Loans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Receivables [Abstract]

Loans

Loans

Loan accounting framework

The accounting for a loan depends on management’s strategy for the loan. The Firm accounts for loans based on the following categories:

•Originated or purchased loans held-for-investment (i.e., “retained”)

•Loans held-for-sale

•Loans at fair value

The following provides a detailed accounting discussion of the Firm’s loans by category:

Loans held-for-investment

Originated or purchased loans held-for-investment, including PCD, are recorded at amortized cost, reflecting the principal amount outstanding, net of the following: unamortized deferred loan fees, costs, premiums or discounts; charge-offs; collection of cash; and foreign exchange. Credit card loans also include billed finance charges and fees.

Interest income

Interest income on performing loans held-for-investment is accrued and recognized as interest income at the contractual rate of interest. Purchase price discounts or premiums, as well as net deferred loan fees or costs, are recognized in interest income over the contractual life of the loan as an adjustment of yield.

The Firm classifies accrued interest on loans, including accrued but unbilled interest on credit card loans, in accrued interest and accounts receivables on the Consolidated balance sheets. For credit card loans, accrued interest once billed is then recognized in the loan balances, with the related allowance recorded in the allowance for credit losses. Changes in the allowance for credit losses on accrued interest on credit card loans are recognized in the provision for credit losses and charge-offs are recognized by reversing interest income. For other loans, the Firm generally does not recognize an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivables, consistent with its policy to write them off no later than 90 days past due by reversing interest income.

Nonaccrual loans

Nonaccrual loans are those on which the accrual of interest has been suspended. Loans (other than credit card loans and certain consumer loans insured by U.S. government agencies) are placed on nonaccrual status and considered nonperforming when full payment of principal and interest is not expected, regardless of delinquency status, or when principal and interest has been in default for a period of 90 days or more, unless the loan is both well-secured and in the process of collection. A loan is determined to be past due when the minimum payment is not received from the borrower by the contractually specified due date or for certain loans (e.g., residential real estate loans), when a monthly payment is due and unpaid for 30 days or more.

Finally, collateral-dependent loans are typically maintained on nonaccrual status.

On the date a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, all interest accrued but not collected is reversed against interest income. In addition, the amortization of deferred amounts is suspended. Interest income on nonaccrual loans may be recognized as cash interest payments are received (i.e., on a cash basis) if the recorded loan balance is deemed fully collectible; however, if there is doubt regarding the ultimate collectibility of the recorded loan balance, all interest cash receipts are applied to reduce the carrying value of the loan (the cost recovery method). For consumer loans, application of this policy typically results in the Firm recognizing interest income on nonaccrual consumer loans on a cash basis.

A loan may be returned to accrual status when repayment is reasonably assured and there has been demonstrated performance under the terms of the loan or, if applicable, the terms of the restructured loan.

As permitted by regulatory guidance, credit card loans are generally exempt from being placed on nonaccrual status; accordingly, interest and fees related to credit card loans continue to accrue until the loan is charged off or paid in full.

Allowance for loan losses

The allowance for loan losses represents the estimated expected credit losses in the held-for-investment loan portfolio at the balance sheet date and is recognized on the balance sheet as a contra asset, which brings the amortized cost to the net carrying value. Changes in the allowance for loan losses are recorded in the provision for credit losses on the Firm’s Consolidated statements of income. Refer to Note 13 for further information on the Firm’s accounting policies for the allowance for loan losses.

Charge-offs

Consumer loans are generally charged off or charged down to the lower of the amortized cost or the net realizable value of the underlying collateral (i.e., fair value less estimated costs to sell), with an offset to the allowance for loan losses, upon reaching specified stages of delinquency in accordance with standards established by the FFIEC. Residential real estate loans, unmodified credit card loans and scored business banking loans are generally charged off no later than 180 days past due. Scored auto and closed-end consumer loans, including modified credit card accounts placed on a fixed payment plan, are charged off no later than 120 days past due.

Certain consumer loans are charged off or charged down to their net realizable value earlier than the FFIEC charge-off standards in the following circumstances:

•Loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that are determined to be collateral-dependent.

•Loans to borrowers who have experienced an event that suggests a loss is either known or highly certain are subject to accelerated charge-off standards (e.g., residential real estate and auto loans are charged off or charged down within 60 days of receiving notification of a bankruptcy filing).

•Auto loans upon repossession of the automobile.

Other than in certain limited circumstances, the Firm typically does not recognize charge-offs on the government-guaranteed portion of loans.

Wholesale loans are charged off when it is highly certain that a loss has been realized. The determination of whether to recognize a charge-off includes many factors, including the prioritization of the Firm’s claim in bankruptcy, expectations of the workout/restructuring of the loan and valuation of the borrower’s equity or the loan collateral.

When a loan is charged down to the lower of its amortized cost or the estimated net realizable value of the underlying collateral, the determination of the fair value of the collateral depends on the type of collateral (e.g., securities, real estate). In cases where the collateral is in the form of liquid securities, the fair value is based on quoted market prices or broker quotes. For illiquid securities or other financial assets, the fair value of the collateral is generally estimated using a discounted cash flow model.

For residential real estate loans, collateral values are based upon external valuation sources. When it becomes likely that a borrower is either unable or unwilling to pay, the Firm utilizes a broker’s price opinion, appraisal and/or an automated valuation model of the home based on an exterior-only valuation (“exterior opinions”), which is then updated at least every 12 months, or more frequently depending on various market factors. As soon as practicable after the Firm receives the property in satisfaction of a debt (e.g., by taking legal title or physical possession), the Firm generally obtains an appraisal based on an inspection that includes the interior of the home (“interior appraisals”). Exterior opinions and interior appraisals are discounted based upon the Firm’s experience with actual liquidation values as compared with the estimated values provided by exterior opinions and interior appraisals, considering state-specific factors.

For commercial real estate loans, collateral values are generally based on appraisals from internal and external valuation sources. Collateral values are typically updated every six to twelve months, either by obtaining a new appraisal or by performing an internal analysis, in accordance with the Firm’s policies. The Firm also considers both borrower- and market-specific factors, which may result in obtaining appraisal updates or broker price opinions at more frequent intervals.

Loans held-for-sale

Loans held-for-sale are measured at the lower of cost or fair value, with valuation changes recorded in noninterest revenue. For consumer loans, the valuation is performed on a portfolio basis. For wholesale loans, the valuation is performed on an individual loan basis.

Interest income on loans held-for-sale is accrued and recognized based on the contractual rate of interest.

Loan origination fees or costs and purchase price discounts or premiums are deferred in a contra loan account until the related loan is sold. The deferred fees or costs and discounts or premiums are an adjustment to the basis of the loan and therefore are included in the periodic determination of the lower of cost or fair value adjustments and/or the gain or loss recognized at the time of sale.

Because these loans are recognized at the lower of cost or fair value, the Firm’s allowance for loan losses and charge-off policies do not apply to these loans. However, loans held-for-sale are subject to the Firm’s nonaccrual policies.

Loans at fair value

Loans for which the fair value option has been elected are measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in noninterest revenue.

Interest income on these loans is accrued and recognized based on the contractual rate of interest. Changes in fair value are recognized in noninterest revenue. Loan origination fees are recognized upfront in noninterest revenue. Loan origination costs are recognized in the associated expense category as incurred.

