Credit card securitizations

As a result of the Firm’s continuing involvement, the Firm is considered to be the primary beneficiary of its Firm-sponsored credit card securitization trust, the Chase Issuance Trust.

Firm-sponsored mortgage and other securitization trusts

The Firm securitizes (or has securitized) originated and purchased residential mortgages, commercial mortgages and other consumer loans primarily in its CCB and CIB businesses. Depending on the particular transaction, as well as the respective business involved, the Firm may act as the servicer of the loans and/or retain certain beneficial interests in the securitization trusts.

The following tables present the total unpaid principal amount of assets held in Firm-sponsored private-label securitization entities, including those in which the Firm has continuing involvement, and those that are consolidated by the Firm. Continuing involvement includes servicing the loans, holding senior interests or subordinated interests (including amounts required to be held pursuant to credit

risk retention rules), recourse or guarantee arrangements, and derivative contracts. In certain instances, the Firm’s only continuing involvement is servicing the loans. The Firm’s maximum loss exposure from retained and purchased interests is the carrying value of these interests.


	Principal amount outstanding						JPMorgan Chase interest in securitized assets in nonconsolidated VIEs(c)(d)(e)
March 31, 2023 (in millions)	Total assets held by securitization VIEs		Assets held in consolidated securitization VIEs		Assets held in nonconsolidated securitization VIEs with continuing involvement		Trading assets		Investment securities		Other financial assets		Total interests held by JPMorgan Chase
Securitization-related(a)
Residential mortgage:
Prime/Alt-A and option ARMs	$	55,451	$	735	$	37,836	$	839	$	1,959	$	—	$	2,798
Subprime	9,515		—		1,701		16		—		—		16
Commercial and other(b)	163,184		—		126,194		795		5,398		663		6,856
Total	$	228,150	$	735	$	165,731	$	1,650	$	7,357	$	663	$	9,670


	Principal amount outstanding						JPMorgan Chase interest in securitized assets in nonconsolidated VIEs(c)(d)(e)
December 31, 2022 (in millions)	Total assets held by securitization VIEs		Assets held in consolidated securitization VIEs		Assets held in nonconsolidated securitization VIEs with continuing involvement		Trading assets		Investment securities		Other financial assets		Total interests held by JPMorgan Chase
Securitization-related(a)
Residential mortgage:
Prime/Alt-A and option ARMs	$	55,362	$	754	$	37,058	$	744	$	1,918	$	—	$	2,662
Subprime	9,709		—		1,743		10		—		—		10
Commercial and other(b)	164,915		—		127,037		888		5,373		670		6,931
Total	$	229,986	$	754	$	165,838	$	1,642	$	7,291	$	670	$	9,603

(a)Excludes U.S. GSEs and government agency securitizations and re-securitizations, which are not Firm-sponsored.

(b)Consists of securities backed by commercial real estate loans and non-mortgage-related consumer receivables.

(c)Excludes the following: retained servicing; securities retained from loan sales and securitization activity related to U.S. GSEs and government agencies; interest rate and foreign exchange derivatives primarily used to manage interest rate and foreign exchange risks of securitization entities; senior securities of $3 million and $134 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and subordinated securities which were zero and $34 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which the Firm purchased in connection with CIB’s secondary market-making activities.

(d)Includes interests held in re-securitization transactions.

(e)As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, 83% and 84%, respectively, of the Firm’s retained securitization interests, which are predominantly carried at fair value and include amounts required to be held pursuant to credit risk retention rules, were risk-rated “A” or better, on an S&P-equivalent basis. The retained interests in prime residential mortgages consisted of $2.8 billion and $2.6 billion of investment-grade retained interests at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and noninvestment-grade retained interests were not material at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The retained interests in commercial and other securitization trusts consisted of $5.8 billion of investment-grade retained interests at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and $1.1 billion of noninvestment-grade retained interests at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Residential mortgage

The Firm securitizes residential mortgage loans originated by CCB, as well as residential mortgage loans purchased from third parties by either CCB or CIB.

