Tel: +65 6636 9820
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:
as soon as practicable after the effective date of this registration statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. x

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ¨

The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to such Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and we are not soliciting offers to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

This is the initial public offering (the “offering”) on a firm commitment basis of 1,250,000 Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share (each, a “Class A Ordinary Share”, collectively, “Class A Ordinary Shares”), of Tungray Technologies Inc (the “Company” or “Tungray”), a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability, whose subsidiaries are established in the Republic of Singapore (“Singapore”) and mainland China. We expect that the initial public offering price will be in the range of $4.00 to $6.00 per Class A Ordinary Share.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our Class A Ordinary Shares. We plan to have our Class A Ordinary Shares approved for listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “TRSG.” This offering is contingent upon the final approval from Nasdaq for our listing on Nasdaq Capital Market. We will not proceed to consummate this offering if Nasdaq denies our listing. There is no guarantee or assurance that our Class A Ordinary Shares will be approved for listing on Nasdaq Capital Market or that the offering will be closed.

We are an “emerging growth company” under applicable U.S. federal securities laws and are eligible for reduced public company reporting requirements. See “Prospectus Summary — Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company” on page 29 for additional information.

We are not an operating company based in Singapore or the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC”), but a Cayman Islands holding company with operations conducted by our subsidiaries based in Singapore and mainland China. In the six months ended June 30, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022, approximately 65% of our revenue was generated in Singapore and approximately 35% was generated in mainland China. This structure involves unique risks to investors, including the risk of losing your entire investment and the risk that you may never hold an equity interest in our operating subsidiaries in Singapore and/or mainland China that conduct our business operations. Specifically, the investors are purchasing equity interests in a Cayman Island holding company with operations conducted by our subsidiaries, and not equity interests of our subsidiaries based in Singapore and mainland China. The Class A Ordinary Shares offered in this offering are shares of our Cayman Islands holding company instead of the shares of our subsidiaries. Investors will not and may never directly hold equity interests in our subsidiaries, including the equity interests in our principal subsidiaries based in Singapore and mainland China. See “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Class A Ordinary Shares and this Offering” beginning on page 63 of this prospectus to read about factors you should consider before buying our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Although we are not a company based in or with the majority of our operations in the PRC, because approximately 35% of our revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 was generated in mainland China through our wholly-owned subsidiaries, the PRC government may exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business, and may intervene in, influence, or exert control over our operations at any time. Recent statements by the PRC government have indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investments in China-based issuers. We do not believe that we are directly subject to these regulatory actions or statements, however, it is highly uncertain what existing or new laws or regulations or detailed implementation rules and interpretations will be modified or promulgated, if any, or the potential impact such modified or new laws and regulations will have on our daily business operations or our ability to accept foreign investments and be listed on a U.S. exchange. Any future action or control by the PRC government over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and could cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. See “Risk Factor — Risks Related to Doing Business in China – Because approximately 35% of our operations are in China, our business is subject to the complex and rapidly evolving laws and regulations there, which are different in material aspects from the laws of the United States and may change and continue to evolve. The uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system and with respect to the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on us and the PRC government may exercise significant oversight over the conduct of our business, and may intervene in, influence or exert control over our operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares.” on page 53 of this prospectus.

Without relying on any opinions of counsel, we do not believe that we are required to obtain the approval from or complete the filing with the China Securities Regulatory Commission (the “CSRC”) for this offering pursuant to the Trial Administrative Measures of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Trial Measures”) promulgated on February 17, 2023, based on the facts that (1) we do not meet the explicit conditions set out in the Trial Measures to determine whether an overseas offering shall be deemed as an indirect overseas offering and listing by a domestic company; and (2) the majority of our operations are not in the mainland China. However, as the Trial Measures were newly published, there are substantial uncertainties that the CSRC may take a view that is contrary to our understanding of the Trial Measures because the Trial Measures adopts the principle of “substance over form” regarding the determination of “indirect overseas offering and listing by a domestic company”, over which the CSRC may have substantial discretions. To reduce such uncertainties under the Trial Measures for this offering and our listing on Nasdaq Capital Market, we voluntarily submitted our filling application documents to the CSRC on July 26, 2023, and the CSRC published the notification on our completion of the required filing procedures on November 14, 2023 for this offering. However, if the filing procedures with the CSRC under the Trial Measures are required for any future offerings or any other capital raising activities, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete such filings in a timely manner, or even at all, and our future offerings will be contingent upon the completion of the filing procedures. Any failure by us to comply with such filing requirements under the Trial Measures may result in an order to rectify, warnings and fines against us and could materially hinder our ability to offer or to continue to offer our securities in any future offerings or any other capital raising activities. Please see “Risk Factor — Risks Related to Doing Business in China – The approval of and the filing with the CSRC may be required in connection with our current or future offshore offerings under PRC laws, and our future offerings will be contingent upon the completion of such filing procedures. If we fail to comply with such filing requirements, our ability to offer securities to investors to become significantly limited or completely hindered, and the securities being offered to substantially decline in value and become worthless.” on page 54 of this prospectus, and “Risk Factor — Risks Related to Doing Business in China – The approval of and the filing with CAC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with offshore offerings under PRC laws, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.” on page 55 of this prospectus.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Trial Measures and five supporting guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023. According to the Trial Measures, among other requirements, any domestic companies that seek to offer or list securities overseas, including those indirect overseas offering and listing which meet certain conditions, should fulfil the filing procedures with the CSRC within three business days after the submission of the overseas offering and listing application. On the same day, the CSRC also held a press conference for the release of the Trial Measures and issued the Notice on Administration for the Filing of Overseas Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, which clarifies that on or prior to the effective date of the Trial Measures, domestic companies that have already submitted valid applications for overseas offering and listing but have not obtained approval from overseas regulatory authorities or stock exchanges may reasonably arrange the timing for submitting their filing applications with the CSRC, and must complete the filing before the completion of their overseas offering and listing. Furthermore, on February 24, 2023, the CSRC revised the Provisions on Strengthening the Management of Confidentiality and Archives Related to the Overseas Issuance of Securities and Overseas Listing by Domestic Companies which were issued in 2009, or the Archives Rules. The revised Archives Rules came into effect together with the Trial Measures on March 31, 2023. As is consistent with the Trial Measures, the revised Archives Rules expanded their application to cover indirect overseas offering and listing, stipulating that a domestic company which plans to publicly disclose any documents and materials containing state secrets or working secrets of government agencies, shall first obtain approval from competent authorities according to law, and file with the secrecy administrative department at the same level. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not received any formal inquiry, notice, warning, sanction, or any regulatory objection from the CSRC with respect to this offering. To reduce such uncertainties under the Trial Measures for this offering and our listing on Nasdaq Capital Market, we voluntarily submitted our filling application documents to the CSRC on July 26, 2023, and the CSRC published the notification on our completion of the required filing procedures on November 14, 2023 for this offering. However, if the filing procedures with the CSRC under the Trial Measures are required for any future offerings or any other capital raising activities, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete such filings in a timely manner, or even at all, and our future offerings will be contingent upon the completion of the filing procedures. Any failure by us to comply with such filing requirements under the Trial Measures may result in an order to rectify, warnings and fines against us and could materially hinder our ability to offer or to continue to offer our securities. See “Risk Factor — Risks Related to Doing Business in China – The approval of and the filing with the CSRC may be required in connection with our current or future offshore offerings under PRC laws, and our future offerings will be contingent upon the completion of such filing procedures. If we fail to comply with such filing requirements, our ability to offer securities to investors to become significantly limited or completely hindered, and the securities being offered to substantially decline in value and become worthless.” on page 54 of this prospectus and “Risk Factor — Risks Related to Doing Business in China – The approval of and the filing with CAC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with offshore offerings under PRC laws, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.” on page 55 of this prospectus.

Our Class A Ordinary Shares may be prohibited to trade on a national exchange or “over-the-counter” markets under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “HFCA Act”) if the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”) is unable to inspect our auditors for three consecutive years beginning in 2021. Furthermore, on June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “AHFCAA”), which, if signed into law, would amend the HFCA Act and require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three consecutive years. Pursuant to the HFCA Act, the PCAOB issued a Determination Report on December 16, 2021 (the “Determination Report”) which found that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in: (1) mainland China, and (2) Hong Kong. On August 26, 2022, a Statement of Protocol was signed by the PCAOB, the CSRC and the Ministry of Finance of the PRC governing inspections and investigations of audit firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong (the “Statement of Protocol”). Pursuant to the Statement of Protocol, the PCAOB conducted inspections on select registered public accounting firms subject to the Determination Report in Hong Kong between September and November 2022. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB board announced that it has completed the inspections, determined that it had complete access to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, and voted to vacate the Determination Report. On December 29, 2022, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (the “CAA”) was signed into law by President Biden. The CAA contained, among other things, an identical provision to the AHFCAA, which reduces the number of consecutive non-inspection years required for triggering the prohibitions under the HFCA Act from three years to two. Both our former and current registered public accounting firms, Friedman LLP and Marcum Asia CPAs LLP, are headquartered in Manhattan, New York. Friedman LLP had been subject to PCAOB inspections on a regular basis prior to September 1, 2022 when Friedman LLP combined with Marcum LLP. Marcum Asia CPAs LLP is currently subject to the PCAOB inspections on a regular basis. Neither Friedman LLP nor Marcum Asia CPAs LLP is headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong and was not identified in the Determination Report as a firm subject to the PCAOB’s determination. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the future, if there is any regulatory change or step taken by PRC regulators that does not permit Friedman LLP or Marcum Asia CPAs LLP to provide audit workpapers to the PCAOB for inspection or investigation, or the PCAOB re-evaluates its determination as a result of any obstruction with the implementation of the Statement of Protocol in the future, you may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection which could result in limitation or restriction to our access to the U.S. capital markets and trading of our securities on a national exchange or “over-the-counter” markets may be prohibited under the HFCA Act. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — Recent joint statement by the SEC and PCAOB, proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and an act passed by the US Senate all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB. These developments could add uncertainties to our offering.” from page 57 to 59 of this prospectus for more information.

Neither Tungray nor its subsidiaries has maintained cash management policies which dictate the purpose, amount and procedure of cash transfers between the entities. Each entity needs to comply with applicable laws or regulations with respect to transfer of funds, dividends and distributions with other entities. As a holding company, we may rely on transfer of funds, dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements. If any of our subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends and our cash and financing requirement may not be fully satisfied.

Other than the aforementioned dividend payments by two subsidiaries of the Company in November 2022, as of the date of this prospectus, none of our subsidiaries have made any dividends or distributions to Tungray, and no dividends or distributions have been made to any investors by Tungray or any of its subsidiaries. We intend to keep any future earnings to re-invest in and finance the expansion of the business of our PRC Subsidiaries, and we do not anticipate that any cash dividends will be paid in the foreseeable future to the U.S. investors immediately following the consummation of this offering. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend on its shares out of profits of the company or its share premium amount or a combination of both, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business immediately following the date on which the distribution or dividend is paid. Under Singapore law, Section 403 of the Companies Act 1967 prohibits the payment of dividends otherwise than out of profits, and dividends shall be paid in accordance with the company’s constitution and generally acceptable accounting principles in Singapore. In order for us to pay dividends to our shareholders, we will rely on the distribution of profits of Singapore and the PRC Subsidiaries to our BVI subsidiaries, and then to Tungray. PRC regulations currently permit the payment of dividends only out of accumulated profits, as determined in accordance with accounting standards and PRC regulations. Although none of our PRC Subsidiaries have made any dividends or distributions to us as of the date of this prospectus, our PRC Subsidiaries may be subject to the applicable foreign currency control in the event that our PRC Subsidiaries were to remit foreign currency payments out of mainland China in the future. To the extent any funds or assets in the business are in the mainland China or a PRC subsidiary, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC, due to the controls imposed by PRC governments which may limit our ability to transfer funds, pay dividends or make distribution to Tungray. See “Prospectus Summary — Dividend Distributions or Assets Transfer among the Holding Company and Its Subsidiaries” on page 20 of this prospectus, and “Risk Factor — Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure — The transfer of funds or assets between Tungray and its subsidiaries is subject to restrictions.” from page 49 to 50 of this prospectus.

For the summary of the condensed consolidated schedule and the consolidated financial statements, see page 35 of this prospectus for “Summary Consolidated Financial And Operating Data — summary consolidated balance sheet data” (which is a summary of page F-2 of the Consolidated Balance Sheets); “— summary consolidated statement of income” (which is a summary of page F-3 of the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income); and “Risk Factor – Risks Related to Doing Business in China — PRC regulation of loans and direct investment by offshore holding companies to PRC entities may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC Subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.” on pages 56 and 57 of this prospectus; and “Risk Factor – Risks Related to Doing Business in China — Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.” on page 59 of this prospectus.

We are a Cayman Islands company and conduct the majority of our operations in Singapore, and the majority of our assets are located in Singapore. In addition, all of our directors and officers (except the three independent director nominees, Kevin Vassily, David Ping Li and Weston Twigg) are nationals or residents of countries other than the United States. A substantial portion of the assets of these persons is located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for you to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons. It may also be difficult for you to enforce the U.S. courts’ judgments obtained in U.S. courts including judgments based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and/or our officers and directors. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business and Industry — You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in Singapore and China against us or our management named in the prospectus.” on page 48 of this prospectus.

This prospectus does not constitute, and there will not be, an offering of securities to the public in the Cayman Islands.

We have granted the underwriters an option, exercisable for 45 days following the effective date of this prospectus, to purchase up to an additional fifteen percent (15%) of the Class A Ordinary Shares offered in this offering on the same terms to cover over-allotments, if any.

We have agreed to grant the underwriters warrants to purchase Class A Ordinary Shares equal to five percent (5%) of the total number of Class A Ordinary Shares sold in the offering, exercisable upon the closing of the offering, at a price of 120% of the public offering price of the Class A Ordinary Shares offered in this offering. The registration statement of which this prospectus is a part covers the Class A Ordinary Shares issuable upon the exercise thereof. See “Underwriting” beginning on page 168 of this prospectus for additional information.

Immediately prior to the completion of this offering, our issued and outstanding share capital consist of 10,440,000 Class A Ordinary Shares and 4,560,000 Class B ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share (each, a “Class B Ordinary Share”, collectively, “Class B Ordinary Shares”). Holders of Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares will have the same rights except for voting and conversion rights. Holders of Class A Ordinary Shares shall be entitled to one vote per share on all matters subject to the vote at general meetings of our company, and holders of Class B Ordinary Shares shall be entitled to 20 votes per share on all matters subject to the vote at general meetings of our company. Holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders, except as may otherwise be required by law. Each Class B Ordinary Share will be convertible into one Class A Ordinary Share at the option of the holder of Class B Ordinary Shares at any time. Class A Ordinary Shares will not be convertible into Class B Ordinary Shares under any circumstances.

Mr. Wanjun Yao, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, who beneficially owns 3,660,000 Class A Ordinary Shares and 4,560,000 Class B Ordinary Shares through three entities controlled by him, will be able to exercise approximately 92.20% of the total voting power of our issued and outstanding share capital immediately following the completion of this offering, assuming the underwriter does not exercise the option to purchase additional Class A Ordinary Shares. Upon the completion of this offering, because Mr. Yao will hold more than 50% of our voting power for the election of directors, we will be a “controlled company” as defined under the Nasdaq Stock Market Listing Rules. See “Principal Shareholders” on page 138 of this prospectus for details.

Neither the United States Securities and Exchange Commission nor any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The underwriters expect to deliver the Class A Ordinary Shares against payment in U.S. dollars to purchasers on or about [__________], 2024.

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or in any related free-writing prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information different from that contained in this prospectus or in any related free-writing prospectus. We are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy, the Class A Ordinary Shares only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is current only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of the Class A Ordinary Shares.

We have not taken any action to permit a public offering of the Class A Ordinary Shares outside the United States or to permit the possession or distribution of this prospectus or any filed free writing prospectus outside the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus or any filed free writing prospectus must inform themselves about and observe any restrictions relating to the offering of the Class A Ordinary Shares and the distribution of this prospectus or any filed free writing prospectus outside the United States.

This prospectus includes statistical and other industry and market data that we obtained from industry publications and research, surveys and studies conducted by third parties. Industry publications and third-party research, surveys and studies generally indicate that their information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, although they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of such information. While we believe these industry publications and third-party research, surveys and studies are reliable, you are cautioned not to give undue weight to this information.

Until [__________], 2024 (the 25th day after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that buy, sell or trade Class A Ordinary Shares, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the obligation of dealers to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

Tungray’s reporting currency is USD. However, substantially all of our consolidated revenues, costs, expenses and assets are denominated in S Dollar and RMB. This prospectus contains translations of certain foreign currency amounts into USD for the convenience of the reader. All translations of S Dollar are calculated at the rate of US$1.00=S Dollar 1.3523 as of the six months ended June 30, 2023 and US$1.00=S Dollar 1.3361 for the six months ended June 30, 2023 representing the exchange rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board on June 30, 2023. All translations of RMB are calculated at the rate of US$1.00=RMB 7.2513 as of the six months ended June 30, 2023 and US$1.00=RMB 6.9283 for the six months ended June 30, 2023 representing the exchange rate set forth in the H.10. All translations of S Dollar are calculated at the rate of US$1.00=S Dollar 1.3903 as of the six months ended June 30, 2022 and US$1.00=S Dollar 1.3651 for the six months ended June 30, 2023 representing the exchange rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board on June 30, 2022. All translations of RMB are calculated at the rate of US$1.00=RMB 6.6981 as of the six months ended June 30, 2022 and US$1.00=RMB 6.4791 for the six months ended June 30, 2023 representing the exchange rate set forth in the H.10. All translations of S Dollar are calculated at the rate of US$1.00=S Dollar 1.3404 as of the year ended December 31, 2022 and US$1.00=S Dollar 1.3787 for the year ended December 31, 2022 representing the exchange rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board on December 31, 2022. All translations of RMB are calculated at the rate of US$1.00=RMB 6.8972 as of the year ended December 31, 2022 and US$1.00=RMB 6.7290 for the year ended December 31, 2022 representing the exchange rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board on December 31, 2022. All translations of S Dollar are calculated at the rate of US$1.00=S Dollar 1.3520 as of the year ended December 31, 2021 and US$1.00=S Dollar 1.3438 for the year ended December 31, 2021 representing the exchange rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board on December 31, 2021. All translations of RMB are calculated at the rate of US$1.00=RMB 6.3726 as of the year ended December 31, 2021 and US$1.00=RMB 6.4508 for the year ended December 31, 2021 representing the exchange rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board on December 31, 2021. No representation is made that the S Dollar or RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted, realized or settled into USD at such rate, or at any other rate. Four of our operating entities’ functional currency are RMB, and two of our operating entities’ functional currency are S Dollar. As a result, we are exposed to foreign exchange risk as our results of operations may be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate among, USD, S Dollar and RMB and we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign exchange risk. See “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Business and Industry – Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the price of our Class A Ordinary Share.” on page 47 of this prospectus.

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

The following summary is qualified in its entirety by, and should be read in conjunction with, the more detailed information and financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. In addition to this summary, we urge you to read the entire prospectus carefully, especially the risks of investing in our Class A Ordinary Shares discussed under “Risk Factors,” before deciding whether to buy our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Business Overview

We are an engineer-to-order (“ETO”) company that provides customized industrial manufacturing solutions to Original Equipment Manufacturers (“OEMs”) in the semiconductors, printers, electronics, and home appliances sectors. As an ETO company, we take pride in our ability to design and build solutions that fulfil our customers’ unique specifications.

Our capabilities in this field are the result of more than a decade of experience in completing various ETO projects. We mainly generate revenues through customized industrial manufacturing solutions, direct drive and linear direct current (“DC”) motors and induction welding equipment manufacturing. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, 76%, 11%, and 13% of our revenues were generated from these three business lines, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2022, 78%, 9%, and 13% of our revenues were generated from these three business lines, respectively.

Singapore is the main development and manufacturing location while we also have manufacturing bases in China, namely Qingdao and Shenzhen. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, 64.9%% and 35.1%%, and during the six months ended June 30, 2022, 59.1%% and 40.9%%, of our revenues were generated from Singapore and China, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2022, 64.8% and 35.2%, and during the year ended December 31, 2021, 61.1% and 38.9%, of our revenues were generated from Singapore and China, respectively.

Our customers include industry-leading OEMs in the printer, electronics in Singapore and home appliance manufacturing sectors in China.

1. Customized Industrial Manufacturing Solutions

We provide customized industrial manufacturing solutions through our two subsidiaries in Singapore, Tung Resource and Tungray Singapore, and one subsidiary in China, Tungray Industrial.

Our two Singapore subsidiaries mentioned above and Tungray Industrial work hand-in-hand to deliver customized solutions for our customers. We offer comprehensive ETO services to design, build and assemble industrial manufacturing solutions that are used for various quality control, product manufacturing and product testing processes. We leverage on our approximately 20 years of experience in motor control, sensor technologies, computer vision and overall product design to produce solutions that can meet the given specifications from our customers. Our Singapore subsidiaries serve as the primary location for our core activities such as research, development and assembling of solution prototypes, while Tungray Industrial provides manufacturing support for necessary component productions or deliver certain high-volume solution manufacturing purchases. Our Singapore subsidiaries are the main customer service point-of-contact for our non-Chinese market, such as Singapore and the Southeast Asia markets, while our Shenzhen subsidiary serves as a customer service point-of-contact for the Chinese market.

2. Direct Drive and Linear DC Motors

Qingdao Tungray Intelligent designs and manufactures industrial-grade direct drive and linear DC motors. We also have ETO capabilities to provide customized motion platform solutions to suit the needs of our customers.

Our direct drive motors do not require any gears for speed and torque manipulation as they can directly manipulate both parameters over a wide range of values. These motors are used, for example, in the solar panel assembly lines to turn and transport semi-completed products between different manufacturing processes.

Our motion platforms offer two degrees of freedom to move independently in the X and Y axis, thereby eliminating the need for any belt or gears. These high precision platforms require two linear DC motors and are mainly used in the glue application and laser cutting machines, in which precise movements in X and Y directions are required.

Through our in-house R&D and manufacturing teams, we have accumulated extensive knowledge in direct drive and linear DC motors. We currently have several patented technologies that are used in the manufacturing of our motors. We currently offer our customers the following product lines – Tungray Drive B (“TDB”) Series, Tungray Core (“TC”) Series, Tungray “U” Type (“TU”) Series, Tungray Linear Series (“TLS”) standard linear modules. We also offer our customers ETO solutions in the form of high precision motion platforms. Finally, we also have compatible control modules for our motors to maximize its performance.

3. Welding Equipment

Tongri Electric our subsidiary in Qingdao, PRC, specializes in the design and manufacturing of self-contained, high-frequency induction welding equipment.

Tongri Electric manufactures manual and automatic induction welding equipment that is mostly used in the production of refrigerators, air conditioners and heat pump clothes dryers. For our operator-attended products lines, our TB, TP, TD and TI series induction welding units are designed with full enclosures that enhances production safety. They also feature programmable logic controllers (“PLC”) and human machine interfaces (“HMI”) for ease of use.

Our automatic induction welding units are equipped with patented machine vision technologies (2019SR0205465 and 2019SR0208252) to recognize and track metal tubes endings, before sending welding commands to the actuators for welding tip movements and subsequent induction welding. Our induction welding units are used by many Chinese home appliance OEMs in air conditioning, refrigerators and heat pump clothes dryer sectors.

Competitive Strengths

Most of our customers are market-leading OEMs in their respective industries that value quality, reliable and cost-effective products. Over the years, we have established ourselves as a reputable company that excels in product quality and service excellence. We believe the following strengths contribute to our success and are the differentiating factors that set us apart from our peers in the areas of ETO customized industrial manufacturing solutions, induction welding, direct drive and linear DC motors.

1. ETO Customized Industrial Manufacturing Solutions

Established Engineering Capabilities - Our engineering capabilities, accumulated through the hundreds of projects we complete each year, enable us to offer our customers tailor-made solutions that address their unique needs.

High-Cost Effectiveness - The internal cost control system that we have established plays a vital role in managing costs. We pass down these cost savings by offering our customers with solutions at attractive prices that are unavailable in the standard, off-the-shelf market.

Expertise in Components Used and Solution Design - Our engineers have extensive knowledge on a wide range of sensors, motors, raw materials, including their dimensions and performance parameters. They rely on such expertise to select the best component and material to satisfy the designed functions.

Short Lead Time - Many of our customers are market-leading OEMs that are very sensitive to lead time. We complement our engineering capabilities with an agile workflow that reduces overall solution lead time.

2. Direct Drive and Linear DC Motors

Quality Assurance - We have full control over the quality of our motors because each motor is designed, manufactured, and tested in-house.

Patented Technologies - We have implemented many patented technologies in the manufacturing of our motors.

Comprehensive product line - Our customers use our products in manufacturing activities that require high throughput and high precision such as 3C manufacturing and voltaic transports. To ensure their requirements are met, we offer our customers a wide range of motors, modules, compared to traditional motor manufacturers that might only provide stand-alone sales of motors.

Service commitment - With our deep product knowledge, we help our customers pick motors that best suit their needs. We reduce the project lead time of our customers by providing them with a complete working solution with our motors. We also offer a nationwide quick response service to ensure fast troubleshooting and resolution of any product-related problems.