Because these loans are recognized at fair value, the Firm’s allowance for loan losses and charge-off policies do not apply to these loans. However, loans at fair value are subject to the Firm’s nonaccrual policies.

Refer to Note 3 for further information on the Firm’s elections of fair value accounting under the fair value option. Refer to Note 2 and Note 3 for further information on loans carried at fair value and classified as trading assets.

Loan classification changes

Loans in the held-for-investment portfolio that management decides to sell are transferred to the held-for-sale portfolio at the lower of cost or fair value on the date of transfer. Credit-related losses are charged against the allowance for loan losses; non-credit related losses such as those due to changes in interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates are recognized in noninterest revenue.

In the event that management decides to retain a loan in the held-for-sale portfolio, the loan is transferred to the held-for-investment portfolio at amortized cost on the date of transfer. These loans are subsequently assessed for impairment based on the Firm’s allowance methodology. Refer to Note 13 for a further discussion of the methodologies used in establishing the Firm’s allowance for loan losses.

Loan modifications

The Firm seeks to modify certain loans in conjunction with its loss mitigation activities. Through the modification, JPMorgan Chase grants one or more concessions to a borrower who is experiencing financial difficulty in order to minimize the Firm’s economic loss and avoid foreclosure or repossession of the collateral, and to ultimately maximize payments received by the Firm from the borrower. The concessions granted vary by program and by borrower-specific characteristics, and may include interest rate reductions, term extensions, other-than-insignificant payment delays or principal forgiveness. Effective January 1, 2023 the Firm adopted the Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosure accounting guidance, which changed the accounting for loan modifications from TDRs to FDMs. Refer to Note 1 for further information.

Loans, except for credit card loans, reported as FDMs are generally placed on nonaccrual status, although in many cases such loans were already on nonaccrual status prior to modification. These loans may be returned to performing status (the accrual of interest is resumed) if the following criteria are met: (i) the borrower has performed under the modified terms for a minimum of six months and/or six payments, and (ii) the Firm has an expectation that repayment of the modified loan is reasonably assured based on, for example, the borrower’s debt capacity and level of future earnings, collateral values, LTV ratios, and other current market considerations. In certain limited and well-defined circumstances in which the loan is current at the modification date, such loans are not placed on nonaccrual status at the time of modification.

The allowance for credit losses associated with FDMs is measured using the Firm’s established allowance methodology, which considers the expected re-default rates for the modified loans. Refer to Note 13 for further discussion.

For periods ending prior to January 1, 2023, modifications of loans where the Firm granted concessions to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty were accounted for and

reported as TDRs. The concessions granted varied by program and by borrower-specific characteristics, and included interest rate reductions, term extensions, payment delays, principal forgiveness, or the acceptance of equity or other assets in lieu of payments. Loans with short-term and other insignificant modifications that were not considered concessions were not TDRs.

Loans modified in TDRs were generally measured for impairment using the Firm’s established asset-specific allowance methodology, which considers the expected redefault rates for the modified loans. A loan modified in a TDR generally remained subject to the asset-specific component of the allowance throughout its remaining life, regardless of whether the loan was performing and had been returned to accrual status. Refer to Note 13 for further discussion.

Foreclosed property

The Firm acquires property from borrowers through loan restructurings, workouts, and foreclosures. Property acquired may include real property (e.g., residential real estate, land, and buildings) and other commercial and personal property (e.g., automobiles, aircraft, railcars, and ships).

The Firm recognizes foreclosed property upon receiving assets in satisfaction of a loan (e.g., by taking legal title or physical possession). For loans collateralized by real property, the Firm generally recognizes the asset received at foreclosure sale or upon the execution of a deed in lieu of foreclosure transaction with the borrower. Foreclosed assets are reported in other assets on the Consolidated balance sheets and initially recognized at fair value less estimated costs to sell. Each quarter the fair value of the acquired property is reviewed and adjusted, if necessary, to the lower of cost or fair value. Subsequent adjustments to fair value are charged/credited to noninterest revenue. Operating expense, such as real estate taxes and maintenance, are charged to other expense.

Loan portfolio

The Firm’s loan portfolio is divided into three portfolio segments, which are the same segments used by the Firm to determine the allowance for loan losses: Consumer, excluding credit card; Credit card; and Wholesale. Within each portfolio segment the Firm monitors and assesses the credit risk in the following classes of loans, based on the risk characteristics of each loan class.

Consumer, excluding credit card	Credit card	Wholesale(c)(d)
• Residential real estate(a) • Auto and other(b)	• Credit card loans	• Secured by real estate • Commercial and industrial • Other(e)

(a)Includes scored mortgage and home equity loans held in CCB and AWM, and scored mortgage loans held in CIB.

(b)Includes scored auto, business banking and consumer unsecured loans as well as overdrafts, primarily in CCB.

(c)Includes loans held in CIB, CB, AWM, Corporate, and risk-rated exposure held in CCB, for which the wholesale methodology is applied when determining the allowance for loan losses.

(d)The wholesale portfolio segment's classes align with loan classifications as defined by the bank regulatory agencies, based on the loan's collateral, purpose, and type of borrower.

(e)Includes loans to SPEs, financial institutions, personal investment companies and trusts, individuals and individual entities (predominantly Global Private Bank clients within AWM and J.P. Morgan Wealth Management within CCB), states and political subdivisions, as well as loans to nonprofits. Refer to Note 14 for more information on SPEs.

The following tables summarize the Firm’s loan balances by portfolio segment.

December 31, 2023	Consumer, excluding credit card				Credit card			Wholesale				Total(b)(c)
(in millions)
Retained		$	397,275	(a)		$	211,123		$	672,472	(a)		$	1,280,870
Held-for-sale		487				—			3,498				3,985
At fair value		12,331		(a)		—			26,520				38,851
Total		$	410,093			$	211,123		$	702,490			$	1,323,706
December 31, 2022	Consumer, excluding credit card					Credit card			Wholesale				Total(b)(c)
(in millions)
Retained		$	300,753			$	185,175		$	603,670			$	1,089,598
Held-for-sale		618				—			3,352				3,970
At fair value		10,004				—			32,075				42,079
Total		$	311,375			$	185,175		$	639,097			$	1,135,647

(a)Includes loans associated with First Republic consisting of $90.7 billion of retained loans and $1.9 billion of loans at fair value in consumer, excluding credit card and $53.9 billion of retained loans in wholesale.

(b)Excludes $6.8 billion and $5.2 billion of accrued interest receivable at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Firm wrote off accrued interest receivable of $49 million and $39 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(c)Loans (other than those for which the fair value option has been elected) are presented net of unamortized discounts and premiums and net deferred loan     fees or costs. These amounts were not material as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The following tables provide information about the carrying value of retained loans purchased, sold and reclassified to held-for-sale during the periods indicated. Loans that were reclassified to held-for-sale and sold in a subsequent period are excluded from the sales line of this table.