Commercial mortgages and other consumer securitizations

CIB originates and securitizes commercial mortgage loans, and engages in underwriting and trading activities involving the securities issued by securitization trusts.

Re-securitizations

The following table presents the principal amount of securities transferred to re-securitization VIEs.


	Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)	2023		2022
Transfers of securities to VIEs
U.S. GSEs and government agencies	$	3,406	$	6,076

The Firm did not transfer any private label securities to re-securitization VIEs during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively and retained interests in any such Firm-sponsored VIEs as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were not material.

The following table presents information on the Firm's interests in nonconsolidated re-securitization VIEs.


	Nonconsolidated re-securitization VIEs
(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
U.S. GSEs and government agencies
Interest in VIEs	$	3,411	$	2,580

As of March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Firm did not consolidate any U.S. GSE and government agency re-securitization VIEs or any Firm-sponsored private-label re-securitization VIEs.

Multi-seller conduits

In the normal course of business, JPMorgan Chase makes markets in and invests in commercial paper issued by the Firm-administered multi-seller conduits. The Firm held $10.4 billion and $13.8 billion of the commercial paper issued by the Firm-administered multi-seller conduits at March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively, which have been eliminated in consolidation. The Firm’s investments reflect the Firm’s funding needs and capacity and were not driven by market illiquidity. Other than the amounts required to be held pursuant to credit risk retention rules, the Firm is not obligated under any agreement to purchase the commercial paper issued by the Firm-administered multi-seller conduits.

Deal-specific liquidity facilities, program-wide liquidity and credit enhancement provided by the Firm have been eliminated in consolidation. The Firm or the Firm-administered multi-seller conduits provide lending-related commitments to certain clients of the Firm-administered multi-seller conduits. The unfunded commitments were $9.8 billion and $10.6 billion at March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively, and are reported as off-balance sheet lending-related commitments in other unfunded commitments to extend credit. Refer to Note 22 for more information on off-balance sheet lending-related commitments.

Municipal bond vehicles

Municipal bond vehicles or tender option bond (“TOB”) trusts allow institutions to finance their municipal bond investments at short-term rates. TOB transactions are known as customer TOB trusts and non-customer TOB trusts. Customer TOB trusts are sponsored by a third party.

The Firm serves as sponsor for all non-customer TOB transactions.

Consolidated VIE assets and liabilities

The following table presents information on assets and liabilities related to VIEs consolidated by the Firm as of March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022.


	Assets									Liabilities
March 31, 2023 (in millions)	Trading assets		Loans			Other(c)		Total assets(d)		Beneficial interests in VIE assets(e)		Other(f)		Total liabilities
VIE program type
Firm-sponsored credit card trusts	$	—	$	8,948		$	84	$	9,032	$	999	$	2	$	1,001
Firm-administered multi-seller conduits	4		22,397			162		22,563		12,175		29		12,204
Municipal bond vehicles	1,965		—			24		1,989		1,593		8		1,601
Mortgage securitization entities(a)	—		764			10		774		136		61		197
Other	64		1,133		(b)	253		1,450		—		155		155
Total	$	2,033	$	33,242		$	533	$	35,808	$	14,903	$	255	$	15,158

	Assets									Liabilities
December 31, 2022 (in millions)	Trading assets		Loans			Other(c)		Total assets(d)		Beneficial interests in VIE assets(e)		Other(f)		Total liabilities
VIE program type
Firm-sponsored credit card trusts	$	—	$	9,699		$	100	$	9,799	$	1,999	$	2	$	2,001
Firm-administered multi-seller conduits	—		22,819			170		22,989		9,236		39		9,275
Municipal bond vehicles	2,089		—			7		2,096		1,232		10		1,242
Mortgage securitization entities(a)	—		781			10		791		143		67		210
Other	62		1,112		(b)	263		1,437		—		161		161
Total	$	2,151	$	34,411		$	550	$	37,112	$	12,610	$	279	$	12,889

(a)Includes residential mortgage securitizations.

(b)Primarily includes purchased supply chain finance receivables and purchased auto loan securitizations in CIB.