Strong Customer Relationship - Based on quality product and service excellence, we have built strong relationship with many of our customers.

3. Induction Welding Equipment

Comprehensive Product Line - We offer our customers a comprehensive line of products that covers the manual and fully automatic induction welding spectrum and include a wide range of self-contained, single welding units. We have also developed a new series of fully automated welding stations that use our patented technologies and increase welding efficiency.

Patented Technologies - We have patented numerous welding technologies that are used in our products.

Strong Customer Relationship - Over the years, we have built a strong relationship with our customers, which helps us maintain direct access to decision-level makers of our customers.

Growth Strategies

Our goal is to increase our market share and product offerings by leveraging the geographical and technological advantage of our Singapore headquarters. In order to achieve this growth, we plan to:

Expand our sales in ASEAN countries

We believe the demand for smart manufacturing solutions will remain strong in the region, as companies take advantage of the relative low cost of labor and large customer base found in the region. We intend to expand our sales in ASEAN countries by strategically setting up dedicated business units in emerging economies such as Vietnam and Thailand. We believe these dedicated business units can better cater to the unique manufacturing activities (automobile manufacturing for Thailand and general electronics manufacturing for Vietnam) of these countries. Meanwhile, we expect our Singapore headquarter to continue to provide strong technical and manufacturing support to these business units in their respective countries.

Continue to invest in R&D and technology innovations

We intend to continue to invest in R&D and technology innovations to enhance our capabilities of providing ETO solutions. In the age of disruptive technologies, we expect the industry to adapt quickly to stay relevant. We take pride in offering our customers with ETO solutions that can meet their requirements and we believe our continuous investment in R&D and technology innovations will allow us to keep up with technological changes. By offering our customers with the latest, viable ETO solutions, we also expect to secure our growth in the long run.

Develop and recruit employees

We believe our employees are our biggest asset. We intend to support our growth strategies with human resource investment, specifically through talent recruitment and employee development. Talent recruitment can help us to complement the current experience accumulated by our employees in customization, product design and production methodologies, while employee development can sharpen the knowledge of our current employees in the field of ETO solutions, motor and welding equipment design.

Grow sales volume from current customers

We believe our strong customer base in Singapore and China can be further strengthened, thus increasing our sales. We could offer additional, value-added solutions to help them to achieve their various goals in smart manufacturing. On top of our current after-sales services, we expect such solutions to better meet demands of manufacturing efficiencies in the age of Industry 4.0.

Pursue strategic acquisitions

To complement our technology and our growth, we may pursue strategic acquisitions with companies that fit into our overall growth strategy. We believe such acquisitions could help us to expand the usage of our products or solutions. Additionally, such acquisitions could also provide greater access to our target markets outlined in our general growth strategy.

Marketing and Sales

We market and sell our products through our direct sales force that is made up of our own employees.

As of the date of this prospectus, we have a direct sales and marketing team of 14 personnel. Our sales team provides us with direct access to our customers and is capable of addressing our customers’ needs in a fast and efficient way. They also coordinate with our suppliers to ensure the timely delivery of any required components.

The compensation package for our sales team generally includes fixed base salaries. Sales employees of Qingdao Tungray Intelligent also receive commissions based on the revenues or collection they achieve. We provide our sales team with regular training and internally developed systems to assist them in quickly becoming proficient and productive sales personnel.

Research and Development (“R&D”)

We invest in R&D efforts that advance our technology with the goal to expand new products and improve upon our existing product offerings. Our R&D expenses totalled approximately $0.4 million and $0.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our R&D expenses totalled approximately $0.8 million and $0.7 million, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. R&D expenses mainly consist of applicable personnel, design, sample manufacturing and materials expenses. As of the date of this prospectus, we have a total of 34 employees in the R&D department. In the future, we expect R&D expenses to increase as we continue to develop new products, and enhance existing products and technologies.

By continuously upgrading and improving products and technologies that are tailored to our customers’ requirements, we have further strengthened our customer’s loyalty.

As of the date of the prospectus, we have 50 registered patents, all registered within the jurisdiction of the PRC.

Competition

The industries of ETO customized industrial manufacturing solutions, direct drive and linear DC motors and induction welding equipment, are intensely competitive, subject to rapid change and significantly affected by new product introductions and other market activities of industry participants. We compete with manufacturers and other solution providers globally. Some of these competitors are large, well-capitalized companies with significantly greater market share and resources than we have. As a consequence, they are able to spend more on product development, marketing, sales and other product initiatives than we can.

1. Customized Industrial Test and Tooling Solutions

In the ETO industrial manufacturing solutions market, we believe Sigma Design & Engineering Pte Ltd is our main competitor. The company provides similar ETO solutions and competes with us in similar industries. In addition to the North American markets, they have a presence in the regional and the Chinese market with a large employee size of about 400. We believe this competitor also has equally strong capabilities in coming up with customized solutions. However, we believe our edge lies in lead time and cost control, two of the important features of an ETO solution provider. We rely on our component knowledge and design experience to help us reduce lead time and finalize project designs. Cost savings from time savings are also shared with our customers by means of reasonable price tags.

2. Direct Drive and Linear DC Motors

The market for direct drive and linear DC motors is characterized by many individual companies of different capabilities. We believe Qingdao Zhihe Precision Technology Co., Ltd. and Yokokawa Robotics (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. are our competitors as both have similar scale of operations and offer similar products. Moreover, our product application industries and that of our competitors overlap mainly in the 3C, and laser welding industries. However, we believe our competitors are focused on a narrower product range and that our competitive edge lies in our diverse product offerings and our ETO abilities. When it comes to ETO, high precision motion platforms solutions, we believe our experience in this area helps to differentiate ourselves from our competitors.

3. Induction Welding Equipment

In the manual induction welding equipment market, we believe Xiamen Inker Induction Co., Ltd. is our main competitor. The company is the Chinese subsidiary of the Incoil Induktion AB from Sweden. Some of their manual induction welding units are directly imported from Sweden and have similar performance parameters as ours. In terms of price, their products are on par with us, posing as a formidable competitor. However, we believe our competitive edge lies in our responsive after sales services. We have a team of service engineers that responds to our customers’ requests within 24 hours. This ensures their needs can be attended and resolved expeditiously.

Xinchang Kechuang Automation Equipment Co., Ltd. is our major competitor in the automatic induction welding equipment market. The company initially focused on the R&D of automatic flame-type welding equipment but has recently started to also offer automatic induction welding equipment. We believe one of the reasons for their competitive edge is their lower per unit cost. However, we have since move up the value chain by offering induction welding equipment with higher levels of automation using robotic arms, machine visions algorithms etc. We believe this helps us to differentiate our products. Additionally, we also increase our competitiveness by offering our customers with more technologically advanced equipment that is vital in the age of Industry 4.0, which conceptualizes rapid change to technology, industries, and societal patterns and processes due to increasing interconnectivity and smart automation.

Industry

1. Smart Manufacturing and ETO Solutions

The smart manufacturing market is forecasted to grow at a compounded annual growth rate (“CAGR”) of about 13% from 2022 to 2029, reaching a market worth of about USD 658 billion globally. According to a 2022 report from Fortune Business Insights, one of the main drivers behind this rapid growth is the increased adoption of Industry 4.0, in which factories become highly interconnected via the Internet of Things (“IoT”). These smart factories usually leverage on the power of cloud computing and IoT devices (such as embedded micro controllers, secure PLCs) for communication. They also harness the power of big data and artificial intelligence (“AI”) to achieve the goals of faster production and higher levels of resource optimization, thereby increasing efficiency and reducing costs.

Besides Industry 4.0, the increased focus on automating many industrial manufacturing processes as well as investment by governments during the COVID-19 pandemic provide other means of impetus to the growth of the smart manufacturing market. According to the same report from Fortune Business Insights in 2022 mentioned above, the Asia Pacific region (“APCA”) will hold the largest market share in smart manufacturing, owing to its desire for rapid industrialization to boost the manufacturing sector output. The supply chain shock during the COVID-19 pandemic also makes manufactures more likely to adopt smart manufacturing solutions in order to be more resilient and agile to such possible disruptions in the future.

The market for ETO industrial manufacturing solutions is closely linked to the smart manufacturing market because almost each type of automated, high volume manufacturing activity is supported by a set of customized, usually ETO solutions. Given our traditional strength, and experience accumulated over the years in providing ETO manufacturing solutions, we are confident in staying relevant in the age of Industry 4.0 as well as smart manufacturing in the years to come.

2. Direct Drive and Linear Motors

Electric direct drive and linear motors are used in many industries. The demand for global linear motors is expected to register a CAGR of about 6% till 2031 according to Fact.MR in 2022. China is forecasted to be a strong growth factor with its high domestic volume of manufacturing output and modernization of its industrial infrastructure for high-end manufacturing. About 70% of our direct drive and linear motors are used in productions lines related to the manufacturing of 3C (computer, communication and consumer electronic) products.

3. Induction Welding Equipment

Globally, the welding equipment market is forecasted to increase at a CAGR of about 7.17% between 2022 to 2026. 51% of this growth is expected to originate from the Asia Pacific (“APAC”) region according to a report on ReportLinker in 2022. The adoption of automation such as using robots to enhance welding efficiency is one of the driving factors behind this growth.

While induction welding does not contribute to a major share of the total welding equipment used in China, it is, however, essential in the production of many household appliances such as air conditioners, refrigerators and heat pump clothes dryers. The Chinese market for these appliances is growing at the fastest rate around the world with a forecasted value of more than $130 billion by 2026 according to Research and Markets in 2020.

In air conditioners and refrigerators, a compressor first compresses a working agent, usually freon, before passing it through a series of copper tubes to expand. It is through this expansion that heat is absorbed from the tubes’ surroundings to create a cooling effect. In heat pump clothes dryers, the process is similar, with the only differences of using the heat generated from the compressor for heating and using the cooling effect from expansion for moisture extraction. The quality welding of compressors and copper tube systems is therefore indispensable in such household appliances, as both components must be joined perfectly to prevent freon leakage and to provide the desired functions of heating and cooling.

Approvals from Singapore and the PRC Authorities to Conduct Our Operations and Issue Our Class A Ordinary Shares to Foreign Investors

Our operations in Singapore are governed by Singapore laws and regulations. Our Singapore legal counsel, Shook Lin & Bok LLP, has advised us that, as of the date of this prospectus, based on their understanding of the current Singapore laws, regulations and rules, we and our Singapore Subsidiaries have received all requisite permissions and approvals from the Singapore government authorities that are material for our business operations currently conducted in Singapore. Neither have we nor our Singapore Subsidiaries received any denial of permissions for our business operations currently conducted in Singapore. In addition, our Singapore legal counsel has advised us that, as of the date of this prospectus, based on their understanding of the current Singapore laws, regulations and rules, we and our Singapore Subsidiaries are currently not required to obtain permission from any of the Singapore authorities to issue our Class A Ordinary Shares to foreign investors, or list and trade of our Class A Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq in connection with this offering.

Our operations in China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, including the Ministry of Commerce of China (the “MOFCOM”), jointly issued the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, which became effective on September 8, 2006 and amended on June 22, 2009. The M&A Rules contains provisions that require that an offshore special purpose vehicle (“SPV”) formed for listing purposes and controlled directly or indirectly by Chinese companies or individuals shall obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such SPV’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. As advised by our PRC legal counsel, Han Kun Law Offices, based on their understanding of the current PRC law, rules and regulations, as of the date of this prospectus, the CSRC’s approval under the M&A Rules is not required for the listing and trading of our Class A Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq in the context of this offering as the CSRC currently has not issued any definitive rule or interpretation concerning whether offerings such as this offering contemplated by us are subject to the M&A Rules.

However, our PRC legal counsel, Han Kun Law Offices, has further advised us that there remains uncertainty as to how the M&A Rules will be interpreted or implemented by the relevant PRC authorities, and there can be no assurance that the relevant PRC government agencies, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as our PRC legal counsel. We are subject to the risks of uncertainty of any future actions of the PRC government in this regard including the risk that we inadvertently conclude that the permissions or approvals discussed here are not required, that applicable laws, regulations or interpretations change such that we are required to obtain approvals in the future, or that the PRC government could disallow our holding company structure, which would likely result in a material change in our operations, including our ability to continue our existing holding company structure, carry on our current business, accept foreign investments, and offer or continue to offer securities to our investors. These adverse actions could cause the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares to significantly decline or become worthless. We may also be subject to penalties and sanctions imposed by the PRC regulatory agencies, including the CSRC, if we fail to comply with such rules and regulations, which would likely adversely affect the ability of our securities to be listed on a U.S. exchange, and would likely cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless. Recently, the PRC government initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate business operations in certain areas in mainland China with little advance notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over China-based companies listed overseas using variable interest entity structure, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, and expanding the efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. Please see “Risk Factor — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — The approval of and the filing with the CSRC may be required in connection with our current or future offshore offerings under PRC laws, and our future offerings will be contingent upon the completion of such filing procedures. If we fail to comply with such filing requirements, our ability to offer securities to investors to become significantly limited or completely hindered, and the securities being offered to substantially decline in value and become worthless.” on page 54 of this prospectus, and “Risk Factor — Risks Related to Doing Business in China – The approval of and the filing with CAC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with offshore offerings under PRC laws, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.” on page 55 of this prospectus.

As of the date of this prospectus, we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanctions or regulatory objection to this offering from the CSRC, the CAC or other PRC governmental authorities. Notwithstanding the foregoing, on February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Trial Measures and five supporting guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023. According to the Trial Measures, among other requirements, any domestic companies that seek to offer or list securities overseas, including those indirect overseas offering and listing which meet certain conditions, should fulfil the filing procedures with the CSRC within three business days after the submission of the overseas offering and listing application. On the same day, the CSRC also held a press conference for the release of the Trial Measures and issued the Notice on Administration for the Filing of Overseas Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, which clarifies that on or prior to the effective date of the Trial Measures, domestic companies that have already submitted valid applications for overseas offering and listing but have not obtained approval from overseas regulatory authorities or stock exchanges may reasonably arrange the timing for submitting their filing applications with the CSRC, and must complete the filing before the completion of their overseas offering and listing. Without relying on any opinions of counsel, we do not believe that we are required to obtain the approval from or complete the filing with the CSRC for this offering, based on the facts that (1) we do not meet the explicit conditions set out in the Trial Measures to determine whether an overseas offering shall be deemed as an indirect overseas offering and listing by a domestic company; and (2) the majority of our operations are not in the mainland China. However, as the Trial Measures were newly published, there are substantial uncertainties as to the implementation and interpretation and the CSRC may take a view that is contrary to our understanding of the Trial Measures because the Trial Measures adopts the principle of “substance over form” regarding the determination of “indirect overseas offering and listing by a domestic company”, over which the CSRC may have substantial discretions. To reduce such uncertainties under the Trial Measures for this offering and our listing on Nasdaq Capital Market, we voluntarily submitted our filling application documents to the CSRC on July 26, 2023, and the CSRC published the notification on our completion of the required filing procedures on November 14, 2023 for this offering. However, if the filing procedures with the CSRC under the Trial Measures are required for any future offerings or any other capital raising activities, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete such filings in a timely manner, or even at all, and our future offerings will be contingent upon the completion of filing procedures. Any failure by us to comply with such filing requirements under the Trial Measures may result in an order to rectify, warnings and fines against us and could materially hinder our ability to offer or to continue to offer our securities in any future offerings or any other capital raising activities.

See “Risk Factor — Risks Related to Doing Business in China – The approval of and the filing with the CSRC may be required in connection with our current or future offshore offerings under PRC laws, and our future offerings will be contingent upon the completion of such filing procedures. If we fail to comply with such filing requirements, our ability to offer securities to investors to become significantly limited or completely hindered, and the securities being offered to substantially decline in value and become worthless.” on page 54 of this prospectus and “Risk Factor — Risks Related to Doing Business in China – The approval of and the filing with CAC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with offshore offerings under PRC laws, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.” on page 55 of this prospectus.

Dividend Distributions or Assets Transfer among the Holding Company and Its Subsidiaries

Tungray is a holding company with no material operations of its own and does not generate any revenue. We currently conduct substantially all of our operations through our Singapore Subsidiaries and PRC Subsidiaries. We are permitted under Singapore laws and regulations to provide funding to Singapore Subsidiaries through debt or equity contributions, and provided any applicable government registration and approval requirements have been satisfied. We are permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding to PRC Subsidiaries only through loans or capital contributions. Subject to satisfaction of applicable government registration and approval requirements, we may extend inter-company loans or make additional capital contributions to our PRC Subsidiaries to fund their capital expenditures or working capital. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain these government registrations or approvals on a timely basis, if at all. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — PRC regulation of loans and direct investment by offshore holding companies to PRC entities may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC Subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.” on pages 56 and 57 of this prospectus.

Neither Tungray or its subsidiaries has cash management policies dictating how funds are transferred, and each entity needs to comply with applicable laws or regulations with respect to transfer of funds, dividends and distributions with other entities.

In November 2022, the Company’s subsidiaries, Tungray Singapore and Tung Resource, declared dividends in the amounts of SGD 2,500,000 (approximately $1.8 million) and SGD 3,500,000 (approximately $2.6 million), respectively. Other than the aforementioned dividend payments by two subsidiaries of the Company, as of the date of this prospectus, there were no cash flows including all dividends, transfer and distribution between Tungray and its subsidiaries; and there has been no dividend or distributions made between U.S. investors, other investors and any of the Company’s entities. For the summary of the condensed consolidated schedule and the consolidated financial statements, see page 35 of this prospectus for “Summary Consolidated Financial And Operating Data — summary consolidated balance sheet data” (which is a summary of page F-4 of the Consolidated Balance Sheets); “— summary consolidated statement of income” (which is a summary of page F-5 of the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income); and “Risk Factor — Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure — The transfer of funds or assets between Tungray and its subsidiaries is subject to restrictions.” from page 49 to 50 of this prospectus.

Cash proceeds raised from overseas financing activities, including the cash proceeds from this offering, may be transferred by Tungray to the BVI subsidiaries, and then transferred to their respective Singapore Subsidiaries, and then transferred to the respective PRC Subsidiaries, as capital contribution and/or shareholder loans subject to applicable regulatory approvals, as the case may be, respectively.

We intend to keep any future earnings to re-invest in and finance the expansion of our business, and we do not anticipate that any cash dividends will be paid in the foreseeable future.

Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend on its shares out of profits of the company or its share premium amount or a combination of both, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business immediately following the date on which the distribution or dividend is paid. If we determine to pay dividends on any of our Class A Ordinary Shares in the future, as a holding company, unless we receive proceeds from future offerings, we will be dependent on receipt of funds from our BVI subsidiaries, which will be dependent on receipt of dividends from their respective Singapore Subsidiaries, which will be dependent on receipt of payments from their respective PRC Subsidiaries in accordance with the laws and regulations of the PRC.

Tungray’s ability to distribute dividends is based upon its distributable earnings. Each Singapore Subsidiary’s ability to distribute dividends is based on whether it has any profits available for distribution. If we decide to pay dividends on any of our Class A Ordinary Shares in the future, as a holding company, we will be dependent on receipt of funds from our principal subsidiaries in Singapore and mainland China. The distributed dividends from our PRC Subsidiaries will be made to our Singapore Subsidiaries in accordance with the laws and regulations of the PRC, and then Singapore Subsidiaries will transfer the dividends to Tungray and subsequently to all shareholders respectively in proportion to the shares they hold, regardless of whether the shareholders are U.S. investors or investors in other countries or regions.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and the remittance of currency out of mainland China which may restrict our PRC Subsidiaries’ ability to transfer cash from our PRC Subsidiaries to our other non-PRC entities. To the extent cash is generated in our PRC Subsidiaries, and may need to be used to fund operations outside of mainland China, such funds may not be available due to limitations placed by the PRC government. Furthermore, to the extent assets (other than cash) in our business are located in mainland China and held by PRC Subsidiaries, the assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of mainland China due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of us and our subsidiaries to transfer assets by the PRC government. In addition, the PRC Subsidiaries are required to set aside at least 10% of their after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of their registered capital. Each of such entity in mainland China may also set aside a portion of its after-tax profits to fund an optional reserve, although the amount to be set aside, if any, is determined at the discretion of its board of shareholders. The reserves can be used, cover losses made in past years and enhance the company’s productivity and expand its business, however, a company’s capital reserve shall not be used to cover the company’s losses. In addition, the PRC EIT Law and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax at a rate of 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by mainland China companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless reduced under treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and the governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC resident enterprises are tax resident.

Therefore, in the event that our PRC Subsidiaries were to remit foreign currency payments out of mainland China in the future, we may experience difficulties in completing the administrative procedures necessary to obtain and remit foreign currency for the payment of dividends from our profits in the mainland China, if any. Furthermore, if any of our subsidiaries incurs debt on its own in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other payments.

Our subsidiaries in Singapore and mainland China generally plan to generate and retain cash generated from operating activities and re-invest it in our business. Other than the dividend payments of SGD 2,500,000 (approximately $1.8 million) and SGD 3,500,000 (approximately $2.6 million) by Tungray Singapore and Tung Resource, two subsidiaries of the Company, respectively in November 2022, as of the date of this prospectus, none of our Singapore and PRC Subsidiaries have paid any dividends to their respective parent companies. Based on our understanding of the BVI laws and regulations, as at the date of this prospectus, there is no restriction on the transfer of capital within, into and out of BVI. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — PRC regulation of loans and direct investment by offshore holding companies to PRC entities may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC Subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.” on pages 56 and 57 of this prospectus.

Impacts of COVID-19

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic. The outbreak has reached almost every country (including Singapore and the PRC), resulting in the implementation of significant governmental measures, including lockdowns, closures, quarantines, and travel bans, intended to control the spread of the virus. Companies are also taking precautions, such as requiring employees to work remotely, imposing travel restrictions, and temporarily closing businesses.

The negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, financial condition, and results of operations include, but are not limited to, the following:

●

Temporary lockdown or suspension of business. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, local governments in Singapore and the PRC have imposed restrictions on large-scale gathering activities in various places or imposed extra requirements on participants of such activities from time to time, which have caused suspension of the Company’s business operation in Singapore briefly from April 2020 to June 2020 and in the PRC from February 2020 to March 2020.

●

Limitations on our employees’ ability to work and travel. Resulting from the implementation of significant governmental measures in the PRC and Singapore, including lockdowns, closures, quarantines, and travel bans from time to time, intended to control the spread of COVID-19, our employees’ ability to work and travel was adversely affected and therefore the Company’s ability to manage day-to-day operations and service delivery was impaired in the PRC until late December 2022 and in Singapore from April 2020 to June 2020.

●

Limitations on in-person business activities. Affected by the self-quarantine requirement and travel restrictions in Singapore from April 2020 to June 2020 and restrictions in the PRC nationwide until late December 2022, the Company’s marketing staffs were unable to carry out in-person promotion activities and face-to-face communication with customers, which greatly affected the development and introduction of potential customers.

●

Restrictions on shipment of products. Affected by traffic control and logistics restrictions in Singapore from April 2020 to June 2020 and restrictions in the PRC nationwide until late December 2022, we had some difficulties during the respective restricted periods in obtaining raw materials due to the supply chains disruptions as a result of local lockdowns and transporting our completed products due to logistic disruptions.

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Reduction of customer’s spending. The pandemic caused negative impact on the global economy, including Singapore and the PRC, and severely interrupted our customers’ normal work and businesses, which negatively affected our customers’ spending and investment in their businesses and caused them to be more inclined to reduce expenditures, and in turn affect our revenues and operational results. Although none of our customers has terminated contracts with us to date, we cannot assure you if any customer will in the future terminate its contract with us due to the pandemic.

We have implemented the following measures and responses for the COVID-19 pandemic:

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When returning personnel arrive at the Company for the first time, we implement necessary quarantine and observation and restrict contact among employees;

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We ensure that we have available pandemic prevention materials (such as masks, gloves, hand sanitizers and cleaning products) and monitoring sites for quarantine;

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We take necessary control measures according to governmental guidelines and regulations;

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We have implemented a more comprehensive automation transformation of the production workshop to reduce man-powered workload and improve production efficiency; and

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We encourage our employees to get COVID-19 vaccinations, if they are deemed medically fit to do so.

The COVID-19 outbreak has adversely affected (and a significant outbreak of other infectious diseases could result in an additional widespread health crisis that could adversely affect) the economies and financial markets worldwide, and the business of the Company could be materially and adversely affected by the COVID-19 outbreak and any such other outbreak. Furthermore, our business may be adversely affected if continued concerns relating to COVID-19 continue to restrict travel, or result in the Company’s personnel, vendors and customers being unavailable to pursue their business objectives free of COVID-19 related restrictions. Although travel restrictions and quarantine requirements have been lifted in Singapore and the PRC, the extent to which COVID-19 impacts our business in the future will depend on future developments, which are evolving and cannot be predicted, including for example new information which may emerge concerning the severity of COVID-19 and the actions taken by relevant government authorities to contain COVID-19 or treat its impact. If the disruptions posed by COVID-19 or other matters of global concern continue for an extended period of time, our ability to pursue our business objectives may be materially adversely affected. In addition, our ability to raise equity and debt financing which may be adversely impacted by COVID-19 and other events, including as a result of increased market volatility, decreased market liquidity and third-party financing being unavailable on terms acceptable to us or at all. The spread of COVID-19 did not adversely affect the Company’s business during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. However, during the six months ended June 30, 2023, with the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, people’s work mode has changed from work from home during the pandemic to work at office, thus reducing the demand for office equipment such as printers, which had an impact on our business.

