Pension and Other Postretirement Employee Benefit Plans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2015

Compensation and Retirement Disclosure [Abstract]

Pension and Other Postretirement Employee Benefit Plans

Pension and other postretirement employee benefit plans

The Firm has various defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement employee benefit (“OPEB”) plans that provide benefits to its employees. These plans are discussed below.

Defined benefit pension plans

The Firm has a qualified noncontributory U.S. defined benefit pension plan that provides benefits to substantially all U.S. employees. The U.S. plan employs a cash balance formula in the form of pay and interest credits to determine the benefits to be provided at retirement, based on years of service and eligible compensation (generally base salary/regular pay and variable incentive compensation capped at $100,000 annually). Employees begin to accrue plan benefits after completing one year of service, and benefits generally vest after three years of service. The Firm also offers benefits through defined benefit pension plans to qualifying employees in certain non-U.S. locations based on factors such as eligible compensation, age and/or years of service.

It is the Firm’s policy to fund the pension plans in amounts sufficient to meet the requirements under applicable laws. The Firm does not anticipate at this time any contribution to the U.S. defined benefit pension plan in 2016. The 2016 contributions to the non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans are expected to be $47 million of which $31 million are contractually required.

JPMorgan Chase also has a number of defined benefit pension plans that are not subject to Title IV of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act. The most significant of these plans is the Excess Retirement Plan, pursuant to which certain employees previously earned pay credits on compensation amounts above the maximum stipulated by law under a qualified plan; no further pay credits are allocated under this plan. The Excess Retirement Plan had an unfunded projected benefit obligation (“PBO”) in the amount of $237 million and $257 million, at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Defined contribution plans

JPMorgan Chase currently provides two qualified defined contribution plans in the U.S. and other similar arrangements in certain non-U.S. locations, all of which are administered in accordance with applicable local laws and regulations. The most significant of these plans is the JPMorgan Chase 401(k) Savings Plan (the “401(k) Savings Plan”), which covers substantially all U.S. employees. Employees can contribute to the 401(k) Savings Plan on a pretax and/or Roth 401(k) after-tax basis. The JPMorgan Chase Common Stock Fund, which is an investment option under the 401(k) Savings Plan, is a nonleveraged employee stock ownership plan.

The Firm matches eligible employee contributions up to 5% of eligible compensation (generally base salary/regular pay and variable incentive compensation) on an annual basis. Employees begin to receive matching contributions after completing a one-year-of-service requirement. Employees with total annual cash compensation of $250,000 or more are not eligible for matching contributions. Matching contributions vest after three years of service. The 401(k) Savings Plan also permits discretionary profit-sharing contributions by participating companies for certain employees, subject to a specified vesting schedule.

OPEB plans

JPMorgan Chase offers postretirement medical and life insurance benefits to certain retirees and postretirement medical benefits to qualifying U.S. employees. These benefits vary with the length of service and the date of hire and provide for limits on the Firm’s share of covered medical benefits. The medical and life insurance benefits are both contributory. Effective January 1, 2015, there was a transition of certain Medicare eligible retirees from JPMC group sponsored coverage to Medicare exchanges. As a result of this change, eligible retirees will receive a Healthcare Reimbursement Account amount each year if they enroll through the Medicare exchange. The impact of this change was not material. Postretirement medical benefits also are offered to qualifying United Kingdom (“U.K.”) employees.

JPMorgan Chase’s U.S. OPEB obligation is funded with corporate-owned life insurance (“COLI”) purchased on the lives of eligible employees and retirees. While the Firm owns the COLI policies, COLI proceeds (death benefits, withdrawals and other distributions) may be used only to reimburse the Firm for its net postretirement benefit claim payments and related administrative expense. The U.K. OPEB plan is unfunded.

The following table presents the changes in benefit obligations, plan assets and funded status amounts reported on the Consolidated balance sheets for the Firm’s U.S. and non-U.S. defined benefit pension and OPEB plans.

