making derivatives and other activities:
•Various	Market-making and related risk management	Market-making and other	CIB	221
•Various	Other derivatives	Market-making and other	CIB, AWM, Corporate	221

Notional amount of derivative contracts

The following table summarizes the notional amount of free-standing derivative contracts outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

	Notional amounts(b)
December 31, (in billions)	2024		2023
Interest rate contracts
Swaps	$	20,437	$	23,251
Futures and forwards	3,067		2,690
Written options	3,067		3,370
Purchased options	3,089		3,362
Total interest rate contracts	29,660		32,673
Credit derivatives(a)	1,191		1,045
Foreign exchange contracts
Cross-currency swaps	4,509		4,721
Spot, futures and forwards	7,005		6,957
Written options	1,015		830
Purchased options	984		798
Total foreign exchange contracts	13,513		13,306
Equity contracts
Swaps	850		639
Futures and forwards	206		157
Written options	914		778
Purchased options	788		698
Total equity contracts	2,758		2,272
Commodity contracts
Swaps	148		115
Spot, futures and forwards	191		157
Written options	137		130
Purchased options	125		115
Total commodity contracts	601		517
Total derivative notional amounts	$	47,723	$	49,813

(a)Refer to the Credit derivatives discussion on pages 222–224 for more information on volumes and types of credit derivative contracts.

(b)Represents the sum of gross long and gross short third-party notional derivative contracts.

While the notional amounts disclosed above give an indication of the volume of the Firm’s derivatives activity, the notional amounts significantly exceed, in the Firm’s view, the possible losses that could arise from such transactions. For most derivative contracts, the notional amount is not exchanged; it is simply a reference amount used to calculate payments.

Impact of derivatives on the Consolidated balance sheets

The following table summarizes information on derivative receivables and payables (before and after netting adjustments) that are reflected on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, by accounting designation (e.g., whether the derivatives were designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships or not) and contract type.

Free-standing derivative receivables and payables(a)
	Gross derivative receivables								Gross derivative payables
December 31, 2024 (in millions)	Not designated as hedges		Designated as hedges		Total derivative receivables		Net derivative receivables(b)		Not designated as hedges		Designated as hedges		Total derivative payables		Net derivative payables(b)
Trading assets and liabilities
Interest rate	$	290,734	$	—	$	290,734	$	24,945	$	274,226	$	2	$	274,228	$	9,239
Credit	11,087		—		11,087		814		13,796		—		13,796		1,898
Foreign exchange	261,035		1,885		262,920		25,312		253,289		1,278		254,567		15,597
Equity	85,220		—		85,220		5,285		96,139		—		96,139		8,648
Commodity	15,490		136		15,626		4,611		14,415		73		14,488		4,279
Total fair value of trading assets and liabilities	$	663,566	$	2,021	$	665,587	$	60,967	$	651,865	$	1,353	$	653,218	$	39,661
	Gross derivative receivables								Gross derivative payables
December 31, 2023 (in millions)	Not designated as hedges		Designated as hedges		Total derivative receivables		Net derivative receivables(b)		Not designated as hedges		Designated as hedges		Total derivative payables		Net derivative payables(b)
Trading assets and liabilities
Interest rate	$	250,689	$	2	$	250,691	$	26,324	$	240,482	$	—	$	240,482	$	11,896
Credit	9,654		—		9,654		551		12,038		—		12,038		1,089
Foreign exchange	205,010		765		205,775		18,019		210,623		1,640		212,263		12,620
Equity	57,689		—		57,689		4,928		65,811		—		65,811		9,368
Commodity	15,228		211		15,439		5,042		16,286		92		16,378		5,874
Total fair value of trading assets and liabilities	$	538,270	$	978	$	539,248	$	54,864	$	545,240	$	1,732	$	546,972	$	40,847

(a)Balances exclude structured notes for which the fair value option has been elected. Refer to Note 3 for further information.

(b)As permitted under U.S. GAAP, the Firm has elected to net derivative receivables and derivative payables and the related cash collateral receivables and payables when a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists.