Summary of Significant Risk Factors

Investing in our Class A Ordinary Shares involves significant risks. You should carefully consider all of the information in this prospectus before making an investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares. Below please find a summary of the principal risks we face, organized under relevant headings. These risks are discussed more fully in the section titled “Risk factors.”

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Risks and uncertainties related to our business and industry, beginning on page 36 of this prospectus, include, but are not limited to, the following:

Any adverse material changes to the Singapore and the PRC markets (whether localized or resulting from global economic or other conditions) such as the occurrence of an economic recession could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor on page 36 of this prospectus.

Some of our subsidiaries have a limited operating history and are subject to the risks encountered by development-stage companies. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor on page 38 of this prospectus.

If our products do not respond to changes in technology, our products may become obsolete and we may experience a loss of customers and lower revenues. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor on page 40 of this prospectus.

The manufacture of many of our products is a highly exacting and complex process, and if we directly or indirectly encounter problems in manufacturing products, business and financial results could suffer. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor on page 40 of this prospectus.

We are dependent on our manufacturing facilities for the production of our highly engineered products and our suppliers’ factories, which subjects us to risks associated with disruptions and changing technology and manufacturing techniques that could place us at a competitive disadvantage. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor on page 41 of this prospectus.

If we lose the services of any of our key executive officers and other key employees, or are unable to retain, recruit and hire experienced staff, our ability to effectively manage and execute our operations and meet our strategic objectives could be harmed. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor on page 42 of this prospectus.

If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights, it could harm our business and competitive position. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor on page 43 of this prospectus.

If we are unable to retain existing customers or attract new ones, or to attract sufficient spending from our customers, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor on pages 45 and 46 of this prospectus.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor on page 47 of this prospectus.

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

Risks and uncertainties related to our corporate structure, beginning on page 47 of this prospectus, include, but are not limited to, the following:

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor on pages 47 and 48 of this prospectus.

You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in Singapore and China against us or our management named in the prospectus. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor on page 48 of this prospectus.

The transfer of funds or assets between Tungray and its subsidiaries is subject to restrictions. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor from page 49 to 50 of this prospectus.

Risks Related to Doing Business in Singapore

The majority of our operations are in Singapore, so we face risks and uncertainties related to doing business in Singapore in general, including, but not limited to, the following:

We are subject to the laws of Singapore, which differ in certain material respects from the laws of the United States. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor on page 51 of this prospectus.

Any adverse material changes to the Singapore market (whether localized or resulting from economic or other conditions) such as the occurrence of an economic recession, pandemic or widespread outbreak of an infectious disease (such as COVID-19), could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor on pages 51 and 52 of this prospectus.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

A substantial portion of our operations are in China, so we face risks and uncertainties related to doing business in China in general, including, but not limited to, the following:

Because approximately 35% of our operations are in China, our business is subject to the complex and rapidly evolving laws and regulations there, which are different in material aspects from the laws of the United States and may change and continue to evolve. The uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system and with respect to the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on us and the PRC government may exercise significant oversight over the conduct of our business, and may intervene in, influence or exert control over our operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor on page 53 of this prospectus.

The approval of and the filing with the CSRC may be required in connection with our current or future offshore offerings under PRC laws, and our future offerings will be contingent upon the completion of such filing procedures. If we fail to comply with such filing requirements, our ability to offer securities to investors to become significantly limited or completely hindered, and the securities being offered to substantially decline in value and become worthless. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor on page 54 of this prospectus.

The approval of and the filing with CAC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with offshore offerings under PRC laws, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor on page 55 of this prospectus.

Recent joint statement by the SEC and PCAOB, proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and an act passed by the US Senate all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB. These developments could add uncertainties to our offering. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor from page 57 to 59 of this prospectus.

PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident beneficial owners or our PRC Subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC Subsidiaries, limit our PRC Subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect us. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor on page 60 of this prospectus.

Risks Related to Our Class A Ordinary Shares and this Offering

Risks and uncertainties related to this offering and Class A Ordinary Shares, beginning on page 69 of this prospectus, include, but are not limited to, the following:

There has been no public market for our Class A Ordinary Shares prior to this offering, and you may not be able to resell our Class A Ordinary Shares at or above the price you paid, or at all. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor on page 63 of this prospectus.

The market price for the Class A Ordinary Shares may be volatile. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor on pages 64 and 65 of this prospectus.

We may experience extreme stock price volatility unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance, financial condition or prospects, making it difficult for prospective investors to assess the rapidly changing value of our Class A Ordinary Shares. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor on page 65 of this prospectus.

We are a “foreign private issuer,” and our disclosure obligations differ from those of U.S. domestic reporting companies. As a result, we may not provide you the same information as U.S. domestic reporting companies or we may provide information at different times, which may make it more difficult for you to evaluate our performance and prospects. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor on page 66 of this prospectus.

Our dual-class voting structure will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares may view as beneficial. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor on page 71 of this prospectus.

Our dual-class voting structure may render our Class A Ordinary Shares ineligible for inclusion in certain stock market indices, and thus adversely affect the trading price and liquidity of our Class A Ordinary Shares. See a more detailed discussion of this risk factor on page 71 of this prospectus.

Compliance with Foreign Investment

All limited liability companies formed and operating in the PRC are governed by the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China, or the PRC Company Law, which was amended and promulgated by the SCNPC on October 26, 2018 and came into effect on the same day. Foreign invested enterprises (“FIEs”) must also comply with the PRC Company Law, with exceptions as specified in the relevant foreign investment laws. Under our corporate structure as of the date of this prospectus, 100% of the equity interests of each of Tungray Industrial, Tongri Electric and Tongsheng Development are entirely and directly held by our company through our Singapore Subsidiaries, Tungray Singapore, Tungray Resource and Tungray Technology, respectively. Although Tongsheng Intelligent and Qingdao Tungray Intelligent are not directly held by foreign investors, Tungray Singapore and Tungray Technology indirectly hold all or part of the equity interests of them. Therefore, each of Tungray Industrial, Tongsheng Intelligent, Tongri Electric, Tongsheng Development and Qingdao Tungray Intelligent should be regarded as a foreign-invested enterprise and comply with both the PRC Company Law and other applicable foreign investment laws.

Recent Regulatory Development in PRC

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands with approximately 35% of our operation conducted by the subsidiaries in mainland China. We are aware that, recently, the PRC government initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate business operations in certain areas in mainland China with little advance notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over China-based companies listed overseas using variable interest entity structure, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, and expanding the efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement.

In addition, on December 28, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China (the “CAC”) adopted the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021), which became effective on February 15, 2022. Pursuant to the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021), online platform operators holding more than one million users’ individual information shall be subject to cybersecurity review before listing abroad. We cannot assure you that we will not be deemed as the “online platform operators” as mentioned above, even though we do not operate any online platforms. We do not believe that we are directly subject to these regulatory actions or statements, as our business does not rely on the collection of user data or implicate cybersecurity. As of the date of this prospectus, we have also not been involved in any investigations on cybersecurity or data security initiated by related governmental regulatory authorities, and we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanction in such respect.

Furthermore, on February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Trial Measures and five supporting guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023. According to the Trial Measures, among other requirements, any domestic companies that seek to offer or list securities overseas, including those indirect overseas offering and listing which meet certain conditions, should fulfil the filing procedures with the CSRC within three business days after the submission of the overseas offering and listing application. On the same day, the CSRC also held a press conference for the release of the Trial Measures and clarified that on or prior to the effective date of the Trial Measures, domestic companies that have already submitted valid applications for overseas offering and listing but have not obtained approval from overseas regulatory authorities or stock exchanges must complete the filing with the CSRC before the completion of their overseas offering and listing. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not received any formal inquiry, notice, warning, sanction, or any regulatory objection from the CSRC with respect to this offering. To reduce the uncertainties under the Trial Measures for this offering and our listing on Nasdaq Capital Market, we voluntarily submitted our filling application documents to the CSRC on July 26, 2023, and the CSRC published the notification on our completion of the required filing procedures on November 14, 2023 for this offering. However, if the filing procedures with the CSRC under the Trial Measures are required for any future offerings or any other capital raising activities, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete such filings in a timely manner, or even at all, and our future offerings will be contingent upon the completion of the filing procedures. Any failure by us to comply with such filing requirements under the Trial Measures may result in an order to rectify, warnings and fines against us and could materially hinder our ability to offer or to continue to offer our securities in any future offerings or any other capital raising activities.

See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — The approval of and the filing with the CSRC may be required in connection with our current or future offshore offerings under PRC laws, and our future offerings will be contingent upon the completion of such filing procedures. If we fail to comply with such filing requirements, our ability to offer securities to investors to become significantly limited or completely hindered, and the securities being offered to substantially decline in value and become worthless.” on page 54, “Risk Factor — Risks Related to Doing Business in China – The approval of and the filing with CAC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with offshore offerings under PRC laws, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.” on page 55 and “–— Risks Related to Doing Business in China — Because approximately 35% of our operations are in China, our business is subject to the complex and rapidly evolving laws and regulations there, which are different in material aspects from the laws of the United States and may change and continue to evolve. The uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system and with respect to the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on us and the PRC government may exercise significant oversight over the conduct of our business, and may intervene in, influence or exert control over our operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares.” on page 53 of this prospectus.

Implications of the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act

On March 24, 2021, the SEC adopted interim final rules relating to the implementation of certain disclosure and documentation requirements of the HFCA Act. An identified issuer will be required to comply with these rules if the SEC identifies it as having a “non-inspection” year under a process to be subsequently established by the SEC. In June 2021, the Senate passed the AHFCAA, which, if signed into law, would reduce the time period for the delisting of foreign companies under the HFCA Act to two consecutive years instead of three years. If our auditor cannot be inspected by the PCAOB for two consecutive years, the trading of our securities on any U.S. national securities exchanges, as well as any over-the-counter trading in the U.S., will be prohibited. On September 22, 2021, the PCAOB adopted a final rule implementing the HFCA Act, which provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCA Act, whether the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction. On December 2, 2021, the SEC issued amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCA Act. The rules apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in foreign jurisdictions. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report (the “Determination Report”) on its determinations that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and in Hong Kong, because of positions taken by PRC authorities in those jurisdictions.

On August 26, 2022, the Statement of Protocol was signed by the PCAOB, the CSRC and the Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China governing inspections and investigations of audit firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong. Pursuant to the Statement of Protocol, the PCAOB conducted inspections on select registered public accounting firms subject to the Determination Report in Hong Kong between September and November 2022. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB board announced that it has completed the inspections, determined that it had complete access to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, and voted to vacate the Determination Report.

Our former auditor, Friedman LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm of our company, that issued the audit report for the year ended December 31, 2021 included elsewhere in this prospectus, is headquartered in Manhattan, New York. Friedman LLP had been subject to PCAOB inspections on a regular basis prior to September 1, 2022 when Friedman LLP combined with Marcum LLP.

Our current auditor, Marcum Asia CPAs LLP, an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Marcum Asia CPAs LLP is headquartered in Manhattan, New York, and is subject to inspection by the PCAOB on a regular basis.

Neither our former nor current auditor is identified in the report issued by the PCAOB on December 16, 2021 as a firm subject to the PCAOB’s determination. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the future, if there is any regulatory change or step taken by PRC regulators that does not permit Friedman LLP or Marcum Asia CPAs LLP to provide audit work papers located in mainland China or Hong Kong to the PCAOB for inspection or investigation, or the PCAOB re-evaluates its determination as a result of any obstruction with the implementation of the Statement of Protocol in the future, you may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection which could result in limitation or restriction to our access to the U.S. capital markets and trading of our securities on a national exchange or “over-the-counter” markets may be prohibited under the HFCA Act. In addition, under the HFCA Act, our securities may be prohibited from trading on the Nasdaq or other U.S. stock exchanges if our auditor is not inspected by the PCAOB for three consecutive years, which could be reduced to two consecutive years if the AHFCAA, passed by the U.S. Senate on June 22, 2021, is signed into law, and this ultimately could result in our Class A Ordinary Shares being delisted by the exchange. On December 29, 2022, the CAA was signed into law by President Biden. The CAA contained, among other things, an identical provision to the AHFCAA, which reduces the number of consecutive non-inspection years required for triggering the prohibitions under the HFCA Act from three years to two. Further, we cannot assure you whether Nasdaq or regulatory authorities would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us after considering the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, or sufficiency of resources, geographic reach or experience as it relates to the audit of our financial statements. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — Recent joint statement by the SEC and PCAOB, proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and an act passed by the US Senate all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB. These developments could add uncertainties to our offering.” from page 57 to 59 of this prospectus.

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company

As a company with less than US$1.235 billion in revenue for our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements compared to those that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include, but are not limited to:

	●	being permitted to present only two years of audited financial statements and only two years of related Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our SEC filings;
	●	not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act;
	●	reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in periodic reports, proxy statements and registration statements; and
	●	exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

The JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards. We have elected to use the extended transition period under the JOBS Act. Accordingly, our financial statements may not be comparable to the financial statements of public companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (a) the last day of the fiscal year during which we have total annual gross revenues of at least US$1.235 billion; (b) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of this offering; (c) the date on which we have, during the preceding three-year period, issued more than US$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt; or (d) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, which would occur as of the end of our fiscal year if the market value of our Class A Ordinary Shares that are held by non-affiliates exceeds US$700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter. Once we cease to be an emerging growth company, we will not be entitled to the exemptions provided in the JOBS Act discussed above.

Implications of Being a Controlled Company

Immediately prior to the completion of this offering, our issued and outstanding share capital will consist of Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares. Holders of Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares will have the same rights except for voting and conversion rights. Holders of Class A Ordinary Shares shall be entitled to one vote per share on all matters subject to the vote at general meetings of our company, and holders of Class B Ordinary Shares shall be entitled to 20 votes per share on all matters subject to the vote at general meetings of our company. Holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders, except as may otherwise be required by law. Each Class B Ordinary Share will be convertible into one Class A Ordinary Share at the option of the holder of Class B Ordinary Shares at any time. Class A Ordinary Shares will not be convertible into Class B Ordinary Shares under any circumstances.

Mr. Wanjun Yao, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, beneficially owns 3,660,000 Class A Ordinary Shares and 4,560,000 Class B Ordinary Shares through three entities controlled by him, and will be able to exercise approximately 92.20% of the total voting power of our issued and outstanding share capital immediately following the completion of this offering, assuming the underwriter does not exercise the option to purchase additional Class A Ordinary Shares. As a result, upon the completion of this offering, we will be a “controlled company” as defined under the Nasdaq Stock Market Listing Rules because Mr. Yao will hold more than 50% of the voting power for the election of directors.

For so long as we remain a “controlled company,” we are permitted to elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including:

an exemption from the rule that a majority of our board of directors must be independent directors;

an exemption from the rule that the compensation of our chief executive officer must be determined or recommended solely by independent directors; and

an exemption from the rule that our director nominees must be selected or recommended solely by independent directors.

Although we currently do not intend to rely on the “controlled company” exemption for at least one year following completion of this offering, we could elect to rely on this exemption in the future. If we rely on these exemptions in the future, you will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these corporate governance requirements.

In addition, as a result of the dual-class share structure and the concentration of ownership, holders of Class B Ordinary Shares will have considerable influence over matters such as decisions regarding mergers and consolidations, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. For a detailed description of the risks associated with our dual-class structure, see “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Class A Ordinary Shares and this Offering — Our dual-class voting structure will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares may view as beneficial” on page 71 of this prospectus, and “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Class A Ordinary Shares and this Offering — Our dual-class voting structure may render our Class A Ordinary Shares ineligible for inclusion in certain stock market indices, and thus adversely affect the trading price and liquidity of our Class A Ordinary Shares.” on page 71 of this prospectus.

Implications of Being a Foreign Private Issuer

We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands, and more than 50% of our issued and outstanding voting securities are not directly or indirectly held by residents of the United States. Therefore, we are a “foreign private issuer,” as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act and Rule 3b-4(c) under the Exchange Act. As a result, we are not subject to the same requirements as U.S. domestic issuers. Under the Exchange Act, we will be subject to reporting obligations that, to some extent, are more lenient and less frequent than those of U.S. domestic reporting companies. For example:

	●	we are not required to provide as many Exchange Act reports or provide periodic and current reports as frequently, as a domestic public company;

	●	for interim reporting, we are permitted to comply solely with our home country requirements, which are less rigorous than the rules that apply to domestic public companies;

	●	we are not required to provide the same level of disclosure on certain issues, such as executive compensation;

	●	we are exempt from provisions of Regulation FD aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures of material information;

	●	we are not required to comply with the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; and

	●	we are not required to comply with Section 16 of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and establishing insider liability for profits realized from any “short-swing” trading transaction.

Corporate Information

Our principal executive offices are located at #02-01, 31 Mandai Estate, Innovation Place Tower 4, Singapore 729933. Our telephone number at this address is +65 6636 9820. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is currently located at the office of Harneys Fiduciary (Cayman) Limited, 4th Floor, Harbour Place, 103 South Church Street, P.O. Box 10240, Grand Cayman KY1-1002, Cayman Islands. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Puglisi & Associates located at 850 Library Avenue, Suite 204, Newark, Delaware 19711.

Investors should contact us for any inquiries through the address and telephone number of our principal executive offices. Our Website is www.tungray.tech. The information contained on our Website is not a part of this prospectus.

Notes on Prospectus Presentation

This prospectus contains translations of certain RMB amounts into U.S. dollar amounts and certain S$ amounts into U.S. dollar amounts at specified rates solely for the convenience of the reader. The relevant exchange rates are listed below:

	For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023		For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2022		For the Year Ended December 31, 2022		For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
Period Ended RMB: USD exchange rate		7.2513		6.6981		6.8972		6.3726
Period Average RMB: USD exchange rate		6.9283		6.4791		6.7290		6.4508
Period Ended S Dollar: USD exchange rate		1.3523		1.3903		1.3404		1.3520
Period Average S Dollar: USD exchange rate		1.3361		1.3651		1.3787		1.3438

Numerical figures included in this prospectus have been subject to rounding adjustments. Accordingly, numerical figures shown as totals in various tables may not be arithmetic aggregations of the figures that precede them.

For clarification, this prospectus follows the English naming convention of first name followed by last name, regardless of whether an individual’s name is Chinese or English. For example, the name of our Chairman will be presented as “Wanjun Yao,” even though, in Chinese, his name is presented as “Yao Wanjun.”

The following assumes that the underwriters will not exercise their option to purchase additional Class A Ordinary Shares in the offering, unless otherwise indicated.

The following tables summarize our consolidated financial data for the periods and as of the dates indicated. The summary consolidated statements of income for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 and the summary consolidated balance sheet data as of June 30, 2023 are derived from our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements that are included elsewhere in this prospectus. The summary consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 30, 2021 and 2022 and the summary consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2022 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP, and included elsewhere in this prospectus. You should read this “Summary Consolidated Financial Data and Operating Data” section together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of results expected for future periods.

The following table presents our summary consolidated statement of income for the six months ended on June 30, 2023 and 2022, and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The following table presents our summary consolidated balance sheet data as of June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and 2021.

An investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares involves a high degree of risk. Before deciding whether to invest in our Class A Ordinary Shares, you should consider carefully the risks described below, together with all of the other information set forth in this prospectus, including the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flow could be materially and adversely affected, which could cause the trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares to decline, resulting in a loss of all or part of your investment. The risks described below are not the only ones that we face. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also affect our business. You should only consider investing in our Class A Ordinary Shares if you can bear the risk of loss of your entire investment.

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, approximately 65% and 35% of our revenue was derived from our operations in Singapore and mainland China, respectively. During FY 2022, approximately 65% and 35% of our revenue was derived from our operations in Singapore and mainland China, respectively. During FY 2021, approximately 61% and 39% of our revenue was derived from our operations in Singapore and mainland China, respectively. Any adverse circumstances affecting the Singapore and the PRC markets, such as an economic recession, epidemic outbreak or natural disaster or other adverse incidents may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Any downturn in the industry which we operate in resulting in the postponement, delay or cancellation of contracts and delay in recovery of receivables is likely to have an adverse impact on our business and profitability.

Uncertain global economic conditions have had and may continue to have an adverse impact on our business in the form of lower net sales due to weakened demand, unfavorable changes in product price/mix, or lower profit margins.

During economic downturns or recessions, there can be a heightened competition for sales and increased pressure to reduce selling prices as our customers may reduce their demand for our products. If we lose significant sales volume or reduce selling prices significantly, then there could be a negative impact on our combined financial condition or results of operations, profitability and cash flows.

Reduced availability of credit may also adversely affect the ability of some of our customers and suppliers to obtain funds for operations and capital expenditures. This could negatively impact our ability to obtain necessary supplies as well as our sales of products to affected customers. This could additionally result in reduced or delayed collections of outstanding accounts receivable.

The COVID-19 pandemic might adversely affect and continue to pose risks to our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, and other epidemics or outbreaks of infectious diseases may have a similar impact.

In March 2020, the World Health Organization categorized COVID-19 as a pandemic. The spread of the outbreak has caused significant disruptions in global economies, including the U.S., Singapore and the PRC. We are subject to risks and uncertainties as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The effects of any new variants and subvariants of COVID-19, which may spread faster than the original Omicron variant, as well as any responsive actions taken by governments, may have the effect of slowing our sales. Further, policies of local governments effecting closures to avoid infections, including the recent lockdown in many provinces and municipalities in China, could affect our results of operations. We continue to evaluate the global risks and the slowdown in business activity related to COVID-19, including the potential impacts on our employees, customers, suppliers and financial results. The spread of COVID-19 did not have any material impact on the Company’s business during the ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. However, during the six months ended June 30, 2023, with the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, people’s work mode has changed from work from home during the pandemic to work at office, thus reducing the demand for office equipment such as printers, which had an impact on our business. The COVID-19 pandemic or other epidemics or outbreaks of infectious diseases could adversely impact our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity in several ways in the future. In particular, the continued spread of COVID-19 and efforts to contain the virus could:

The severity of the impact on our business will depend on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the duration and severity of the pandemic (including the advent of variants and the impact of vaccination on infection and hospitalization rates), the extent and severity of the impact on our customers and suppliers, the disruption to the manufacturing of and demand for our businesses’ products and services, the effect of federal, state or local regulations regarding safety measures to address the spread of COVID-19, and the impact of the global business and economic environment on liquidity and the availability of capital, all of which are uncertain and cannot be predicted. Due to the evolving and uncertain nature of this event, we cannot predict at this time the full extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will adversely impact our business, results and financial condition, which will depend on many factors that are not known at this time. We are staying in close communication with our employees, customers and suppliers, and acting to mitigate the impact of this dynamic and evolving situation, but there is no guarantee we will be able to do so.

We operate in a competitive industry. If we are unable to compete successfully, we may lose market share to our competitors.

The domestic markets in both Singapore and mainland China for customized industrial manufacturing solutions of original equipment manufacturer (“OEMs”) and related products are highly competitive. Our current or potential competitors include major engineer-to-order (“ETO”) industrial manufactures in Singapore (such as Sigma Design & Engineering Pte Ltd), PRC (such as Xiamen Inker Induction Co., Ltd. and Xinchang Kechuang Automation Equipment Co., Ltd.) and other parts in the world. Some of our competitors may have greater brand recognition, larger group of customers or vendors, longer operating histories as well as marketing resources than we do. Customers may weight their experience and resources over us in various ways, therefore increasing our competitor’s respective market shares.

You should not expect that we will be able to compete successfully against current or potential competitors, and such competitive pressures may have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Failure to compete successfully against existing or new competitors may cause us to lose market share, customers and other business partners.

The cyclical nature and maturity of the precision engineering, manufacturing and consumer appliances industries in developed markets may adversely affect our performance.

The precision engineering, manufacturing and consumer appliances industries are generally cyclical in nature. Overall demand for our products is largely determined by the level of capital spending in manufacturing and other industrial sectors, and the precision engineering, manufacturing and consumer appliances industries have historically experienced contraction during periods of slowing industrial activity. If economic, business and industry conditions deteriorate, capital spending in those sectors may be substantially decreased, which could reduce demand for our products and have an adverse impact on our revenues and results of operations.

A significant or sustained decline in the levels of new capital investment and maintenance expenditures by certain of our customers could reduce the demand for our products and services and harm our operations and financial performance.

Demand for our products and services depends significantly on the level of new capital investment and planned maintenance expenditures by certain of our customers. The level of new capital expenditures by our customers is dependent upon many factors, including general economic conditions, availability of credit, economic conditions and investment activities within their respective industries and expectations of future market behavior. In addition, volatility in commodity prices can negatively affect the level of these new activities and can result in postponement of capital spending decisions or the delay or cancellation of existing orders. A reduction in demand for our products and services has resulted in the past, and in the future could result in the delay or cancellation of existing orders or lead to excess manufacturing capacity, which unfavorably impacts our absorption of fixed manufacturing costs. Any reduced demand could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Some of our subsidiaries have a limited operating history and are subject to the risks encountered by development-stage companies.