	Defined benefit pension plans
As of or for the year ended December 31,	U.S.							Non-U.S.						OPEB plans(d)
(in millions)	2015			2014				2015			2014			2015			2014
Change in benefit obligation
Benefit obligation, beginning of year	$	(12,536	)	$	(10,776	)		$	(3,640	)	$	(3,433	)	$	(842	)	$	(826	)
Benefits earned during the year	(340		)	(281		)		(37		)	(33		)	(1		)	—
Interest cost on benefit obligations	(498		)	(534		)		(112		)	(137		)	(31		)	(38		)
Plan amendments	—			(53		)		—			—			—			—
Special termination benefits	—			—				(1		)	(1		)	—			—
Curtailments	—			—				—			—			—			(3		)
Employee contributions	NA			NA				(7		)	(7		)	(25		)	(62		)
Net gain/(loss)	702			(1,669		)		146			(408		)	71			(58		)
Benefits paid	760			777				120			119			88			145
Expected Medicare Part D subsidy receipts	NA			NA				NA			NA			(6		)	(2		)
Foreign exchange impact and other	—			—				184			260			2			2
Benefit obligation, end of year	$	(11,912	)	$	(12,536	)		$	(3,347	)	$	(3,640	)	$	(744	)	$	(842	)
Change in plan assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	$	14,623		$	14,354			$	3,718		$	3,532		$	1,903		$	1,757
Actual return on plan assets	231			1,010				52			518			13			159
Firm contributions	31			36				45			46			2			3
Employee contributions	—			—				7			7			—			—
Benefits paid	(760		)	(777		)		(120		)	(119		)	(63		)	(16		)
Foreign exchange impact and other	—			—				(191		)	(266		)	—			—
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	$	14,125		$	14,623		(b)(c)	$	3,511		$	3,718		$	1,855		$	1,903
Net funded status(a)	$	2,213		$	2,087			$	164		$	78		$	1,111		$	1,061
Accumulated benefit obligation, end of year	$	(11,774	)	$	(12,375	)		$	(3,322	)	$	(3,615	)	NA			NA

(a) Represents plans with an aggregate overfunded balance of $4.1 billion and $3.9 billion at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and plans with an aggregate underfunded balance of $636 million and $708 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

(b) At December 31, 2015 and 2014, approximately $533 million and $336 million, respectively, of U.S. plan assets included participation rights under participating annuity contracts.

(c) At December 31, 2015 and 2014, defined benefit pension plan amounts not measured at fair value included $74 million and $106 million, respectively, of accrued receivables, and $123 million and $257 million, respectively, of accrued liabilities, for U.S. plans.

(d) Includes an unfunded accumulated postretirement benefit obligation of $32 million and $37 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, for the U.K. plan.

Gains and losses

For the Firm’s defined benefit pension plans, fair value is used to determine the expected return on plan assets. Amortization of net gains and losses is included in annual net periodic benefit cost if, as of the beginning of the year, the net gain or loss exceeds 10% of the greater of the PBO or the fair value of the plan assets. Any excess is amortized over the average future service period of defined benefit pension plan participants, which for the U.S. defined benefit pension plan is currently seven years and for the non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans is the period appropriate for the affected plan. In addition, prior service costs are amortized over the average remaining service period of active employees expected to receive benefits under the plan when the prior service cost is first recognized.

The average remaining amortization period for the U.S. defined benefit pension plan for current prior service costs is four years.

For the Firm’s OPEB plans, a calculated value that recognizes changes in fair value over a five-year period is used to determine the expected return on plan assets. This value is referred to as the market related value of assets. Amortization of net gains and losses, adjusted for gains and losses not yet recognized, is included in annual net periodic benefit cost if, as of the beginning of the year, the net gain or loss exceeds 10% of the greater of the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation or the market related value of assets. Any excess net gain or loss is amortized over the average expected lifetime of retired participants, which is currently thirteen years; however, prior service costs resulting from plan changes are amortized over the average years of service remaining to full eligibility age, which is currently two years.

The following table presents pretax pension and OPEB amounts recorded in AOCI.

	Defined benefit pension plans
December 31,	U.S.						Non-U.S.						OPEB plans
(in millions)	2015			2014			2015			2014			2015		2014
Net gain/(loss)	$	(3,096	)	$	(3,346	)	$	(513	)	$	(628	)	$	109	$	130
Prior service credit/(cost)	68			102			9			11			—		—
Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), pretax, end of year	$	(3,028	)	$	(3,244	)	$	(504	)	$	(617	)	$	109	$	130

The following table presents the components of net periodic benefit costs reported in the Consolidated statements of income and other comprehensive income for the Firm’s U.S. and non-U.S. defined benefit pension, defined contribution and OPEB plans.