Derivatives netting

The following tables present, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, gross and net derivative receivables and payables by contract and settlement type. Derivative receivables and payables, as well as the related cash collateral from the same counterparty, have been netted on the Consolidated balance sheets where the Firm has obtained an appropriate legal opinion with respect to the master netting agreement. Where such a legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained, amounts are not eligible for netting on the Consolidated balance sheets, and those derivative receivables and payables are shown separately in the tables.

In addition to the cash collateral received and transferred that is presented on a net basis with derivative receivables and payables, the Firm receives and transfers additional collateral (financial instruments and cash). These amounts mitigate counterparty credit risk associated with the Firm’s derivative instruments, but are not eligible for net presentation:

•collateral that consists of liquid securities and other cash collateral held at third-party custodians, which are shown separately as "Collateral not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets" in the tables, up to the fair value exposure amount. For the purpose of this disclosure, the definition of liquid securities is consistent with the definition of high quality liquid assets as defined in the LCR rule;

•the amount of collateral held or transferred that exceeds the fair value exposure at the individual counterparty level, as of the date presented, which is excluded from the tables; and

•collateral held or transferred that relates to derivative receivables or payables where an appropriate legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained with respect to the master netting agreement, which is excluded from the tables.

	2024							2023
December 31, (in millions)	Gross derivative receivables		Amounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheets		Net derivative receivables			Gross derivative receivables		Amounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheets		Net derivative receivables
U.S. GAAP nettable derivative receivables
Interest rate contracts:
OTC	$	158,202	$	(134,791)	$	23,411		$	176,901	$	(152,703)	$	24,198
OTC–cleared	130,989		(130,810)		179			71,419		(71,275)		144
Exchange-traded(a)	190		(188)		2			402		(389)		13
Total interest rate contracts	289,381		(265,789)		23,592			248,722		(224,367)		24,355
Credit contracts:
OTC	8,680		(8,030)		650			7,637		(7,226)		411
OTC–cleared	2,267		(2,243)		24			1,904		(1,877)		27
Total credit contracts	10,947		(10,273)		674			9,541		(9,103)		438
Foreign exchange contracts:
OTC	259,608		(236,931)		22,677			203,624		(187,295)		16,329
OTC–cleared	685		(677)		8			469		(459)		10
Exchange-traded(a)	34		—		34			6		(2)		4
Total foreign exchange contracts	260,327		(237,608)		22,719			204,099		(187,756)		16,343
Equity contracts:
OTC	33,269		(30,742)		2,527			25,001		(23,677)		1,324
Exchange-traded(a)	51,040		(49,193)		1,847			30,462		(29,084)		1,378
Total equity contracts	84,309		(79,935)		4,374			55,463		(52,761)		2,702
Commodity contracts:
OTC	8,340		(5,848)		2,492			8,049		(5,084)		2,965
OTC–cleared	126		(84)		42			133		(123)		10
Exchange-traded(a)	5,179		(5,083)		96			5,214		(5,190)		24
Total commodity contracts	13,645		(11,015)		2,630			13,396		(10,397)		2,999
Derivative receivables with appropriate legal opinion	658,609		(604,620)		53,989		(d)	531,221		(484,384)		46,837		(d)
Derivative receivables where an appropriate legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained	6,978				6,978			8,027				8,027
Total derivative receivables recognized on the Consolidated balance sheets	$	665,587			$	60,967		$	539,248			$	54,864
Collateral not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets(b)(c)					(28,160)							(22,461)
Net amounts					$	32,807						$	32,403