Other than Tung Resource, Tungray Singapore, Tungray Industrial and Tongri Electric which have approximately 10-20 years of operation, our other subsidiaries have a limited operating history. Thus, the business strategies and model of these subsidiaries with a limited operating history are constantly being tested by the market and operating results, and we work to adjust our allocation of resources accordingly. As such, our business may be subject to significant fluctuations in operating results in terms of amounts of revenues and percentages of total with respect to the business segments.

We are, and expect for the foreseeable future to be, subject to all the risks and uncertainties, inherent in a development-stage business. As a result, we must establish many functions necessary to operate a business, including expanding our managerial and administrative structure, assessing and implementing our marketing program, implementing financial systems and controls and personnel recruitment. Accordingly, you should consider our prospects in light of the costs, uncertainties, delays and difficulties frequently encountered by companies with a limited operating history. These risks and challenges are, among other things:

Our future growth will depend substantially on our ability to address these and the other risks described in this prospectus. If we do not successfully address these risks, our business would be significantly harmed.

Any disruption in the supply chain of raw materials and our products could adversely impact our ability to produce and deliver products.

As to the products we manufacture, we must manage our supply chain for raw materials and delivery of our products. Any supply chain fragmentation and local protectionism within Singapore and China may further complicate supply chain disruption risks. Local administrative bodies and physical infrastructure built to protect local interests pose transportation challenges for raw material transportation as well as product delivery. In addition, profitability and volume could be negatively impacted by limitations inherent within the supply chain, including competitive, governmental, legal, natural disasters, and other events that could impact both supply and price. Any of these occurrences could cause significant disruptions to our supply chain, manufacturing capability and distribution system that could adversely impact our ability to produce and deliver products.

Our business may be exposed to risks associated with a concentrated customer base.

Our top two customers, HP Inc. (“HP”) and Goertek Inc (“Goertek”), accounted for 63.6% and 6.6% of revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and the amount due from these customers included in accounts receivable represented 13.9% and 17.3% of total accounts receivable as of June 30, 2023, respectively. HP and Goertek accounted for 53.0% and 9.3% of revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, and the amount due from these customers included in accounts receivable represented 14.8% and 13.5% of total accounts receivable as of June 30, 2022, respectively. Our top two customers, HP and Goertek, accounted for 60.7% and 8.8% of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022, respectively, and the amount due from these customers included in accounts receivable represented 27% and 23% of total accounts receivable for such year, respectively. HP and Goertek accounted for 60.0% and 5.6% of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2021, respectively, and the amount due from these customers included in accounts receivable represented 20.9% and 10.8% of total accounts receivable for such year, respectively. Consistent with the industry practice, we have not entered into written agreements with our major customers. We have been providing services and products to such major customers based on purchase orders received from them from time to time, which mainly specify the product for purchase, quantity, unit price, and delivery date.

There are inherent risks whenever a large percentage of total revenues are concentrated with a limited number of customers. Changes to or reductions in the buying patterns of these larger customers may expose our business and results of operations to greater volatility. The mix and type of customers, and sales to any single customer, may vary significantly from quarter to quarter and from year to year, and have a significant impact on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. If customers do not place orders, or they substantially reduce, delay or cancel orders, we may not be able to replace the business, which may have a significant adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition. Major customers may require that we localize manufacturing and supply capacity rather than sourcing from lower cost countries, or seek pricing, payment, intellectual property-related, or other commercial terms that are less favorable to us, which may have a negative impact on our business. The concentration of our customer base also increases our risks related to the financial condition of our customers, and the deterioration in financial condition of customers or the failure of customers to perform their obligations could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows.

If our products do not respond to changes in technology, our products may become obsolete and we may experience a loss of customers and lower revenues.

We sell our products to customers in several industries that experience rapid technological changes, new product introductions and evolving industry standards. Without the timely introduction of new products and enhancements, our products and services will likely become technologically obsolete over time and we may lose a significant number of our customers. Our product development efforts may be affected by a number of factors, including our ability to anticipate customer needs, allocate our R&D funding, innovate and develop new products, differentiate our offerings and commercialize new technologies, secure intellectual property protection for our products and manufacture products in a cost-effective manner. We would be harmed if we did not meet customer requirements and expectations. Our inability, for technological or other reasons, to successfully develop and introduce new and innovative products could result in a loss of customers and lower revenues.

The manufacture of many of our products is an exacting and complex process. Problems may arise during manufacturing for a variety of reasons, including equipment malfunction, failure to follow specific protocols and procedures, problems with raw materials, natural disasters and environmental factors, and if not discovered before the product is released to market could result in product liability exposure. Because of the time required to develop and maintain manufacturing facilities, we may not be able to replace such problematic products on a timely basis. Any of these manufacturing problems could result in significant costs and liability.

We may incur material losses and costs as a result of product liability and warranty claims brought against us.

We, from time to time, could be subject to a variety of claims or litigation incidental to our businesses, including demands for damages arising out of use of our products, claims relating to intellectual property matters and claims involving employment matters and commercial disputes. We currently do not carry insurance and maintain reserves for potential product liability claims. Even if in the future we may purchase product liability insurance, our insurance coverage may be inadequate if such claims do arise and any liability not covered by insurance could have a material adverse effect on our business. Any product liability claim may also include the imposition of punitive damages, the award of which, pursuant to relevant laws, may not be covered by any insurance. Even if we purchase product liability insurance in the future, our product liability insurance policies may have limits that, if exceeded, may result in material costs that could have an adverse effect on our future profitability. In addition, warranty claims are generally not covered by product liability insurance. Further, any product liability or warranty issues may adversely affect our reputation as a manufacturer of high-quality, safe products, divert management’s attention, and could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We do not have long-term purchase commitments from our customers, and we are exposed to potential volatility in our turnover.

Our business with our customers has been, and we expect it will continue to be, conducted on the basis of actual purchase orders received from time to time. Our customers are not obligated in any way to continue to place orders with us at the same or increased levels or at all. In addition, our customers may change or delay or terminate orders for products and services without notice for reasons unrelated to us, including lack of market acceptance for the products of our customers.

We cannot assure you that our customers will continue to place purchase orders with us at the same volume or same margin, as compared to prior periods, or at all. We may not be able to locate alternative customers to replace purchase orders or sales. As a result, our business, financial condition and results of operations may vary from period to period and may fluctuate significantly in the future.

If we fail to accurately estimate the overall risks or costs under the contracts with our customers, or the time needed to complete the relevant projects under such contracts, we may experience cost overruns, schedule delays, lower profitability or even losses under such contracts when we perform such contracts.

We derive a significant portion of our total consolidated revenues from contracts that require us to complete projects at a fixed price, and therefore expose us to the risk of cost overruns. Cost overruns, whether due to efficiency, estimates or other reasons, could result in lower profit or losses. Other variations and risks inherent in the performance of fixed-price contracts such as delays caused by technical issues, and any inability to obtain the requisite permits and approvals, may cause our actual risk exposure and costs to differ from our original estimates.

In addition, we may be unable to deliver products or complete projects in accordance with the schedules set forth under the contracts. Our projects and our manufacturing and sales of products could be delayed for a number of reasons, including those relating to market conditions, policies, laws and regulations of the relevant jurisdictions, availability of funding, transportation, disputes with business partners and subcontractors, technology and raw materials suppliers, employees, local governments, natural disasters, power and other energy supplies, and availability of technical or human resources.

We cannot guarantee that we will not encounter cost overruns or delays in our current and future delivery of products and completion of projects. If such cost overruns or delays were to occur, our costs could exceed our budget, and our profits on the relevant contracts may be adversely affected.

If our manufacturing facilities become unavailable either temporarily or permanently due weather, earthquakes or other natural disasters related to global climate change, or geopolitical developments or logistical complications arising from acts of war, cyber-attacks, public health crises or labor disruptions, we may be unable to shift production to other facilities or to make up for lost production. In addition, natural disasters or other unanticipated catastrophic events, including storms, fires, explosions, earthquakes, terrorist attacks and wars, as well as changes in governmental planning for the land where our factories or our suppliers’ factories are located could significantly impair our ability to manufacture our products and operate our business. Any new facility would need to comply with the necessary regulatory requirements including fire control and environmental inspections and regulations, satisfy our specialized manufacturing requirements and require specialized equipment. As of the date of this prospectus, we cannot assure you that all the factories were in strict compliance with such fire control and environmental inspections and regulations or other regulatory requirements based on our knowledge. If such facilities fail to rectify and pass the fire control and environmental inspections or comply with relevant fire control and environmental requirements relating to production activities in a timely manner, they may be subject to fines, cohesive rectification, suspension and closure, which may materially and adversely affect the production of our factories and in turn may impact our business. Even though we carry business interruption insurance policies, any business interruption losses could exceed the coverage available or be excluded from our insurance policies. Any disruption of our ability to operate our business could result in a material decrease in our revenues or significant additional costs to replace, repair or insure our assets, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, we believe that our customers rigorously evaluate their suppliers on the basis of price competitiveness, product quality, reliability and timeliness of delivery, technical expertise and development capability, new product innovation, product design capability, manufacturing expertise, operational flexibility, customer service and overall management. Our success depends on our ability to continue to meet our customers’ changing expectations with respect to these criteria. We may be unable to install, maintain and certify equipment needed to produce products or upgrade or transition our manufacturing facilities without impacting production rates or requiring other operational efficiency measures at our facilities. We anticipate that we will remain committed to product R&D, advanced manufacturing techniques and service to remain competitive, which entails significant costs; however, we may be unable to address technological advances, implement new and more cost-effective manufacturing techniques, or introduce new or improved products, whether in existing or new markets, so as to maintain our businesses’ competitive positions or to grow our businesses as desired.

We have substantial fixed costs and, as a result, our operating income is sensitive to changes in our net sales.

A significant portion of our expenses are fixed costs (including personnel), which do not fluctuate with net sales. Consequently, a percentage decline in our net sales could have a greater percentage effect on our operating income if we do not act to reduce personnel or take other cost reduction actions. Any decline in our net sales would cause our profitability to be adversely affected.

Our future success depends on the continued service of our key executive officers and other key employees. We benefit from the leadership of a strong management team with rich professional work experience, and extensive knowledge of the precision engineering, manufacturing and consumer appliances industries. We also rely on a number of key personnel for the development and operation of our business. In addition, we will need to continue attracting and retaining skilled and experienced staff for our businesses to maintain our competitiveness. If one or more of our key personnel are unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to replace them easily or at all and may incur additional expenses to recruit and train new personnel, our business could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, if any of our executive officers or key employees joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose know-how, trade secrets and customers. Substantially all of our employees, including each of our executive officers and key employees, have entered into employment agreements with confidentiality clauses and customary non-compete provisions with us. Although non-compete provisions are generally enforceable under PRC laws, PRC legal practice regarding the enforceability of such provisions is not as well-developed as in countries such as the United States. Thus, if we need to enforce our rights under the non-compete provisions, we cannot assure you that a PRC court would enforce such provisions. Under Singapore laws, restrictive covenants (including non-compete provisions) are generally unenforceable unless it can be proven that the party seeking to enforce the restrictive covenant has a legitimate proprietary interest to protect and that such restrictive covenants are reasonable in the interests of the parties and the public. The Singapore courts have held that the maintenance of a stable and trained workforce is a legitimate proprietary interest and further that restrictive covenants are more likely to be considered reasonable when the employee is in a senior position and there is evidence that he had prolonged contact with the customers of the business or is integral to the business. However, there is no bright-line test, and each case turns on its own facts and circumstances. In determining whether a restrictive covenant is enforceable, the Singapore courts will have regard to whether the following are reasonable to protect the legitimate interests of the employer: (i) the scope of activities under the restrictive covenant, (ii) the geographical area of the restrictive covenant, and (iii) the period of the limitation. If we lose the services of any of our key executive officers, senior management, or are unable to retain, recruit and hire experienced staff, our ability to effectively manage and execute our operations and meet our strategic objectives could be harmed.

Increases in labor costs, potential labor disputes and work stoppages or an inability to hire skilled distribution, sales and other personnel could adversely affect our business.

An increase in labor costs, work stoppages or disruptions at our facilities or those of our suppliers or transportation service providers, or other labor disruptions, could decrease our sales and increase our expenses. In addition, although our employees are not represented by a union, our labor force may become subject to labor union organizing efforts, which could cause us to incur additional labor costs and increase the related risks that we now face.

A significant increase in the salaries and wages paid by competing employers could result in a reduction of our labor force, increases in the salaries and wages that we must pay or both. If we are unable to hire warehouse, distribution, sales and other personnel, our ability to execute our business plan, and our results of operations, would suffer.

As of the date hereof, most of our products are sold within Singapore and mainland China. However, all of our patent rights are granted by the State Intellectual Property Office of the PRC. Our patents are not protected in Singapore or any other countries other than the PRC. If we cannot successfully protect our intellectual properties in the countries where we sell our products now or in the future, we may not be able to execute our business plan, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance.

If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights, it could harm our business and competitive position.

We rely on a combination of patent, trademark and domain name laws and non-disclosure agreements and other methods to protect our intellectual property rights. Our Singapore Subsidiaries have registered two trademarks with the Intellectual Property Office of Singapore. The registered trademark numbers of such trademarks are 40202251826G and 40202304415V respectively. Our PRC Subsidiaries own 50 patents and 6 computer software copyrights, which have been registered with the State Intellectual Property Office and National Copyright Administration. This intellectual property has allowed our products to earn market share in the industry.

The process of seeking patent protection can be lengthy and expensive, and our existing and future patents may be insufficient to provide us with meaningful protection or commercial advantage. Our patents and patent applications may also be challenged, invalidated or circumvented.

Furthermore, policing unauthorized use of proprietary technology is difficult and expensive, and we may need to resort to litigation to enforce or defend patents issued to us or to determine the enforceability, scope and validity of our proprietary rights or those of others. Such litigation and an adverse determination in any such litigation, if any, could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention, which could harm our business and competitive position. There can be no assurance that we will prevail in such litigation. In addition, our trade secrets may be leaked or otherwise become available to, or be independently discovered by, our competitors. Any failure in protecting or enforcing our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions and results of operations.

Members of our management team may in the future be involved in governmental investigations and civil litigations relating to the business affairs of companies with which they are, were or may in the future be affiliated with. Any such investigations or litigations may divert our management team’s attention and resources away from managing our business and operations, may be detrimental to our reputation.

We may become involved in litigations that may materially adversely affect us.

From time to time, we may become involved in various legal proceedings relating to matters incidental to the ordinary course of our business, including litigation and claims, and governmental and other regulatory investigations and proceedings. Such matters can be time-consuming, divert management’s attention and resources, cause us to incur significant expenses or liability or require us to change our business practices. Because of the potential risks, expenses and uncertainties of litigation, we may, from time to time, settle disputes, even where we believe that we have meritorious claims or defenses. Because litigation is inherently unpredictable, we cannot assure you that the results of any of these actions will not have a material adverse effect on our business.

The price of our Class A Ordinary Shares may be volatile and, in the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities litigation, including class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations, which could harm our results of operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, economic sanctions, export control, and similar laws in the countries where we operate our business. Non-compliance with such laws can subject us to criminal or civil liability and harm our business, revenues, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, economic sanctions, export control, and similar laws in the countries where we operate our business. We cannot assure you that our employees and agents will not take actions in violation of our policies and applicable laws, for which we may be ultimately held responsible. As we increase our international presence, our risks under these laws, rules, and regulations may increase. Further, any change in the applicability or enforcement of these laws, rules, and regulations could adversely impact our business operations and financial results.

Detecting, investigating and resolving actual or alleged violations can require a significant diversion of time, resources, and attention from senior management. In addition, noncompliance with anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, or economic sanctions laws, rules, and regulations could subject us to whistleblower complaints, investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, other enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, significant fines, damages, other civil and criminal penalties or injunctions, suspension and/or debarment from contracting with certain persons, the loss of export privileges, reputational harm, adverse media coverage, and other collateral consequences. If any subpoenas or investigations are launched, or governmental or other sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, our business, revenues, financial condition, and results of operations would be significantly harmed. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense costs and other professional fees. Enforcement actions and sanctions could further harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We could be negatively impacted by stakeholder and market focus on environmental, social and corporate governance (“ESG”) matters.

There has been an increasing focus on corporate ESG practices and disclosures over the past few years, and expectations in this area are rapidly evolving. The criteria used to evaluate ESG practices may continue to evolve, which could result in greater expectations and may cause us to undertake costly initiatives to satisfy new criteria. The increasing attention to sustainability could also in the future result in reduced demand for certain of our products and/or reduced profits. If we are unable to respond effectively, investors may conclude that our ESG policies and/or actions are inadequate. If we are perceived to have failed to achieve our ESG initiatives or accurately disclose our progress on such matters, our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely impacted.

Our business may be materially and adversely affected by compliance obligations and liabilities under environmental laws and regulations, including related to climate change.

We are subject to increasingly stringent environmental laws and regulations, including those relating to air emissions, wastewater discharges and chemical and hazardous waste management and disposal. A number of governments or governmental bodies have introduced or are contemplating introducing regulatory changes in response to climate change, including regulating greenhouse gas emissions. Some of these laws hold owners or operators of land or businesses liable for their own and for previous owners’ or operators’ releases of hazardous or toxic substances or wastes. Other environmental laws and regulations require obtaining and complying with environmental permits. To date, costs of complying with environmental, health and safety requirements have not been material. However, the nature of our operations and our long history of industrial activities at certain of our current or former facilities, as well as those acquired, could potentially result in material liabilities.

As of the date of this prospectus, we cannot assure you that we were in strict compliance with such Singapore and PRC environmental laws and regulations. In the event of any changes in Singapore and PRC laws and/or regulations and/or government policies on environmental protection and more stringent requirements are imposed, we may have to incur extra costs and expenses to comply with such requirements and our business and results of operations may be adversely affected. Failure to comply with the existing and future environmental laws and regulations could subject us to monetary damages and fines, disruption to production plans, suspension of our operations, which may in turn materially and adversely affect our business operations.

In addition, future events, including those relating to climate change or greenhouse gas regulation, could further require us to incur expenses related to fund energy efficiency activities, fees or restrictions on certain activities, the modification or curtailment of operations, installation of pollution control equipment or investigation and cleanup of contaminated sites. Any adopted future regulations could also negatively impact our ability to compete with companies situated in areas not subject to such limitations, and we may not be able to recover the cost of compliance with new or more stringent laws and regulations, which could adversely impact our results of operations, cash flow or financial condition.

Some of our locations (including some of our factories) are located in leased premises. Some of our current leases are non-cancelable and typically have terms ranging from one to two years, with options to renew for specified periods of time. We believe that leases we enter into in the future will likely be long-term and noncancelable and have similar renewal options. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to renew our current or future leases on favorable terms or at all, if we are unable to negotiate for a renewal of the relevant leases, we may be forced to relocate our production bases and it may be difficult and costly to replace or relocate our factories and equipment on a timely basis, which could have an adverse effect on our ability to operate our business and on our results of operations. If we experience any unanticipated disruptions to us or our suppliers or if we are unable to renew our current leases, our production will be severely disrupted, which may in turn materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The ownership certificates or other similar proof of some of our leased properties have not been provided to us by the relevant lessors. Therefore, we cannot assure you that such lessors are entitled to lease the relevant real properties to us. If the lessors are not entitled to lease the real properties to us and the owners of such real properties decline to ratify the lease agreements between us and the respective lessors, we may not be able to enforce our rights to lease such properties under the respective lease agreements against the owners. As of the date of this prospectus, we are not aware of any claim or challenge brought by any third parties concerning the use of our leased properties. If our lease agreements are claimed as null and void by third parties who are the real owners of such leased real properties, we could be required to vacate the properties, in the event of which we could only initiate the claim against the lessors under relevant lease agreements for indemnities for their breach of the relevant leasing agreements. We cannot assure you that suitable alternative locations are readily available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and if we are unable to relocate our officers in a timely manner, our operations may be interrupted.

In addition, as required by applicable laws and regulations where our leased properties are located, we may be required to register our lease agreements with the governmental authorities and the failure of such registrations may subject us to fines.

We may not be successful in introducing new products or attracting new customers, which could adversely affect our growth and revenues.

Historically, we have grown organically by increasing sales and services to our existing customers, introducing new products and services, pursuing new customers, and upgrading equipment in order to expand the range of products and other services we offer to customers. We may not be able to introduce new products or services for reasons outside of our control, or, once introduced, these new products or services may not be purchased by our existing customers. We may also not be able to market our existing and new products to new customers. Any of these factors could adversely affect our growth and our revenues.

We cannot assure you that our internal growth strategy will be successful, which may result in a negative impact on our growth, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.

One of our strategies is to grow internally through increasing the development of new products and improve the quality of existing products. However, many obstacles to this expansion exist, including, but not limited to, increased competition from similar businesses, our ability to improve our products and product mix to realize the benefits of our R&D efforts, international trade and tariff barriers, unexpected costs, costs associated with marketing efforts abroad and maintaining attractive foreign exchange rates. We cannot, therefore, assure you that we will be able to successfully overcome such obstacles and establish our services in any additional markets. Our inability to implement this internal growth strategy successfully may have a negative impact on our growth, future financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

In order to increase our revenue and maintain our growth, we must retain existing customers and attract new ones, and encourage their usage of our services. As is common in the industry, we do not have long-term agreements with our customers with respect to each of our business lines. A substantial portion of our revenue comes from agreements that are on a project-by-project basis. Revenue from these agreements is not recurrent in nature, which exposes us to the risks of uncertainty and potential volatility with respect to our revenue. Our success depends in large part on our ability to continue to offer high-quality products in a cost-effective manner. To this end, we must continue to expand our offline service offerings and keep abreast of user preferences and market trends. Customers may cease their usage of our products or may only be willing to purchase our products at reduced prices if we do not deliver products in an effective manner, or if they do not believe that their spending with us will generate a competitive return or effect as compared to alternative suppliers, which will adversely affect our business. Our ability to retain existing customers and attract new ones also depends on the following factors, some of which are out of our control:

If we are unable to retain our existing customers and attracting new customers due to any of the foregoing factors, our business will be adversely affected. Further, if our existing customers decrease or cease their usage of our products, we may be unable to acquire new customers that spend similarly or even more for our products, and our ability to maintain and/or grow our revenue may be materially and adversely affected.

Failure to maintain our growth could strain our management, operational and other resources, which could materially and adversely affect our business and prospects.

Our growth strategy includes building our brand, increasing market penetration of our existing products, and developing new products. Pursuing these strategies has resulted in, and will continue to result in substantial demands on management resources. In particular, our growth will require, among other things:

If we are not able to maintain our growth successfully, our business and prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

We face risks related to the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine and any other conflicts that may arise on a global or regional scale which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

On February 24, 2022, the Russian Federation launched an invasion of Ukraine that has had an immediate impact on the global economy resulting in higher energy prices and higher prices for certain raw materials and goods and services which in turn is contributing to higher inflation in the United States and other countries across the globe with significant disruption to financial markets and supply and distribution chains for certain raw materials and goods and services on an unprecedented scale. The impact of the sanctions has also included disruptions to financial markets, an inability to complete financial or banking transactions, restrictions on travel and an inability to service existing or new customers in a timely manner in the affected areas of Europe. The Russian Federation could resort to cyberattacks and other action that impact businesses across the United States, the European Union and other nations across the globe including those without any direct business ties to the Russian Federation. The Russian invasion of Ukraine has continued to escalate without any resolution of the invasion foreseeable in the near future with the short and long-term impact on financial and business conditions in Europe remaining highly uncertain.

The U.S. and the European Union responded to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine by imposing various economic sanctions on the Russian Federation to which the Russian Federation has responded in kind. The United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea, Australia and other countries across the globe have imposed their own sanctions on the Russian Federation. The United States, the European Union and such other countries acting together or separately could impose wider sanctions or take further actions against the Russian Federation if the conflict continues to escalate. Multinational corporations and other corporations and businesses with business and financial ties to the Russian Federation have either reduced or eliminated their ties to the Russian Federation in a manner that often exceeds what is required pursuant to sanctions by these countries. While we do not have any direct business or financial ties to the Russian Federation or Ukraine as part of our own business, the impact of higher energy prices and higher prices for certain raw materials and goods and services resulting in higher inflation and disruptions to financial markets and disruptions to manufacturing and supply and distribution chains for certain raw materials and goods and services across the globe may impact our business in the future. We will assess and respond where appropriate to any direct or indirect impact that the Russian invasion of Ukraine has on the availability or pricing of the raw materials for our products, manufacturing and supply and distribution chains for our products and on the pricing and demand for our products.

In addition, any deterioration in credit markets resulting directly or indirectly from the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine could limit our ability to obtain external financing to fund our operations and capital expenditures. Adverse economic conditions may also result in a higher rate of losses on accounts receivables that we accrue in the future due to credit defaults. As a result, a downturn in the worldwide economy resulting from the Russian invasion of Ukraine and other conflicts with a global impact that may arise from time to time could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and/or financial condition.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Four of our operating entities’ functional currency are RMB, and two of our operating entities’ functional currency are S dollar. As a result, fluctuations in the exchange rate among the U.S. dollar, S dollar and RMB will affect the relative purchasing power, in S dollar or RMB terms, of our U.S. dollar assets and the proceeds from our initial public offering. Gains and losses from the re-measurement of assets and liabilities receivable or payable in S dollar or RMB are included in our consolidated statements of operations. The re-measurement has caused the U.S. dollar value of our results of operations to vary with exchange rate fluctuations, and the U.S. dollar value of our results of operations will continue to vary with exchange rate fluctuations.