	Pension plans
	U.S.									Non-U.S.												OPEB plans
Year ended December 31, (in millions)	2015			2014			2013			2015				2014				2013				2015			2014			2013
Components of net periodic benefit cost
Benefits earned during the year	$	340		$	281		$	314		$	37			$	33			$	34			$	1		$	—		$	1
Interest cost on benefit obligations	498			534			447			112				137				125				31			38			35
Expected return on plan assets	(929		)	(985		)	(956		)	(150		)		(172		)		(142		)		(106		)	(101		)	(92		)
Amortization:
Net (gain)/loss	247			25			271			35				47				49				—			—			1
Prior service cost/(credit)	(34		)	(41		)	(41		)	(2		)		(2		)		(2		)		—			(1		)	—
Special termination benefits	—			—			—			1				—				—				—			—			—
Net periodic defined benefit cost	122			(186		)	35			33				43				64				(74		)	(64		)	(55		)
Other defined benefit pension plans(a)	14			14			15			10				6				14				NA			NA			NA
Total defined benefit plans	136			(172		)	50			43				49				78				(74		)	(64		)	(55		)
Total defined contribution plans	449			438			447			320				329				321				NA			NA			NA
Total pension and OPEB cost included in compensation expense	$	585		$	266		$	497		$	363			$	378			$	399			$	(74	)	$	(64	)	$	(55	)
Changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income
Net (gain)/loss arising during the year	$	(3	)	$	1,645		$	(1,817	)	$	(47	)		$	57			$	19			$	21		$	(5	)	$	(257	)
Prior service credit arising during the year	—			53			—			—				—				—				—			—			—
Amortization of net loss	(247		)	(25		)	(271		)	(35		)		(47		)		(49		)		—			—			(1		)
Amortization of prior service (cost)/credit	34			41			41			2				2				2				—			1			—
Foreign exchange impact and other	—			—			—			(33		)	(a)	(39		)	(a)	14			(a)	—			—			—
Total recognized in other comprehensive income	$	(216	)	$	1,714		$	(2,047	)	$	(113	)		$	(27	)		$	(14	)		$	21		$	(4	)	$	(258	)
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive income	$	(94	)	$	1,528		$	(2,012	)	$	(80	)		$	16			$	50			$	(53	)	$	(68	)	$	(313	)

(a) Includes various defined benefit pension plans which are individually immaterial.

The estimated pretax amounts that will be amortized from AOCI into net periodic benefit cost in 2016 are as follows.

	Defined benefit pension plans						OPEB plans
(in millions)	U.S.			Non-U.S.			U.S.		Non-U.S.
Net loss/(gain)	$	231		$	23		$	—	$	—
Prior service cost/(credit)	(34		)	(2		)	—		—
Total	$	197		$	21		$	—	$	—

The following table presents the actual rate of return on plan assets for the U.S. and non-U.S. defined benefit pension and OPEB plans.

	U.S.						Non-U.S.
Year ended December 31,	2015		2014		2013		2015	2014	2013
Actual rate of return:
Defined benefit pension plans	0.88	%	7.29	%	15.95	%	(0.48) – 4.92%	5.62 – 17.69%	3.74 – 23.80%
OPEB plans	1.16		9.84		13.88		NA	NA	NA

Plan assumptions

JPMorgan Chase’s expected long-term rate of return for U.S. defined benefit pension and OPEB plan assets is a blended average of the investment advisor’s projected long-term

(10 years or more) returns for the various asset classes, weighted by the asset allocation. Returns on asset classes are developed using a forward-looking approach and are not strictly based on historical returns. Equity returns are generally developed as the sum of inflation, expected real earnings growth and expected long-term dividend yield. Bond returns are generally developed as the sum of inflation, real bond yield and risk spread (as appropriate), adjusted for the expected effect on returns from changing yields. Other asset-class returns are derived from their relationship to the equity and bond markets. Consideration is also given to current market conditions and the short-term portfolio mix of each plan.

For the U.K. defined benefit pension plans, which represent the most significant of the non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans, procedures similar to those in the U.S. are used to develop the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets, taking into consideration local market conditions and the specific allocation of plan assets. The expected long-term rate of return on U.K. plan assets is an average of projected long-term returns for each asset class. The return on equities has been selected by reference to the yield on long-term U.K. government bonds plus an equity risk premium above the risk-free rate. The expected return on “AA” rated long-term corporate bonds is based on an implied yield for similar bonds.

