Derivative Instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2015

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative Instruments

Derivative instruments

Derivative instruments enable end-users to modify or mitigate exposure to credit or market risks. Counterparties to a derivative contract seek to obtain risks and rewards similar to those that could be obtained from purchasing or selling a related cash instrument without having to exchange upfront the full purchase or sales price. JPMorgan Chase makes markets in derivatives for clients and also uses derivatives to hedge or manage its own risk exposures. Predominantly all of the Firm’s derivatives are entered into for market-making or risk management purposes.

Market-making derivatives

The majority of the Firm’s derivatives are entered into for market-making purposes. Clients use derivatives to mitigate or modify interest rate, credit, foreign exchange, equity and commodity risks. The Firm actively manages the risks from its exposure to these derivatives by entering into other derivative transactions or by purchasing or selling other financial instruments that partially or fully offset the exposure from client derivatives. The Firm also seeks to earn a spread between the client derivatives and offsetting positions, and from the remaining open risk positions.

Risk management derivatives

The Firm manages its market risk exposures using various derivative instruments.

Interest rate contracts are used to minimize fluctuations in earnings that are caused by changes in interest rates. Fixed-rate assets and liabilities appreciate or depreciate in market value as interest rates change. Similarly, interest income and expense increases or decreases as a result of variable-rate assets and liabilities resetting to current market rates, and as a result of the repayment and subsequent origination or issuance of fixed-rate assets and liabilities at current market rates. Gains or losses on the derivative instruments that are related to such assets and liabilities are expected to substantially offset this variability in earnings. The Firm generally uses interest rate swaps, forwards and futures to manage the impact of interest rate fluctuations on earnings.

Foreign currency forward contracts are used to manage the foreign exchange risk associated with certain foreign currency–denominated (i.e., non-U.S. dollar) assets and liabilities and forecasted transactions, as well as the Firm’s net investments in certain non-U.S. subsidiaries or branches whose functional currencies are not the U.S. dollar. As a result of fluctuations in foreign currencies, the U.S. dollar–equivalent values of the foreign currency–denominated assets and liabilities or the forecasted revenues or expenses increase or decrease. Gains or losses on the derivative instruments related to these foreign currency–denominated assets or liabilities, or forecasted transactions, are expected to substantially offset this variability.

Commodities contracts are used to manage the price risk of certain commodities inventories. Gains or losses on these derivative instruments are expected to substantially offset the depreciation or appreciation of the related inventory.

Credit derivatives are used to manage the counterparty credit risk associated with loans and lending-related commitments. Credit derivatives compensate the purchaser when the entity referenced in the contract experiences a credit event, such as bankruptcy or a failure to pay an obligation when due. Credit derivatives primarily consist of credit default swaps. For a further discussion of credit derivatives, see the discussion in the Credit derivatives section onpages 218–220of this Note.

For more information about risk management derivatives, see the risk management derivatives gains and losses table onpage 218of this Note, and the hedge accounting gains and losses tables onpages 216–218of this Note.

Derivative counterparties and settlement types

The Firm enters into OTC derivatives, which are negotiated and settled bilaterally with the derivative counterparty. The Firm also enters into, as principal, certain exchange-traded derivatives (“ETD”) such as futures and options, and “cleared” over-the-counter (“OTC-cleared”) derivative contracts with central counterparties (“CCPs”). ETD contracts are generally standardized contracts traded on an exchange and cleared by the CCP, which is the counterparty from the inception of the transactions. OTC-cleared derivatives are traded on a bilateral basis and then novated to the CCP for clearing.

Derivative Clearing Services

The Firm provides clearing services for clients where the Firm acts as a clearing member with respect to certain derivative exchanges and clearing houses. The Firm does not reflect the clients’ derivative contracts in its Consolidated Financial Statements. For further information on the Firm’s clearing services, see Note 29.

Accounting for derivatives

All free-standing derivatives that the Firm executes for its own account are required to be recorded on the Consolidated balance sheets at fair value.

As permitted under U.S. GAAP, the Firm nets derivative assets and liabilities, and the related cash collateral receivables and payables, when a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists between the Firm and the derivative counterparty. For further discussion of the offsetting of assets and liabilities, see Note 1. The accounting for changes in value of a derivative depends on whether or not the transaction has been designated and qualifies for hedge accounting. Derivatives that are not designated as hedges are reported and measured at fair value through earnings. The tabular disclosures onpages 212–218of this Note provide additional information on the amount of, and reporting for, derivative assets, liabilities, gains and losses. For further discussion of derivatives embedded in structured notes, see Notes 3 and 4.

Derivatives designated as hedges

The Firm applies hedge accounting to certain derivatives executed for risk management purposes – generally interest rate, foreign exchange and commodity derivatives. However, JPMorgan Chase does not seek to apply hedge accounting to all of the derivatives involved in the Firm’s risk management activities. For example, the Firm does not apply hedge accounting to purchased credit default swaps used to manage the credit risk of loans and lending-related commitments, because of the difficulties in qualifying such contracts as hedges. For the same reason, the Firm does not apply hedge accounting to certain interest rate, foreign exchange, and commodity derivatives used for risk management purposes.