		2023
Year ended December 31, (in millions)	Consumer, excluding credit card				Credit card			Wholesale				Total
Purchases		$	92,205	(b)(c)(d)		$	—		$	60,300	(d)		$	152,505
Sales		2,202				—			43,949				46,151
Retained loans reclassified to held-for-sale(a)		274				—			1,486				1,760

		2022
Year ended December 31, (in millions)	Consumer, excluding credit card				Credit card			Wholesale			Total
Purchases		$	1,625	(b)(c)		$	—		$	1,088		$	2,713
Sales		2,884				—			41,934			44,818
Retained loans reclassified to held-for-sale(a)		229				—			1,055			1,284

		2021
Year ended December 31, (in millions)	Consumer, excluding credit card				Credit card			Wholesale			Total
Purchases		$	515	(b)(c)		$	—		$	1,122		$	1,637
Sales		799				—			31,022			31,821
Retained loans reclassified to held-for-sale(a)		1,225				—			2,178			3,403

(a)Reclassifications of loans to held-for-sale are non-cash transactions.

(b)Includes purchases of residential real estate loans, including the Firm’s voluntary repurchases of certain delinquent loans from loan pools as permitted by Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”) guidelines for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. The Firm typically elects to repurchase these delinquent loans as it continues to service them and/or manage the foreclosure process in accordance with applicable requirements of Ginnie Mae, FHA, RHS, and/or VA.

(c)Excludes purchases of retained loans of $5.1 billion, $12.4 billion and $25.8 billion for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which are predominantly sourced through the correspondent origination channel and underwritten in accordance with the Firm’s standards.

(d)Includes loans acquired in the First Republic acquisition consisting of $91.9 billion in Consumer, excluding credit card and $59.2 billion in Wholesale. Refer to Note 34 for additional information.

Gains and losses on sales of loans

Net gains/(losses) on sales of loans and lending-related commitments (including adjustments to record loans and lending-related commitments held-for-sale at the lower of cost or fair value) recognized in noninterest revenue was $56 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 of which $62 million was related to loans. Net gains/(losses) on sales of loans and lending-related commitments was $(186) million for the year ended December 31, 2022 of which $(48) million was related to loans. Net gains/(losses) on sales of loans and lending-related commitments was $261 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 of which $253 million was related to loans. In addition, the sale of loans may also result in write downs, recoveries or changes in the allowance recognized in the provision for credit losses.

Consumer, excluding credit card loan portfolio

Consumer loans, excluding credit card loans, consist primarily of scored residential mortgages, home equity loans and lines of credit, auto and business banking loans, with a focus on serving the prime consumer credit market. These loans include home equity loans secured by junior liens, prime mortgage loans with an interest-only payment period, and certain payment-option loans that may result in negative amortization.

The following table provides information about retained consumer loans, excluding credit card, by class.

December 31, (in millions)	2023			2022
Residential real estate	$	326,409	(a)	$	237,561
Auto and other	70,866			63,192
Total retained loans	$	397,275		$	300,753

(a)Included $90.7 billion of loans associated with First Republic.

Delinquency rates are the primary credit quality indicator for consumer loans. Loans that are more than 30 days past due provide an early warning of borrowers who may be experiencing financial difficulties and/or who may be unable or unwilling to repay the loan. As the loan continues to age, it becomes more clear whether the borrower is likely to be unable or unwilling to pay. In the case of residential real estate loans, late-stage delinquencies (greater than 150 days past due) are a strong indicator of loans that will ultimately result in a foreclosure or similar liquidation transaction. In addition to delinquency rates, other credit quality indicators for consumer loans vary based on the class of loan, as follows:

•For residential real estate loans, the current estimated LTV ratio, or the combined LTV ratio in the case of junior lien loans, is an indicator of the potential loss severity in the event of default. Additionally, LTV or combined LTV ratios can provide insight into a borrower’s continued willingness to pay, as the delinquency rate of high-LTV loans tends to be greater than that for loans where the borrower has equity in the collateral. The geographic distribution of the loan collateral also provides insight as to the credit quality of the portfolio, as factors such as the regional economy, home price changes and specific events such as natural disasters, will affect credit quality. The borrower’s current or “refreshed” FICO score is a secondary credit quality indicator for certain loans, as FICO scores are an indication of the borrower’s credit payment history. Thus, a loan to a borrower with a low FICO score (less than 660) is considered to be of higher risk than a loan to a borrower with a higher FICO score. Further, a loan to a borrower with a high LTV ratio and a low FICO score is at greater risk of default than a loan to a borrower that has both a high LTV ratio and a high FICO score.

•For scored auto and business banking loans, geographic distribution is an indicator of the credit performance of the portfolio. Similar to residential real estate loans, geographic distribution provides insights into the portfolio performance based on regional economic activity and events.

Residential real estate

Delinquency is the primary credit quality indicator for retained residential real estate loans. The following tables provide information on delinquency and gross charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2023.

(in millions, except ratios)	December 31, 2023
	Term loans by origination year(f)																		Revolving loans						Total
	2023			2022			2021			2020			2019			Prior to 2019			Within the revolving period			Converted to term loans
Loan delinquency(a)(b)
Current(c)	$	23,216		$	64,366		$	84,496		$	55,546		$	21,530		$	59,563		$	7,479		$	8,151		$	324,347
30–149 days past due	33			74			89			70			41			801			49			223			1,380
150 or more days past due	1			10			17			8			21			456			5			164			682
Total retained loans	$	23,250		$	64,450		$	84,602		$	55,624		$	21,592		$	60,820		$	7,533		$	8,538		$	326,409
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans(d)(e)	0.15		%	0.13		%	0.13		%	0.14		%	0.29		%	2.04		%	0.72		%	4.53		%	0.63		%
Gross charge-offs	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	4		$	167		$	26		$	7		$	204

(in millions, except ratios)	December 31, 2022
	Term loans by origination year(f)																		Revolving loans						Total
	2022			2021			2020			2019			2018			Prior to 2018			Within the revolving period			Converted to term loans
Loan delinquency(a)(b)
Current	$	39,934		$	66,072		$	43,315		$	15,397		$	6,339		$	49,632		$	5,589		$	9,685		$	235,963
30–149 days past due	29			11			14			20			20			597			15			208			914
150 or more days past due	1			1			6			10			7			480			4			175			684
Total retained loans	$	39,964		$	66,084		$	43,335		$	15,427		$	6,366		$	50,709		$	5,608		$	10,068		$	237,561
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans(d)	0.08		%	0.02		%	0.05		%	0.19		%	0.42		%	2.07		%	0.34		%	3.80		%	0.66		%

(a)Individual delinquency classifications include mortgage loans insured by U.S. government agencies which were not material at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

(b)At December 31, 2023 and 2022, loans under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic which are still within their deferral period and performing according to their modified terms are generally not considered delinquent.

(c)Included $6.4 billion, $26.3 billion, $21.9 billion, $14.8 billion, $7.4 billion, and $10.9 billion of term loans originated in 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019 and prior to 2019, respectively, and $2.5 billion of revolving loans within the revolving period associated with First Republic.

(d)Excludes mortgage loans that are 30 or more days past due insured by U.S. government agencies which were not material at December 31, 2023 and 2022. These amounts have been excluded based upon the government guarantee.

(e)Included $343 million of 30 or more days past due loans associated with First Republic.

(f)Purchased loans are included in the year in which they were originated.

Approximately 37% of the total revolving loans are senior lien loans; the remaining balance are junior lien loans. The lien position the Firm holds is considered in the Firm’s allowance for credit losses. Revolving loans that have been converted to term loans have higher delinquency rates than those that are still within the revolving period. That is primarily because the fully-amortizing payment that is generally required for those products is higher than the minimum payment options available for revolving loans within the revolving period.