The discount rate used in determining the benefit obligation under the U.S. defined benefit pension and OPEB plans was provided by our actuaries. This rate was selected by reference to the yields on portfolios of bonds with maturity dates and coupons that closely match each of the plan’s projected cash flows; such portfolios are derived from a broad-based universe of high-quality corporate bonds as of the measurement date. In years in which these hypothetical bond portfolios generate excess cash, such excess is assumed to be reinvested at the one-year forward rates implied by the Citigroup Pension Discount Curve published as of the measurement date. The discount rate for the U.K. defined benefit pension plan represents a rate of appropriate duration from the analysis of yield curves provided by our actuaries.

In 2014, the Society of Actuaries (“SOA”) completed a comprehensive review of mortality experience of uninsured private retirement plans in the U.S. In October 2014, the SOA published new mortality tables and a new mortality improvement scale that reflects improved life expectancies and an expectation that this trend will continue. In 2014, the Firm adopted the SOA’s tables and projection scale, resulting in an estimated increase in PBO of $533 million. In 2015, the SOA updated the projection scale to reflect two additional years of historical data. The Firm has adopted the updated projection scale resulting in an estimated decrease in PBO in 2015 of $112 million.

At December 31, 2015, the Firm increased the discount rates used to determine its benefit obligations for the U.S. defined benefit pension and OPEB plans in light of current market interest rates, which will result in a decrease in expense of approximately $63 million for 2016. The 2016 expected long-term rate of return on U.S. defined benefit pension plan assets and U.S. OPEB plan assets are 6.50% and 5.75%, respectively. For 2016, the initial health care benefit obligation trend assumption has been set at 5.50%, and the ultimate health care trend assumption and the year to reach the ultimate rate remains at 5.00% and 2017, respectively, unchanged from 2015. As of December 31, 2015, the interest crediting rate assumption and the assumed rate of compensation increase remained at 5.00% and 3.50%, respectively.

The following tables present the weighted-average annualized actuarial assumptions for the projected and accumulated postretirement benefit obligations, and the components of net periodic benefit costs, for the Firm’s significant U.S. and non-U.S. defined benefit pension and OPEB plans, as of and for the periods indicated.

Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations
	U.S.				Non-U.S.
December 31,	2015		2014		2015	2014
Discount rate:
Defined benefit pension plans	4.50	%	4.00	%	0.80 – 3.70%	1.00 – 3.60%
OPEB plans	4.40		4.10		—	—
Rate of compensation increase	3.50		3.50		2.25 – 4.30	2.75 – 4.20
Health care cost trend rate:
Assumed for next year	5.50		6.00		—	—
Ultimate	5.00		5.00		—	—
Year when rate will reach ultimate	2017		2017		—	—

Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit costs
	U.S.						Non-U.S.
Year ended December 31,	2015		2014		2013		2015	2014	2013
Discount rate:
Defined benefit pension plans	4.00	%	5.00	%	3.90	%	1.00 – 3.60%	1.10 – 4.40%	1.40 – 4.40%
OPEB plans	4.10		4.90		3.90		—	—	—
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets:
Defined benefit pension plans	6.50		7.00		7.50		0.90 – 4.80	1.20 – 5.30	2.40 – 4.90
OPEB plans	6.00		6.25		6.25		NA	NA	NA
Rate of compensation increase	3.50		3.50		4.00		2.75 – 4.20	2.75 – 4.60	2.75 – 4.10
Health care cost trend rate:
Assumed for next year	6.00		6.50		7.00		—	—	—
Ultimate	5.00		5.00		5.00		—	—	—
Year when rate will reach ultimate	2017		2017		2017		—	—	—

The following table presents the effect of a one-percentage-point change in the assumed health care cost trend rate on JPMorgan Chase’s accumulated postretirement benefit obligation. As of December 31, 2015, there was no material effect on total service and interest cost.