A fluctuation in the value of S dollar or RMB relative to the U.S. dollar could reduce our profits from operations and the translated value of our net assets when reported in U.S. dollars in our financial statements. This change in value could negatively impact our business, financial condition, or results of operations as reported in U.S. dollars. In the event that we decide to convert our S dollar or RMB into U.S. dollars to make payments for dividends on our Class A Ordinary Shares or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the S dollar or RMB will harm the U.S. dollar amount available to us. In addition, fluctuations in currencies relative to the periods in which the earnings are generated may make it more difficult to perform period-to-period comparisons of our reported results of operations.

It is difficult to predict how market forces or the Singapore, PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate among the U.S. dollar, S dollar and RMB in the future. Any significant appreciation or depreciation of the S dollar or RMB may materially and adversely affect our revenues, earnings and financial position, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, our Class A Ordinary Shares in U.S. dollars.

Very limited hedging options are available to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to hedge our exposure adequately. As a result, fluctuations in exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Our directors and officers currently own a majority of the total voting power of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares, and have significant influence on determining the outcome of any corporate transaction or other matter submitted to the shareholders for approval.

Currently, our directors and officers collectively own an aggregate of 95.81% of the total voting power of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares. Our directors and officers will collectively own an aggregate of 94.64% of the total voting power of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares immediately after the completion of this offering, assuming the underwriter does not exercise it over-allotment option. These beneficial owners could have significant influence on determining the outcome of any corporate transaction or other matter submitted to the shareholders for approval, including mergers, consolidations, the election of directors and other significant corporate actions. In cases where their interests are aligned and they vote together, these beneficial owners will also have the power to prevent or cause a change in control. Without the consent of some or all of these shareholders, we may be prevented from entering into transactions that could be beneficial to us or our minority shareholders. The interests of these beneficial owners may differ from the interests of our other shareholders. The concentration in the ownership of our Class A Ordinary Shares may cause a material decline in the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares. For more information regarding our beneficial owners and their affiliated entities, see “Principal Shareholders” at page 138 of this prospectus.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time, the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands (the “Companies Act”) and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a different body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States. There is no statutory recognition in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, although the courts of the Cayman Islands will in certain circumstances recognize and enforce a non-penal judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of register of members of these companies, other than the memorandum and articles of association and any special resolutions passed by such companies, and the registers of mortgages and charges of such companies. The Registrar of Companies of the Cayman Islands shall make available the list of the names of the current directors of the Company (and where applicable the current alternate directors of the Company) for inspection by any person upon payment of a fee by such person. Our directors have discretion under our post-offering memorandum and articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, differ significantly from requirements for companies incorporated in other jurisdictions such as the United States. To the extent we choose to follow home country practice with respect to corporate governance matters, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders, see “Description of Share Capital—Differences in Corporate Law” starting from page 149 of this prospectus.

You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in Singapore and China against us or our management named in the prospectus.

We conduct approximately 65% of our operations in Singapore and approximately 35% of our operations in China, and the majority of our assets are located in Singapore. In addition, other than our independent director nominees, Kevin Dean Vassily, David Ping Li and Weston Twigg, all of our directors and officers are nationals or residents of countries other than the United States, and a substantial portion of the assets of these persons is located outside the United States. Three of our current officers, Wee Thuang Lee, Lei Yao, Jingan Tang, are Singapore citizens and reside within Singapore; and two of our officers, Wanjun Yao and (Alex) Yuan Gong, are PRC nationals and reside within mainland China. As a result, it may be difficult for our shareholders to effect service of process upon us or those persons located outside of the United States.

There is no treaty between the United States and Singapore or between the United States and the PRC providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters and a final judgment for the payment of money rendered by any federal or state court in the United States based on civil liability, whether or not predicated solely upon the federal securities laws, would, therefore, not be automatically enforceable in Singapore or the PRC. It is not clear whether a court in Singapore or the PRC may impose civil liability on us or our directors and officers who reside in Singapore or the PRC in an action brought in the courts in Singapore or the PRC against us or such persons with respect to a violation solely of the federal securities laws of the United States. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the Singapore and the PRC courts would enforce against us, our directors or our executive officers, judgments obtained in the United States which are predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States. See “Service of Process and Enforceability of Civil Liabilities” starting from page 166 of this prospectus for more information.

You may be unable to present proposals before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings not called by shareholders.

Cayman Islands law provides shareholders with only limited rights to requisition a general meeting and does not provide shareholders with any right to put any proposal before a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in a company’s articles of association. Our post-offering articles of association provide that upon the requisition of any one or more of our shareholders holding shares holding shares representing in aggregate not less than one-third of all votes attaching to all issued and outstanding shares of the Company that as at the date of the deposit carry the right to vote at general meetings of the Company, our board will be required to convene an extraordinary general meeting and put the resolutions so requisitioned to a vote at such meeting. However, our post-offering memorandum and articles of association do not provide our shareholders with any right to put any proposals before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings not called by such shareholders. Advance notice of at least 7 days is required for the convening of our general meetings. A quorum required for a meeting of shareholders consists of one or more shareholders holding Ordinary Shares which carry in aggregate (or representing by proxy) not less than one-third of all votes attaching to all Ordinary Shares in issue and entitled to vote at such general meeting, present in person or by proxy or, if a corporation or other non-natural person, by its duly authorized representative.

The transfer of funds or assets between Tungray and its subsidiaries is subject to restrictions.

As a holding company, we may rely on transfer of funds, dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our Singapore and PRC Subsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements.

Other than the dividend payments of SGD 2,500,000 (approximately $1.8 million) and SGD 3,500,000 (approximately $2.6 million) by Tungray Singapore and Tung Resource, two subsidiaries of the Company, respectively in November 2022, as of the date of this prospectus, there has been no cash flows, including dividends, transfers and distributions, between Tungray and its subsidiaries. In the future, cash proceeds from overseas financing activities, including this offering, may be transferred by Tungray to our BVI subsidiaries, and then to their respective Singapore Subsidiaries, then transferred to their respective PRC Subsidiaries, via capital contribution or shareholder loans, as the case may be.

We intend to keep any future earnings to re-invest in and finance the expansion of the business of our subsidiaries in Singapore and mainland China, and we do not anticipate that any cash dividends will be paid in the foreseeable future to the U.S. investors immediately following the consummation of this offering. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend on its shares out of either profit or share premium amount, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts due in the ordinary course of business immediately following the date on which the distribution or dividend is paid. Under Singapore law, Section 403 of the Companies Act 1967 prohibits the payment of dividends otherwise than out of profits, and dividends shall be paid in accordance with the company’s constitution and generally acceptable accounting principles in Singapore. Singapore does not have any foreign exchange control regulations which restrict the ability of the Singapore Subsidiaries to distribute dividends to us.

To the extent the funds or assets in the business are in the PRC or a PRC subsidiary, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC due to the controls imposed by PRC governments which may limit our ability to transfer funds, pay dividends or make distribution to Tungray. The PRC government imposes controls on the conversion of RMB into foreign currencies and the remittance of currencies out of the PRC. Foreign currency exchange regulation in the PRC is primarily governed by Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, most recently revised by the State Council on August 5, 2008, Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Policies of Foreign Exchange Administration on Direct Investment issued by SAFE on February 13, 2015 and most recently amended on December 30, 2019, or SAFE Notice 13, and the Provisions on the Administration of Settlement, Sale and Payment of Foreign Exchange promulgated by the PBOC on June 20, 1996. Currently, RMB is convertible for current account items, including the distribution of dividends, interest payments, trade and service related foreign exchange transactions. Renminbi is generally freely convertible for payments of current account items, such as trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, interest and dividend payments, but is subject to certain foreign exchange regulations for capital account items, such as direct investment, loan or investment in securities outside China, unless prior approval of the SAFE, or its local office has been obtained. Capital investments by foreign enterprises are also subject to the regulations of the National Development and Reform Commission (the “NDRC”), the MOFCOM and the SAFE.

Therefore, in the event that our PRC Subsidiaries were to remit foreign currency payments out of mainland China in the future, Tungray and its subsidiaries may experience difficulties in completing the administrative procedures necessary to obtain and remit foreign currency from its PRC Subsidiaries for the payment of dividends from our profits, if any. Furthermore, if the PRC Subsidiaries incur debt on their own in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments.

We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our Singapore and PRC Subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC Subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

We may rely principally on dividends and other distributions on equity from our Singapore and PRC Subsidiaries for our cash requirements, including for services of any debt we may incur.

Our Singapore and PRC Subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends is based upon their distributable earnings. Under Singapore law, Section 403 of the Companies Act 1967 prohibits the payment of dividends otherwise than out of profits, and dividends shall be paid in accordance with the company’s constitution and generally acceptable accounting principles in Singapore. Singapore does not have any foreign exchange control regulations which restrict the ability of the Singapore Subsidiaries to distribute dividends to us. Current PRC regulations permit our PRC Subsidiaries to pay dividends to their respective shareholders only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, our PRC Subsidiaries are required to draw 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve, which may stop drawing its after-tax profits if the aggregate balance of the statutory has already accounted for over 50% of its registered capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. If any of our Singapore Subsidiaries or PRC Subsidiaries incur debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us. Any limitation on the ability of our Singapore Subsidiaries or PRC Subsidiaries to distribute dividends or other payments to their respective shareholders could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

In addition, the PRC EIT Law and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax rate of up to 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by Chinese companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless otherwise exempted or reduced according to treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC resident enterprises are incorporated.

The Financial Action Task Force’s Increased Monitoring of the Cayman Islands.

In February 2021, the Cayman Islands was added to the Financial Action Task Force (“FATF”) list of jurisdictions whose anti-money laundering practices are under increased monitoring, commonly referred to as the “FATF grey list.” When the FATF places a jurisdiction under increased monitoring, it means the country has committed to resolve swiftly the identified strategic deficiencies within agreed timeframes and is subject to increased monitoring during that timeframe. In its October 2021 plenary, the FATF recognized the progress made by the Cayman Islands to improve its anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing regime. Despite this recognition, it is unclear how long this designation will remain in place and what ramifications, if any, the designation will have for the Company.

On March 13, 2022, the European Commission (“EC”) updated its list of ‘high-risk third countries’ (“EU AML List”) identified as having strategic deficiencies in their anti-money laundering/counter-terrorist financing regimes to add nine countries, including the Cayman Islands. The EC has noted it is committed to there being a greater alignment between the EU AML List and the FATF listing process. The addition of the Cayman Islands to the EU AML List is a direct result of the inclusion of the Cayman Islands on the FATF grey list in February 2021. It is unclear how long this designation will remain in place and what ramifications, if any, the designation will have for the Company.

Our ownership in Tung Resource, a Singapore Subsidiary, may be in dispute or be subject to litigation, because formally documented rejection notices or waivers in relation to the procedures for a transfer of shares provided in the constitution of Tung Resource when our founders acquired Tung Resource are not presently available to Tung Resource.

The constitution of Tung Resource (the “Constitution”), one of our Singapore Subsidiaries, requires that a shareholder proposing to sell its shares shall give notice in writing of such intention to Tung Resource and no shares shall be transferred to a person who is not a member of Tung Resource so long as a member or any person selected by the directors of Tung Resource as to whom it is desirable in the interest of Tung Resource to admit to membership is willing to purchase the same at the fair value. In this regard, if the directors of Tung Resource do not within the 3 months after service, find a shareholder to purchase such shares, then the selling shareholder shall be free to transfer such shares within six months thereafter, to any person and at any price.

Under Singapore law, if the procedures for a transfer of shares provided in the constitution of a company are not complied with, clean title to such shares transferred may not pass to the transferee of such shares. In June 1999, Mr. Wanjun Yao and another individual acquired all the outstanding shares (which were a total of two shares) of Tung Resource (the “Initial Subscriber Transfers”) from the two then shareholders of Tung Resource, who according to the Constitution were entitled to a right of first refusal to acquire the share proposed to be sold by the other then shareholder. Although we do not have written documents evidencing the rejection by each then shareholder of the offer, or the waiver of such offer, to purchase the share of the other then selling shareholder, these are not strictly required, as the Constitution does not provide for a mechanism under which existing shareholders must provide a formal rejection notice or waiver. In this regard, we have the resolutions of the directors of Tung Resources dated June 18, 1999 approving the Initial Subscriber Transfers. These resolutions evidence the approval of the directors of Tung Resources of the Initial Subscriber Transfers. From these resolutions, it may be inferred that the directors of Tung Resources were unable to find any existing shareholders willing to purchase the relevant shares.

In view of the foregoing, we believe that the risk of challenge to the Initial Subscriber Transfers in 1999 (and thus ownership of Tung Resources) merely arising from the lack of formally documented rejection notices or waivers is very low for the following reasons: (a) the then two existing shareholders (being all the shareholders of Tung Resource at the time) both were selling their shares and did not seem to in any event wish to acquire the other’s share; (b) we have copies of the resolutions of the directors of Tung Resources dated June 18, 1999 approving the Initial Subscriber Transfers; and (c) we were advised by our Singapore counsel, Shook Lin & Bok LLP, that any contractual claim which the then shareholders may have under the Constitution would be subject to a statute of limitations of 6 years (with the exception of fraud); therefore, any such contractual claim by the then shareholders would be time barred under the Limitations Act 1959 of Singapore.

We are subject to the laws of Singapore, which differ in certain material respects from the laws of the United States.

We are required to comply with the laws of Singapore, certain of which are capable of extra-territorial application, as well as constitutions of our Singapore Subsidiaries. In particular, we are required to comply with certain provisions of the Securities and Futures Act 2001 of Singapore (the “SFA”), which prohibit certain forms of market conduct and information disclosures, and impose criminal and civil penalties on corporations, directors and officers in respect of any breach of such provisions.

The laws of Singapore and of the United States differ in certain significant respects. The application of Singapore law, in particular, the Companies Act may, in certain circumstances, impose more restrictions on us, our directors and officers than would otherwise be applicable to U.S. corporations, including those incorporated in Delaware. For example, the Companies Act requires a director to act with reasonable degree of diligence in the discharge of the duties of his or her office and, in certain circumstances, imposes criminal liability for specified contraventions of particular statutory requirements or prohibitions. We are also required by the Companies Act to deduct corresponding amounts from fees or other remuneration payable by us to such of the directors as are in default. Additionally, under the Employment of Foreign Manpower Act 1990 of Singapore, we are also required to ensure that each foreign worker employed by us has a valid work pass, and in particular, the number of foreign workers employed under certain work passes (i.e. Work Permits and S Pass holders) are subject to a quota and certain other limitations, as set out more particularly at page 120. Generally, we are also required to take out mandatory insurance for accidents which arise in the course of an employee’s employment under the Work Injury Compensation Act 2019 of Singapore.

Any adverse circumstances affecting the Singapore market, such as an economic recession, epidemic outbreak or natural disaster or other adverse incidents may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Any downturn in the industry which we operate in resulting in the postponement, delay or cancellation of contracts and delay in recovery of receivables is likely to have an adverse impact on our business and profitability.

Uncertain global economic conditions have had and may continue to have an adverse impact on our business in the form of lower revenues due to weakened demand or lower profit margins.

Reduced availability of credit may also adversely affect the ability of some of our customers to obtain funds for operations and capital expenditures. This could additionally result in reduced or delayed collections of outstanding accounts receivable.

An epidemic or outbreak of communicable diseases in Singapore may also adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. As of the date of this prospectus, the outbreak of COVID-19 has resulted in a global health crisis, causing disruptions to social and economic activities, business operations and supply chains worldwide, including in Singapore. Measures taken by the Singapore government to tackle the spread of COVID-19 have included, among others, border closures, quarantine measures and lockdown measures. Although Singapore removed most remaining COVID-19 travel restrictions as of April 26, 2022, and eased its entry requirements for travelers, in response to a decline in new daily infections, there can be no assurances as to the future actions that will be taken by the Singapore government in response to new outbreaks and effects of such actions that may have on our business.

COVID-19 has impacted Singapore’s economy resulting in significant economic contraction and high unemployment rates during 2020. In 2021, the Singapore economy grew by 7.2%, rebounding from the 5.4% contraction in 2020, but any recurrence of the pandemic could negatively affect Singapore’s economy. The general economic downturn may affect the ability of our counterparties to perform their obligations in a timely manner or at all. Singapore government measures to alleviate the economic impact of COVID-19 such as the imposition of relief from actions for inability to perform scheduled contracts, or relief for financially distressed individuals, firms and other businesses could adversely affect our ability to enforce and require our counterparties to perform their obligations under our contracts. Moreover, the outbreak of COVID-19 has caused, and may continue to cause, companies in Singapore and the rest of the world, including us, our customers and suppliers, to implement temporary adjustment of work schedules and travel plans, mandating employees to work from home and collaborate remotely. As a result, we may experience lower efficiency and productivity, internally and externally, which may adversely affect our product quality. Further, if any of our employees is suspected of having contracted COVID-19, we may be required to apply quarantines or suspend our operations. The extent to which this outbreak impacts our results of operations will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and unpredictable, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity of this outbreak and future actions we take, if any, to contain this outbreak or treat its impact, among others.

The spread of COVID-19 did not have any material impact on our business during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. However, during the six months ended June 30, 2023, with the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, people’s work mode has changed from work from home during the pandemic to work at office, thus reducing the demand for office equipment such as printers, which also had an impact on our business. During the post-pandemic era, economic slowdowns and/or negative business sentiment could potentially have an adverse impact on our business and operations.

We are subject to risks associated with operating in the rapidly evolving Southeast Asia, and we might therefore be exposed to various risks inherent in operating and investing in the region.

We derive some of our revenue from our operations in countries located in Southeast Asia, and we intend to continue to develop and expand our business and penetration in the region. Our operations in Southeast Asia are subject to various risks related to the economic, political and social conditions of the countries in which we operate, including risks related to the following:

Any disruptions in our business activities or volatility or uncertainty in the economic, political or regulatory conditions in the markets we operate in could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

As a business operating in the PRC, we are subject to the laws and regulations of the PRC, which can be complex and evolve rapidly and may change quickly with little advance notice. The interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules of the PRC are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties, which may limit legal protections available to us. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all and may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of any of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. In addition, any administrative and court proceedings in mainland China may be protracted and the result of which cannot be predicted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. We cannot predict the effect of future developments in the PRC legal system, including the promulgation of new laws, changes to existing laws or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, or the preemption of local regulations by national laws. These uncertainties, including any inability to enforce our contracts, together with any development or interpretation of PRC law that is adverse to us, could materially and adversely affect our business and operations and limit the legal protections available to us and other foreign investors, including you.

In addition, the PRC government has the power to exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business, and the regulations to which we are subject may change rapidly and with little notice to us or our shareholders. As a result, the application, interpretation and enforcement of new and existing laws and regulations in the PRC are often uncertain. In addition, these laws and regulations may be interpreted and applied inconsistently by different agencies or authorities, and inconsistently with our current policies and practices. New laws, regulations, and other government directives in the PRC may also be costly to comply with, and such compliance or any associated inquiries or investigations or any other government actions may:

The promulgation of new laws or regulations, or the new interpretation of existing laws and regulations, in each case that restrict or otherwise unfavorably impact the ability or manner in which we conduct our business and could require us to change certain aspects of our business to ensure compliance, which could decrease demand for our products, reduce revenues, increase costs, require us to obtain more licenses, permits, approvals or certificates, or subject us to additional liabilities. To the extent any new or more stringent measures are required to be implemented, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected as well as materially decrease the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

On August 8, 2006, six Chinese regulatory agencies, including the MOFCOM, jointly issued the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors (the “M&A Rules”), which became effective on September 8, 2006 and amended on June 22, 2009. The M&A Rules contains provisions that require that an offshore special purpose vehicle (“SPV”) formed for listing purposes and controlled directly or indirectly by Chinese companies or individuals shall obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such SPV’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. On September 21, 2006, the CSRC published procedures specifying documents and materials required to be submitted to it by an SPV seeking CSRC approval of overseas listings. Based on the advice of our PRC counsel, Han Kun Law Offices, based on their understanding of the current PRC law, rules and regulations, we believe that the CSRC approval under the M&A Rules is not required for the listing and trading of our Class A Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market in the context of this offering as the CSRC currently has not issued any definitive rule or interpretation concerning whether offerings such as this offering contemplated by us are subject to the M&A Rules. However, our PRC legal counsel has further advised us that there remains uncertainty as to how the M&A Rules will be interpreted or implemented by the relevant PRC authorities. We cannot assure you that relevant PRC government agencies, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as we do.

Furthermore, the recently issued the Opinions on Severely Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities According to Law, or the Opinions, which was made available to the public on July 6, 2021, emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities, and the need to strengthen the supervision over overseas listings by Chinese companies. Effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems, will be taken to deal with the risks and incidents of China-concept overseas listed companies, and cybersecurity, data and privacy protection requirements and other similar matters. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanctions from PRC government authorities in connection with the Opinions.

On the same day, the CSRC also held a press conference for the release of the Trial Measures and issued the Notice on Administration for the Filing of Overseas Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, which clarifies that on or prior to the effective date of the Trial Measures, domestic companies that have already submitted valid applications for overseas offering and listing but have not obtained approval from overseas regulatory authorities or stock exchanges may reasonably arrange the timing for submitting their filing applications with the CSRC, and must complete the filing before the completion of their overseas offering and listing.

Furthermore, on February 24, 2023, the CSRC revised the Provisions on Strengthening the Management of Confidentiality and Archives Related to the Overseas Issuance of Securities and Overseas Listing by Domestic Companies which were issued in 2009, or the Archives Rules. The revised Archives Rules came into effect together with the Trial Measures on March 31, 2023. The revised Archives Rules expand their application to cover indirect overseas offering and listing, stipulating that a domestic company which plans to publicly disclose any documents and materials containing state secrets or working secrets of government agencies, shall first obtain approval from competent authorities according to law, and file with the secrecy administrative department at the same level.

Without relying on any opinions of counsel, we do not believe that we are required to obtain the approval from or complete the filing with the CSRC for this offering, based on the facts that (1) we do not meet the explicit conditions set out in the Trial Measures to determine whether an overseas offering shall be deemed as an indirect overseas offering and listing by a domestic company; and (2) the majority of our operations are not in the mainland China. However, as the Trial Measures were newly published, there are substantial uncertainties as to the implementation and interpretation and that the CSRC may take a view that is contrary to our understanding of the Trial Measures because the Trial Measures adopts the principle of “substance over form” regarding the determination of “indirect overseas offering and listing by a domestic company”, over which the CSRC may have substantial discretions.

To reduce such uncertainties under the Trial Measures for this offering and our listing on Nasdaq Capital Market, we voluntarily submitted our filling application documents to the CSRC on July 26, 2023, and the CSRC published the notification on our completion of the required filing procedures on November 14, 2023 for this offering. However, if the filing procedures with the CSRC under the Trial Measures are required for any future offerings or any other capital raising activities, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete such filings in a timely manner, or even at all, and our future offerings will be contingent upon the completion of filing procedures. Any failure by us to comply with such filing requirements under the Trial Measures may result in an order to rectify, warnings and fines against us and could materially hinder our ability to offer or to continue to offer our securities in any future offerings or any other capital raising activities, and the securities being offered to substantially decline in value and become worthless.

The approval of and the filing with CAC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our future offshore offerings under PRC laws, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.

On June 10, 2021, the SCNPC promulgated the PRC Data Security Law, which took effect in September 2021. The PRC Data Security Law imposes data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals carrying out data activities and introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system based on the importance of data in economic and social development, and the degree of harm it will cause to national security, public interests, or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations when such data is tampered with, destroyed, leaked, illegally acquired or used. The PRC Data Security Law also provides for a national security review procedure for data activities that may affect national security and imposes export restrictions on certain data an information. In early July 2021, regulatory authorities in China launched cybersecurity investigations with regard to several China-based companies that are listed in the United States.

On November 14, 2021, the CAC released the Regulations on the Network Data Security Management (Draft for Comments), or the Data Security Management Regulations Draft, for public comments only with the comment period expired on December 13, 2021. Pursuant to the Data Security Management Regulations Draft, data handlers that process the personal information of more than one million users listing in a foreign country should apply for a cybersecurity review.

On December 28, 2021, the CAC, together with 12 other governmental departments of the PRC, jointly promulgated the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021), which became effective on February 15, 2022. The Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021) provides that, in addition to operators of critical information infrastructure that intend to purchase Internet products and services, data handlers engaging in data processing activities that affect or may affect national security must be subject to cybersecurity review by the Cybersecurity Review Office of the PRC. According to the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021), a cybersecurity review assesses potential national security risks that may be brought about by any procurement, data processing, or overseas listing. The Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021) further requires that critical information infrastructure operators and data processing operators that possess personal data of at least one million users must apply for a review by the Cybersecurity Review Office of the PRC before conducting listings in foreign countries.