Nonaccrual loans and other credit quality indicators

The following table provides information on nonaccrual and other credit quality indicators for retained residential real estate loans.

(in millions, except weighted-average data)	December 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
Nonaccrual loans(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)	$	3,466			$	3,745
Current estimated LTV ratios(f)(g)(h)
Greater than 125% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 660	$	72			$	2
Less than 660	—				—
101% to 125% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 660	223				174
Less than 660	4				6
80% to 100% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 660	6,491			(l)	12,034
Less than 660	102				184
Less than 80% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 660	309,251			(l)	215,096
Less than 660	9,277			(l)	8,659
No FICO/LTV available(i)	989				1,406
Total retained loans	$	326,409		(m)	$	237,561
Weighted average LTV ratio(f)(j)	49		%		51		%
Weighted average FICO(g)(j)	770				769
Geographic region(i)(k)
California	$	127,072		(n)	$	73,112
New York	48,815			(n)	34,471
Florida	22,778			(n)	18,870
Texas	15,506				14,968
Massachusetts	14,213			(n)	6,380
Illinois	10,856				11,296
Colorado	10,800				9,968
Washington	9,923				9,060
New Jersey	8,050				7,108
Connecticut	7,163				5,432
All other	51,233				46,896
Total retained loans	$	326,409			$	237,561

(a)Includes collateral-dependent residential real estate loans that are charged down to the fair value of the underlying collateral less costs to sell. The Firm reports, in accordance with regulatory guidance, residential real estate loans that have been discharged under Chapter 7 bankruptcy and not reaffirmed by the borrower (“Chapter 7 loans”) as collateral-dependent nonaccrual loans, regardless of their delinquency status. At December 31, 2023, approximately 9% of Chapter 7 residential real estate loans were 30 days or more past due.

(b)Mortgage loans insured by U.S. government agencies excluded from nonaccrual loans were not material at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

(c)Generally, all consumer nonaccrual loans have an allowance. In accordance with regulatory guidance, certain nonaccrual loans that are considered collateral-dependent have been charged down to the lower of amortized cost or the fair value of their underlying collateral less costs to sell. If the value of the underlying collateral improves subsequent to charge down, the related allowance may be negative.

(d)Interest income on nonaccrual loans recognized on a cash basis was $180 million and $175 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(e)Generally excludes loans under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

(f)Represents the aggregate unpaid principal balance of loans divided by the estimated current property value. Current property values are estimated, at a minimum, quarterly, based on home valuation models using nationally recognized home price index valuation estimates incorporating actual data to the extent available and forecasted data where actual data is not available. Current estimated combined LTV for junior lien home equity loans considers all available lien positions, as well as unused lines, related to the property.

(g)Refreshed FICO scores represent each borrower’s most recent credit score, which is obtained by the Firm on at least a quarterly basis.

(h)Includes residential real estate loans, primarily held in LLCs in AWM that did not have a refreshed FICO score. These loans have been included in a FICO band based on management’s estimation of the borrower’s credit quality.

(i)Included U.S. government-guaranteed loans as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

(j)Excludes loans with no FICO and/or LTV data available.

(k)The geographic regions presented in the table are ordered based on the magnitude of the corresponding loan balances at December 31, 2023.

(l)Included $1.1 billion in equal to or greater than 660 FICO scores within 80% to 100% LTV ratio, and $87.9 billion and $1.1 billion in equal to or greater than 660 and less than 660 FICO scores, respectively, within less than 80% LTV ratio associated with First Republic.

(m)Included $90.7 billion of loans associated with First Republic.

(n)Included $54.9 billion, $14.9 billion, $3.5 billion, and $7.8 billion in California, New York, Florida and Massachusetts, respectively, associated with First Republic.

Loan modifications

The Firm grants certain modifications of residential real estate loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, which effective January 1, 2023, are reported as FDMs. The Firm's proprietary modification programs as well as government programs, including U.S. GSE programs, that generally provide various modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty including, but not limited to, interest rate reductions, term extensions, other-than-insignificant payment delay and principal forgiveness that would otherwise have been required under the terms of the original agreement, are considered FDMs.

Financial effects of FDMs

For the year ended December 31, 2023, residential real estate FDMs were $136 million. The financial effects of the FDMs, which were predominantly in the form of term extensions and interest rate reductions, included extending the weighted-average life of the loans by 20 years, and reducing the weighted-average contractual interest rate from 7.21% to 4.44% for the year ended December 31, 2023. There were no additional commitments to lend to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty whose loans have been modified as FDMs.

In addition to FDMs, the Firm also had $69 million of loans subject to a trial modification, and $9 million of Chapter 7 loans for the year ended December 31, 2023. The changes to the TDR accounting guidance eliminated the TDR reasonably expected and concession assessment criteria. Accordingly, trial modifications and Chapter 7 loans were considered TDRs, but not FDMs. Refer to Note 1 for further information.

Payment status of FDMs and redefaults

For the year ended December 31, 2023, residential real estate FDMs of $29 million were 30 or more days past due and FDMs that re-defaulted were $17 million.

Nature and extent of TDRs

For periods ending prior to January 1, 2023, modifications of residential real estate loans where the Firm granted concessions to borrowers who were experiencing financial difficulty were generally accounted for and reported as TDRs. Loans with short-term or other insignificant modifications that were not considered concessions were not TDRs. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, new TDRs were $362 million and $866 million, and there were no additional commitments to lend to borrowers whose residential real estate loans were modified in TDRs.

The Firm’s proprietary modification programs as well as government programs, including U.S. GSE programs, generally provide various concessions to financially troubled borrowers including, but not limited to, interest rate reductions, term or payment extensions and delays of principal and/or interest payments that would otherwise have been required under the terms of the original agreement.

The following table provides information about how residential real estate loans were modified in TDRs during

the period presented. This table excludes loans with short-term or other insignificant modifications that are not considered concessions.

Year ended December 31,	2022		2021
Number of loans approved for a trial modification	3,902		6,246
Number of loans permanently modified	4,182		4,588
Concession granted:(a)
Interest rate reduction	54	%	74	%
Term or payment extension	67		53
Principal and/or interest deferred	10		23
Principal forgiveness	1		2
Other(b)	37		36

(a)Represents concessions granted in permanent modifications as a percentage of the number of loans permanently modified. The sum of the percentages exceeds 100% because predominantly all of the modifications include more than one type of concession. Concessions offered on trial modifications are generally consistent with those granted on permanent modifications.

(b)Includes variable interest rate to fixed interest rate modifications and payment delays that meet the definition of a TDR.

Financial effects of TDRs and redefaults

The following table provides information about the financial effects of the various concessions granted in modifications of residential real estate loans and about redefaults of certain loans modified in TDRs for the periods presented. The following table presents only the financial effects of permanent modifications and does not include temporary concessions offered through trial modifications. This table also excludes loans with short-term or other insignificant modifications that were not considered concessions.