Year ended December 31, 2015 (in millions)	1-Percentage point increase		1-Percentage point decrease
Effect on accumulated postretirement benefit obligation	$	8	$	(7	)

JPMorgan Chase’s U.S. defined benefit pension and OPEB plan expense is sensitive to the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets and the discount rate. With all other assumptions held constant, a 25-basis point decline in the expected long-term rate of return on U.S. plan assets would result in an aggregate increase of approximately $39 million in 2016 U.S. defined benefit pension and OPEB plan expense. A 25-basis point decline in the discount rate for the U.S. plans would result in an increase in 2016 U.S. defined benefit pension and OPEB plan expense of approximately an aggregate $31 million and an increase in the related benefit obligations of approximately an aggregate $296 million. A 25-basis point decrease in the interest crediting rate for the U.S. defined benefit pension plan would result in a decrease in 2016 U.S. defined benefit pension expense of approximately $35 million and a decrease in the related PBO of approximately $145 million. A 25-basis point decline in the discount rates for the non-U.S. plans would result in an increase in the 2016 non-U.S. defined benefit pension plan expense of approximately $17 million.

Investment strategy and asset allocation

The Firm’s U.S. defined benefit pension plan assets are held in trust and are invested in a well-diversified portfolio of equity and fixed income securities, cash and cash equivalents, and alternative investments (e.g., hedge funds, private equity, real estate and real assets). Non-U.S. defined benefit pension plan assets are held in various trusts and are also invested in well-diversified portfolios of equity, fixed income and other securities. Assets of the Firm’s COLI policies, which are used to partially fund the U.S. OPEB plan, are held in separate accounts of an insurance company and are allocated to investments intended to replicate equity and fixed income indices.

The investment policy for the Firm’s U.S. defined benefit pension plan assets is to optimize the risk-return relationship as appropriate to the needs and goals of the plan using a global portfolio of various asset classes diversified by market segment, economic sector, and issuer. Assets are managed by a combination of internal and external investment managers. Periodically the Firm performs a comprehensive analysis on the U.S. defined benefit pension plan asset allocations, incorporating projected asset and liability data, which focuses on the short- and long-term impact of the asset allocation on cumulative pension expense, economic cost, present value of contributions and funded status. As the U.S. defined benefit pension plan is overfunded, the investment strategy for this plan was adjusted in 2013 to provide for greater liquidity.Currently, approved asset allocation ranges are: U.S. equity 0% to 45%, international equity 0% to 40%, debt securities 0% to 80%, hedge funds 0% to 5%, real estate 0% to 10%, real assets 0% to 10% and private equity 0% to 20%. Asset allocations are not managed to a specific target but seek to shift asset class allocations within these stated ranges. Investment strategies incorporate the economic outlook and the anticipated implications of the macroeconomic environment on the various asset classes while maintaining an appropriate level of liquidity for the plan. The Firm regularly reviews the asset allocations and asset managers, as well as other factors that impact the portfolio, which is rebalanced when deemed necessary.

For the U.K. defined benefit pension plans, which represent the most significant of the non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans, the assets are invested to maximize returns subject to an appropriate level of risk relative to the plans’ liabilities. In order to reduce the volatility in returns relative to the plans’ liability profiles, the U.K. defined benefit pension plans’ largest asset allocations are to debt securities of appropriate durations. Other assets, mainly equity securities, are then invested for capital appreciation, to provide long-term investment growth. Similar to the U.S. defined benefit pension plan, asset allocations and asset managers for the U.K. plans are reviewed regularly and the portfolios are rebalanced when deemed necessary.

Investments held by the Plans include financial instruments which are exposed to various risks such as interest rate, market and credit risks. Exposure to a concentration of credit risk is mitigated by the broad diversification of both U.S. and non-U.S. investment instruments. Additionally, the investments in each of the common/collective trust funds and registered investment companies are further diversified into various financial instruments. As of December 31, 2015, assets held by the Firm’s U.S. and non-U.S. defined benefit pension and OPEB plans do not include JPMorgan Chase common stock, except through indirect exposures through investments in third-party stock-index funds. The plans hold investments in funds that are sponsored or managed by affiliates of JPMorgan Chase in the amount of $3.2 billionand$3.7 billion for U.S. plans and $1.2 billion and $1.4 billion for non-U.S. plans, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

The following table presents the weighted-average asset allocation of the fair values of total plan assets at December 31 for the years indicated, as well as the respective approved range/target allocation by asset category, for the Firm’s U.S. and non-U.S. defined benefit pension and OPEB plans.