	2024							2023
December 31, (in millions)	Gross derivative payables		Amounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheets		Net derivative payables			Gross derivative payables		Amounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheets		Net derivative payables
U.S. GAAP nettable derivative payables
Interest rate contracts:
OTC	$	138,215	$	(130,375)	$	7,840		$	161,901	$	(152,467)	$	9,434
OTC–cleared	134,555		(134,262)		293			76,007		(75,729)		278
Exchange-traded(a)	363		(352)		11			436		(390)		46
Total interest rate contracts	273,133		(264,989)		8,144			238,344		(228,586)		9,758
Credit contracts:
OTC	11,381		(10,133)		1,248			10,332		(9,313)		1,019
OTC–cleared	1,779		(1,765)		14			1,639		(1,636)		3
Total credit contracts	13,160		(11,898)		1,262			11,971		(10,949)		1,022
Foreign exchange contracts:
OTC	251,860		(238,292)		13,568			209,386		(199,173)		10,213
OTC–cleared	772		(678)		94			552		(470)		82
Exchange-traded(a)	14		—		14			6		—		6
Total foreign exchange contracts	252,646		(238,970)		13,676			209,944		(199,643)		10,301
Equity contracts:
OTC	44,394		(38,298)		6,096			29,999		(27,360)		2,639
Exchange-traded(a)	49,578		(49,193)		385			33,137		(29,083)		4,054
Total equity contracts	93,972		(87,491)		6,481			63,136		(56,443)		6,693
Commodity contracts:
OTC	6,918		(5,206)		1,712			8,788		(5,192)		3,596
OTC–cleared	84		(84)		—			120		(120)		—
Exchange-traded(a)	5,182		(4,919)		263			5,376		(5,192)		184
Total commodity contracts	12,184		(10,209)		1,975			14,284		(10,504)		3,780
Derivative payables with appropriate legal opinion	645,095		(613,557)		31,538		(d)	537,679		(506,125)		31,554		(d)
Derivative payables where an appropriate legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained	8,123				8,123			9,293				9,293
Total derivative payables recognized on the Consolidated balance sheets	$	653,218			$	39,661		$	546,972			$	40,847
Collateral not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets(b)(c)					(10,163)							(4,547)
Net amounts					$	29,498						$	36,300

(a)Exchange-traded derivative balances that relate to futures contracts are settled daily.

(b)Includes liquid securities and other cash collateral held at third-party custodians related to derivative instruments where an appropriate legal opinion has been obtained. For some counterparties, the collateral amounts of financial instruments may exceed the derivative receivables and derivative payables balances. Where this is the case, the total amount reported is limited to the net derivative receivables and net derivative payables balances with that counterparty.

(c)Derivative collateral relates only to OTC and OTC-cleared derivative instruments.

(d)Net derivatives receivable included cash collateral netted of $51.9 billion and $48.3 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Net derivatives payable included cash collateral netted of $60.8 billion and $70.0 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Derivative cash collateral relates to OTC and OTC-cleared derivative instruments.

Liquidity risk and credit-related contingent features

In addition to the specific market risks introduced by each derivative contract type, derivatives expose JPMorganChase to credit risk — the risk that derivative counterparties may fail to meet their payment obligations under the derivative contracts and the collateral, if any, held by the Firm proves to be of insufficient value to cover the payment obligation. It is the policy of JPMorganChase to actively pursue, where possible, the use of legally enforceable master netting arrangements and collateral agreements to mitigate derivative counterparty credit risk inherent in derivative receivables.

While derivative receivables expose the Firm to credit risk, derivative payables expose the Firm to liquidity risk, as the derivative contracts typically require the Firm to post cash or securities collateral with counterparties as the fair value of the contracts moves in the counterparties’ favor or upon specified downgrades in the Firm’s and its subsidiaries’ respective credit ratings. Certain derivative contracts also provide for termination of the contract, generally upon a downgrade of either the Firm or the counterparty, at the fair value of the derivative contracts. The following table shows the aggregate fair value of net derivative payables related to OTC and OTC-cleared derivatives that contain contingent collateral or termination features that may be triggered upon a ratings downgrade, and the associated collateral the Firm has posted in the normal course of business, at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

OTC and OTC-cleared derivative payables containing downgrade triggers
(in millions)	December 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
Aggregate fair value of net derivative payables		$	15,371		$	14,655
Collateral posted		15,204			14,673

The following table shows the impact of a single-notch and two-notch downgrade of the long-term issuer ratings of JPMorgan Chase & Co. and its subsidiaries, predominantly JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., at December 31, 2024 and 2023, related to OTC and OTC-cleared derivative contracts with contingent collateral or termination features that may be triggered upon a ratings downgrade. Derivatives contracts generally require additional collateral to be posted or terminations to be triggered when the predefined rating threshold is breached. A downgrade by a single rating agency that does not result in a rating lower than a preexisting corresponding rating provided by another major rating agency will generally not result in additional collateral (except in certain instances in which additional initial margin may be required upon a ratings downgrade), nor in termination payment requirements. The liquidity impact in the table is calculated based upon a downgrade below the lowest current rating of the rating agencies referred to in the derivative contract.