To qualify for hedge accounting, a derivative must be highly effective at reducing the risk associated with the exposure being hedged. In addition, for a derivative to be designated as a hedge, the risk management objective and strategy must be documented. Hedge documentation must identify the derivative hedging instrument, the asset or liability or forecasted transaction and type of risk to be hedged, and how the effectiveness of the derivative is assessed prospectively and retrospectively. To assess effectiveness, the Firm uses statistical methods such as regression analysis, as well as nonstatistical methods including dollar-value comparisons of the change in the fair value of the derivative to the change in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item. The extent to which a derivative has been, and is expected to continue to be, effective at offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item must be assessed and documented at least quarterly. Any hedge ineffectiveness (i.e., the amount by which the gain or loss on the designated derivative instrument does not exactly offset the change in the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk) must be reported in current-period earnings. If it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective at hedging the designated exposure, hedge accounting is discontinued.

There are three types of hedge accounting designations: fair value hedges, cash flow hedges and net investment hedges. JPMorgan Chase uses fair value hedges primarily to hedge fixed-rate long-term debt, AFS securities and certain commodities inventories. For qualifying fair value hedges, the changes in the fair value of the derivative, and in the value of the hedged item for the risk being hedged, are recognized in earnings. If the hedge relationship is terminated, then the adjustment to the hedged item continues to be reported as part of the basis of the hedged item, and for benchmark interest rate hedges is amortized to earnings as a yield adjustment. Derivative amounts affecting earnings are recognized consistent with the classification of the hedged item – primarily net interest income and principal transactions revenue.

JPMorgan Chase uses cash flow hedges primarily to hedge the exposure to variability in forecasted cash flows from floating-rate assets and liabilities and foreign currency–denominated revenue and expense. For qualifying cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the change in the fair value of the derivative is recorded in OCI and recognized in the Consolidated statements of income when the hedged cash flows affect earnings. Derivative amounts affecting earnings are recognized consistent with the classification of the hedged item – primarily interest income, interest expense, noninterest revenue and compensation expense. The ineffective portions of cash flow hedges are immediately recognized in earnings. If the hedge relationship is terminated, then the value of the derivative recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) (“AOCI”) is recognized in earnings when the cash flows that were hedged affect earnings. For hedge relationships that are discontinued because a forecasted transaction is not expected to occur according to the original hedge forecast, any related derivative values recorded in AOCI are immediately recognized in earnings.

JPMorgan Chase uses foreign currency hedges to protect the value of the Firm’s net investments in certain non-U.S. subsidiaries or branches whose functional currencies are not the U.S. dollar. For foreign currency qualifying net investment hedges, changes in the fair value of the derivatives are recorded in the translation adjustments account within AOCI.

The following table outlines the Firm’s primary uses of derivatives and the related hedge accounting designation or disclosure category.

Type of Derivative	Use of Derivative	Designation and disclosure	Affected segment or unit	Page reference
Manage specifically identified risk exposures in qualifying hedge accounting relationships:
◦ Interest rate	Hedge fixed rate assets and liabilities	Fair value hedge	Corporate	216
◦ Interest rate	Hedge floating-rate assets and liabilities	Cash flow hedge	Corporate	217
◦  Foreign exchange	Hedge foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities	Fair value hedge	Corporate	216
◦  Foreign exchange	Hedge forecasted revenue and expense	Cash flow hedge	Corporate	217
◦  Foreign exchange	Hedge the value of the Firm’s investments in non-U.S. subsidiaries	Net investment hedge	Corporate	218
◦  Commodity	Hedge commodity inventory	Fair value hedge	CIB	216
Manage specifically identified risk exposures not designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships:
◦  Interest rate	Manage the risk of the mortgage pipeline, warehouse loans and MSRs	Specified risk management	CCB	218
◦  Credit	Manage the credit risk of wholesale lending exposures	Specified risk management	CIB	218
◦  Commodity	Manage the risk of certain commodities-related contracts and investments	Specified risk management	CIB	218
◦  Interest rate and foreign exchange	Manage the risk of certain other specified assets and liabilities	Specified risk management	Corporate	218
Market-making derivatives and other activities:
•  Various	Market-making and related risk management	Market-making and other	CIB	218
•  Various	Other derivatives	Market-making and other	CIB, Corporate	218

Notional amount of derivative contracts

The following table summarizes the notional amount of derivative contracts outstanding as ofDecember 31, 2015 and 2014.

	Notional amounts(b)
December 31, (in billions)	2015		2014
Interest rate contracts
Swaps	$	24,162	$	29,734
Futures and forwards	5,167		10,189
Written options	3,506		3,903
Purchased options	3,896		4,259
Total interest rate contracts	36,731		48,085
Credit derivatives(a)	2,900		4,249
Foreign exchange contracts
Cross-currency swaps	3,199		3,346
Spot, futures and forwards	5,028		4,669
Written options	690		790
Purchased options	706		780
Total foreign exchange contracts	9,623		9,585
Equity contracts
Swaps	232		206
Futures and forwards	43		50
Written options	395		432
Purchased options	326		375
Total equity contracts	996		1,063
Commodity contracts
Swaps	83		126
Spot, futures and forwards	99		193
Written options	115		181
Purchased options	112		180
Total commodity contracts	409		680
Total derivative notional amounts	$	50,659	$	63,662

(a) For more information on volumes and types of credit derivative contracts, see the Credit derivatives discussion on pages 218–220 of this Note.

(b) Represents the sum of gross long and gross short third-party notional derivative contracts.