Year ended December 31, (in millions, except weighted - average data)	2022			2021
Weighted-average interest rate of loans with interest rate reductions – before TDR	4.75		%	4.54		%
Weighted-average interest rate of loans with interest rate reductions – after TDR	3.35			2.92
Weighted-average remaining contractual term (in years) of loans with term or payment extensions – before TDR	22			23
Weighted-average remaining contractual term (in years) of loans with term or payment extensions – after TDR	38			38
Charge-offs recognized upon permanent modification	$	1		$	—
Principal deferred	16			28
Principal forgiven	2			1
Balance of loans that redefaulted within one year of permanent modification(a)	$	147		$	160

(a)Represents loans permanently modified in TDRs that experienced a payment default in the periods presented, and for which the payment default occurred within one year of the modification. The dollar amounts presented represent the balance of such loans at the end of the reporting period in which such loans defaulted.

Active and suspended foreclosure

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Firm had residential real estate loans, excluding those insured by U.S. government agencies, with a carrying value of $566 million and $565 million, respectively, that were not included in REO, but were in the process of active or suspended foreclosure.

Auto and other

Delinquency is the primary credit quality indicator for retained auto and other loans. The following tables provide information on delinquency and gross charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2023.

	December 31, 2023
(in millions, except ratios)	Term loans by origination year																		Revolving loans
	2023			2022			2021			2020			2019			Prior to 2019			Within the revolving period			Converted to term loans			Total
Loan delinquency
Current	$	30,328		$	14,797		$	12,825		$	6,538		$	1,777		$	511		$	2,984		$	102		$	69,862
30–119 days past due	276			279			231			78			43			17			19			24			967
120 or more days past due	1			1			7			8			—			—			3			17			37
Total retained loans	$	30,605		$	15,077		$	13,063		$	6,624		$	1,820		$	528		$	3,006		$	143		$	70,866
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans(a)	0.91		%	1.86		%	1.75		%	1.15		%	2.36		%	3.22		%	0.73		%	28.67		%	1.39		%
Gross charge-offs	$	333		$	297		$	161		$	53		$	35		$	64		$	—		$	4		$	947

	December 31, 2022
(in millions, except ratios)	Term loans by origination year																		Revolving loans
	2022			2021			2020			2019			2018			Prior to 2018			Within the revolving period			Converted to term loans			Total
Loan delinquency
Current	$	22,187		$	20,212		$	11,401		$	3,991		$	1,467		$	578		$	2,342		$	118		$	62,296
30–119 days past due	263			308			100			68			33			17			12			10			811
120 or more days past due	—			53			24			—			—			1			2			5			85
Total retained loans	$	22,450		$	20,573		$	11,525		$	4,059		$	1,500		$	596		$	2,356		$	133		$	63,192
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans(a)	1.17		%	1.15		%	0.83		%	1.68		%	2.20		%	3.02		%	0.59		%	11.28		%	1.18		%

(a)At December 31, 2023 and 2022, auto and other loans excluded $20 million and $153 million, respectively, of PPP loans guaranteed by the SBA that are 30 or more days past due. These amounts have been excluded based upon the SBA guarantee.

Nonaccrual and other credit quality indicators

The following table provides information on nonaccrual and other credit quality indicators for retained auto and other consumer loans.

(in millions)	Total Auto and other
	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Nonaccrual loans(a)(b)(c)	$	177	$	129
Geographic region(d)
California	$	10,959	$	9,689
Texas	8,502		7,216
Florida	5,684		4,847
New York	4,938		4,345
Illinois	3,147		2,839
New Jersey	2,609		2,219
Georgia	1,912		1,708
Pennsylvania	1,900		1,822
Arizona	1,779		1,551
North Carolina	1,714		1,481
All other	27,722		25,475
Total retained loans	$	70,866	$	63,192

(a)At December 31, 2023 and 2022, nonaccrual loans excluded $15 million and $101 million, respectively, of PPP loans 90 or more days past due and guaranteed by the SBA, of which $15 million and $76 million, respectively, were no longer accruing interest based on the guidelines set by the SBA. Typically the principal balance of the loans is insured and interest is guaranteed at a specified reimbursement rate subject to meeting the guidelines set by the SBA. There were no loans that were not guaranteed by the SBA that are 90 or more days past due and still accruing interest at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

(b)Generally, all consumer nonaccrual loans have an allowance. In accordance with regulatory guidance, certain nonaccrual loans that are considered collateral-dependent have been charged down to the lower of amortized cost or the fair value of their underlying collateral less costs to sell. If the value of the underlying collateral improves subsequent to charge down, the related allowance may be negative.

(c)Interest income on nonaccrual loans recognized on a cash basis was not material for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

(d)The geographic regions presented in this table are ordered based on the magnitude of the corresponding loan balances at December 31, 2023.

Loan modifications

The Firm grants certain modifications of auto and other loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, which effective January 1, 2023, are reported as FDMs. For the year ended December 31, 2023, auto and other FDMs were not material and there were no additional commitments to lend to borrowers modified as FDMs.

For periods ending prior to January 1, 2023, modifications of auto and other loans where the Firm granted concessions to borrowers who were experiencing financial difficulty were generally accounted for and reported as TDRs. Loans with short-term or other insignificant modifications that were not considered concessions were not TDRs. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, auto and other TDRs were not material.

Credit card loan portfolio

The credit card portfolio segment includes credit card loans originated and purchased by the Firm. Delinquency rates are the primary credit quality indicator for credit card loans as they provide an early warning that borrowers may be experiencing difficulties (30 days past due); information on those borrowers that have been delinquent for a longer period of time (90 days past due) is also considered. In addition to delinquency rates, the geographic distribution of the loans provides insight as to the credit quality of the portfolio based on the regional economy.

While the borrower’s credit score is another general indicator of credit quality, the Firm does not view credit scores as a primary indicator of credit quality because the borrower’s credit score tends to be a lagging indicator. The distribution of such scores provides a general indicator of

credit quality trends within the portfolio; however, the score does not capture all factors that would be predictive of future credit performance. Refreshed FICO score information, which is obtained at least quarterly, for a statistically significant random sample of the credit card portfolio is indicated in other credit quality indicators. FICO is considered to be the industry benchmark for credit scores.

The Firm generally originates new credit card accounts to prime consumer borrowers. However, certain cardholders’ FICO scores may decrease over time, depending on the performance of the cardholder and changes in the credit score calculation.

The following tables provide information on delinquency and gross charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2023.

(in millions, except ratios)	December 31, 2023
	Within the revolving period			Converted to term loans			Total
Loan delinquency
Current and less than 30 days past due and still accruing	$	205,731		$	882		$	206,613
30–89 days past due and still accruing	2,217			84			2,301
90 or more days past due and still accruing	2,169			40			2,209
Total retained loans	$	210,117		$	1,006		$	211,123
Loan delinquency ratios
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans	2.09		%	12.33		%	2.14		%
% of 90+ days past due to total retained loans	1.03			3.98			1.05
Gross charge-offs	$	5,325		$	166		$	5,491

(in millions, except ratios)	December 31, 2022
	Within the revolving period			Converted to term loans			Total
Loan delinquency
Current and less than 30 days past due and still accruing	$	181,793		$	696		$	182,489
30–89 days past due and still accruing	1,356			64			1,420
90 or more days past due and still accruing	1,230			36			1,266
Total retained loans	$	184,379		$	796		$	185,175
Loan delinquency ratios
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans	1.40		%	12.56		%	1.45		%
% of 90+ days past due to total retained loans	0.67			4.52			0.68

Other credit quality indicators

The following table provides information on other credit quality indicators for retained credit card loans.

