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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Reconciliation of the applicable statutory U.S. income tax rate to the effective tax rate the effective tax rate
The following table presents a reconciliation of the applicable statutory U.S. federal income tax rate to the effective tax rate.
Effective tax rate
Year ended December 31,202020192018
Statutory U.S. federal tax rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
Increase/(decrease) in tax rate resulting from:
U.S. state and local income taxes, net of U.S. federal income tax benefit
2.5 3.5 4.0 
Tax-exempt income
(1.6)(1.4)(1.5)
Non-U.S. earnings
1.4 1.8 0.6 
Business tax credits
(6.3)(4.4)(3.5)
Tax audit resolutions
 (2.3)(0.1)
Impact of the TCJA(a)
 — (0.7)
Other, net
0.7 — 0.5 
Effective tax rate17.7 %18.2 %20.3 %
(a)Represents changes in the estimates related to the remeasurement of certain deferred taxes and the deemed repatriation tax on non-U.S. earnings under SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 which was completed in 2018.
Components of income tax expense/(benefit) included in the Consolidated Statements of Income
The following table reflects the components of income tax expense/(benefit) included in the Consolidated statements of income.
Income tax expense/(benefit)
Year ended December 31,
(in millions)
202020192018
Current income tax expense/(benefit)
U.S. federal$5,759 $3,284 $2,854 
Non-U.S.2,705 2,103 2,077 
U.S. state and local1,793 1,778 1,638 
Total current income tax expense/(benefit)
10,257 7,165 6,569 
Deferred income tax expense/(benefit)
U.S. federal(3,184)709 1,359 
Non-U.S.(126)20 (93)
U.S. state and local(671)220 455 
Total deferred income tax
expense/(benefit)
(3,981)949 1,721 
Total income tax expense
$6,276 $8,114 $8,290 
U.S. and non-U.S. components of income before income tax expense/(benefit)
The following table presents the U.S. and non-U.S. components of income before income tax expense.
Year ended December 31,
(in millions)
202020192018
U.S.$26,904 $36,670 $33,052 
Non-U.S.(a)
8,503 7,875 7,712 
Income before income tax expense
$35,407 $44,545 $40,764 
(a)For purposes of this table, non-U.S. income is defined as income generated from operations located outside the U.S.
Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities The significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are reflected in the following table.
December 31, (in millions)20202019
Deferred tax assets
Allowance for loan losses$7,270 $3,400 
Employee benefits1,104 1,039 
Accrued expenses and other
3,332 2,767 
Non-U.S. operations849 949 
Tax attribute carryforwards757 605 
Gross deferred tax assets13,312 8,760 
Valuation allowance(560)(557)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance
$12,752 $8,203 
Deferred tax liabilities
Depreciation and amortization$3,329 $2,852 
Mortgage servicing rights, net of hedges
2,184 2,354 
Leasing transactions5,124 5,598 
Other, net6,025 4,683 
Gross deferred tax liabilities16,662 15,487 
Net deferred tax (liabilities)/assets$(3,910)$(7,284)
Reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits
The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits.
Year ended December 31,
(in millions)
202020192018
Balance at January 1,$4,024 $4,861 $4,747 
Increases based on tax positions related to the current period
685 871 980 
Increases based on tax positions related to prior periods
362 10 649 
Decreases based on tax positions related to prior periods
(705)(706)(1,249)
Decreases related to cash settlements with taxing authorities
(116)(1,012)(266)
Balance at December 31,$4,250 $4,024 $4,861 
Tax examination status
JPMorgan Chase is continually under examination by the Internal Revenue Service, by taxing authorities throughout the world, and by many state and local jurisdictions throughout the U.S. The following table summarizes the status of significant income tax examinations of JPMorgan Chase and its consolidated subsidiaries as of December 31, 2020.
Periods under examinationStatus
JPMorgan Chase – U.S.
2009 – 2013Field examination of amended returns
JPMorgan Chase – U.S.
2014 - 2016Field Examination
JPMorgan Chase – New York State
2012 - 2014Field Examination
JPMorgan Chase – New York City
2012 - 2014Field Examination
JPMorgan Chase – California
2011 – 2012Field Examination
JPMorgan Chase – U.K.
2006 – 2018Field examination of certain select entities