While the notional amounts disclosed above give an indication of the volume of the Firm’s derivatives activity, the notional amounts significantly exceed, in the Firm’s view, the possible losses that could arise from such transactions. For most derivative transactions, the notional amount is not exchanged; it is used simply as a reference to calculate payments.

Impact of derivatives on the Consolidated balance sheets

The following table summarizes information on derivative receivables and payables (before and after netting adjustments) that are reflected on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets as ofDecember 31, 2015 and 2014, by accounting designation (e.g., whether the derivatives were designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships or not) and contract type.

Free-standing derivative receivables and payables(a)
	Gross derivative receivables										Gross derivative payables
December 31, 2015 (in millions)	Not designated as hedges			Designated as hedges		Total derivative receivables			Net derivative receivables(b)		Not designated as hedges			Designated as hedges		Total derivative payables			Net derivative payables(b)
Trading assets and liabilities
Interest rate	$	665,531		$	4,080	$	669,611		$	26,363	$	632,928		$	2,238	$	635,166		$	10,221
Credit	51,468			—		51,468			1,423		50,529			—		50,529			1,541
Foreign exchange	179,072			803		179,875			17,177		189,397			1,503		190,900			19,769
Equity	35,859			—		35,859			5,529		38,663			—		38,663			9,183
Commodity	23,713			1,352		25,065			9,185		27,653			1		27,654			12,076
Total fair value of trading assets and liabilities	$	955,643		$	6,235	$	961,878		$	59,677	$	939,170		$	3,742	$	942,912		$	52,790
	Gross derivative receivables										Gross derivative payables
December 31, 2014 (in millions)	Not designated as hedges			Designated as hedges		Total derivative receivables			Net derivative receivables(b)		Not designated as hedges			Designated as hedges		Total derivative payables			Net derivative payables(b)
Trading assets and liabilities
Interest rate	$	944,885	(c)	$	5,372	$	950,257	(c)	$	33,725	$	915,368	(c)	$	3,011	$	918,379	(c)	$	17,745
Credit	76,842			—		76,842			1,838		75,895			—		75,895			1,593
Foreign exchange	211,537		(c)	3,650		215,187		(c)	21,253		223,988		(c)	626		224,614		(c)	22,970
Equity	42,489		(c)	—		42,489		(c)	8,177		46,262		(c)	—		46,262		(c)	11,740
Commodity	43,151			502		43,653			13,982		45,455			168		45,623			17,068
Total fair value of trading assets and liabilities	$	1,318,904	(c)	$	9,524	$	1,328,428	(c)	$	78,975	$	1,306,968	(c)	$	3,805	$	1,310,773	(c)	$	71,116

(a) Balances exclude structured notes for which the fair value option has been elected. See Note 4 for further information.

(b) As permitted under U.S. GAAP, the Firm has elected to net derivative receivables and derivative payables and the related cash collateral receivables and payables when a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists.

(c) The prior period amounts have been revised to conform with the current period presentation. These revisions had no impact on Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets or its results of operations.

The following table presents, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the gross and net derivative receivables by contract and settlement type. Derivative receivables have been netted on the Consolidated balance sheets against derivative payables and cash collateral payables to the same counterparty with respect to derivative contracts for which the Firm has obtained an appropriate legal opinion with respect to the master netting agreement. Where such a legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained, the receivables are not eligible under U.S. GAAP for netting on the Consolidated balance sheets, and are shown separately in the table below.

	2015								2014
December 31, (in millions)	Gross derivative receivables		Amounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheets				Net derivative receivables		Gross derivative receivables			Amounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheets				Net derivative receivables
U.S. GAAP nettable derivative receivables
Interest rate contracts:
OTC	$	417,386	$	(396,506	)		$	20,880	$	542,107	(c)	$	(514,914	)	(c)	$	27,193
OTC–cleared	246,750		(246,742		)		8		401,656			(401,618		)		38
Exchange-traded(a)	—		—				—		—			—				—
Total interest rate contracts	664,136		(643,248		)		20,888		943,763		(c)	(916,532		)	(c)	27,231
Credit contracts:
OTC	44,082		(43,182		)		900		66,636			(65,720		)		916
OTC–cleared	6,866		(6,863		)		3		9,320			(9,284		)		36
Total credit contracts	50,948		(50,045		)		903		75,956			(75,004		)		952
Foreign exchange contracts:
OTC	175,060		(162,377		)		12,683		208,803		(c)	(193,900		)	(c)	14,903
OTC–cleared	323		(321		)		2		36			(34		)		2
Exchange-traded(a)	—		—				—		—			—				—
Total foreign exchange contracts	175,383		(162,698		)		12,685		208,839		(c)	(193,934		)	(c)	14,905
Equity contracts:
OTC	20,690		(20,439		)		251		23,258			(22,826		)		432
OTC–cleared	—		—				—		—			—				—
Exchange-traded(a)	12,285		(9,891		)		2,394		13,840		(c)	(11,486		)	(c)	2,354
Total equity contracts	32,975		(30,330		)		2,645		37,098		(c)	(34,312		)	(c)	2,786
Commodity contracts:
OTC	15,001		(6,772		)		8,229		22,555			(14,327		)		8,228
OTC–cleared	—		—				—		—			—				—
Exchange-traded(a)	9,199		(9,108		)		91		19,500			(15,344		)		4,156
Total commodity contracts	24,200		(15,880		)		8,320		42,055			(29,671		)		12,384
Derivative receivables with appropriate legal opinion	$	947,642	$	(902,201	)	(b)	$	45,441	$	1,307,711	(c)	$	(1,249,453	)	(b)(c)	$	58,258
Derivative receivables where an appropriate legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained	14,236						14,236		20,717							20,717
Total derivative receivables recognized on the Consolidated balance sheets	$	961,878					$	59,677	$	1,328,428	(c)					$	78,975

(a) Exchange-traded derivative amounts that relate to futures contracts are settled daily.