(in millions, except ratios)	December 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
Geographic region(a)
California	$	32,652		$	28,154
Texas	22,086			19,171
New York	16,915			15,046
Florida	15,103			12,905
Illinois	11,364			10,089
New Jersey	8,688			7,643
Ohio	6,424			5,792
Colorado	6,307			5,493
Pennsylvania	6,088			5,517
Arizona	5,209			4,487
All other	80,287			70,878
Total retained loans	$	211,123		$	185,175
Percentage of portfolio based on carrying value with estimated refreshed FICO scores
Equal to or greater than 660	85.8		%	86.8		%
Less than 660	14.0			13.0
No FICO available	0.2			0.2

(a)The geographic regions presented in the table are ordered based on the magnitude of the corresponding loan balances at December 31, 2023.

Loan modifications

The Firm grants certain modifications of credit card loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, which effective January 1, 2023, are reported as FDMs. These modifications may involve placing the customer’s credit card account on a fixed payment plan, generally for 60 months, which typically includes reducing the interest rate on the credit card account. If the borrower does not make the contractual payments when due under the modified payment terms, the credit card loan continues to age and will be charged-off in accordance with the Firm's standard charge-off policy. In most cases, the Firm does not reinstate the borrower's line of credit.

Financial effects of FDMs

The following table provides information on credit card loan modifications considered FDMs.

Year ended December 31, 2023 (in millions)	Amortized cost basis		% of loan modifications to total retained credit card loans		Financial effect of loan modification
Loan modification
Term extension and interest rate reduction(a)(b)	$	648	0.31	%	Term extension with a reduction in the weighted average contractual interest rate from 23.19% to 3.64%
Total	$	648

(a)Term extension includes credit card loans whose terms have been modified under long-term programs by placing the customer’s credit card account on a fixed payment plan.

(b)The interest rates represent weighted average at enrollment.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Firm also had $27 million of credit card loans subject to trial modifications. The changes to the TDR accounting guidance eliminated the TDR reasonably expected and concession assessment criteria. Accordingly, trial modifications are not considered FDMs.

Payment status of FDMs and redefaults

The following table provides information on the payment status of FDMs during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Year ended December 31, 2023 (in millions)	Amortized cost basis
Current and less than 30 days past due and still accruing	$	558
30-89 days past due and still accruing	59
90 or more days past due and still accruing	31
Total	$	648

There were $50 million FDMs that re-defaulted during the year ended December 31, 2023 which were a combination of term extension and interest rate reduction.

For credit card loans modified as FDMs, payment default is deemed to have occurred when the borrower misses two consecutive contractual payments. Defaulted modified credit card loans remain in the modification program and continue to be charged off in accordance with the Firm's standard charge-off policy.

Financial effects of TDRs and redefaults

For periods ending prior to January 1, 2023, modifications of credit card loans where the Firm granted concessions to borrowers who were experiencing financial difficulty were generally accounted for and reported as TDRs. The Firm granted concessions for most of the credit card loans under long-term programs. These concessions involved placing the customer’s credit card account on a fixed payment plan, generally for 60 months, and typically included reducing the interest rate on the credit card account. Substantially all modifications under the Firm’s long-term programs were considered to be TDRs. Loans with short-term or other insignificant modifications that were not considered concessions were not reported as TDRs.

The following table provides information about the financial effects of the concessions granted on credit card loans modified in TDRs and redefaults for the periods presented. For all periods disclosed, new enrollments were less than 1% of total retained credit card loans.

Year ended December 31, (in millions, except weighted-average data)	2022			2021
Balance of new TDRs(a)	$	418		$	393
Weighted-average interest rate of loans – before TDR	19.86		%	17.75		%
Weighted-average interest rate of loans – after TDR	4.13			5.14
Balance of loans that redefaulted within one year of modification(b)	$	34		$	57

(a)Represents the outstanding balance prior to modification.

(b)Represents loans modified in TDRs that experienced a payment default in the periods presented, and for which the payment default occurred within one year of the modification. The amounts presented represent the balance of such loans as of the end of the quarter in which they defaulted.

For credit card loans modified in TDRs, payment default was deemed to have occurred when the borrower missed two consecutive contractual payments. Defaulted modified credit card loans remained in the modification program and continued to be charged of in accordance with the Firm’s standard charge-off policy.

Wholesale loan portfolio

Wholesale loans include loans made to a variety of clients, ranging from large corporate and institutional clients to high-net-worth individuals.

The primary credit quality indicator for wholesale loans is the internal risk rating assigned to each loan. Risk ratings are used to identify the credit quality of loans and differentiate risk within the portfolio. Risk ratings on loans consider the PD and the LGD. The PD is the likelihood that a loan will default. The LGD is the estimated loss on the loan that would be realized upon the default of the borrower and takes into consideration collateral and structural support for each credit facility.

Management considers several factors to determine an appropriate internal risk rating, including the obligor’s debt capacity and financial flexibility, the level of the obligor’s earnings, the amount and sources for repayment, the level and nature of contingencies, management strength, and the industry and geography in which the obligor operates. The Firm’s internal risk ratings generally align with the qualitative characteristics (e.g., borrower capacity to meet financial commitments and vulnerability to changes in the economic environment) defined by S&P and Moody’s, however the quantitative characteristics (e.g., PD and LGD) may differ as they reflect internal historical experiences and assumptions. The Firm generally considers internal ratings with qualitative characteristics equivalent to BBB-/Baa3 or higher as investment grade, and these ratings have a lower PD and/or lower LGD than non-investment grade ratings.

Noninvestment-grade ratings are further classified as noncriticized and criticized, and the criticized portion is further subdivided into performing and nonaccrual loans, representing management’s assessment of the collectibility of principal and interest. Criticized loans have a higher PD than noncriticized loans. The Firm’s definition of criticized aligns with the U.S. banking regulatory definition of criticized exposures, which consist of special mention, substandard and doubtful categories. Refer to Note 1 for additional information.

Risk ratings are reviewed on a regular and ongoing basis by Credit Risk Management and are adjusted as necessary for updated information affecting the obligor’s ability to fulfill its obligations.

As noted above, the risk rating of a loan considers the industry in which the obligor conducts its operations. As part of the overall credit risk management framework, the Firm focuses on the management and diversification of its industry and client exposures, with particular attention paid to industries with an actual or potential credit concern. Refer to Note 4 for further detail on industry concentrations.

Internal risk rating is the primary credit quality indicator for retained wholesale loans. The following tables provide information on internal risk rating and gross charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2023.