Our business does not involve the collection of user data, implicate cybersecurity, or involve any other type of restricted industry and we do not believe we are among the “operator of critical information infrastructure”, “online platform operators” or “data handler” as mentioned above. However, since the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021) was newly adopted and the Data Security Management Regulations Draft is in the process of being formulated, it is unclear on how it will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the relevant PRC governmental authorities. Thus, we could not assure you that we will not be deemed as the “operator of critical information infrastructure”, “online platform operators” or “data handler” as mentioned above.

As of the date of this prospectus, we and our PRC Subsidiaries have not been involved in any investigations on cybersecurity review initiated by the CAC or related governmental regulatory authorities, and have not received any notice from any authorities identifying any of our PRC Subsidiaries as an operator of critical information infrastructure or requiring us to obtain permissions from any PRC authorities to issue our Class A Ordinary Shares to foreign investors or were denied such permissions by any PRC authorities. Uncertainties still exist due to the possibility that laws, regulations, or policies in the PRC could change rapidly in the future.

We have been closely monitoring regulatory developments in China regarding any necessary approvals from the CAC or other PRC governmental authorities required for overseas listings, including this offering. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanctions or regulatory objection to this offering from the CAC or other PRC governmental authorities. If we are required in the future by the CAC or any other regulatory authority to obtain relevant approval for this offering and listing, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain or maintain such approval in a timely manner, or even at all. If we inadvertently concluded that such approval was not required or if applicable laws and regulations or the interpretation of such were modified to require us to obtain such approval in the future, we may face sanctions by the CAC or other PRC regulatory agencies. The CAC or other PRC regulatory agencies also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt this offering before settlement and delivery of our Class A Ordinary Shares. Consequently, if you engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, you do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur.

Any uncertainties and/or negative publicity regarding such an approval requirement could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our securities. The CAC and other PRC regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in mainland China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of mainland China, limit our operations in mainland China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from this offering into mainland China or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of our securities.

Non-compliance with labor-related laws and regulations of the PRC may have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operation.

We have been subject to stricter regulatory requirements in terms of entering into labor contracts with our employees and paying various statutory employee benefits, including pensions, housing fund, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and childbearing insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of our employees. Pursuant to the PRC Labor Contract Law (the “Labor Contract Law”), that became effective in January 2008 and was last amended in December 2012 and its implementing rules that became effective in September 2008, employers are subject to stricter requirements in terms of signing labor contracts, minimum wages, paying remuneration, determining the term of employees’ probation and unilaterally terminating labor contracts. In the event that we decide to terminate the labor relationships with some of our employees or otherwise change our employment or labor practices, the Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules may limit our ability to effect those changes in a desirable or cost-effective manner, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. We believe our current practice complies with the Labor Contract Law and its amendments. However, the relevant governmental authorities may take a different view and impose fines on us.

Companies operating in China are required to participate in various government-mandated employee benefit contribution plans, including certain social insurance, housing funds and other welfare-oriented payment obligations, and contribute to the plans in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of our employees. We may not pay social insurance and housing fund contributions in strict compliance with the relevant PRC regulations for and on behalf of our employees due to differences in local regulations and inconsistent implementation or interpretation by local authorities in the PRC and varying levels of acceptance of the housing fund system by our employees. We may be required to make up the contributions for these plans as well as late payment penalties and fines in relation to the underpaid employee benefits and under-withheld individual income tax, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

As the interpretation and implementation of labor-related laws and regulations are still evolving, we cannot assure you that our employment practice does not and will not violate labor-related laws and regulations in China, which may subject us to labor disputes or government investigations. If we are deemed to have violated relevant labor laws and regulations, we could be required to provide additional compensation to our employees and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

PRC regulation of loans and direct investment by offshore holding companies to PRC entities may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC Subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

We are an offshore holding company conducting a substantial portion of our operations in China through our subsidiaries established in mainland China. We may be unable to use the proceeds of this offering to grow our business until our PRC Subsidiaries receive such proceeds in the PRC. We may make loans to our PRC Subsidiaries subject to the approval from governmental authorities and limitation of amount, or we may make additional capital contributions to our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in mainland China. Any foreign loans procured by our PRC Subsidiaries is required to be registered with the China’s State Administration of Foreign Exchange (the “SAFE”) in its local branches and satisfy relevant requirements, and our PRC Subsidiaries may not procure loans which exceed the difference between its respective total project investment amount and registered capital or two times (which may be varied due to the change of PRC’s national macro-control policy) of the net worth of our PRC Subsidiaries. According to the relevant PRC regulations on foreign-invested enterprises in China, capital contributions to our PRC Subsidiaries are subject to the registration with the SAMR in its local branches, report submission to the MOFCOM in its local branches and registration with a local bank authorized by SAFE.

In addition, a FIE shall use its capital pursuant to the principle of authenticity and self-use within its business scope. The capital of a FIE shall not be used for the following purposes: (i) directly or indirectly used for payment beyond the business scope of the enterprises or the payment prohibited by relevant laws and regulations; (ii) directly or indirectly used for investment in securities or investments other than banks’ principal-secured products unless otherwise provided by relevant laws and regulations; (iii) the granting of loans to non-affiliated enterprises, except where it is expressly permitted in the business license; and (iv) paying the expenses related to the purchase of real estate that is not for self-use (except for the foreign-invested real estate enterprises).

SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming the Administration of Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises (“SAFE Circular 19”), effective since June 2015, in replacement of the Circular on the Relevant Operating Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Administration of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, the Notice from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Relevant Issues Concerning Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Exchange Businesses, and the Circular on Further Clarification and Regulation of the Issues Concerning the Administration of Certain Capital Account Foreign Exchange Businesses. According to SAFE Circular 19, the flow and use of the RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company is regulated such that RMB capital may not be used for the issuance of RMB entrusted loans, the repayment of inter-enterprise loans or the repayment of banks loans that have been transferred to a third party. Although SAFE Circular 19 allows RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise to be used for equity investments within mainland China, it also reiterates the principle that RMB converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital of a foreign-invested company may not be directly or indirectly used for purposes beyond its business scope. Thus, it remains unclear whether SAFE will permit such capital to be used for equity investments in mainland China in actual practice. SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Standardizing the Foreign Exchange Settlement Management Policy of Capital Account, or SAFE Circular 16, effective on June 9, 2016, which reiterates some of the rules set forth in SAFE Circular 19, but changes the prohibition against using RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company to issue RMB entrusted loans to a prohibition against using such capital to issue loans to non-associated enterprises. Violations of SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 could result in administrative penalties. SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 may significantly limit our ability to transfer any foreign currency we hold, including the net proceeds from this offering to our PRC Subsidiaries, which may adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business in China.

On October 23, 2019, the SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Promoting the Convenience of Cross-border Trade and Investment, or the SAFE Circular 28, which, among other things, allows all foreign-invested companies to use Renminbi converted from foreign currency-denominated capital for equity investments in mainland China, subject to certain conditions. However, since the SAFE Circular 28 is newly promulgated, its interpretation and implementation in practice are still subject to substantial uncertainties, and it is also unclear how SAFE and competent banks will carry this out in practice.

In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans to our PRC Subsidiaries or future capital contributions by us to our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in mainland China. As a result, uncertainties exist as to our ability to provide prompt financial support to our PRC Subsidiaries when needed. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds we expect to receive from this offering and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

In May 2013, the PCAOB announced that it had entered into a Memorandum of Understanding on Enforcement Cooperation with the CSRC, and the PRC Ministry of Finance, which establishes a cooperative framework between the parties for the production and exchange of audit documents relevant to investigations undertaken by the PCAOB, the CSRC or the PRC Ministry of Finance in the United States and the PRC, respectively. The PCAOB continues to be in discussions with the CSRC, and the PRC Ministry of Finance to permit joint inspections in the PRC of audit firms that are registered with PCAOB and audit Chinese companies that trade on U.S. exchanges.

On December 7, 2018, the SEC and the PCAOB issued a joint statement highlighting continued challenges faced by the U.S. regulators in their oversight of financial statement audits of U.S.-listed companies with significant operations in China. The joint statement reflects a heightened interest in an issue that has vexed U.S. regulators in recent years. On April 21, 2020, SEC Chairman Jay Clayton and PCAOB Chairman William D. Duhnke III, along with other senior SEC staff, released a joint statement highlighting the risks associated with investing in companies based in or have substantial operations in emerging markets including China. The joint statement emphasized the risks associated with lack of access for the PCAOB to inspect auditors and audit work papers in China and higher risks of fraud in emerging markets.

On June 4, 2020, the U.S. President issued a memorandum ordering the President’s Working Group on Financial Markets (the “PWG”), to submit a report to the President within 60 days of the memorandum that includes recommendations for actions that can be taken by the executive branch and by the SEC or the PCAOB on Chinese companies listed on U.S. stock exchanges and their audit firms, in an effort to protect investors in the U.S.

On August 6, 2020, the PWG released a report recommending that the SEC take steps to implement the five recommendations outlined in the report. In particular, to address companies from jurisdictions that do not provide the PCAOB with sufficient access to fulfil its statutory mandate, or “Non-Cooperating Jurisdictions” (“NCJs”), the PWG recommends enhanced listing standards on U.S. stock exchanges. This would require, as a condition to initial and continued exchange listing, PCAOB access to work papers of the principal audit firm for the audit of the listed company. Companies unable to satisfy this standard as a result of governmental restrictions on access to audit work papers and practices in NCJs may satisfy this standard by providing a co-audit from an audit firm with comparable resources and experience where the PCAOB determines it has sufficient access to audit work papers and practices to conduct an appropriate inspection of the co-audit firm. There is currently no legal process under which such a co-audit may be performed in China. The report permits the new listing standards to provide for a transition period until January 1, 2022 for listed companies, but would apply immediately to new listings once the necessary rulemakings and/or standard-setting are effective. The measures in the PWG Report are presumably subject to the standard SEC rulemaking process before becoming effective. On August 10, 2020, the SEC announced that SEC Chairman had directed the SEC staff to prepare proposals in response to the PWG Report, and that the SEC was soliciting public comments and information with respect to these proposals. After we are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, if we fail to meet the new listing standards before the deadline specified thereunder due to factors beyond our control, we could face possible de-listing from the Nasdaq Capital Market, deregistration from the SEC and/or other risks, which may materially and adversely affect, or effectively terminate, our Class A Ordinary Shares trading in the United States.

On March 24, 2021, the SEC announced that it had adopted interim final amendments to implement congressionally mandated submission and disclosure requirements of the Act. The interim final amendments will apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report on Forms 10-K, 20-F, 40-F or N-CSR with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that the PCAOB has determined it is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in that jurisdiction. The SEC will implement a process for identifying such a registrant and any such identified registrant will be required to submit documentation to the SEC establishing that it is not owned or controlled by a governmental entity in that foreign jurisdiction, and will also require disclosure in the registrant’s annual report regarding the audit arrangements of, and governmental influence on, such a registrant.

Furthermore, the HFCA Act, which requires that the PCAOB be permitted to inspect the issuer’s public accounting firm within three years, may result in the delisting of our Company in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect our accounting firm at such future time.

In addition, on June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the AHFCAA, which, if signed into law, would amend the HFCA Act and require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three consecutive years.

On November 5, 2021, the SEC approved the PCAOB’s Rule 6100, Board Determinations Under the HFCA Act. Rule 6100 provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCA Act, whether it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a Determination Report which found that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in: (1) mainland China, and (2) Hong Kong. The lack of access to the PCAOB inspection in China prevents the PCAOB from fully evaluating audits and quality control procedures of the auditors based in China. As a result, the investors may be deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of these accounting firms’ audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to the PCAOB inspections, which could cause existing and potential investors in our stock to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements.

Our former auditor, Friedman LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report for the year ended December 31, 2021 included elsewhere in this prospectus, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Friedman LLP is headquartered in Manhattan, New York, and had been inspected by the PCAOB on a regular basis prior to September 1, 2022 when Friedman LLP combined with Marcum LLP.

Our current auditor, Marcum Asia CPAs LLP, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Marcum Asia CPAs LLP is headquartered in Manhattan, New York, and is subject to inspection by the PCAOB on a regular basis.

Friedman LLP and Marcum Asia CPAs LLP are not identified in the report issued by PCAOB on December 16, 2021 as a firm subject to the PCAOB’s determination. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the future, if there is any regulatory change or step taken by PRC regulators that does not permit Friedman LLP or Marcum Asia CPAs LLP to provide audit workpapers to the PCAOB for inspection or investigation, or the PCAOB re-evaluates its determination as a result of any obstruction with the implementation of the Statement of Protocol in the future, you may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection which could result in limitation or restriction to our access to the U.S. capital markets and trading of our securities on a national exchange or “over-the-counter” markets may be prohibited under the HFCA Act. In addition, under the HFCA Act, our securities may be prohibited from trading on the Nasdaq or other U.S. stock exchanges if our auditor is not inspected by the PCAOB for three consecutive years, which could be reduced to two consecutive years if the AHFCAA, passed by the U.S. Senate on June 22, 2021, is signed into law, and this ultimately could result in our Class A Ordinary Shares being delisted by the exchange. Furthermore, we cannot assure you whether Nasdaq or regulatory authorities would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us after considering the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, or sufficiency of resources, geographic reach or experience as it relates to the audit of our financial statements.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of mainland China are subject to the applicable laws and regulations in the PRC. We receive approximately 40% of our revenues in Renminbi. Under our current corporate structure, we may to a significant extent rely on dividend payments from our PRC Subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. Specifically, under the existing exchange restrictions, without prior approval of SAFE, cash generated from the operations of our PRC Subsidiaries in mainland China may be used to pay dividends to our company. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required, in principle, where RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of mainland China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, we need to obtain SAFE approval to use cash generated from the operations of our PRC Subsidiaries to pay off their respective debt in a currency other than Renminbi owed to entities outside mainland China, or to make other capital expenditure payments outside mainland China in a currency other than Renminbi. The PRC government may at its discretion set restrictions to exchange foreign currencies for current account transactions in the future. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

In July 2014, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Special Purpose Vehicles, or the SAFE Circular 37, to replace the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Residents’ Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 75, which ceased to be effective upon the promulgation of SAFE Circular 37. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents (including PRC individuals and PRC corporate entities) to register with SAFE or its local branches in connection with their direct or indirect offshore investment activities. SAFE Circular 37 is applicable to our shareholders who are PRC residents and may be applicable to any offshore acquisitions that we make in the future.

Under SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents who make, or have prior to the implementation of SAFE Circular 37 made, direct or indirect investments in offshore SPVs, will be required to register such investments with SAFE or its local branches. In addition, any PRC resident who is a direct or indirect shareholder of an SPV is required to update its filed registration with the local branch of SAFE with respect to that SPV, to reflect any material change. Moreover, any subsidiary of such SPV in mainland China is required to urge the PRC resident shareholders to update their registration with the local branch of SAFE. If any PRC shareholder of such SPV fails to make the required registration or to update the previously filed registration, the subsidiary of such SPV in mainland China may be prohibited from distributing its profits or the proceeds from any capital reduction, share transfer or liquidation to the SPV, and the SPV may also be prohibited from making additional capital contributions into its subsidiary in mainland China. On February 13, 2015, the SAFE promulgated a Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Foreign Exchange Administration Policy on Direct Investment, or SAFE Notice 13, which became effective on June 1, 2015. Under SAFE Notice 13, applications for foreign exchange registration of inbound foreign direct investments and outbound overseas direct investments, including those required under SAFE Circular 37, will be filed with qualified banks instead of SAFE. The qualified banks will directly examine the applications and accept registrations under the supervision of SAFE.

We have requested or intend to take all necessary measures to require our shareholders who to our knowledge are PRC residents to make the necessary applications, filings and amendments as required under these regulations. However, we may not at all times be fully aware or informed of the identities of all our shareholders or beneficial owners that are required to make such registrations, and we may not always be able to compel them to comply with all relevant foreign exchange regulations. We cannot assure you, however, that all of these shareholders may continue to make required filings or updates in a timely manner, or at all. Any failure or inability by such shareholders to comply with SAFE regulations may subject us to fines or legal sanctions, such as restrictions on our cross-border investment activities or our PRC Subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to, or obtain foreign exchange-denominated loans from, our company or prevent us from making distributions or paying dividends. As a result, our business operations and our ability to make distributions to you could be materially and adversely affected.

Furthermore, as these regulations are still relatively new and their interpretation and implementation have been constantly evolving, it is unclear how these regulations, and any future regulation concerning offshore or cross-border transactions, will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the relevant government authorities. For example, we may be subject to a more stringent review and approval process with respect to our foreign exchange activities, such as remittance of dividends and foreign-currency-denominated borrowings, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if we decide to acquire a PRC domestic company, we cannot assure you that we or the owners of such company, as the case may be, will be able to obtain the necessary approvals or complete the necessary filings and registrations required by the foreign exchange regulations. This may restrict our ability to implement our future acquisition strategy and could adversely affect our business and prospects.

Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee stock incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

Pursuant to the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly-Listed Company, promulgated by SAFE in 2012 (“SAFE Notices No. 7”), PRC citizens and non-PRC citizens who reside in mainland China for a continuous period of no less than one year who participate in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company offered to the director, supervisor, senior management and other employees of, and any individual who has labor relationship with its domestic affiliated entities are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of such overseas listed company, and complete certain other procedures. In addition, an overseas entrusted institution must be retained to handle matters in connection with the exercise or sale of stock options and the purchase or sale of shares and interests. We and our directors, executive officers and other employees who are PRC citizens or who reside in the PRC for a continuous period of no less than one year and who have been granted stock options will be subject to these regulations when our company becomes an overseas listed company upon the completion of this offering. Failure to complete the SAFE registrations for our employee incentive plans after our listing may subject them to fines and legal sanctions and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our PRC Subsidiaries and limit our PRC Subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to us. We also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional incentive plans for our directors, executive officers and employees under PRC law.

In addition, the SAT has issued certain circulars concerning employee stock options and restricted shares. Under these circulars, our employees working in mainland China who exercise stock options or are granted restricted shares will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our PRC Subsidiaries have obligations to file documents related to employee stock options or restricted shares with relevant tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their share options or are granted with restricted shares. If our employees fail to pay or we fail to withhold their income taxes according to relevant laws and regulations, we may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities or other PRC governmental authorities.

U.S. regulatory bodies may be limited in their ability to conduct investigations or inspections of our operations in China.

Any disclosure of documents or information located in China by foreign agencies may be subject to jurisdiction constraints and must comply with China’s state secrecy laws, which broadly define the scope of “state secrets” to include matters involving economic interests and technologies. There is no guarantee that requests from U.S. federal or state regulators or agencies to investigate or inspect our operations will be honored by us, by entities who provide services to us or with whom we associate, without violating PRC legal requirements, especially as those entities are located in China. Furthermore, under the current PRC laws, an on-site inspection of our facilities by any of these regulators may be limited or prohibited.

If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders.

Under the PRC EIT Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with its “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a “resident enterprise” for PRC income tax purposes and will be subject to the enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. The implementation rules to the PRC EIT Law define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In 2009, the SAT issued the Circular on Issues Relating to Identification of PRC-Controlled Overseas Registered Enterprises as Resident Enterprises in Accordance With the De Facto Standards of Organizational Management, known as SAT Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise incorporated offshore is located in mainland China. Although SAT Circular 82 applies only to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” text should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in mainland China, and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, minutes of board and shareholder resolutions are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.

We believe the Company is not a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body”. If the PRC tax authorities determine that our Company is a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we would be subject to PRC enterprise income on our worldwide income at the rate of 25%. Furthermore, we would be required to withhold a 10% tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are non-resident enterprises. In addition, non-resident enterprise shareholders may be subject to PRC tax on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of the ordinary shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within the PRC. Furthermore, if we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends paid to our non-PRC individual shareholders and any gain realized on the transfer of ordinary shares by such shareholders may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 20% (which, in the case of dividends, may be withheld at source by us). These rates may be reduced by an applicable tax treaty, but it is unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of our company would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares.

We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

On February 3, 2015, the SAT issued the Public Notice Regarding Certain Corporate Income Tax Matters on Indirect Transfer of Properties by Non-Tax Resident Enterprises (the “SAT Bulletin 7”). SAT Bulletin 7 extends its tax jurisdiction to transactions involving the transfer of taxable assets through offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. In addition, SAT Bulletin 7 has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market. SAT Bulletin 7 also brings challenges to both foreign transferor and transferee (or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of taxable assets, as such persons need to determine whether their transactions are subject to these rules and whether any withholding obligation applies.

On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source (the “SAT Bulletin 37”), which came into effect on December 1, 2017. The SAT Bulletin 37 further clarifies the practice and procedure of the withholding of non-resident enterprise income tax.

Where a non-resident enterprise transfers taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, which is an “Indirect Transfer”, the non-resident enterprise as either transferor or transferee, or the PRC entity that directly owns the taxable assets, may report such Indirect Transfer to the relevant tax authority. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such Indirect Transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who pays for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. Both the transferor and the transferee may be subject to penalties under PRC tax laws if the transferee fails to withhold the taxes and the transferor fails to pay the taxes.

We face uncertainties as to the reporting and other implications of certain past and future transactions where PRC taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries and investments. Our company may be subject to filing obligations or taxed if our company is transferor in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if our company is transferee in such transactions, under SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37. For transfer of shares in our company by investors who are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC Subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37 or to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these circulars, or to establish that our company should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

There has been no public market for our Class A Ordinary Shares prior to this offering, and you may not be able to resell our Class A Ordinary Shares at or above the price you paid, or at all.

Prior to this initial public offering, there has been no public market for our shares. We intend to list our Class A Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market. If an active trading market for our Class A Ordinary Shares does not develop after this offering, the market price and liquidity of our Class A Ordinary Shares will be materially and adversely affected. Negotiations with the underwriters will determine the initial public offering price for our Class A Ordinary Shares which may bear no relationship to their market price after the initial public offering. We cannot assure you that an active trading market for our Class A Ordinary Shares will develop or that the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares will not decline below the initial public offering price.

The price of the Class A Ordinary Shares and other terms of this Offering have been determined by us along with our underwriters.

If you purchase our Class A Ordinary Shares in this offering, you will pay a price that was not established in a competitive market. Rather, you will pay a price that was determined by us along with our underwriters. The offering price for our Class A Ordinary Shares may bear no relationship to our assets, book value, historical results of operations or any other established criterion of value. The trading price, if any, of the Class A Ordinary Shares that may prevail in any market that may develop in the future, for which there can be no assurance, may be higher or lower than the price you paid for our Class A Ordinary Shares.

We have not finally determined the use of the proceeds from this offering, and we may use the proceeds in ways with which you may not agree.

While we have identified the priorities to which we expect to put the proceeds of this offering, our management will have considerable discretion in the application of the net proceeds received by us. We have reserved the right to re-allocate funds currently allocated to that purpose to our general working capital. If that were to happen, then our management would have discretion over even more of the net proceeds to be received by our company in this offering. You will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. You must rely on the judgment of our management regarding the application of the net proceeds of this offering. The net proceeds may be used for corporate purposes that do not improve our efforts to achieve profitability or increase our stock price. The net proceeds from this offering may be placed in investments that do not produce profit or increase value. See “Use of Proceeds” on page 73 of this prospectus.

A sale or perceived sale of a substantial number of our Class A Ordinary Shares may cause the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares to decline.

All of our executive officers and directors and shareholders of more than 5% of our ordinary shares have agreed not to sell our Class A Ordinary Shares for a period of six months following this offering, subject to extension under specified circumstances. Class A Ordinary Shares subject to these lock-up agreements will become eligible for sale in the public market upon expiration of these lock-up agreements, subject to limitations imposed by Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. If our shareholders sell substantial amounts of our Class A Ordinary Shares in the public market, the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares could fall. Moreover, the perceived risk of this potential dilution could cause shareholders to attempt to sell their shares and investors to short our Class A Ordinary Shares. These sales also may make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and price that we deem reasonable or appropriate.

If we are unable to comply with certain conditions, our Class A Ordinary Shares may not trade on the Nasdaq Capital Market.

If we are unable to meet these final conditions our Class A Ordinary Shares may not trade on the Nasdaq Capital Market. In addition, we have relied on an exemption to the blue sky registration requirements afforded to “covered securities.” Securities listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market are “covered securities.” If we were unable to meet the final conditions for listing, then we would be unable to rely on the covered securities exemption to blue sky registration requirements and we would need to register the offering in each state in which we planned to sell shares. Consequently, we will not complete this offering until we have met the final conditions.

If we are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market and our financial condition deteriorates, we may not meet continued listing standards on the Nasdaq Capital Market.