(b) Included cash collateral netted of $73.7 billion and $74.0 billion at December 31, 2015, and 2014, respectively.

(c) The prior period amounts have been revised to conform with the current period presentation. These revisions had no impact on Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets or its results of operations.

The following table presents, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the gross and net derivative payables by contract and settlement type. Derivative payables have been netted on the Consolidated balance sheets against derivative receivables and cash collateral receivables from the same counterparty with respect to derivative contracts for which the Firm has obtained an appropriate legal opinion with respect to the master netting agreement. Where such a legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained, the payables are not eligible under U.S. GAAP for netting on the Consolidated balance sheets, and are shown separately in the table below.

	2015								2014
December 31, (in millions)	Gross derivative payables		Amounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheets				Net derivative payables		Gross derivative payables			Amounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheets				Net derivative payables
U.S. GAAP nettable derivative payables
Interest rate contracts:
OTC	$	393,709	$	(384,576	)		$	9,133	$	515,904	(c)	$	(503,384	)	(c)	$	12,520
OTC–cleared	240,398		(240,369		)		29		398,518			(397,250		)		1,268
Exchange-traded(a)	—		—				—		—			—				—
Total interest rate contracts	634,107		(624,945		)		9,162		914,422		(c)	(900,634		)	(c)	13,788
Credit contracts:
OTC	44,379		(43,019		)		1,360		65,432			(64,904		)		528
OTC–cleared	5,969		(5,969		)		—		9,398			(9,398		)		—
Total credit contracts	50,348		(48,988		)		1,360		74,830			(74,302		)		528
Foreign exchange contracts:
OTC	185,178		(170,830		)		14,348		217,998		(c)	(201,578		)	(c)	16,420
OTC–cleared	301		(301		)		—		66			(66		)		—
Exchange-traded(a)	—		—				—		—			—				—
Total foreign exchange contracts	185,479		(171,131		)		14,348		218,064		(c)	(201,644		)	(c)	16,420
Equity contracts:
OTC	23,458		(19,589		)		3,869		27,908			(23,036		)		4,872
OTC–cleared	—		—				—		—			—				—
Exchange-traded(a)	10,998		(9,891		)		1,107		12,864		(c)	(11,486		)	(c)	1,378
Total equity contracts	34,456		(29,480		)		4,976		40,772		(c)	(34,522		)	(c)	6,250
Commodity contracts:
OTC	16,953		(6,256		)		10,697		25,129			(13,211		)		11,918
OTC–cleared	—		—				—		—			—				—
Exchange-traded(a)	9,374		(9,322		)		52		18,486			(15,344		)		3,142
Total commodity contracts	26,327		(15,578		)		10,749		43,615			(28,555		)		15,060
Derivative payables with appropriate legal opinions	$	930,717	$	(890,122	)	(b)	$	40,595	$	1,291,703	(c)	$	(1,239,657	)	(b)(c)	$	52,046
Derivative payables where an appropriate legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained	12,195						12,195		19,070							19,070
Total derivative payables recognized on the Consolidated balance sheets	$	942,912					$	52,790	$	1,310,773	(c)					$	71,116

(a) Exchange-traded derivative balances that relate to futures contracts are settled daily.

(b) Included cash collateral netted of $61.6 billion and $64.2 billion related to OTC and OTC-cleared derivatives at December 31, 2015, and 2014, respectively.

(c) The prior period amounts have been revised to conform with the current period presentation. These revisions had no impact on Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets or its results of operations.

In addition to the cash collateral received and transferred that is presented on a net basis with net derivative receivables and payables, the Firm receives and transfers additional collateral (financial instruments and cash). These amounts mitigate counterparty credit risk associated with the Firm’s derivative instruments but are not eligible for net presentation, because (a) the collateral consists ofnon-cash financial instruments (generally U.S. government and agency securities and other Group of Seven Nations (“G7”) government bonds), (b) the amount of collateral held or transferred exceeds the fair value exposure, at the individual counterparty level, as of the date presented, or (c) the collateral relates to derivative receivables or payables where an appropriate legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained.

The following tables present information regarding certain financial instrument collateral received and transferred as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, that is not eligible for net presentation under U.S. GAAP. The collateral included in these tables relates only to the derivative instruments for which appropriate legal opinions have been obtained; excluded are (i) additional collateral that exceeds the fair value exposure and (ii) all collateral related to derivative instruments where an appropriate legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained.

Derivative receivable collateral
	2015								2014
December 31, (in millions)	Net derivative receivables		Collateral not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets				Net exposure		Net derivative receivables		Collateral not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets				Net exposure
Derivative receivables with appropriate legal opinions	$	45,441	$	(13,543	)	(a)	$	31,898	$	58,258	$	(16,194	)	(a)	$	42,064

Derivative payable collateral(b)
	2015								2014
December 31, (in millions)	Net derivative payables		Collateral not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets				Net amount(c)		Net derivative payables		Collateral not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets				Net amount(c)
Derivative payables with appropriate legal opinions	$	40,595	$	(7,957	)	(a)	$	32,638	$	52,046	$	(10,505	)	(a)	$	41,541

(a) Represents liquid security collateral as well as cash collateral held at third party custodians. For some counterparties, the collateral amounts of financial instruments may exceed the derivative receivables and derivative payables balances. Where this is the case, the total amount reported is limited to the net derivative receivables and net derivative payables balances with that counterparty.