Liquidity impact of downgrade triggers on OTC and OTC-cleared derivatives
	December 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
(in millions)	Single-notch downgrade		Two-notch downgrade		Single-notch downgrade		Two-notch downgrade
Amount of additional collateral to be posted upon downgrade(a)	$	119	$	1,205	$	75	$	1,153
Amount required to settle contracts with termination triggers upon downgrade(b)	78		458		93		592

(a)Includes the additional collateral to be posted for initial margin.

(b)Amounts represent fair values of derivative payables, and do not reflect collateral posted.

Derivatives executed in contemplation of a sale of the underlying financial asset

In certain instances the Firm enters into transactions in which it transfers financial assets but maintains the economic exposure to the transferred assets by entering into a derivative with the same counterparty in contemplation of the initial transfer. The Firm generally accounts for such transfers as collateralized financing transactions as described in Note 11, but in limited circumstances they may qualify to be accounted for as a sale and a derivative under U.S. GAAP. The amount of such transfers accounted for as a sale where the associated derivative was outstanding was not material at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Impact of derivatives on the Consolidated statements of income

The following tables provide information related to gains and losses recorded on derivatives based on their hedge accounting designation or purpose.

Fair value hedge gains and losses

The following tables present derivative instruments, by contract type, used in fair value hedge accounting relationships, as well as pre-tax gains/(losses) recorded on such derivatives and the related hedged items for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Firm includes gains/(losses) on the hedging derivative in the same line item in the Consolidated statements of income as the related hedged item.

	Gains/(losses) recorded in income						Income statement impact of excluded components(e)				OCI impact
Year ended December 31, 2024 (in millions)	Derivatives		Hedged items		Income statement impact		Amortization approach		Changes in fair value		Derivatives - Gains/(losses) recorded in OCI(f)
Contract type
Interest rate(a)(b)	$	711	$	(65)	$	646	$	—	$	699	$	—
Foreign exchange(c)	(177)		402		225		(532)		225		(115)
Commodity(d)	293		(160)		133		—		122		—
Total	$	827	$	177	$	1,004	$	(532)	$	1,046	$	(115)
	Gains/(losses) recorded in income						Income statement impact of excluded components(e)				OCI impact
Year ended December 31, 2023 (in millions)	Derivatives		Hedged items		Income statement impact		Amortization approach		Changes in fair value		Derivatives - Gains/(losses) recorded in OCI(f)
Contract type
Interest rate(a)(b)	$	1,554	$	(1,248)	$	306	$	—	$	157	$	—
Foreign exchange(c)	722		(483)		239		(601)		239		(134)
Commodity(d)	1,227		(706)		521		—		525		—
Total	$	3,503	$	(2,437)	$	1,066	$	(601)	$	921	$	(134)
	Gains/(losses) recorded in income						Income statement impact of excluded components(e)				OCI impact
Year ended December 31, 2022 (in millions)	Derivatives		Hedged items		Income statement impact		Amortization approach		Changes in fair value		Derivatives - Gains/(losses) recorded in OCI(f)
Contract type
Interest rate(a)(b)	$	(14,352)	$	14,047	$	(305)	$	—	$	(262)	$	—
Foreign exchange(c)	(1,317)		1,423		106		(528)		106		130
Commodity(d)	106		(70)		36		—		48		—
Total	$	(15,563)	$	15,400	$	(163)	$	(528)	$	(108)	$	130

(a)Primarily consists of hedges of the benchmark (e.g., Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”)) interest rate risk of fixed-rate long-term debt and AFS securities. Gains and losses were recorded in net interest income.

(b)Includes the amortization of income/expense associated with the inception hedge accounting adjustment applied to the hedged item. Excludes the accrual of interest on interest rate swaps and the related hedged items.

(c)Primarily consists of hedges of the foreign currency risk of long-term debt and AFS securities for changes in spot foreign currency rates. Gains and losses related to the derivatives and the hedged items due to changes in foreign currency rates and the income statement impact of excluded components were recorded primarily in principal transactions revenue and net interest income.

(d)Consists of overall fair value hedges of physical commodities inventories that are generally carried at the lower of cost or net realizable value (net realizable value approximates fair value). Gains and losses were recorded in principal transactions revenue.