The Nasdaq Capital Market also requires companies to fulfill specific requirements in order for their shares to continue to be listed. If our shares are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market but are delisted from the Nasdaq Capital Market at some later date, our shareholders could find it difficult to sell our shares. In addition, if our Class A Ordinary Shares are delisted from the Nasdaq Capital Market at some later date, we may apply to have our Class A Ordinary Shares quoted on the Bulletin Board or in the “pink sheets” maintained by the National Quotation Bureau, Inc. The Bulletin Board and the “pink sheets” are generally considered to be less efficient markets than the Nasdaq Capital Market. In addition, if Class A Ordinary Shares are not so listed or are delisted at some later date, our Class A Ordinary Shares may be subject to the “penny stock” regulations. These rules impose additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers that sell low-priced securities to persons other than established clients and institutional accredited investors and require the delivery of a disclosure schedule explaining the nature and risks of the penny stock market. As a result, the ability or willingness of broker-dealers to sell or make a market in our Class A Ordinary Shares might decline. If our Class A Ordinary Shares are not so listed or are delisted from the Nasdaq Capital Market at some later date or become subject to the penny stock regulations, it is likely that the price of our shares would decline and that our shareholders would find it difficult to sell their shares.

If a limited number of participants in this offering purchase a significant percentage of the offering, the effective public float may be smaller than anticipated and the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares may be volatile.

As a company conducting a relatively modest public offering, we are subject to the risk that a small number of investors will purchase a high percentage of the offering. If this were to happen, investors could find our shares to be more volatile than they might otherwise anticipate. Companies that experience such volatility in their stock price may be more likely to be the subject of securities litigation. In addition, if a large portion of our public float were to be held by a few investors, smaller investors may find it more difficult to sell their shares.

The trading prices of the Class A Ordinary Shares are likely to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, like the performance and fluctuation in the market prices or the underperformance or deteriorating financial results of internet or other companies based in China that have listed their securities in the United States in recent years. The securities of some of these companies have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings, including, in some cases, substantial price declines in their trading prices. The trading performances of other Chinese companies’ securities after their offerings, including internet and e-commerce companies, may affect the attitudes of investors toward Chinese companies listed in the United States, which consequently may impact the trading performance of the Class A Ordinary Shares, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, any negative news or perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure or other matters of other Chinese companies may also negatively affect the attitudes of investors towards Chinese companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have conducted any inappropriate activities. In addition, securities markets may from time to time experience significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to our operating performance, such as the large decline in share prices in the United States, China and other jurisdictions in late 2008, early 2009 and the second half of 2011, which may have a material adverse effect on the market price of the Class A Ordinary Shares.

In addition to the above factors, the price and trading volume of the Class A Ordinary Shares may be highly volatile due to multiple factors, including the following:

Recently, there have been instances of extreme stock price run-ups followed by rapid price declines and strong stock price volatility with a number of recent initial public offerings, especially among companies with relatively smaller public floats. As a relatively small-capitalization company with relatively small public float, we may experience greater stock price volatility, extreme price run-ups, lower trading volume and less liquidity than large-capitalization companies. In particular, our Class A Ordinary Shares may be subject to rapid and substantial price volatility, low volumes of trades and large spreads in bid and ask prices. Such volatility, including any stock-run up, may be unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance, financial condition or prospects, making it difficult for prospective investors to assess the rapidly changing value of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

In addition, if the trading volumes of our Class A Ordinary Shares are low, persons buying or selling in relatively small quantities may easily influence prices of our Class A Ordinary Shares. This low volume of trades could also cause the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares to fluctuate greatly, with large percentage changes in price occurring in any trading day session. Holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares may also not be able to readily liquidate their investment or may be forced to sell at depressed prices due to low volume trading. Broad market fluctuations and general economic and political conditions may also adversely affect the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. As a result of this volatility, investors may experience losses on their investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares. A decline in the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares also could adversely affect our ability to issue additional Class A Ordinary Shares or other securities and our ability to obtain additional financing in the future. No assurance can be given that an active market in our Class A Ordinary Shares will develop or be sustained. If an active market does not develop, holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares may be unable to readily sell the Class A Ordinary Shares they hold or may not be able to sell their Class A Ordinary Shares at all.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding the Class A Ordinary Shares, the market price for the Class A Ordinary Shares and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our Class A Ordinary Shares will be influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our business. If industry or securities analysts decide to cover us and in the future downgrade our Class A Ordinary Shares, the market price for our Class A Ordinary Shares would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the market price or trading volume for our Class A Ordinary Shares to decline.

Shares eligible for future sale may adversely affect the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares, as the future sale of a substantial amount of issued and outstanding Class A Ordinary Shares in the public marketplace could reduce the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

The market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares could decline as a result of sales of substantial amounts of our Class A Ordinary Shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur. In addition, these factors could make it more difficult for us to raise funds through future offerings of our Class A Ordinary Shares. An aggregate of 10,440,000 Class A Ordinary Shares are issued and outstanding before the consummation of this offering and 11,690,000 Class A Ordinary Shares (11,877,500 Class A Ordinary Shares if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full) will be issued and outstanding immediately after this offering. All of the Class A Ordinary Shares sold in the offering will be freely transferable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act. The remaining shares will be “restricted securities” as defined in Rule 144. These Class A Ordinary Shares may be sold in the future without registration under the Securities Act to the extent permitted by Rule 144 or other exemptions under the Securities Act.

Upon consummation of this offering, we will report under the Securities Exchange Act as a foreign private issuer and, as a result, we are not subject to the same requirements as U.S. domestic issuers. Under the Exchange Act, we will be subject to reporting obligations that, to some extent, are more lenient and less frequent than those of U.S. domestic reporting companies. We will be exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. public companies, including:

In addition, foreign private issuers are not required to file their annual report on Form 20-F until 120 days after the end of each fiscal year, while U.S. domestic issuers that are not large accelerated filers or accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 90 days after the end of each fiscal year. Foreign private issuers are also exempt from Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure), aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures of material information. There is no formal requirement under the Company’s memorandum and articles of association mandating that we hold an annual meeting of our shareholders. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, we intend to hold such meetings on our annual meeting to, among other things, elect our directors. As a result, you may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are not foreign private issuers.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses.

The determination of our status as a foreign private issuer is made annually on the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter. We would lose our foreign private issuer status if (1) a majority of our issued and outstanding voting securities are directly or indirectly held of record by U.S. residents, and (2) a majority of our shareholders or a majority of our directors or management are U.S. citizens or residents, a majority of our assets are located in the United States, or our business is administered principally in the United States. If we were to lose our foreign private issuer status, the regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws as a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly higher. We may also be required to modify certain of our policies to comply with corporate governance practices associated with U.S. domestic issuers, which would involve additional costs.

Upon completion of this offering, we will become a public company and expect to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the Nasdaq Capital Market, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. As a company with less than US$1.235 billion in net revenues for our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting.

We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some corporate activities more time-consuming and costly. We expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. For example, as a result of becoming a public company, we will need to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. We also expect that operating as a public company will make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we will incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

As an “emerging growth company” under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or JOBS Act, we are permitted to, and intend to, rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements.

As an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act, we are permitted to, and intend to, rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements. We are an emerging growth company until the earliest of:

For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act for up to five fiscal years after the date of this offering. We cannot predict if investors will find our Class A Ordinary Shares less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Class A Ordinary Shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Class A Ordinary Shares and the trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares may be more volatile. In addition, our costs of operating as a public company may increase when we cease to be an emerging growth company.

We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

While we intend to manage our business so as to avoid passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) status, to the extent consistent with our other business goals, we cannot predict whether our business plans will allow us to avoid PFIC status. The application of the PFIC rules is subject to uncertainty in several respects, and we cannot assure you the U.S. Internal Revenue Service will not take a contrary position. Furthermore, because PFIC status is determined annually based on our income, assets and activities for the entire taxable year, it is not possible to determine whether we will be characterized as a PFIC for 2023 or any other future year until after the close of that year. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder holds our Class A Ordinary Shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. Holder, including increased U.S. federal income tax liability and additional reporting requirements. Our status as a PFIC is a fact-intensive determination made on an annual basis. Accordingly, our U.S. counsel expresses no opinion with respect to our PFIC status and also expresses no opinion with regard to our expectations regarding our PFIC status.

For a more detailed discussion of the application of the PFIC rules to us and the consequences to U.S. holders who own our Class A Ordinary Shares if we were determined to be a PFIC, see the discussion under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company” below.

Because our initial public offering price is substantially higher than our net tangible book value per share, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution.

If you purchase Class A Ordinary Shares in this offering, you will pay more for your Class A Ordinary Shares than the amount paid per share by our existing shareholders for their Class A Ordinary Shares. As a result, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution of approximately US$3.58 per Class A Ordinary Share, representing the difference between the initial public offering price of US$5.00 per Class A Ordinary Share (midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) and our net tangible book value per Class A Ordinary Share as of June 30, 2023 after giving effect to the net proceeds to us from this offering. In addition, you may experience further dilution to the extent that our Class A Ordinary Shares are issued upon the exercise of any share options. See “Dilution” on page 78 for a more complete description of how the value of your investment in the Class A Ordinary Shares will be diluted upon completion of this offering.

Because we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future after this offering, you must rely on price appreciation of the Class A Ordinary Shares for return on your investment.

We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings after this offering to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in the Class A Ordinary Shares as a source for any future dividend income.

Our board of directors has discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain restrictions under Cayman Islands law, namely that our company may only pay dividends out of profits or share premium; provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in our company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business immediately following the date on which the distribution or dividend is paid. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our Class A Ordinary Shares. There is no guarantee that our Class A Ordinary Shares will appreciate in value after this offering or even maintain the price at which you purchased the Class A Ordinary Shares. You may not realize a return on your investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares and you may even lose your entire investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares.

We may need additional capital and may sell additional Class A Ordinary Shares or other equity securities or incur indebtedness, which could result in additional dilution to our shareholders or increase our debt service obligations.

We may require additional cash resources due to changed business conditions or other future developments, including any investments or acquisitions we may decide to pursue. If our cash resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain a credit facility. The sale of additional equity securities or equity-linked debt securities could result in additional dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in debt service obligations and could result in operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. We cannot assure you that financing will be available in amounts or terms acceptable to us, if at all.

If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the market price of our shares may be materially and adversely affected.

We will be subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of and the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market after we are successfully listed on Nasdaq Capital Market. Our independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting, as we are not required to provide a report of management’s assessment on our internal control over financial reporting due to a transition period established by the rules of the SEC for newly public companies. However, in the course of auditing our consolidated financial statements for the financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified three material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. As defined in standards established by the PCAOB, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weakness identified relates to (i) the lack of formal internal control policies and internal independent supervision functions to establish formal risk assessment process and internal control framework; (ii) the lack of accounting staff and resources with appropriate knowledge of generally accepted U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting and compliance requirements to design and implement formal period-end financial reporting policies and procedures to address complex U.S. GAAP technical accounting issue in accordance with U.S. GAAP and the SEC requirements; and iii) Information technology general control (“ITGC”) in the areas of: (1) IT Management and IT Policies and Procedures; (2) IT Governance – Planning and Budgeting, Training, Communication and Performance Evaluation; (3) Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Management ; (4) Third-Party (Service Organization) Vendor Management; (5) Program Change and Security Patch Management; (6) Backup and Recovery Management; (7) System Monitoring and Incident Management; (8) System Development and Change Management; (9) Access to Systems and Data; (10) Segregation of Duties, Privileged Access, and Monitoring Controls.

In response to the material weaknesses identified prior to this offering, we are in the process of implementing a number of measures to address the material weakness identified, including but not limited to (i) hiring additional qualified accounting and financial personnel with appropriate knowledge and experience in U.S. GAAP accounting and SEC reporting; and (ii) organizing regular training for our accounting staffs, especially training related to U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements. We also plan to adopt additional measures to improve our internal control over financial reporting, including, among others, creating U.S. GAAP accounting policies and procedures manual, which will be maintained, reviewed and updated, on a regular basis, to the latest U.S. GAAP accounting standards, and establishing an audit committee and strengthening corporate governance.

However, we cannot assure you that we will not identify additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in the future. In addition, if we are unable to meet the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, our ADSs may not be able to remain listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market.

Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires that we include a report of management on our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F beginning with our annual report beginning with our second annual report on Form 20-F. In addition, once we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as such term is defined under the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, as we are a public company, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation.

During the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we may identify other weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations and lead to a decline in the trading price of our shares. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions. We may also be required to restate our financial statements from prior periods.

Our post-offering memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could discourage a third party from acquiring us, which could limit our shareholders’ opportunity to sell their shares at a premium.

Our post-offering memorandum and articles of association that will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. For example, our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our Class A Ordinary Shares, or otherwise. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our ordinary shares may be materially and adversely affected.

In the past, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following a decline in the market price of its securities. If we face such litigation, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could harm our business.

Our authorized and issued ordinary shares will be divided into Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares immediately prior to the completion of this offering (with certain shares remaining undesignated, with power for our directors to designate and issue such classes of shares as they think fit). Holders of Class A Ordinary Shares shall be entitled to one vote per share on all matters subject to the vote at general meetings of our company, while holders of Class B Ordinary Shares shall be entitled to 20 votes per share on all matters subject to the vote at general meetings of our company. We will issue Class A Ordinary Shares in this offering. Each Class B Ordinary Share is convertible into one Class A Ordinary Share at any time by the holder thereof, while Class A Ordinary Shares are not convertible into Class B Ordinary Shares under any circumstances. After this offering, the holder of Class B Ordinary Shares will have the ability to control matters requiring shareholders’ approval, including any amendment of our memorandum and articles of association and approval over any change of control transactions. See the paragraph here below for more details. Any conversions of Class B Ordinary Shares into Class A Ordinary Shares may dilute the percentage ownership of the existing holders of Class A Ordinary Shares within their class of ordinary shares.

Upon the completion of this offering, Mr. Wanjun Yao, our chairman of board of directors and chief executive officer, will continue to beneficially own all of our Class B Ordinary Shares. These Class B Ordinary Shares will constitute approximately 28.06% of our total issued and outstanding share capital immediately after the completion of this offering and 88.64 % of the aggregate voting power of our total issued and outstanding share capital immediately after the completion of this offering due to the disparate voting powers associated with our dual-class share structure, assuming the underwriter does not exercise the over-allotment option. As a result of the dual-class share structure and the concentration of ownership, holders of Class B Ordinary Shares will have considerable influence over matters such as decisions regarding mergers and consolidations, appointment of directors and other significant corporate actions. Such holders may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could have the effect of depriving our other shareholders of the opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and may reduce the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. This concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions that holders of Class A Ordinary Shares may view as beneficial.

Certain shareholder advisory firms have announced changes to their eligibility criteria for inclusion of shares of public companies on certain indices, including the S&P 500, to exclude companies with multiple classes of shares and companies whose public shareholders hold no more than 5% of total voting power from being added to such indices. In addition, several shareholder advisory firms have announced their opposition to the use of multiple class structures. As a result, the dual class structure of our ordinary shares may prevent the inclusion of our Class A Ordinary Shares in such indices and may cause shareholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance practices or otherwise seek to cause us to change our capital structure. Any such exclusion from indices could result in a less active trading market for our Class A Ordinary Shares. Any actions or publications by shareholder advisory firms critical of our corporate governance practices or capital structure could also adversely affect the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Upon the completion of this offering, we will be a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq Stock Market Listing Rules and, as a result, may rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements that provide protection to shareholders of other companies.

Upon the completion of this offering, we will be a “controlled company” as defined under the Nasdaq Stock Market Listing Rules because Mr. Wanjun Yao, our chairman of board of directors and chief executive officer, will beneficially hold more than 50% of our total voting power for the election of directors. For so long as we remain a “controlled company” under that definition, we are permitted to elect to rely, and may rely, on certain exemptions from corporate governance rules, including an exemption from the rule that a majority of our board of directors must be independent directors or that we have to establish a nominating committee and a compensation committee composed entirely of independent directors. Although we currently do not intend to rely on the “controlled company” exemption for at least one year following completion of this offering, we could elect to rely on this exemption in the future. In the event that we elect to rely on one or more of these exemptions in the future, you will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these corporate governance requirements.

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of current or historical facts are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

You can identify these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “likely to” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

You should read this prospectus and the documents that we refer to in this prospectus with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from and worse than what we expect. Other sections of this prospectus include additional factors which could adversely impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

This prospectus also contains statistical data and estimates that we obtained from industry publications and reports generated by third-party providers of market intelligence. Although we have not independently verified the data, we believe that the publications and reports are reliable.

We estimate that we will receive net proceeds from the sale of the Class A Ordinary Shares of approximately $3.2 million, (or up to approximately $4.1 million if the underwriters exercise the over-allotment option) based upon an assumed initial public offering price of $5.00 per share, the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses.

We plan to use the net proceeds we receive from this offering for the following purposes:

As an engineer-to-order ETO company specializing in customized industrial solutions, we value our R&D capabilities as they provide us with the competitive edge to keep up with the latest trends and changes in technologies. Therefore, we intend to use about 30% of the net proceeds in R&D, including consolidating and further advancing our current capabilities in automated industrial manufacturing solutions as well as in developing new direct drive and linear DC motors product lines.

We plan to use about 30% of the net proceeds to acquire companies that manufacture standard smart factory industrial equipment. This strategic move is intended to diversify our business portfolio while also transferring our strong design and engineering capabilities to standard equipment manufacturing. However, we have no current understandings, agreements and are not committed for any acquisitions. Accordingly, we will have broad discretion in using the net proceeds for this purpose and we cannot assure that we will make any acquisitions or investments in the future.

Sustained business growth is vital for our company, and we intend to use about 25% of the net proceeds of this offering to invest in sales and marketing as well as talent acquisitions. We intend to use such amount to venture into the regional markets where we believe the demand for ETO smart manufacturing solutions would be strong. We also intend to support the organic business growth by acquiring talents in the respective fields to stay competitive. We believe both areas allow us to generate long-term sustainable growth and development of our business.

We aim to reserve approximately 15% of the net proceeds for general working capital needs and daily operations. This can serve as a buffer to deal with the fluctuating economic environment and at the same time provide a stable finance backup for daily operational use.

The precise amounts and percentage of proceeds we would devote to particular categories of activity will depend on prevailing market and business conditions as well as particular opportunities that may arise from time to time. The above expected use of the net proceeds from this offering represents our intentions based upon our current plans and business conditions, which could change in the future as our plans and business conditions evolve. The amounts and timing of our actual expenditures may vary significantly from the above depending on numerous factors, including any unforeseen cash needs. Similarly, the priority of our prospective uses of proceeds will depend on business and market conditions. Accordingly, our management will have significant flexibility and broad discretion in applying the net proceeds of the offering. If any unforeseen event occurs or the business conditions change, we may use the proceeds of this offering differently from that described in this prospectus.

We are permitted under Singapore laws and regulations to provide funding to Singapore Subsidiaries through debt or equity contributions, provided that any applicable government registration and approval requirements have been satisfied.

In utilizing the proceeds of this offering, we are permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding to our PRC Subsidiaries only through loans or capital contributions. None of the proceeds of this offering can be loaned or contributed to our PRC Subsidiaries without additional government registration or approval. Subject to satisfaction of applicable government registration and approval requirements, we may extend inter-company loans or make additional capital contributions to our PRC Subsidiaries to fund their capital expenditures or working capital. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain these government registrations or approvals on a timely basis, if at all. There is, in effect, no statutory limit on the amount of capital contribution that we can make to our PRC subsidiaries. This is because there are no statutory limits on the amount of registered capital for our PRC subsidiaries, and we are allowed to make capital contributions to our PRC Subsidiaries by subscribing for its initial registered capital and increased registered capital, provided that the PRC Subsidiaries complete the relevant necessary filing and registration procedures in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations. With respect to loans to the PRC Subsidiaries by us, (i) if the relevant PRC Subsidiaries are permitted by the competent governmental authorities to adopt the traditional foreign exchange administration mechanism, or the current foreign debt mechanism, the outstanding amount of the loans shall not exceed the difference between the total investment and the registered capital of the PRC Subsidiaries; and (ii) if the relevant PRC Subsidiaries adopt the foreign exchange administration mechanism as provided in the Notice of the PBOC on Full-coverage Macro-prudent Management of Cross-border Financing (the “PBOC Notice No. 9”), the risk-weighted outstanding amount of the loans, which shall be calculated based on the formula provided in the PBOC Notice No. 9, shall not exceed 200% of the net asset of the relevant PRC Subsidiaries. According to the PBOC Notice No. 9, after a transition period of one year since the promulgation of the PBOC Notice No. 9, the PBOC and SAFE will determine the cross-border financing administration mechanism for the foreign-invested enterprises after evaluating the overall implementation of the PBOC Notice No. 9. As of the date hereof, neither PBOC nor SAFE has promulgated and made public any further rules, regulations, notices or circulars in this regard. It is uncertain which mechanism will be adopted by PBOC and SAFE in the future and what statutory limits will be imposed on us when providing loans to our PRC Subsidiaries.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. As a holding company, we have not previously declared or paid cash dividends and we have no plan to declare or pay any dividends in the near future on our shares. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business.

As a holding company, we may rely principally on transfer of funds, dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our Singapore and PRC Subsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements, including any payment of dividends to our shareholders. As of the date of this prospectus, there is no foreign exchange control restriction imposed by the Singapore government on the ability of our Singapore Subsidiaries to transfer capital within, into and out of Singapore. PRC regulations may restrict the ability of our PRC Subsidiaries to pay dividends to us. See “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure – The transfer of funds or assets between Tungray and its subsidiaries is subject to restrictions.” from page 49 to 50, “– We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our Singapore and PRC Subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC Subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.” on page 50 and “– Risks Related to Doing Business in China – Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.” on page 59 of this prospectus.

Our board of directors has discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain restrictions under Cayman Islands law, namely that our company may only pay dividends out of profits or share premium and provided always that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in our company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business immediately following the date on which the distribution or dividend is paid. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. Even if our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant. Please see the section entitled “Taxation” beginning on page 155 of this prospectus for information on the potential tax consequences of any cash dividends. Our historical results are not necessarily declared.

Our business is conducted in Singapore and China. As of June 30, 2023, approximately 35% of our revenues are denominated in RMB and approximately 65% of our revenues are denominated in SGD. Capital accounts of our financial statements are translated into U.S. dollars from RMB at their historical exchange rates when the capital transactions occurred. RMB is subject to certain foreign exchange regulations when converting into foreign currency and all foreign exchange transactions must take place through authorized institutions. No representation is made that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars at the rates used in translation. The following table sets forth information concerning exchange rates between the RMB and the U.S. dollar as well as SGD and the U.S. Dollar for the periods indicated. Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates as of the balance sheet date and include the exchange rate information for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 and for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The pro forma and pro forma as adjusted information below is illustrative only and our capitalization following the completion of this offering is subject to adjustment based on the initial public offering price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. You should read this table in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Our net tangible book value as of June 30, 2023 was approximately US$1.29 per Class A Ordinary Share. Net tangible book value per Class A Ordinary Share represents the amount of total tangible assets, minus the amount of total liabilities, divided by the total number of Class A Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding. Pro forma net tangible book value per Class A Ordinary Share is calculated after giving effect to the conversion of all of our issued and outstanding preferred shares. Dilution is determined by subtracting pro forma net tangible book value per Class A Ordinary Share from the assumed public offering price per Class A Ordinary Share.

Without taking into account any other changes in such net tangible book value after June 30, 2023 other than to give effect to our issuance and sale of 1,250,000 Class A Ordinary Shares in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of US$5.00 per Class A Ordinary Share, the midpoint of the estimated public offering price range, and after deduction of underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us (assuming the over-allotment option is not exercised), our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of June 30, 2023 would have been US$1.42 per issued and outstanding Class A Ordinary Share. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of US$0.13 per Class A Ordinary Share to existing shareholders and an immediate dilution in net tangible book value of US$3.58 per Class A Ordinary Share to purchasers of Class A Ordinary Shares in this offering. The following table illustrates such dilution:

A US$1.00 change in the assumed public offering price of US$5.00 per Class A Ordinary Share (the midpoint of the estimated public offering price range) would, in the case of an increase, increase and, in the case of a decrease, decrease our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value after giving effect to the offering by approximately US$1.2 million, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per Class A Ordinary Share after giving effect to this offering by US$0.90 per Class A Ordinary Share and the dilution in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per Class A Ordinary Share to new investors in this offering by US$4.48 per Class A Ordinary Share, assuming no change to the number of Class A Ordinary Shares offered by us as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses. The pro forma information discussed above is illustrative only. Our net tangible book value following the completion of this offering is subject to adjustment based on the actual initial public offering price of our Class A Ordinary Shares and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

The following tables summarize, on a pro forma basis as of June 30, 2023, the differences between the shareholders as of June 30, 2023 and the new investors with respect to the number of ordinary shares, including Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares on an as-converted basis, the total consideration paid and the average price per ordinary share paid at an assumed initial public offering price of US$5.00 per Class A Ordinary Share (the midpoint of the estimated public offering price range) before deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS OF TUNGRAY

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements for fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 and unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, and their respective related notes, that appear in this prospectus. In addition to historical consolidated financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this prospectus, particularly in “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements.” All amounts included in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (“Annual Financial Statements”) are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. All amounts included in the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 (“Interim Financial Statements”) are derived from our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. These Annual Financial Statements and Interim Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or US GAAP.

We are a provider of customized industrial manufacturing solutions to Original Equipment Manufacturers (“OEMs”) in the industry sectors of semiconductors, printers, electronics, and home appliances. We mainly generate revenues through three business lines: 1) customized industrial test and tooling solutions, 2) welding equipment manufacturing, and 3) direct drive and linear direct current motors (“DC motors”).