	Defined benefit pension plans
	U.S.					Non-U.S.						OPEB plans(c)
	Target	% of plan assets				Target		% of plan assets				Target		% of plan assets
December 31,	Allocation	2015		2014		Allocation		2015		2014		Allocation		2015		2014
Asset category
Debt securities(a)	0-80%	32	%	31	%	59	%	60	%	61	%	30-70%		50	%	50	%
Equity securities	0-85	48		46		40		38		38		30-70		50		50
Real estate	0-10	4		4		—		1		—		—		—		—
Alternatives(b)	0-35	16		19		1		1		1		—		—		—
Total	100%	100	%	100	%	100	%	100	%	100	%	100	%	100	%	100	%

(a) Debt securities primarily include corporate debt, U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. government, and mortgage-backed securities.

(b) Alternatives primarily include limited partnerships.

(c) Represents the U.S. OPEB plan only, as the U.K. OPEB plan is unfunded.

Fair value measurement of the plans’ assets and liabilities

For information on fair value measurements, including descriptions of level 1, 2, and 3 of the fair value hierarchy and the valuation methods employed by the Firm, see Note 3.

Pension and OPEB plan assets and liabilities measured at fair value
	U.S. defined benefit pension plans											Non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans(g)
December 31, 2015 (in millions)	Level 1		Level 2			Level 3		Total fair value				Level 1		Level 2			Total fair value
Cash and cash equivalents	$	112	$	—		$	—	$	112			$	114	$	1		$	115
Equity securities	4,826		5			2		4,833				1,002		157			1,159
Common/collective trust funds(a)	339		—			—		339				135		—			135
Limited partnerships(b)	53		—			—		53				—		—			—
Corporate debt securities(c)	—		1,619			2		1,621				—		758			758
U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. government debt securities	580		108			—		688				212		504			716
Mortgage-backed securities	—		67			1		68				2		26			28
Derivative receivables	—		104			—		104				—		209			209
Other(d)	1,760		27			534		2,321				257		53			310
Total assets measured at fair value	$	7,670	$	1,930		$	539	$	10,139		(e)	$	1,722	$	1,708		$	3,430
Derivative payables	$	—	$	(35	)	$	—	$	(35	)		$	—	$	(153	)	$	(153	)
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	—	$	(35	)	$	—	$	(35	)	(f)	$	—	$	(153	)	$	(153	)

	U.S. defined benefit pension plans											Non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans(g)
December 31, 2014 (in millions)	Level 1		Level 2			Level 3		Total fair value				Level 1		Level 2			Total fair value
Cash and cash equivalents	$	87	$	—		$	—	$	87			$	128	$	1		$	129
Equity securities	5,286		20			4		5,310				1,019		169			1,188
Common/collective trust funds(a)	345		—			—		345				112		—			112
Limited partnerships(b)	70		—			—		70				—		—			—
Corporate debt securities(c)	—		1,454			9		1,463				—		724			724
U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. government debt securities	446		161			—		607				235		540			775
Mortgage-backed securities	1		73			1		75				2		77			79
Derivative receivables	—		114			—		114				—		258			258
Other(d)	2,031		27			337		2,395				283		58			341
Total assets measured at fair value	$	8,266	$	1,849		$	351	$	10,466		(e)	$	1,779	$	1,827		$	3,606
Derivative payables	$	—	$	(23	)	$	—	$	(23	)		$	—	$	(139	)	$	(139	)
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	—	$	(23	)	$	—	$	(23	)	(f)	$	—	$	(139	)	$	(139	)

Note: Effective April 1, 2015, the Firm adopted new accounting guidance for certain investments where the Firm measures fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and excluded them from the fair value hierarchy. Accordingly, such investments are not included within these tables. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the fair values of these investments, which include certain limited partnerships and common/collective trust funds, were $4.1 billion and $4.3 billion, respectively, of U.S. defined benefit pension plan investments, and $234 million and $251 million, respectively, of non-U.S. defined benefit pension plan investments. Of these investments $1.3 billion and $3.0 billion, respectively, of U.S. defined benefit pension plan investments had been previously classified in level 2 and level 3, respectively, and $251 million of non-U.S. defined benefit pension plan investments had been previously classified in level 2 at December 31, 2014. The guidance was required to be applied retrospectively, and accordingly, prior period amounts have been revised to conform with the current period presentation.