(e)The assessment of hedge effectiveness excludes certain components of the changes in fair values of the derivatives and hedged items such as forward points on foreign exchange forward contracts, time values and cross-currency basis spreads. Excluded components may impact earnings either through amortization of the initial amount over the life of the derivative or through fair value changes recognized in the current period.

(f)Represents the change in value of amounts excluded from the assessment of effectiveness under the amortization approach, predominantly cross-currency basis spreads. The amount excluded at inception of the hedge is recognized in earnings over the life of the derivative.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the following amounts were recorded on the Consolidated balance sheets related to certain cumulative fair value hedge basis adjustments that are expected to reverse through the income statement in future periods as an adjustment to yield.

	Carrying amount of the hedged items(a)(b)			Cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount of hedged items: (d)
December 31, 2024 (in millions)				Active hedging relationships		Discontinued hedging relationships(e)		Total
Assets
Investment securities - AFS	$	203,141	(c)	$	(1,675)	$	(1,959)	$	(3,634)
Liabilities
Long-term debt	$	211,288		$	(3,711)	$	(9,332)	$	(13,043)
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs	$	5,312		$	(30)	$	(5)	$	(35)
	Carrying amount of the hedged items(a)(b)			Cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount of hedged items: (d)
December 31, 2023 (in millions)				Active hedging relationships		Discontinued hedging relationships(e)		Total
Assets
Investment securities - AFS	$	151,752	(c)	$	549	$	(2,010)	$	(1,461)
Liabilities
Long-term debt	$	195,455		$	(2,042)	$	(9,727)	$	(11,769)
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs	$	—		$	—	$	—	$	—

(a)Excludes physical commodities with a carrying value of $6.2 billion and $5.6 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, to which the Firm applies fair value hedge accounting. As a result of the application of hedge accounting, these inventories are carried at fair value, thus recognizing unrealized gains and losses in current periods. Since the Firm exits these positions at fair value, there is no incremental impact to net income in future periods.

(b)Excludes hedged items where only foreign currency risk is the designated hedged risk, as basis adjustments related to foreign currency hedges will not reverse through the income statement in future periods. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the carrying amount excluded for AFS securities was $28.7 billion and $19.3 billion, respectively. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the carrying amount excluded for long-term debt was $518 million and zero, respectively.

(c)Carrying amount represents the amortized cost, net of allowance if applicable. At December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the amortized cost of the portfolio layer method closed portfolios was $72.8 billion and $83.9 billion, of which $41.2 billion and $68.0 billion was designated as hedged, respectively. The amount designated as hedged is the sum of the notional amounts of all outstanding layers in each portfolio, which includes both spot starting and forward starting layers. At December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the cumulative amount of basis adjustments was $(1.7) billion and $(165) million, which is comprised of $(1.2) billion and $73 million for active hedging relationships, and $(566) million and $(238) million for discontinued hedging relationships, respectively. Refer to Note 10 for additional information.

(d)Positive (negative) amounts related to assets represent cumulative fair value hedge basis adjustments that will reduce (increase) net interest income in future periods. Positive (negative) amounts related to liabilities represent cumulative fair value hedge basis adjustments that will increase (reduce) net interest income in future periods.

(e)Represents basis adjustments existing on the balance sheet date associated with hedged items that have been de-designated from qualifying fair value hedging relationships.

Cash flow hedge gains and losses

The following tables present derivative instruments, by contract type, used in cash flow hedge accounting relationships, and the pre-tax gains/(losses) recorded on such derivatives, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Firm includes the gains/(losses) on the hedging derivative in the same line item in the Consolidated statements of income as the change in cash flows on the related hedged item.