(b) Derivative payables collateral relates only to OTC and OTC-cleared derivative instruments. Amounts exclude collateral transferred related to exchange-traded derivative instruments.

(c) Net amount represents exposure of counterparties to the Firm.

Liquidity risk and credit-related contingent features

In addition to the specific market risks introduced by each derivative contract type, derivatives expose JPMorgan Chase to credit risk — the risk that derivative counterparties may fail to meet their payment obligations under the derivative contracts and the collateral, if any, held by the Firm proves to be of insufficient value to cover the payment obligation. It is the policy of JPMorgan Chase to actively pursue, where possible, the use of legally enforceable master netting arrangements and collateral agreements to mitigate derivative counterparty credit risk. The amount of derivative receivables reported on the Consolidated balance sheets is the fair value of the derivative contracts after giving effect to legally enforceable master netting agreements and cash collateral held by the Firm.

While derivative receivables expose the Firm to credit risk, derivative payables expose the Firm to liquidity risk, as the derivative contracts typically require the Firm to post cash or securities collateral with counterparties as the fair value of the contracts moves in the counterparties’ favor or upon specified downgrades in the Firm’s and its subsidiaries’ respective credit ratings. Certain derivative contracts also provide for termination of the contract, generally upon a downgrade of either the Firm or the counterparty, at the fair value of the derivative contracts. The following table shows the aggregate fair value of net derivative payables related to OTC and OTC-cleared derivatives that contain contingent collateral or termination features that may be triggered upon a ratings downgrade, and the associated collateral the Firm has posted in the normal course of business, at December 31, 2015 and 2014.

OTC and OTC-cleared derivative payables containing downgrade triggers
December 31, (in millions)	2015		2014
Aggregate fair value of net derivative payables	$	22,328	$	32,303
Collateral posted	18,942		27,585

The following table shows the impact of a single-notch and two-notch downgrade of the long-term issuer ratings of JPMorgan Chase & Co. and its subsidiaries, predominantly JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association (“JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.”), at December 31, 2015 and 2014, related to OTC and OTC-cleared derivative contracts with contingent collateral or termination features that may be triggered upon a ratings downgrade. Derivatives contracts generally require additional collateral to be posted or terminations to be triggered when the predefined threshold rating is breached. A downgrade by a single rating agency that does not result in a rating lower than a preexisting corresponding rating provided by another major rating agency will generally not result in additional collateral (except in certain instances in which additional initial margin may be required upon a ratings downgrade), nor in termination payments requirements. The liquidity impact in the table is calculated based upon a downgrade below the lowest current rating by the rating agencies referred to in the derivative contract.

Liquidity impact of downgrade triggers on OTC and OTC-cleared derivatives
	2015				2014
December 31, (in millions)	Single-notch downgrade		Two-notch downgrade		Single-notch downgrade		Two-notch downgrade
Amount of additional collateral to be posted upon downgrade(a)	$	807	$	3,028	$	1,046	$	3,331
Amount required to settle contracts with termination triggers upon downgrade(b)	271		1,093		366		1,388

(a) Includes the additional collateral to be posted for initial margin.

(b) Amounts represent fair values of derivative payables, and do not reflect collateral posted.

Derivatives executed in contemplation of a sale of the underlying financial asset

In certain instances the Firm enters into transactions in which it transfers financial assets but maintains the economic exposure to the transferred assets by entering into a derivative with the same counterparty in contemplation of the initial transfer. The Firm generally accounts for such transfers as collateralized financing transactions as described in Note 13, but in limited circumstances they may qualify to be accounted for as a sale and a derivative under U.S. GAAP. The amount of such transfers accounted for as a sale where the associated derivative was outstanding at December 31, 2015 was not material.

Impact of derivatives on the Consolidated statements of income

The following tables provide information related to gains and losses recorded on derivatives based on their hedge accounting

designation or purpose.

Fair value hedge gains and losses

The following tables present derivative instruments, by contract type, used in fair value hedge accounting relationships, as well as pretax gains/(losses) recorded on such derivatives and the related hedged items for the years endedDecember 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The Firm includes gains/(losses) on the hedging derivative and the related hedged item in the same line item in the Consolidated statements of income.