(c)Includes assets classified as cash and other assets on the Consolidated balance sheets.

(d)The assets of the consolidated VIEs included in the program types above are used to settle the liabilities of those entities. The assets and liabilities include third-party assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs and exclude intercompany balances that eliminate in consolidation.

(e)The interest-bearing beneficial interest liabilities issued by consolidated VIEs are classified in the line item on the Consolidated balance sheets titled, “Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs”. The holders of these beneficial interests generally do not have recourse to the general credit of JPMorgan Chase. Included in beneficial interests in VIE assets are long-term beneficial interests of $1.1 billion and $2.1 billion at March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively.

(f)Includes liabilities classified as accounts payable and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets.

VIEs sponsored by third parties

The Firm enters into transactions with VIEs structured by other parties. These include, for example, acting as a derivative counterparty, liquidity provider, investor, underwriter, placement agent, remarketing agent, trustee or custodian. These transactions are conducted at arm’s-length, and individual credit decisions are based on the analysis of the specific VIE, taking into consideration the quality of the underlying assets. Where the Firm does not have the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, or a variable interest that could potentially be significant, the Firm generally does not consolidate the VIE, but it records and reports these positions on its Consolidated balance sheets in the same manner it would record and report positions in respect of any other third-party transaction.

Tax credit vehicles

The Firm holds investments in unconsolidated tax credit vehicles, which are limited partnerships and similar entities that own and operate affordable housing, energy, and other projects. These entities are primarily considered VIEs. A third party is typically the general partner or managing

member and has control over the significant activities of the tax credit vehicles, and accordingly the Firm does not consolidate tax credit vehicles. The Firm generally invests in these partnerships as a limited partner and earns a return primarily through the receipt of tax credits allocated to the projects. The maximum loss exposure, represented by equity investments and funding commitments, was $30.2 billion at both March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, of which $10.7 billion and $10.6 billion was unfunded at March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Firm assesses each project and to reduce the risk of loss, may withhold varying amounts of its capital investment until the project qualifies for tax credits. Refer to Note 25 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2022 Form 10-K for further information on affordable housing tax credits and Note 22 of this Form 10-Q for more information on off-balance sheet lending-related commitments.

Customer municipal bond vehicles (TOB trusts)

The Firm may provide various services to customer TOB trusts, including remarketing agent, liquidity or tender option provider. In certain customer TOB transactions, the Firm, as liquidity provider, has entered into a reimbursement agreement with the Residual holder.

In those transactions, upon the termination of the vehicle, the Firm has recourse to the third-party Residual holders for any shortfall. The Firm does not have any intent to protect Residual holders from potential losses on any of the underlying municipal bonds. The Firm does not consolidate customer TOB trusts, since the Firm does not have the power to make decisions that significantly impact the economic performance of the municipal bond vehicle.

The Firm’s maximum exposure as a liquidity provider to customer TOB trusts at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $5.9 billion and $5.8 billion, respectively. The fair value of assets held by such VIEs at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $8.4 billion and $8.2 billion, respectively.

Loan securitizations

The Firm has securitized and sold a variety of loans, including residential mortgages, credit card receivables, commercial mortgages and other consumer loans.

Securitization activity

The following table provides information related to the Firm’s securitization activities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, related to assets held in Firm-sponsored securitization entities that were not consolidated by the Firm, and where sale accounting was achieved at the time of the securitization.


	Three months ended March 31,
	2023				2022
(in millions)	Residential mortgage(d)		Commercial and other(e)		Residential mortgage(d)		Commercial and other(e)
Principal securitized	$	1,073	$	—	$	6,495	$	3,108
All cash flows during the period:(a)
Proceeds received from loan sales as financial instruments(b)(c)	$	1,030	$	—	$	6,375	$	3,106
Servicing fees collected	6		—		24		—
Cash flows received on interests	74		87		155		71

(a)Excludes re-securitization transactions.

(b)Predominantly includes Level 2 assets.

(c)The carrying value of the loans accounted for at fair value approximated the proceeds received upon loan sale.

