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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Reconciliation of the applicable statutory U.S. income tax rate to the effective tax rate the effective tax rate A reconciliation of the applicable statutory U.S. federal income tax rate to the effective tax rate for each of the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, is presented in the following table.
Effective tax rate
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Year ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
Statutory U.S. federal tax rate
 
21.0
 %
 
35.0
 %
 
35.0
 %
 
Increase/(decrease) in tax rate resulting from:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. state and local income taxes, net of U.S. federal income tax benefit
 
4.0

 
2.2

 
2.4

 
Tax-exempt income
 
(1.5
)
 
(3.3
)
 
(3.1
)
 
Non-U.S. subsidiary earnings
 
0.6

 
(3.1
)
(a) 
(1.7
)
(a) 
Business tax credits
 
(3.5
)
 
(4.2
)
 
(3.9
)
 
Impact of the TCJA
 
(0.7
)
 
5.4

 

 
Other, net
 
0.4

 
(0.1
)
 
(0.3
)
 
Effective tax rate
 
20.3
 %
 
31.9
 %
 
28.4
 %
 
(a)
Predominantly includes earnings of U.K. subsidiaries that were deemed to be reinvested indefinitely through December 31, 2017.
Components of income tax expense/(benefit) included in the Consolidated Statements of Income The components of income tax expense/(benefit) included in the Consolidated statements of income were as follows for each of the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016.
Income tax expense/(benefit)
Year ended December 31,
(in millions)
 
2018

 
2017

 
2016

Current income tax expense/(benefit)
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. federal
 
$
2,854

 
$
5,718

 
$
2,488

Non-U.S.
 
2,077

 
2,400

 
1,760

U.S. state and local
 
1,638

 
1,029

 
904

Total current income tax expense/(benefit)
 
6,569

 
9,147

 
5,152

Deferred income tax expense/(benefit)
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. federal
 
1,359

 
2,174

 
4,364

Non-U.S.
 
(93
)
 
(144
)
 
(73
)
U.S. state and local
 
455

 
282

 
360

Total deferred income tax
expense/(benefit)
 
1,721

 
2,312

 
4,651

Total income tax expense
 
$
8,290

 
$
11,459

 
$
9,803

U.S. and non-U.S. components of income before income tax expense/(benefit) The following table presents the U.S. and non-U.S. components of income before income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.
Year ended December 31,
(in millions)
 
2018

 
2017

 
2016

U.S.
 
$
33,052

 
$
27,103

 
$
26,651

Non-U.S.(a)
 
7,712

 
8,797

 
7,885

Income before income tax expense
 
$
40,764

 
$
35,900

 
$
34,536

(a)
For purposes of this table, non-U.S. income is defined as income generated from operations located outside the U.S.
Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities The significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are reflected in the following table as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.
December 31, (in millions)
 
2018

 
2017

Deferred tax assets
 
 
 
 
Allowance for loan losses
 
$
3,433

 
$
3,395

Employee benefits
 
1,129

 
688

Accrued expenses and other
 
2,701

 
3,528

Non-U.S. operations
 
629

 
327

Tax attribute carryforwards
 
163

 
219

Gross deferred tax assets
 
8,055

 
8,157

Valuation allowance
 
(89
)
 
(46
)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance
 
$
7,966

 
$
8,111

Deferred tax liabilities
 
 
 
 
Depreciation and amortization
 
$
2,533

 
$
2,299

Mortgage servicing rights, net of hedges
 
2,586

 
2,757

Leasing transactions
 
4,719

 
3,483

Non-U.S. operations
 

 
200

Other, net
 
3,713

 
3,502

Gross deferred tax liabilities
 
13,551

 
12,241

Net deferred tax (liabilities)/assets
 
$
(5,585
)
 
$
(4,130
)
Reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.
Year ended December 31,
(in millions)
 
2018

 
2017

 
2016

Balance at January 1,
 
$
4,747

 
$
3,450

 
$
3,497

Increases based on tax positions related to the current period
 
980

 
1,355

 
262

Increases based on tax positions related to prior periods
 
649

 
626

 
583

Decreases based on tax positions related to prior periods
 
(1,249
)
 
(350
)
 
(785
)
Decreases related to cash settlements with taxing authorities
 
(266
)
 
(334
)
 
(56
)
Decreases related to a lapse of applicable statute of limitations
 

 

 
(51
)
Balance at December 31,
 
$
4,861

 
$
4,747

 
$
3,450

Tax examination status JPMorgan Chase is continually under examination by the Internal Revenue Service, by taxing authorities throughout the world, and by many state and local jurisdictions throughout the U.S. The following table summarizes the status of significant income tax examinations of JPMorgan Chase and its consolidated subsidiaries as of December 31, 2018.
December 31, 2018
 
Periods under examination
 
Status
JPMorgan Chase – U.S.
 
2006 – 2010
 
Field examination of amended returns
JPMorgan Chase – U.S.
 
2011 – 2013
 
Field Examination
JPMorgan Chase – U.S.
 
2014 - 2016
 
Field Examination
JPMorgan Chase – New York State
 
2012 - 2014
 
Field Examination
JPMorgan Chase – New York City
 
2012 - 2014
 
Field Examination
JPMorgan Chase – California
 
2011 – 2012
 
Field Examination
JPMorgan Chase – U.K.
 
2006 – 2016
 
Field examination of certain select entities