	Gains/(losses) recorded in income									Income statement impact due to:
Year ended December 31, 2015 (in millions)	Derivatives			Hedged items			Total income statement impact			Hedge ineffectiveness(d)			Excluded components(e)
Contract type
Interest rate(a)	$	38		$	911		$	949		$	3		$	946
Foreign exchange(b)	6,030			(6,006		)	24			—			24
Commodity(c)	1,153			(1,142		)	11			(13		)	24
Total	$	7,221		$	(6,237	)	$	984		$	(10	)	$	994
	Gains/(losses) recorded in income									Income statement impact due to:
Year ended December 31, 2014 (in millions)	Derivatives			Hedged items			Total income statement impact			Hedge ineffectiveness(d)			Excluded components(e)
Contract type
Interest rate(a)	$	2,106		$	(801	)	$	1,305		$	131		$	1,174
Foreign exchange(b)	8,279			(8,532		)	(253		)	—			(253		)
Commodity(c)	49			145			194			42			152
Total	$	10,434		$	(9,188	)	$	1,246		$	173		$	1,073
	Gains/(losses) recorded in income									Income statement impact due to:
Year ended December 31, 2013 (in millions)	Derivatives			Hedged items			Total income statement impact			Hedge ineffectiveness(d)			Excluded components(e)
Contract type
Interest rate(a)	$	(3,469	)	$	4,851		$	1,382		$	(132	)	$	1,514
Foreign exchange(b)	(1,096		)	864			(232		)	—			(232		)
Commodity(c)	485			(1,304		)	(819		)	38			(857		)
Total	$	(4,080	)	$	4,411		$	331		$	(94	)	$	425

(a) Primarily consists of hedges of the benchmark (e.g., London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”)) interest rate risk of fixed-rate long-term debt and AFS securities. Gains and losses were recorded in net interest income.

(b) Primarily consists of hedges of the foreign currency risk of long-term debt and AFS securities for changes in spot foreign currency rates. Gains and losses related to the derivatives and the hedged items, due to changes in foreign currency rates, were recorded primarily in principal transactions revenue and net interest income.

(c) Consists of overall fair value hedges of physical commodities inventories that are generally carried at the lower of cost or market (market approximates fair value). Gains and losses were recorded in principal transactions revenue.

(d) Hedge ineffectiveness is the amount by which the gain or loss on the designated derivative instrument does not exactly offset the gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk.

(e) The assessment of hedge effectiveness excludes certain components of the changes in fair values of the derivatives and hedged items such as forward points on foreign exchange forward contracts and time values.

Cash flow hedge gains and losses

The following tables present derivative instruments, by contract type, used in cash flow hedge accounting relationships, and the pretax gains/(losses) recorded on such derivatives, for the years endedDecember 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The Firm includes the gain/(loss) on the hedging derivative and the change in cash flows on the hedged item in the same line item in the Consolidated statements of income.

		Gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
Year ended December 31, 2015 (in millions)	Derivatives – effective portion reclassified from AOCI to income				Hedge ineffectiveness recorded directly in income(c)			Total income statement impact				Derivatives – effective portion recorded in OCI			Total change in OCI for period
Contract type
Interest rate(a)		$	(99	)		$	—		$	(99	)	$	(44	)		$	55
Foreign exchange(b)		(81		)		—			(81		)	(53		)		28
Total		$	(180	)		$	—		$	(180	)	$	(97	)		$	83

		Gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
Year ended December 31, 2014 (in millions)	Derivatives – effective portion reclassified from AOCI to income				Hedge ineffectiveness recorded directly in income(c)			Total income statement impact				Derivatives – effective portion recorded in OCI			Total change in OCI for period
Contract type
Interest rate(a)		$	(54	)		$	—		$	(54	)	$	189			$	243
Foreign exchange(b)		78				—			78			(91		)		(169		)
Total		$	24			$	—		$	24		$	98			$	74
		Gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
Year ended December 31, 2013 (in millions)	Derivatives – effective portion reclassified from AOCI to income				Hedge ineffectiveness recorded directly in income(c)			Total income statement impact				Derivatives – effective portion recorded in OCI				Total change in OCI for period
Contract type
Interest rate(a)		$	(108	)		$	—		$	(108	)	$	(565	)		$	(457	)
Foreign exchange(b)		7				—			7			40				33
Total		$	(101	)		$	—		$	(101	)	$	(525	)		$	(424	)

(a) Primarily consists of benchmark interest rate hedges of LIBOR-indexed floating-rate assets and floating-rate liabilities. Gains and losses were recorded in net interest income, and for the forecasted transactions that the Firm determined during the year ended December 31, 2015, were probable of not occurring, in other income.

(b) Primarily consists of hedges of the foreign currency risk of non-U.S. dollar-denominated revenue and expense. The income statement classification of gains and losses follows the hedged item – primarily noninterest revenue and compensation expense.

(c) Hedge ineffectiveness is the amount by which the cumulative gain or loss on the designated derivative instrument exceeds the present value of the cumulative expected change in cash flows on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk.

In 2015, the Firm reclassified approximately $150 million of net losses from AOCI to other income because the Firm determined that it was probable that the forecasted interest payment cash flows would not occur as a result of the planned reduction in wholesale non-operating deposits. The Firm did not experience any forecasted transactions that failed to occur for the years ended December 31, 2014 or 2013.

Over the next 12 months, the Firm expects that approximately $95 million(after-tax) of net losses recorded in AOCI atDecember 31, 2015, related to cash flow hedges, will be recognized in income. For terminated cash flow hedges, the maximum length of time over which forecasted transactions are remaining is approximately7 years. For open cash flow hedges, the maximum length of time over which forecasted transactions are hedged is approximately 2 years. The Firm’s longer-dated forecasted transactions relate to core lending and borrowing activities.

Net investment hedge gains and losses

The following table presents hedging instruments, by contract type, that were used in net investment hedge accounting relationships, and the pretax gains/(losses) recorded on such instruments for the years endedDecember 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013.

	Gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
	2015		2014		2013
Year ended December 31, (in millions)	Excluded components recorded directly in income(a)	Effective portion recorded in OCI	Excluded components recorded directly in income(a)	Effective portion recorded in OCI	Excluded components recorded directly in income(a)	Effective portion recorded in OCI
Foreign exchange derivatives	$(379)	$1,885	$(448)	$1,698	$(383)	$773

(a) Certain components of hedging derivatives are permitted to be excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness, such as forward points on foreign exchange forward contracts. Amounts related to excluded components are recorded in other income. The Firm measures the ineffectiveness of net investment hedge accounting relationships based on changes in spot foreign currency rates and, therefore, there was no significant ineffectiveness for net investment hedge accounting relationships during 2015, 2014 and 2013.

Gains and losses on derivatives used for specified risk management purposes

The following table presents pretax gains/(losses) recorded on a limited number of derivatives, not designated in hedge accounting relationships, that are used to manage risks associated with certain specified assets and liabilities, including certain risks arising from the mortgage pipeline, warehouse loans, MSRs, wholesale lending exposures, AFS securities, foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities, and commodities-related contracts and investments.

	Derivatives gains/(losses) recorded in income
Year ended December 31, (in millions)	2015			2014			2013
Contract type
Interest rate(a)	$	853		$	2,308		$	617
Credit(b)	70			(58		)	(142		)
Foreign exchange(c)	25			(7		)	1
Commodity(d)	(12		)	156			178
Total	$	936		$	2,399		$	654

(a) Primarily represents interest rate derivatives used to hedge the interest rate risk inherent in the mortgage pipeline, warehouse loans and MSRs, as well as written commitments to originate warehouse loans. Gains and losses were recorded predominantly in mortgage fees and related income.

(b) Relates to credit derivatives used to mitigate credit risk associated with lending exposures in the Firm’s wholesale businesses. These derivatives do not include credit derivatives used to mitigate counterparty credit risk arising from derivative receivables, which is included in gains and losses on derivatives related to market-making activities and other derivatives. Gains and losses were recorded in principal transactions revenue.

(c) Primarily relates to hedges of the foreign exchange risk of specified foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities. Gains and losses were recorded in principal transactions revenue.

(d) Primarily relates to commodity derivatives used to mitigate energy price risk associated with energy-related contracts and investments. Gains and losses were recorded in principal transactions revenue.

Gains and losses on derivatives related to market-making activities and other derivatives

The Firm makes markets in derivatives in order to meet the needs of customers and uses derivatives to manage certain risks associated with net open risk positions from the Firm’s market-making activities, including the counterparty credit risk arising from derivative receivables. All derivatives not included in the hedge accounting or specified risk management categories above are included in this category. Gains and losses on these derivatives are primarily recorded in principal transactions revenue. See Note 7 for information on principal transactions revenue.

Credit derivatives

Credit derivatives are financial instruments whose value is derived from the credit risk associated with the debt of a third-party issuer (the reference entity) and which allow one party (the protection purchaser) to transfer that risk to another party (the protection seller). Credit derivatives expose the protection purchaser to the creditworthiness of the protection seller, as the protection seller is required to make payments under the contract when the reference entity experiences a credit event, such as a bankruptcy, a failure to pay its obligation or a restructuring. The seller of credit protection receives a premium for providing protection but has the risk that the underlying instrument referenced in the contract will be subject to a credit event.

The Firm is both a purchaser and seller of protection in the credit derivatives market and uses these derivatives for two primary purposes. First, in its capacity as a market-maker, the Firm actively manages a portfolio of credit derivatives by purchasing and selling credit protection, predominantly on corporate debt obligations, to meet the needs of customers. Second, as an end-user, the Firm uses credit derivatives to manage credit risk associated with lending exposures (loans and unfunded commitments) and derivatives counterparty exposures in the Firm’s wholesale businesses, and to manage the credit risk arising from certain financial instruments in the Firm’s market-making businesses. Following is a summary of various types of credit derivatives.

Credit default swaps

Credit derivatives may reference the credit of either a single reference entity (“single-name”) or a broad-based index. The Firm purchases and sells protection on both single- name and index-reference obligations. Single-name CDS and index CDS contracts are either OTC or OTC-cleared derivative contracts. Single-name CDS are used to manage the default risk of a single reference entity, while index CDS contracts are used to manage the credit risk associated with the broader credit markets or credit market segments. Like the S&P 500 and other market indices, a CDS index consists of a portfolio of CDS across many reference entities. New series of CDS indices are periodically established with a new underlying portfolio of reference entities to reflect changes in the credit markets. If one of the reference entities in the index experiences a credit event, then the reference entity that defaulted is removed from the index. CDS can also be referenced against specific portfolios of reference names or against customized exposure levels based on specific client demands: for example, to provide protection against the first$1 millionof realized credit losses in a$10 millionportfolio of exposure. Such structures are commonly known as tranche CDS.

For both single-name CDS contracts and index CDS contracts, upon the occurrence of a credit event, under the terms of a CDS contract neither party to the CDS contract has recourse to the reference entity. The protection purchaser has recourse to the protection seller for the difference between the face value of the CDS contract and the fair value of the reference obligation at settlement of the credit derivative contract, also known as the recovery value. The protection purchaser does not need to hold the debt instrument of the underlying reference entity in order to receive amounts due under the CDS contract when a credit event occurs.