December 31, (in millions, except ratios)	Secured by real estate						Commercial and industrial						Other(b)						Total retained loans
	2023			2022			2023			2022			2023			2022			2023			2022
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade	$	120,405		$	99,552		$	72,624		$	76,275		$	265,809		$	249,585		$	458,838		$	425,412
Noninvestment- grade:
Noncriticized	34,241			23,272			80,637			81,393			75,178			57,888			190,056			162,553
Criticized performing	7,291			3,662			12,684			8,974			1,257			1,106			21,232			13,742
Criticized nonaccrual	401			246			1,221			1,018			724			699			2,346			1,963
Total noninvestment- grade	41,933			27,180			94,542			91,385			77,159			59,693			213,634			178,258
Total retained loans(a)	$	162,338		$	126,732		$	167,166		$	167,660		$	342,968		$	309,278		$	672,472		$	603,670
% of investment-grade to total retained loans	74.17		%	78.55		%	43.44		%	45.49		%	77.50		%	80.70		%	68.23		%	70.47		%
% of total criticized to total retained loans	4.74			3.08			8.32			5.96			0.58			0.58			3.51			2.60
% of criticized nonaccrual to total retained loans	0.25			0.19			0.73			0.61			0.21			0.23			0.35			0.33

(a)As of December 31, 2023 included $33.8 billion of Secured by real estate loans, $3.0 billion of Commercial and industrial loans, and $17.1 billion of Other loans associated with First Republic.

(b)Includes loans to SPEs, financial institutions, personal investment companies and trusts, individuals and individual entities (predominantly Global Private Bank clients within AWM and J.P. Morgan Wealth Management within CCB), states and political subdivisions, as well as loans to nonprofits. As of December 31, 2023, predominantly consisted of $106.9 billion to individuals and individual entities, $91.2 billion to SPEs, and $87.5 billion to financial institutions, Refer to Note 14 for more information on SPEs.

	Secured by real estate
(in millions)	December 31, 2023
	Term loans by origination year												Revolving loans
	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior to 2019		Within the revolving period		Converted to term loans		Total
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade	$	10,687	$	28,874	$	25,784	$	16,820	$	15,677	$	21,108	$	1,455	$	—	$	120,405
Noninvestment-grade	4,477		12,579		7,839		3,840		3,987		7,918		1,291		2		41,933
Total retained loans(a)	$	15,164	$	41,453	$	33,623	$	20,660	$	19,664	$	29,026	$	2,746	$	2	$	162,338
Gross charge-offs	$	20	$	48	$	22	$	—	$	23	$	78	$	—	$	1	$	192

	Secured by real estate
(in millions)	December 31, 2022
	Term loans by origination year												Revolving loans
	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior to 2018		Within the revolving period		Converted to term loans		Total
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade	$	24,134	$	22,407	$	14,773	$	14,666	$	5,277	$	17,289	$	1,006	$	—	$	99,552
Noninvestment-grade	6,072		5,602		3,032		3,498		2,395		5,659		920		2		27,180
Total retained loans	$	30,206	$	28,009	$	17,805	$	18,164	$	7,672	$	22,948	$	1,926	$	2	$	126,732

(a)As of December 31, 2023 included $3.3 billion, $11.2 billion, $6.2 billion, $4.3 billion, $2.9 billion, and $5.1 billion of retained loans originated in 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019 and prior to 2019, respectively, and $838 million of revolving loans within the revolving period associated with First Republic.

	Commercial and industrial
(in millions)	December 31, 2023
	Term loans by origination year												Revolving loans
	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior to 2019		Within the revolving period		Converted to term loans		Total
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade	$	14,875	$	10,642	$	4,276	$	2,291	$	1,030	$	1,115	$	38,394	$	1	$	72,624
Noninvestment-grade	18,890		16,444		9,299		1,989		1,144		1,006		45,696		74		94,542
Total retained loans(a)	$	33,765	$	27,086	$	13,575	$	4,280	$	2,174	$	2,121	$	84,090	$	75	$	167,166
Gross charge-offs	$	25	$	8	$	110	$	55	$	2	$	12	$	259	$	8	$	479

	Commercial and industrial
(in millions)	December 31, 2022
	Term loans by origination year												Revolving loans
	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior to 2018		Within the revolving period		Converted to term loans		Total
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade	$	21,072	$	8,338	$	3,045	$	1,995	$	748	$	989	$	40,087	$	1	$	76,275
Noninvestment-grade	24,088		12,444		3,459		2,506		525		1,014		47,267		82		91,385
Total retained loans	$	45,160	$	20,782	$	6,504	$	4,501	$	1,273	$	2,003	$	87,354	$	83	$	167,660

(a)As of December 31, 2023, included $364 million, $568 million, $471 million, $212 million, $53 million, and $121 million of retained loans originated in 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019 and prior to 2019, respectively, and $1.2 billion of revolving loans within the revolving period and $12 million converted to term loans associated with First Republic.

	Other(a)
(in millions)	December 31, 2023
	Term loans by origination year												Revolving loans
	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior to 2019		Within the revolving period		Converted to term loans		Total
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade	$	38,338	$	18,034	$	10,033	$	10,099	$	3,721	$	6,662	$	176,728	$	2,194	$	265,809
Noninvestment-grade	14,054		8,092		6,169		2,172		811		2,001		43,801		59		77,159
Total retained loans(b)	$	52,392	$	26,126	$	16,202	$	12,271	$	4,532	$	8,663	$	220,529	$	2,253	$	342,968
Gross charge-offs	$	5	$	298	$	8	$	8	$	—	$	8	$	13	$	—	$	340

	Other(a)
(in millions)	December 31, 2022
	Term loans by origination year												Revolving loans
	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior to 2018		Within the revolving period		Converted to term loans		Total
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade	$	32,121	$	15,864	$	13,015	$	4,529	$	2,159	$	7,251	$	171,049	$	3,597	$	249,585
Noninvestment-grade	16,829		7,096		1,821		699		451		475		32,240		82		59,693
Total retained loans	$	48,950	$	22,960	$	14,836	$	5,228	$	2,610	$	7,726	$	203,289	$	3,679	$	309,278

(a)Includes loans to SPEs, financial institutions, personal investment companies and trusts, individuals and individual entities (predominantly Global Private Bank clients within AWM and J.P. Morgan Wealth Management within CCB), states and political subdivisions, as well as loans to nonprofits. Refer to Note 14 for more information on SPEs.

(b)As of December 31, 2023, included $610 million, $1.0 billion, $820 million, $1.1 billion, $244 million, and $1.4 billion of retained loans originated in 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019 and prior to 2019, respectively, and $11.8 billion of revolving loans within the revolving period and $56 million converted to term loans associated with First Republic.

The following table presents additional information on retained loans secured by real estate within the Wholesale portfolio, which consists of loans secured wholly or substantially by a lien or liens on real property at origination. Multifamily lending includes financing for acquisition, leasing and construction of apartment buildings. Other commercial lending largely includes financing for acquisition, leasing and construction, largely for office, retail and industrial real estate. Included in secured by real estate loans is $10.2 billion and $6.4 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, of construction and development loans made to finance land development and on-site construction of commercial, industrial, residential, or farm buildings.

December 31, (in millions, except ratios)	Multifamily						Other Commercial						Total retained loans secured by real estate
	2023			2022			2023			2022			2023				2022
Retained loans secured by real estate	$	100,725		$	79,139		$	61,613		$	47,593		$	162,338		(a)	$	126,732
Criticized	3,596			1,916			4,096			1,992			7,692				3,908
% of criticized to total retained loans secured by real estate	3.57		%	2.42		%	6.65		%	4.19		%	4.74		%		3.08		%
Criticized nonaccrual	$	76		$	51		$	325		$	195		$	401			$	246
% of criticized nonaccrual loans to total retained loans secured by real estate	0.08		%	0.06		%	0.53		%	0.41		%	0.25		%		0.19		%

(a)Included $20.7 billion and $13.1 billion of Multifamily and Other commercial loans, respectively, associated with First Republic.