(a) At December 31, 2015 and 2014, common/collective trust funds primarily included a mix of short-term investment funds, domestic and international equity investments (including index) and real estate funds.

(b) Unfunded commitments to purchase limited partnership investments for the plans were $895 million and $1.2 billion for 2015 and 2014, respectively.

(c) Corporate debt securities include debt securities of U.S. and non-U.S. corporations.

(d) Other consists of money markets funds, exchange-traded funds and participating and non-participating annuity contracts. Money markets funds and exchange-traded funds are primarily classified within level 1 of the fair value hierarchy given they are valued using market observable prices. Participating and non-participating annuity contracts are classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy due to lack of market mechanisms for transferring each policy and surrender restrictions.

(e) At December 31, 2015 and 2014, excluded U.S. defined benefit pension plan receivables for investments sold and dividends and interest receivables of $74 million and $106 million, respectively.

(f) At December 31, 2015 and 2014, excluded $106 million and $241 million, respectively, of U.S. defined benefit pension plan payables for investments purchased; and $17 million and $16 million, respectively, of other liabilities.

(g) There were zero assets or liabilities classified as level 3 for the non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans as of December 31, 2015 and 2014.

The Firm’s U.S. OPEB plan was partially funded with COLI policies of $1.9 billion at both December 31, 2015 and 2014, which were classified in level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

Changes in level 3 fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs
Year ended December 31, 2015 (in millions)	Fair value, January 1, 2015		Actual return on plan assets					Purchases, sales and settlements, net			Transfers in and/or out of level 3		Fair value, December 31, 2015
			Realized gains/(losses)		Unrealized gains/(losses)
U.S. defined benefit pension plans
Equities	$	4	$	—	$	(2	)	$	—		$	—	$	2
Corporate debt securities	9		—		—			(7		)	—		2
Mortgage-backed securities	1		—		—			—			—		1
Other	337		—		197			—			—		534
Total U.S. defined benefit pension plans	$	351	$	—	$	195		$	(7	)	$	—	$	539
OPEB plans
COLI	$	1,903	$	—	$	(48	)	$	—		$	—	$	1,855
Total OPEB plans	$	1,903	$	—	$	(48	)	$	—		$	—	$	1,855

Year ended December 31, 2014 (in millions)	Fair value, January 1, 2014		Actual return on plan assets						Purchases, sales and settlements, net		Transfers in and/or out of level 3			Fair value, December 31, 2014
			Realized gains/(losses)			Unrealized gains/(losses)
U.S. defined benefit pension plans
Equities	$	4	$	—		$	—		$	—	$	—		$	4
Corporate debt securities	7		(2		)	2			4		(2		)	9
Mortgage-backed securities	—		—			—			1		—			1
Other	430		—			(93		)	—		—			337
Total U.S. defined benefit pension plans	$	441	$	(2	)	$	(91	)	$	5	$	(2	)	$	351
OPEB plans
COLI	$	1,749	$	—		$	154		$	—	$	—		$	1,903
Total OPEB plans	$	1,749	$	—		$	154		$	—	$	—		$	1,903

Year ended December 31, 2013 (in millions)	Fair value, January 1, 2013		Actual return on plan assets				Purchases, sales and settlements, net		Transfers in and/or out of level 3		Fair value, December 31, 2013
			Realized gains/(losses)		Unrealized gains/(losses)
U.S. defined benefit pension plans
Equities	$	4	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	4
Corporate debt securities	1		—		—		—		6		7
Mortgage-backed securities	—		—		—		—		—		—
Other	420		—		10		—		—		430
Total U.S. defined benefit pension plans	$	425	$	—	$	10	$	—	$	6	$	441
OPEB plans
COLI	$	1,554	$	—	$	195	$	—	$	—	$	1,749
Total OPEB plans	$	1,554	$	—	$	195	$	—	$	—	$	1,749

Estimated future benefit payments

The following table presents benefit payments expected to be paid, which include the effect of expected future service, for the years indicated. The OPEB medical and life insurance payments are net of expected retiree contributions.

Year ended December 31, (in millions)	U.S. defined benefit pension plans		Non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans		OPEB before Medicare Part D subsidy		Medicare Part D subsidy
2016	$	762	$	107	$	68	$	1
2017	798		110		66		1
2018	927		119		63		1
2019	966		123		61		1
2020	1,009		129		59		1
Years 2021–2025	4,409		722		259		4