Credit-related notes

A credit-related note is a funded credit derivative where the issuer of the credit-related note purchases from the note investor credit protection on a reference entity or an index. Under the contract, the investor pays the issuer the par value of the note at the inception of the transaction, and in return, the issuer pays periodic payments to the investor, based on the credit risk of the referenced entity. The issuer also repays the investor the par value of the note at maturity unless the reference entity (or one of the entities that makes up a reference index) experiences a specified credit event. If a credit event occurs, the issuer is not obligated to repay the par value of the note, but rather, the issuer pays the investor the difference between the par value of the note and the fair value of the defaulted reference obligation at the time of settlement. Neither party to the credit-related note has recourse to the defaulting reference entity.

The following tables present a summary of the notional amounts of credit derivatives and credit-related notes the Firm sold and purchased as ofDecember 31, 2015 and 2014. Upon a credit event, the Firm as a seller of protection would typically pay out only a percentage of the full notional amount of net protection sold, as the amount actually required to be paid on the contracts takes into account the recovery value of the reference obligation at the time of settlement. The Firm manages the credit risk on contracts to sell protection by purchasing protection with identical or similar underlying reference entities. Other purchased protection referenced in the following tables includes credit derivatives bought on related, but not identical, reference positions (including indices, portfolio coverage and other reference points) as well as protection purchased through credit-related notes.

The Firm does not use notional amounts of credit derivatives as the primary measure of risk management for such derivatives, because the notional amount does not take into account the probability of the occurrence of a credit event, the recovery value of the reference obligation, or related cash instruments and economic hedges, each of which reduces, in the Firm’s view, the risks associated with such derivatives.

Total credit derivatives and credit-related notes

	Maximum payout/Notional amount
	Protection sold			Protection purchased with identical underlyings(b)			Net protection (sold)/purchased(c)			Other protection purchased(d)
December 31, 2015 (in millions)
Credit derivatives
Credit default swaps	$	(1,386,071	)		$	1,402,201	$	16,130		$	12,011
Other credit derivatives(a)	(42,738		)		38,158		(4,580		)	18,792
Total credit derivatives	(1,428,809		)		1,440,359		11,550			30,803
Credit-related notes	(30		)		—		(30		)	4,715
Total	$	(1,428,839	)		$	1,440,359	$	11,520		$	35,518
	Maximum payout/Notional amount
	Protection sold			Protection purchased with identical underlyings(b)			Net protection (sold)/purchased(c)			Other protection purchased(d)
December 31, 2014 (in millions)
Credit derivatives
Credit default swaps	$	(2,056,982	)		$	2,078,096	$	21,114		$	18,631
Other credit derivatives(a)	(43,281		)		32,048		(11,233		)	19,475
Total credit derivatives	(2,100,263		)		2,110,144		9,881			38,106
Credit-related notes	(40		)		—		(40		)	3,704
Total	$	(2,100,303	)		$	2,110,144	$	9,841		$	41,810

(a) Other credit derivatives predominantly consists of credit swap options.

(b) Represents the total notional amount of protection purchased where the underlying reference instrument is identical to the reference instrument on protection sold; the notional amount of protection purchased for each individual identical underlying reference instrument may be greater or lower than the notional amount of protection sold.

(c) Does not take into account the fair value of the reference obligation at the time of settlement, which would generally reduce the amount the seller of protection pays to the buyer of protection in determining settlement value.

(d) Represents protection purchased by the Firm on referenced instruments (single-name, portfolio or index) where the Firm has not sold any protection on the identical reference instrument.

The following tables summarize the notional amounts by the ratings and maturity profile, and the total fair value, of credit derivatives and credit-related notes as ofDecember 31, 2015 and 2014, whereJPMorgan Chaseis the seller of protection. The maturity profile is based on the remaining contractual maturity of the credit derivative contracts. The ratings profile is based on the rating of the reference entity on which the credit derivative contract is based. The ratings and maturity profile of credit derivatives and credit-related notes where JPMorgan Chase is the purchaser of protection are comparable to the profile reflected below.

Protection sold – credit derivatives and credit-related notes ratings(a)/maturity profile
December 31, 2015 (in millions)	<1 year			1–5 years			>5 years			Total notional amount			Fair value of receivables(b)		Fair value of payables(b)			Net fair value
Risk rating of reference entity
Investment-grade	$	(307,211	)	$	(699,227	)	$	(46,970	)	$	(1,053,408	)	$	13,539	$	(6,836	)	$	6,703
Noninvestment-grade	(109,195		)	(245,151		)	(21,085		)	(375,431		)	10,823		(18,891		)	(8,068		)
Total	$	(416,406	)	$	(944,378	)	$	(68,055	)	$	(1,428,839	)	$	24,362	$	(25,727	)	$	(1,365	)

December 31, 2014 (in millions)	<1 year			1–5 years			>5 years			Total notional amount			Fair value of receivables(b)		Fair value of payables(b)			Net fair value
Risk rating of reference entity
Investment-grade	$	(323,398	)	$	(1,118,293	)	$	(79,486	)	$	(1,521,177	)	$	25,767	$	(6,314	)	$	19,453
Noninvestment-grade	(157,281		)	(396,798		)	(25,047		)	(579,126		)	20,677		(22,455		)	(1,778		)
Total	$	(480,679	)	$	(1,515,091	)	$	(104,533	)	$	(2,100,303	)	$	46,444	$	(28,769	)	$	17,675

(a) The ratings scale is primarily based on external credit ratings defined by S&P and Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”).

(b) Amounts are shown on a gross basis, before the benefit of legally enforceable master netting agreements and cash collateral received by the Firm.