Geographic distribution and delinquency

The following table provides information on the geographic distribution and delinquency for retained wholesale loans.

	Secured by real estate				Commercial  and industrial				Other				Total  retained loans
December 31, (in millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Loans by geographic distribution(a)(b)
Total U.S.	$	159,499	$	123,740	$	127,638	$	125,324	$	262,499	$	230,525	$	549,636	$	479,589
Total non-U.S.	2,839		2,992		39,528		42,336		80,469		78,753		122,836		124,081
Total retained loans	$	162,338	$	126,732	$	167,166	$	167,660	$	342,968	$	309,278	$	672,472	$	603,670
Loan delinquency
Current and less than 30 days past due and still accruing	$	161,314	$	126,083	$	164,899	$	165,415	$	341,128	$	307,511	$	667,341	$	599,009
30–89 days past due and still accruing	473		402		884		1,127		1,090		1,015		2,447		2,544
90 or more days past due and still accruing(c)	150		1		162		100		26		53		338		154
Criticized nonaccrual(c)	401		246		1,221		1,018		724		699		2,346		1,963
Total retained loans	$	162,338	$	126,732	$	167,166	$	167,660	$	342,968	$	309,278	$	672,472	$	603,670

(a)The U.S. and non-U.S. distribution is determined based predominantly on the domicile of the borrower.

(b)Borrowers associated with First Republic are predominantly domiciled in the U.S.

(c)Represents loans that are considered well-collateralized and therefore still accruing interest.

Nonaccrual loans

The following table provides information on retained wholesale nonaccrual loans.

December 31, (in millions)	Secured by real estate				Commercial and industrial				Other				Total retained loans
	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Nonaccrual loans
With an allowance	$	129	$	172	$	776	$	686	$	492	$	487	$	1,397	$	1,345
Without an allowance(a)	272		74		445		332		232		212		949		618
Total nonaccrual loans(b)	$	401	$	246	$	1,221	$	1,018	$	724	$	699	$	2,346	$	1,963

(a)When the discounted cash flows or collateral value equals or exceeds the amortized cost of the loan, the loan does not require an allowance. This typically occurs when the loans have been partially charged off and/or there have been interest payments received and applied to the loan balance.

(b)Interest income on nonaccrual loans recognized on a cash basis were not material for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Loan modifications

The Firm grants certain modifications of wholesale loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, which effective January 1, 2023, are reported as FDMs.

Financial effects of FDMs

The following tables provide information by loan class about modifications considered FDMs.

(in millions)	Secured by real estate
	Year ended December 31, 2023
	Amortized cost basis		% of loan modifications to total retained Real Estate loans		Financial effect of loan modification
Loan modification
Single modifications
Term extension	$	149	0.09	%	Extended loans by a weighted average of 14 months
Other-than-insignificant payment deferral	3		—	%	Provided payment deferrals with delayed amounts primarily re-amortized over the remaining life of the loan
Multiple modifications
Interest rate reduction and term extension	3		—	%	Reduced weighted average contractual interest by 350 bps and extended loans by a weighted average of 3 months
Other-than-insignificant payment deferral and interest rate reduction	5		—	%	Provided payment deferrals with delayed amounts primarily recaptured at maturity and reduced weighted average contractual interest by 184 bps
Total	$	160

(in millions)	Commercial and industrial
	Year ended December 31, 2023
	Amortized cost basis		% of loan modifications to total retained Commercial and industrial loans		Financial effect of loan modification
Loan modification
Single modifications
Term extension	$	916	0.55	%	Extended loans by a weighted average of 17 months
Other-than-insignificant payment deferral	402		0.24	%	Provided payment deferrals with delayed amounts primarily recaptured at the end of the deferral period
Multiple modifications
Other-than-insignificant payment deferral and term extension	$	35	0.02	%	Provided payment deferrals with delayed amounts primarily re-amortized over the remaining life of the loan and extended loans by a weighted-average of 7 months
Other-than-insignificant payment deferral and interest rate reduction and term extension	2		—	%	Provided payment deferrals with delayed amounts primarily re-amortized over the remaining life of the loan, reduced weighted average contractual interest by 75 bps and extended loans by a weighted average of 29 months
Term extension and principal forgiveness	7		—	%	Extended loans by a weighted average of 76 months and reduced amortized cost basis of the loans by $5 million
Interest rate reduction and term extension	1		—	%	Reduced weighted average contractual interest rate over the life of the loan as a result of converting from variable to fixed rate and extended loans by a weighted average of 16 months
	$	1,363

(in millions)	Other
	Year ended December 31, 2023
	Amortized cost basis		% of loan modifications to total retained Other loans		Financial effect of loan modification
Loan modification
Single modifications
Interest rate reduction	$	9	—	%	Reduced weighted average contractual interest by 654 bps
Term extension	355		0.10	%	Extended loans by a weighted average of 23 months
Multiple modifications
Other-than-insignificant payment deferral and term extension	245		0.07	%	Provided payment deferrals with delayed amounts primarily recaptured at the end of the deferral period and extended loans by a weighted average of 137 months
Total(a)	$	609

(a) Includes loans to nonprofits, financial institutions, and personal investment companies and trusts.

Payment status of FDMs and redefaults

The following table provides information by loan class about the payment status of FDMs during the year ended December 31, 2023.

	Amortized cost basis
	Secured by real estate		Commercial and industrial		Other
(in millions)	Year ended December 31, 2023		Year ended December 31, 2023		Year ended December 31, 2023
Current and less than 30 days past due and still accruing	$	118	$	947	$	400
30-89 days past due and still accruing	2		42		—
Criticized nonaccrual	40		374		209
Total	$	160	$	1,363	$	609

The following table provides information by loan class about FDMs that re-defaulted during the year ended December 31, 2023.

(in millions)	Amortized cost basis
	Secured by real estate		Commercial and industrial		Other
	Year ended December 31, 2023		Year ended December 31, 2023		Year ended December 31, 2023
Loan modification
Term extension	$	1	$	49	$	31
Other-than-insignificant payment deferral	2		—		—
Interest rate reduction and term extension	3		1		—
Total(a)	$	6	$	50	$	31

(a)Represents FDMs that were 30 days or more past due.

As of December 31, 2023, additional unfunded commitments to lend to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for Commercial and industrial and Other loan FDMs were $1.8 billion and $4 million, respectively. There were no additional unfunded commitments to lend to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties for Secured by real estate loan FDMs.

Nature and extent of TDRs

Prior to January 1, 2023, certain loan modifications were considered TDRs. These loan modifications provided various concessions to borrower who were experiencing financial difficulty. Loans with short-term or other insignificant modifications that were not considered concessions were not TDRs nor were loans for which the Firm elected to suspend TDR accounting guidance under the option provided by the CARES Act.

For the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, new TDRs were $801 million and $881 million, respectively. New TDRs for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 reflected extended maturity dates and covenant waivers primarily in the Commercial and Industrial loan class. For the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the impact of these modifications resulting in new TDRs was not material to the Firm.

As a result of the elimination of the requirement to assess whether a modification is reasonably expected or involves a concession, the population of loans considered FDMs is greater than the population previously considered TDRs.