	Derivatives gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
Year ended December 31, 2024 (in millions)	Amounts reclassified from AOCI to income			Amounts recorded in OCI			Total change in OCI for period
Contract type
Interest rate(a)		$	(2,668)		$	(3,603)		$	(935)
Foreign exchange(b)		89			(139)			(228)
Total		$	(2,579)		$	(3,742)		$	(1,163)

	Derivatives gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
Year ended December 31, 2023 (in millions)	Amounts reclassified from AOCI to income			Amounts recorded in OCI			Total change in OCI for period
Contract type
Interest rate(a)		$	(1,839)		$	274		$	2,113
Foreign exchange(b)		64			209			145
Total		$	(1,775)		$	483		$	2,258
	Derivatives gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
Year ended December 31, 2022 (in millions)	Amounts reclassified from AOCI to income			Amounts recorded in OCI			Total change in OCI for period
Contract type
Interest rate(a)		$	(153)		$	(7,131)		$	(6,978)
Foreign exchange(b)		(267)			(342)			(75)
Total		$	(420)		$	(7,473)		$	(7,053)

(a)Primarily consists of hedges of SOFR-indexed floating-rate assets. Gains and losses were recorded in net interest income.

(b)Primarily consists of hedges of the foreign currency risk of non-U.S. dollar-denominated revenue and expense. The income statement classification of gains and losses follows the hedged item – primarily noninterest revenue and compensation expense.

The Firm did not experience any forecasted transactions that failed to occur for the years ended 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Over the next 12 months, the Firm expects that approximately $(1.6) billion (after-tax) of net losses recorded in AOCI at December 31, 2024, related to cash flow hedges will be recognized in income. For cash flow hedges that have been terminated, the maximum length of time over which the derivative results recorded in AOCI will be recognized in earnings is approximately seven years, corresponding to the timing of the originally hedged forecasted cash flows. For open cash flow hedges, the maximum length of time over which forecasted transactions are hedged is approximately seven years. The Firm’s longer-dated forecasted transactions relate to core lending and borrowing activities.

Net investment hedge gains and losses

The following table presents hedging instruments, by contract type, that were used in net investment hedge accounting relationships, and the pre-tax gains/(losses) recorded on such instruments for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

	2024		2023		2022
Year ended December 31, (in millions)	Amounts recorded in income(a)(b)	Amounts recorded in OCI	Amounts recorded in income(a)(b)	Amounts recorded in OCI	Amounts recorded in income(a)(b)	Amounts recorded in OCI
Foreign exchange derivatives	$467	$4,411	$384	$(1,732)	$(123)	$3,591

(a)Certain components of hedging derivatives are permitted to be excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness, such as forward points on foreign exchange forward contracts. The Firm elects to record changes in fair value of these amounts directly in other income.

(b)Excludes amounts reclassified from AOCI to income on the sale or liquidation of hedged entities. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Firm reclassified a net pre-tax gain of $89 million to other income/expense. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Firm reclassified a net pre-tax loss of $(35) million to other revenue including the impact of the acquisition of CIFM. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Firm reclassified net pre-tax gains of $38 million to other income/expense related to the liquidation of certain legal entities. Refer to Note 24 for further information.

Gains and losses on derivatives used for specified risk management purposes

The following table presents pre-tax gains/(losses) recorded on a limited number of derivatives, not designated in hedge accounting relationships, that are used to manage risks associated with certain specified assets and liabilities, including certain risks arising from mortgage commitments, warehouse loans, MSRs, wholesale lending exposures, and foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities.

	Derivatives gains/(losses) recorded in income
Year ended December 31, (in millions)	2024		2023		2022
Contract type
Interest rate(a)	$	(425)	$	(135)	$	(827)
Credit(b)	(604)		(441)		51
Foreign exchange(c)	(10)		(2)		(48)
Total	$	(1,039)	$	(578)	$	(824)

(a)Primarily represents interest rate derivatives used to hedge the interest rate risk inherent in mortgage commitments, warehouse loans and MSRs, as well as written commitments to originate warehouse loans. Gains and losses were recorded predominantly in mortgage fees and related income.

(b)Relates to credit derivatives used to mitigate credit risk associated with lending exposures in the Firm’s wholesale businesses. These derivatives do not include credit derivatives used to mitigate counterparty credit risk arising from derivative receivables, which is included in gains and losses on derivatives related to market-making activities and other derivatives. Gains and losses were recorded in principal transactions revenue.

(c)Primarily relates to derivatives used to mitigate foreign exchange risk of specified foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities. Gains and losses were recorded in principal transactions revenue.