(d)Represents prime mortgages. Excludes loan securitization activity related to U.S. GSEs and government agencies.

(e)Includes commercial mortgage and other consumer loans.

Loans and excess MSRs sold to U.S. government-sponsored

enterprises and loans in securitization transactions pursuant to

Ginnie Mae guidelines

In addition to the amounts reported in the securitization activity tables above, the Firm, in the normal course of business, sells originated and purchased mortgage loans and certain originated excess MSRs on a nonrecourse basis, predominantly to U.S. GSEs. These loans and excess MSRs are sold primarily for the purpose of securitization by the U.S. GSEs, who provide certain guarantee provisions (e.g., credit enhancement of the loans). The Firm also sells loans into securitization transactions pursuant to Ginnie Mae guidelines; these loans are typically insured or guaranteed by another U.S. government agency. The Firm does not consolidate the securitization vehicles underlying these transactions as it is not the primary beneficiary. For a limited number of loan sales, the Firm is obligated to share

a portion of the credit risk associated with the sold loans with the purchaser. Refer to Note 22 of this Form 10-Q for additional information about the Firm’s loan sales- and securitization-related indemnifications and Note 14 for additional information about the impact of the Firm’s sale of certain excess MSRs.

The following table summarizes the activities related to loans sold to the U.S. GSEs, and loans in securitization transactions pursuant to Ginnie Mae guidelines.


	Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)	2023		2022
Carrying value of loans sold	$	2,698	$	23,668
Proceeds received from loan sales as cash	7		9
Proceeds from loan sales as securities(a)(b)	2,662		23,258
Total proceeds received from loan sales(c)	$	2,669	$	23,267
Gains/(losses) on loan sales(d)(e)	$	—	$	—

(a)Includes securities from U.S. GSEs and Ginnie Mae that are generally sold shortly after receipt or retained as part of the Firm’s investment securities portfolio.

(b)Included in level 2 assets.

(c)Excludes the value of MSRs retained upon the sale of loans.

(d)Gains/(losses) on loan sales include the value of MSRs.

(e)The carrying value of the loans accounted for at fair value approximated the proceeds received upon loan sale.

Options to repurchase delinquent loans

In addition to the Firm’s obligation to repurchase certain loans due to material breaches of representations and warranties as discussed in Note 22, the Firm also has the option to repurchase delinquent loans that it services for Ginnie Mae loan pools, as well as for other U.S. government agencies under certain arrangements. The Firm typically elects to repurchase delinquent loans from Ginnie Mae loan

pools as it continues to service them and/or manage the foreclosure process in accordance with the applicable requirements, and such loans continue to be insured or guaranteed. When the Firm’s repurchase option becomes exercisable, such loans must be reported on the Consolidated balance sheets as a loan with a corresponding liability. Refer to Note 11 for additional information.

The following table presents loans the Firm repurchased or had an option to repurchase, real estate owned, and foreclosed government-guaranteed residential mortgage loans recognized on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Substantially all of these loans and real estate are insured or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies.


(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Loans repurchased or option to repurchase(a)	$	709	$	839
Real estate owned	10		10
Foreclosed government-guaranteed residential mortgage loans(b)	23		27

(a)Predominantly all of these amounts relate to loans that have been repurchased from Ginnie Mae loan pools.

(b)Relates to voluntary repurchases of loans, which are included in accrued interest and accounts receivable.

Loan delinquencies and liquidation losses

The table below includes information about components of and delinquencies related to nonconsolidated securitized financial assets held in Firm-sponsored private-label securitization entities, in which the Firm has continuing involvement as of March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022.


									Net liquidation losses/(recoveries)
	Securitized assets				90 days past due				Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022		March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022		2023		2022
Securitized loans
Residential mortgage:
Prime / Alt-A & option ARMs	$	37,836	$	37,058	$	528	$	511	$	7	$	(6)
Subprime	1,701		1,743		196		212		2		—
Commercial and other	126,194		127,037		863		948		19		6
Total loans securitized	$	165,731	$	165,838	$	1,587	$	1,671	$	28	$	—