Gains and losses on derivatives related to market-making activities and other derivatives

The Firm makes markets in derivatives in order to meet the needs of customers and uses derivatives to manage certain risks associated with net open risk positions from its market-making activities, including the counterparty credit risk arising from derivative receivables. All derivatives not included in the hedge accounting or specified risk management categories above are included in this category. Gains and losses on these derivatives are primarily recorded in principal transactions revenue. Refer to Note 6 for information on principal transactions revenue.

Credit derivatives

Credit derivatives are financial instruments whose value is derived from the credit risk associated with the debt of a third-party issuer (the reference entity) and which allow one party (the protection purchaser) to transfer that risk to another party (the protection seller). Credit derivatives expose the protection purchaser to the creditworthiness of the protection seller, as the protection seller is required to make payments under the contract when the reference entity experiences a credit event, such as a bankruptcy, a failure to pay its obligation or a restructuring. The seller of credit protection receives a premium for providing protection but has the risk that the underlying instrument referenced in the contract will be subject to a credit event.

The Firm is both a purchaser and seller of protection in the credit derivatives market and uses these derivatives for two primary purposes. First, in its capacity as a market-maker, the Firm actively manages a portfolio of credit derivatives by purchasing and selling credit protection, predominantly on corporate debt obligations, to meet the needs of customers. Second, as an end-user, the Firm uses credit derivatives to manage credit risk associated with lending exposures (loans and unfunded commitments) in its wholesale and consumer businesses and derivatives counterparty exposures in its wholesale businesses, and to manage the credit risk arising from certain financial instruments in the Firm’s market-making businesses. Following is a summary of various types of credit derivatives.

Credit default swaps

Credit derivatives may reference the credit of either a single reference entity (“single-name”), broad-based index or portfolio. The Firm purchases and sells protection on both single- name and index-reference obligations. Single-name CDS and index CDS contracts are either OTC or OTC-cleared derivative contracts. Single-name CDS are used to manage the default risk of a single reference entity, while index CDS contracts are used to manage the credit risk associated with the broader credit markets or credit market segments. Like the S&P 500 and other market indices, a CDS index consists of a portfolio of CDS across many reference entities. New series of CDS indices are periodically established with a new underlying portfolio of reference entities to reflect changes in the credit markets. If one of the reference entities in the index experiences a credit event, then the reference entity that defaulted is removed from the index. CDS can also be referenced against specific portfolios of reference names or against customized exposure levels: for example, to provide protection against the first $1 million of realized credit losses in a

$10 million portfolio of exposure. Such structures are commonly known as tranche CDS.

For both single-name CDS contracts and index CDS contracts, upon the occurrence of a credit event, under the terms of a CDS contract neither party to the CDS contract has recourse to the reference entity. The protection purchaser has recourse to the protection seller for the difference between the face value of the CDS contract and the fair value of the reference obligation at settlement of the credit derivative contract, also known as the recovery value. The protection purchaser does not need to hold the debt instrument of the underlying reference entity in order to receive amounts due under the CDS contract when a credit event occurs.

Credit-related notes

A credit-related note is a funded derivative with a credit risk component where the issuer of the credit-related note purchases from the note investor credit protection on a reference entity or an index. Under the contract, the investor pays the issuer the par value of the note at the inception of the transaction, and in return, the issuer makes periodic payments to the investor, based on the credit risk of the referenced entity. The issuer also repays the investor the par value of the note at maturity unless the reference entity (or one of the entities that makes up a reference index) experiences a specified credit event. If a credit event occurs, the issuer is not obligated to repay the par value of the note, but rather, the issuer pays the investor the difference between the par value of the note and the fair value of the defaulted reference obligation at the time of settlement. Neither party to the credit-related note has recourse to the defaulting reference entity.

The following tables present a summary of the notional amounts of credit derivatives and credit-related notes the Firm sold and purchased as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Upon a credit event, the Firm as a seller of protection would typically pay out a percentage of the full notional amount of net protection sold, as the amount actually required to be paid on the contracts takes into account the recovery value of the reference obligation at the time of settlement. The Firm manages the credit risk on contracts to sell protection by purchasing protection with identical or similar underlying reference entities. Other purchased protection referenced in the following tables includes credit derivatives bought on related, but not identical, reference positions (including indices, portfolio coverage and other reference points) as well as protection purchased by CIB through credit-related notes. Other purchased protection also includes credit protection against certain loans in the retained lending portfolio through the issuance of credit derivatives and credit-related notes.

The Firm does not use notional amounts of credit derivatives as the primary measure of risk management for such derivatives, because the notional amount does not take into account the probability of the occurrence of a credit event, the recovery value of the reference obligation, or related cash instruments and economic hedges, each of which reduces, in the Firm’s view, the risks associated with such derivatives.

Total credit derivatives and credit-related notes
	Maximum payout/Notional amount
December 31, 2024 (in millions)	Protection sold		Protection purchased with identical underlyings(c)		Net protection (sold)/purchased(d)		Other protection purchased(e)
Credit derivatives
Credit default swaps	$	(450,184)	$	474,554	$	24,370	$	6,858
Other credit derivatives(a)	(110,913)		137,927		27,014		10,169
Total credit derivatives	(561,097)		612,481		51,384		17,027
Credit-related notes(b)	—		—		—		10,471
Total	$	(561,097)	$	612,481	$	51,384	$	27,498
	Maximum payout/Notional amount
December 31, 2023 (in millions)	Protection sold		Protection purchased with identical underlyings(c)		Net protection (sold)/purchased(d)		Other protection purchased(e)
Credit derivatives
Credit default swaps	$	(450,172)	$	473,823	$	23,651	$	7,517
Other credit derivatives(a)	(38,846)		45,416		6,570		29,206
Total credit derivatives	(489,018)		519,239		30,221		36,723
Credit-related notes(b)	—		—		—		9,788
Total	$	(489,018)	$	519,239	$	30,221	$	46,511

(a)Other credit derivatives predominantly consist of credit swap options and total return swaps.

(b)Predominantly represents Other protection purchased by CIB.

(c)Represents the total notional amount of protection purchased where the underlying reference instrument is identical to the reference instrument on protection sold; the notional amount of protection purchased for each individual identical underlying reference instrument may be greater or lower than the notional amount of protection sold.

(d)Does not take into account the fair value of the reference obligation at the time of settlement, which would generally reduce the amount the seller of protection pays to the buyer of protection in determining settlement value.

(e)Represents protection purchased by the Firm on referenced instruments (single-name, portfolio or index) where the Firm has not sold any protection on the identical reference instrument. Also includes credit protection against certain loans and lending-related commitments in the retained lending portfolio through the issuance of credit derivatives and credit-related notes.

The following tables summarize the notional amounts by the ratings, maturity profile, and total fair value, of credit derivatives as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, where JPMorganChase is the seller of protection. The maturity profile is based on the remaining contractual maturity of the credit derivative contracts. The ratings profile is based on the rating of the reference entity on which the credit derivative contract is based. The ratings and maturity profile of credit derivatives where JPMorganChase is the purchaser of protection are comparable to the profile reflected below.

Protection sold – credit derivatives ratings(a)/maturity profile
December 31, 2024 (in millions)	<1 year		1–5 years		>5 years		Total notional amount		Fair value of receivables(b)		Fair value of payables(b)		Net fair value
Risk rating of reference entity
Investment-grade	$	(135,950)	$	(277,052)	$	(33,379)	$	(446,381)	$	4,593	$	(904)	$	3,689
Noninvestment-grade	(42,149)		(70,525)		(2,042)		(114,716)		1,889		(1,738)		151
Total	$	(178,099)	$	(347,577)	$	(35,421)	$	(561,097)	$	6,482	$	(2,642)	$	3,840

December 31, 2023 (in millions)	<1 year		1–5 years		>5 years		Total notional amount		Fair value of receivables(b)		Fair value of payables(b)		Net fair value
Risk rating of reference entity
Investment-grade	$	(89,981)	$	(263,834)	$	(29,470)	$	(383,285)	$	3,659	$	(1,144)	$	2,515
Noninvestment-grade	(31,419)		(69,515)		(4,799)		(105,733)		2,466		(1,583)		883
Total	$	(121,400)	$	(333,349)	$	(34,269)	$	(489,018)	$	6,125	$	(2,727)	$	3,398

(a)The ratings scale is primarily based on external credit ratings defined by S&P and Moody’s.

(b)Amounts are shown on a gross basis, before the benefit of legally enforceable master netting agreements including cash collateral netting.