We provide customized industrial test and tooling solutions through our two subsidiaries in Singapore, Tung Resource Pte Ltd and Tungray Singapore Pte Ltd, and one subsidiary in China, Tungray Industrial Automation (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. Based on the unique requirements of our customers, we offer comprehensive precision engineering expertise to design, build and assemble testing equipment that is used for quality testing purposes for production. Our core activities of design and manufacturing take place mainly in Singapore. Our customized industrial test and tooling solutions cannot be procured directly through standard, off-the-shelf methods. We leverage on our 20 years of experience in motor control, sensor technologies, computer vision and overall product design to provide our customers with unique solutions that meet the needs of our customers. Each of our products is customized to fulfill the needs of our wide range of customers in the printer, electronics, semiconductor manufacturing, and offshore and gas industries. Our products are sold to numerous countries including Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Spain, China and Brazil.

Qingdao Tungray Intelligent Co., Ltd and Qingdao Tungray Electric Machines Co., Ltd, our subsidiaries in Qingdao, China, are specialized in the design and manufacturing of self-contained, high-frequency induction welding equipment. We manufacture manual and automatic induction welding units that can be used in a wide range of copper tube welding assembly lines. For operator-attended lines, our TB, TP, TD and TI series induction welding units have full enclosures that enhances production safety. They also feature programmable logic controllers (PLC) and human machine interfaces for ease of use. Our automatic induction welding units are equipped with patented machine vision technologies to recognize and track the endings of metal tubes, before sending welding commands to the actuators for movement and induction welding. Our induction welding units are used by many Chinese home appliance OEMs in the production of air conditioning units, refrigerators, compressors and washing machines.

Our subsidiaries in Qingdao, China also design and manufacture industrial-grade direct drive and linear DC motors. We also provide customized motor platform solutions to suit the needs of our customers. Our direct drive motors do not require any gears for speed and torque manipulation as they can directly manipulate both parameters over a wide range of values. These motors are used in the solar panel assembly lines to turn and transport semi completed products between processes. Our linear DC motors offer two degrees of freedom to move independently in the X and Y axis, thereby eliminating the need for any belt or gears. These high precision motors are mainly used in the glue application and laser cutting machines in which precise movements in X and Y directions are required. Our team can also design and customize motor platforms and modules that fulfil specific use cases from our customers.

Our revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2023 were 76%, 11% and 13% from the above three business lines, respectively. Our revenues six months ended June 30, 2022 were 74%, 11% and 15% from the above three business lines, respectively.

Our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022 were 78%, 9% and 13% from the above three business lines, respectively. Our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2021 were 76%, 10% and 14% from the above three business lines, respectively.

Through our in-house R&D and manufacturing teams, we have accumulated extensive knowledge in direct drive and linear DC motors. We currently have four patented technologies that are used in the design and manufacturing of our motors. We currently offer our customers the following product series – Tungray Drive B (TDB) Series, Tungray Core (TC) Series, Tungray “U” Type (TU) Series, standard linear modules and high precision motion platforms that can be customized. We also offer compatible control modules for our linear motors to maximize its performance and precision.

Our revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was approximately $5.4 million, which represents an decrease of $3.1 million, or 36.9%, from Tungray’s total revenues of approximately $8.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. Tungray’s gross profit for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was approximately $ 2.9 million, representing an decrease of $ 2.0 million, or 41.8%, from approximately $4.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. Tungray’s net income for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was approximately $0.2 and $1.6 million, respectively.

Our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022 were approximately $16.3 million, which represents a decrease of $1.2 million, or 6.5%, from Tungray’s total revenues of approximately $17.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Tungray’s gross profit for the year ended December31, 2022 was approximately $9.2 million, representing an increase of $0.1 million, or 1.4%, from approximately $9.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.Tungray’s net income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was approximately $2.9 and $4.1 million, respectively.

Most of our customers are market-leading OEMs in their respective industries that value quality, reliable and cost-effective products. We believe that the following strengths contribute to our success and are the differentiating factors that set us apart from our peers in customized industrial solutions, induction welding and direct drive, linear motors sectors.

The business, financial condition and results of operations of the Company and its subsidiaries have been and are expected to continue to be, affected by a number of factors, which primarily include the following:

A significant amount of Tungray’s revenues is highly dependent on their ability to retain and increase customers, especially those major customers. For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, Tungray and its subsidiaries had 106 and 98 customers, respectively. The average revenue per customer were approximately $50,000 and $87,000, respectively, for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, Tungray and its subsidiaries had 132 and 162 customers, respectively. The average revenue per customer were approximately $124,000 and $108,000, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Customer retention rates for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were 45.6% and 52.2%, respectively. Customer retention rates the years ended December31, 2022 and 2021 were 48.8% and 58.2%, respectively. Retention rate is calculated by first counting the number of existing customers at the beginning of the period (denominator) and the number of those customers who are still active at the end of the following period (numerator), then dividing the numerator by the denominator.

The Company’s management team monitors the number of customers and the number of new customers as indicators of the growth of Tungray’s overall business. Customer retention rates decreased from 52.2% during the six months ended June 30, 2022, to 45.6% during the same period in 2023, mainly due to the global economic downturn following the end of the COVID-19 pandemic and the intensification of market competition, which led to our decision to abandon some customers with small transaction amounts and long payback periods. At the same time, the number of group customers increased from 98 during the six months ended June 30, 2022 to 106 during the same period in 2023, which also shows the Company's market development ability. As the Company and its subsidiaries established stable cooperative relationships with customers and increased the investment in marketing and building up bigger sales teams, the Company expects that its customer retention rate and the number of customers will receive small growth next year.

We expend considerable capital and efforts in the research and development of high-frequency power supply technology to maintain our competitiveness in the intelligent manufacturing industries. In light of the rapid growth of high-tech enterprises, intelligent manufacturing is the key to enterprise development, which requires the advancement of technology related to intelligent manufacturing to newer stages of development. To retain existing customers and attract potential customers, we will continue to innovate to keep pace with the growth of the industry and our business to bring forward new cutting-edge technologies. We spent approximately $0.4 million and $0.4 million on research and development for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $0.8 million and $0.7 million on research and development for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Tungray intends to continually pursue strategic acquisitions and investments in selective technologies and businesses in the intelligent manufacturing industries to enhance Tungray’s technology capabilities. Tungray believes that a solid acquisition and investment strategy may be critical for Tungray to accelerate Tungray’s growth and strengthen its competitive position in the future. Tungray’s ability to identify and execute strategic acquisitions and investments will likely affect Tungray’s operating results over time. Please see “Business — Tungray’s Strategies” for more information on Tungray’s growth strategies.

Ability to be competitive, to expand its application fields and to diversify its customer base

The domestic markets in both Singapore and the PRC for customized industrial manufacturing solutions of original equipment manufacturer (“OEMs”) and related products are highly competitive. Our current or potential competitors include major manufactures in Singapore, PRC and other parts in the world. Some of our competitors may have greater brand recognition, larger group of customers or vendors, longer operating histories as well as marketing resources than we do. Customers may weight their experience and resources over us in various ways, therefore increasing our competitor’s respective market shares.

Currently, the primary source of Tungray’s revenue is derived from providing metal thermal equipment and solutions for high-tech enterprises. With increasing awareness and acceptance of this technology, Tungray expects that more applications will be identified to magnify the value of this technology, such as the industry of home appliance, equipment, machinery and other automation manufacturing industries that have strong demand for high-frequency power supply technology. To expand the scenario application of intelligent manufacturing services, Tungray’s ability to expand its application fields and diversify its customer base may affect Tungray’s operating results in the future.

Impact of material fluctuations in the supply of raw materials and energy costs

We are sensitive to price movements in our raw materials supply base. Our largest material purchases are for steel, aluminum and other oil and metal-based purchased components. Prices for these products, along with costs for transportation and energy, fluctuate with market conditions, and have generally increased over time. We may be unable to offset the impact with price increases on a timely basis due to outstanding commitments to our customers, competitive considerations or our customers’ resistance to accepting such price increases and our financial performance could be adversely impacted. A failure by our suppliers to continue to supply us with certain raw materials, component parts, or at all, could have a material adverse effect on us. To the extent there are energy supply disruptions or material fluctuations in energy costs, our margins could be materially adversely impacted.

The ongoing outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has spread rapidly to many parts of the world. In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 as a pandemic. The pandemic has resulted in quarantines, travel restrictions, and the temporary closure of stores and business facilities in China for the first few months in 2020. Tungray’s business, results of operations, and financial condition were adversely affected during the first half of 2020 because a majority of Tungray’s business operations and workforce are concentrated in China. Tungray’s business and results of operations have resumed to normal levels in the second half of 2020. A majority of the Company’s business is derived from Singapore. The spread of COVID-19 did not have any material impact on the Company’s business during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. However, during the six months ended June 30, 2023, with the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, people’s work mode has changed from work from home during the pandemic to work at office, thus reducing the demand for office equipment such as printers, which also had an impact on our business. The Singapore and Chinese governments have removed all the COVID-19 restrictions starting from February 2023. Significant number of domestic and cross-border business activities in Singapore and China have resumed or recovered

The following table summarizes Tungray’s consolidated results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. This information should be read together with Tungray’s condensed consolidated financial statements, and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.

The six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2022

Our total revenues decreased by approximately $3.1 million, or 36.9%, from approximately $8.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, to approximately $5.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, mainly due to a decrease of approximately $2.2 million in customized products.

Our breakdown of revenues for six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, is summarized below:

We engage in sales of standard products, which are welding equipment manufacturing, and direct drive and linear direct current motors (“DC motors”), and customized solutions, which are customized industrial test and tooling solutions. The duration of the contracts ranges from one month to three months. For standard products with no installation required, delivery and sales of products are considered as one performance obligation per each contract terms. For other products with installation required, the installation and sales of products are combined and considered as one performance obligation.

Compared with the revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2022, customized products decreased by approximately $2.2 million, or 35.0%, and standardized products decreased by approximately $1.0 million, or 42.0%. Due to the serious influence of COVID-19, more companies asked employees to work from home or turned to apply more automation equipment to avoid the risks of using man forces in 2021, which drove up the worldwide needs for printers and other automation equipment. In that case, our major customers added more production lines in 2021 to improve production capacity or released more new products. During the year of 2022, our major customers added less production lines as compared to the year of 2021, but we still received many more sales orders from our customers compared with the period before COVID-19. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, due to the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, the market needs for printers and other automation equipment returned to a normal level which resulted in a sharp decrease in the new purchase demand of customers in 2023. The sales revenue of HP and Goertek, the top two major customers, decreased by $1.0 million and $0.5 million, respectively, during the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared with the six months ended June 30, 2022. Therefore, the sales volume in the first half of 2023 was decreased compared with the same period in 2022. The decrease was also due to the 6.9% appreciation of USD against RMB for the first half of 2023 compared with the exchange rate for the same period of 2022.

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, we retained 60 old customers, gained 46 new customers and lost 72 old customers, so we had total 106 customers which made sales orders during the six months. For the six months ended June 30, 2022, we retained 62 old customers, gained 36 new customers and lost 55 old customers, so we had total 98 customers which made sales orders during the six months.

The average revenue per customer were approximately $50,000 and $87,000, respectively, for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, mainly due to the decline in our revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2023, which reduced our average revenue per customer.

Our costs include the amounts we pay manufacturers for product, tariffs and duties associated the transporting product and freight costs associated with transporting the product from its manufacturers to its warehouses, as applicable.

Our total cost of revenues decreased by approximately $1.0 million, or 29.9%, from approximately $3.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 to approximately $2.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Our breakdown of cost of revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, is summarized below:

Compared with the cost of revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2022, the cost of customized products decreased by approximately $0.4 million, or 18.2% and standardized products decreased by approximately $0.7 million, or 48.2% for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease of total cost of revenues was mainly due to the decrease of sale orders and the decrease of total labor costs. The decrease of total cost of revenues was also due to the 6.9% appreciation of USD against RMB in the six months of 2023 compared with the rate in the six months of 2022.

Our gross profit decreased by approximately $2.1 million, or 43.8%, from approximately $4.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, to approximately $2.8 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023. For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, our overall gross margin was 52.8% and 58.3%, respectively.

Our gross profit and gross profit margin from its major business segments are summarized as follows:

Our gross profit for customized products were approximately $2.3 million and $4.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, representing an decrease of approximately $1.8 million. Our gross margin for customized products were 56.6% and 65.5% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

As discussed above, our customized products business was affected by the US-China trade war and the global economic downturn in the post-COVID-19 era. Some customized products incur design costs before the customer confirms the order, and we had more customers cancelled the orders in the end during the six months ended June 30, 2023. Additionally, in order to keep our product quality and also due to the inflation of the China market, we had to raise the salaries of our employee. Therefore, the decrease of cost of revenues was a slower speed than the decrease of revenues which decreased our gross profit margin.

Our gross profit for standardized products were approximately $0.6 million and $0.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, representing an decrease of approximately $0.2 million. Our gross margin for standardized products were 44.6% and 38.0% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in gross margin was mainly due to the sale of inventories for which impairment was charged in prior years, which was written off as a reserve for impairment of inventories, so costs are reduced. Without the influence of this factor, the gross margin of the six months ended June 30, 2023 keep consistent with the gross margin of the same period in 2022.

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, we incurred approximately $2.8 million in operating expenses, representing a decrease of approximately $0.3 million, or 10%, from approximately $3.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, primarily due to decreases in general and administrative expenses and selling expenses in line with decline in sales.

Selling expenses decreased by approximately $42,000, or 16.3%, from approximately $258,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022, to approximately $216,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to a decrease in selling-others of approximately $57,000, because of decreased sales business consulting fees during the year. The decrease was partially offset by an increase of salary and benefit expense of $18,000 due to we developed new business and retain more sales staff during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

General and administrative expenses decreased by approximately $0.3 million or 13.4%, from $2.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, to approximately $2.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease was mainly due to (i) the decrease in professional fee of approximately $0.3 million, as more professional service was incurred for the Company's IPO listing purpose in the six months ended June 30, 2022; and (ii) the decrease in training expenses of approximately $0.1 million paid for the management training course fees during the six months ended June 30, 2022. The decrease was partially offset by the increase of $72,000 in travel and transportation expense, which was mainly due to the end of the Covid-19 pandemic and more travel activities in the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Research and development expenses increased by approximately $63,000, or 17.2%, from approximately $368,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022, to approximately $431,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was attributable to the increase in salary of research people as we hired more engineers to work on the research and development of advanced high-frequency power supply technology and special equipment on the printer production line. We worked on an average of 7 and 6 research projects and had an average of 51 and 42 employees in the R&D department for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, to maintain our competitive advantage in customized industrial manufacturing solutions to OEMs.

Total other income, net, for the six months ended June 30, 2022, was approximately $38,000 compared to other income, net of approximately $ 161,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase in other income, net, was primarily due to (i) the decrease in interest expense of approximately $61,000 as a result of decreased outstanding loans and banking facilities, (ii) the increase in government subsidies of approximately $30,000, and (iii) the increase in foreign exchange gain of approximately $31,000.

Our income tax expenses decreased by approximately $271,000, or 75.4%, from approximately $360,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022, to approximately $89,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease in taxable income for the six months ended June 30, 2023.

As a result of the combination of factors discussed above, our net income decreased $1.4 million or 87.6% for the six months ended June 30, 2022, from approximately $1.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 to $0.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023.

The year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021

The following table summarizes Tungray’s consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. This information should be read together with Tungray’s consolidated financial statements, and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Our total revenues decreased by approximately $1.2 million, or 6.5 %, from approximately $17.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, to approximately $16.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, mainly due to a decrease of approximately $1.0 million in customized products.

Our breakdown of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, is summarized below:

We engage in sales of standard products, which are welding equipment manufacturing, and direct drive and linear direct current motors (“DC motors”), and customized solutions, which are customized industrial test and tooling solutions. The duration of the contracts ranges from one month to three months. For standard products with no instalment required, delivery and sales of products are considered as one performance obligation per each contract terms. For other products with instalment required, the installation and sales of products are combined and considered as one performance obligation.

Compared with the revenues for the year ended December 31, 2021, customized products decreased by approximately $1.0 million, or 7.4%, and standardized products decreased by approximately $0.1 million, or 3.4%. Due to the serious influence of COVID-19, more companies asked employees to work from home or turned to apply more automation equipment to avoid the risks of using man forces in 2021, which drove up the worldwide needs for printers and other automation equipment. In that case, our major customers added more production lines in 2021 to improve production capacity or released more new products. During the year ended December 31, 2022, as the worldwide policies for COVID-19 be more open, the market needs for printers and other automation equipment returned to a normal level which resulted in a sharp decrease in the new purchase demand of customers in 2022. Therefore, the sales volume in 2022 was decreased compared with the same period in 2021. The decrease was also due to the 4.3% appreciation of USD against RMB for during the year of 2022 compared with the rate for the year of 2021.

For the products sales during the years ended December 31, 2022, the revenue decrease compared with the years ended December 31, 2021, mainly due to gradual end of the COVID-19 pandemic decrease in the demand for home printers, we lost many regular customers and some regular customers’ order amount decreased.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we retained 162 old customers, gained 53 new customers and lost 83 old customers, so we had total 132 customers which made sales orders during the year. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we retained 153 old customers, gained 73 new customers and lost 64 old customers, so we had total 162 customers which made sales orders during the year.

The average revenue per customer were approximately $124,000 and $108,000, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, as we lost more small customers during the year ended of 2022 which drove up the average revenue per customer even we had a decreased revenue during the year of 2022 compared with the year of 2021.

Our total cost of revenues decreased by approximately $1.3 million, or 15.0%, from approximately $8.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to approximately $7.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Our breakdown of cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, is summarized below:

Compared with the cost of revenues in the years ended December 31, 2021, the cost of customized products decreased by approximately $1.1 million, or 19.2% and standardized products decreased by approximately $0.1 million, or 5.5% during the year ended December 31, 2022. Mainly due to the decrease of number of orders, the total cost of revenues decreased during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared with the year of 2021. The decrease of total cost of revenues was mainly due to the decrease of sale orders and the decrease of labour costs due to the increase of production efficiency. For the raw materials purchased by our Singapore Subsidiaries from European or North American suppliers, the unit purchase price increased 10%-20% during the year ended December 31, 2022. For the raw materials purchased by our China subsidiaries from Chinese suppliers, the unit purchase price remained stable during the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease of total cost of revenues was also due to the 4.3% appreciation of USD against RMB for during the year of 2022 compared with the rate for the year of 2021. To sum up, the decrease in the total cost of revenues was roughly in line with the decrease in revenues.

Our gross profit increased by approximately $0.1million, or 1.4%, from approximately $9.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, to approximately $9.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, our overall gross margin was 56.3% and 51.9%, respectively.

Our gross profit and gross profit margin from its major business segments are summarized as follows:

Our gross profit for customized products were approximately $7.9 million and $7.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, representing an increase of approximately $0.1 million. Our gross margin for customized products were 62.6% and 57.2% for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

As discussed above, we had a higher production efficiency of producing existed manufacturing lines for customers compared with the production efficiency of designing and producing new manufacturing lines for customers. Therefore, the increase of cost of revenues was at a lower speed than the increase of revenues which increased our gross profit margin. The increase in margin may not be a continuous trend as there is still limitation in current technology, but we are continuing to make technological innovations in high-frequency power supply technology to improve production efficiency.

Our gross profit for standardized products were approximately $1.3 million and $1.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, representing an increase of approximately $11,000. Our gross margin for standardized products were 34.5% and 33.1% for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As discussed above, we had more new orders compared with the year ended December 31, 2021 but there was no change in the fixed cost of production equipment. As a result, the revenue was at a faster speed than the increase of cost of revenues, which improved our gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2022.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we incurred approximately $6.0 million in operating expenses, representing an increase of approximately $1.6 million, or 36.7%, from approximately $4.4 million for the year December 31, 2021, primarily due to significant increase in selling expenses general and administrative expenses and research and development expenses in line with our development strategies.

Selling expenses increased by approximately $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was mainly due to an increase in (i) salary and wages expenses of approximately $0.3 million, which contains commissions of approximately $0.1 million and labour expense of approximately $0.1 million. The salary and benefit mainly include base salary, commissions and labour expense. As we developed new business and recruited more employees during the year ended December 31, 2022 which caused the increase of salary and benefit expenses, (ii) meals and entertainment expense of approximately $38,000 due to the company has more sales transactions compared for the December 31, 2021. The increase was partially offset by the decrease of (i) service expense of approximately $67,000 due to a charge for supplementary product quality assurance during the years ended December 31, 2022 and the decrease of the after-sale service thanks to the improvement of the production process in 2022, and (ii) postal and shipping expense of expense of approximately $77,000 due to the need for listing and matters.

General and administrative expenses increased by approximately $1.2 million or 36.8%, from $3.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, to approximately $4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was mainly due to an increase in (i) meals and entertainment expense of approximately $81,000 due to there are a lot of personnel related to the company’s listing audit to the company’s site to participate in the audit, during the period of 2022 years; (ii) salary and benefit and training expenses of approximately $0.5 million due to the increasing number of production facilities and our employees, increased employee benefits and the related training expenses. We had an average of 49 and 46 employees in the administrative department for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively; (iii) the increase in other expenses and depreciation expense of approximately $0.3 million due to the newly purchased equipment and building improvements of Tungray and Tungray Resource; and (iv) the increase of professional fees related to IPO services of approximately $0.8 million. The increase was offset by the decrease of (i) bad debt of approximately $0.1 million less aged accounts receivable and other receivables as of December 31, 2022, and (ii) amortization of right-of-use approximately $0.3 million due to the expiration of some leases.

Research and development expenses increased by approximately $0.2 million, or 23.9%, from approximately $0.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, to approximately $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was attributable to the increase in salary of research people as we hired more engineers to work on the research and development of advanced high-frequency power supply technology and special equipment on the printer production line. We worked on an average of 13 and 12 research projects and had an average of 48 and 32 employees in the R&D department for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, to maintain our competitive advantage in customized industrial manufacturing solutions to OEMs.

Total other income, net for the year ended December 31, 2021, was approximately $0.1 million compared to other income, net of approximately $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in other income, net was primarily due to the decrease in financial expenses by $0.2 million.

Our income tax expenses decreased by approximately $189,000, or 26.8%, from approximately $0.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, to approximately $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease in deferred income tax and current tax for the year ended December 31, 2022.

As a result of the combination of factors discussed above, our net income decreased $1.2 million or 29.8% for the year ended December 31, 2022, from approximately $4.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Comprehensive income attributable to us was approximately $4.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to approximately $2.5 million for the same period in 2022.

We prepare financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires our management to make assumptions, estimates, and judgments that affect the amounts reported, including the notes thereto, and related disclosures of commitments and contingencies, if any. We have identified certain accounting policies that are significant to the preparation of our financial statements. These accounting policies are important for an understanding of our financial condition and results of operation. Critical accounting policies are those that are most important to the portrayal of our financial conditions and results of operations and require management’s difficult, subjective, or complex judgment, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain and may change in subsequent periods. Our significant accounting policies includes revenue recognition, inventory and costs of goods sold, accounts and notes receivable, net, property and equipment, net, income taxes, leases, and related party transactions. While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements, we believe that there were no critical accounting policies that affect the preparation of financial statements. Certain accounting estimates are particularly sensitive because of their significance to financial statements and because of the possibility that future events affecting the estimate may differ significantly from management’s current judgments.

Estimates are used when accounting for items and matters including the critical accounting estimates as follows:

Allowance for credit loss represents management’s best estimate of probable losses inherent in the portfolio. Commencing January 1, 2023, we adopted ASC 326, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” This guidance replaced the “incurred loss” impairment methodology with an approach based on “expected losses” to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The guidance requires financial assets to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the cost of the financial asset to present the net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset.

We considered various factors, including nature, historical collection experience, the age of the accounts receivable balances, credit quality and specific risk characteristics of its customers, current economic conditions, forward-looking information including economic, regulatory, technological, environmental factors (such as industry prospects, GDP, employment, etc.), reversion period, and qualitative and quantitative adjustments to develop an estimate of credit losses. The Company have adopted loss rate method to calculate the credit loss and considered the reverent factors of the historical and future conditions of the Company to make reasonable estimation of the risk rate.

Financial assets are presented net of the allowance for credit losses in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The measurement of the allowance for credit losses is recognized through current expected credit loss expense. Current expected credit loss expense is included as a component of general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income (loss). Write-offs are recorded in the period in which the asset is deemed to be uncollectible.

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets with no residual value. The estimated useful lives are as follows:

The cost and related accumulated depreciation of assets sold or otherwise retired are eliminated from the accounts and any gain or loss is included in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to earnings as incurred, while additions, renewals and betterments, which are expected to extend the useful life of assets, are capitalized. The Company also re-evaluates the periods of depreciation to determine whether subsequent events and circumstances warrant revised estimates of useful lives.

We review property and equipment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. We assess the recoverability of the assets based on the undiscounted future cash flows the assets are expected to generate and recognize an impairment loss when estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset plus net proceeds expected from disposition of the asset, if any, are less than the carrying value of the asset. If an impairment is identified, we would reduce the carrying amount of the asset to its estimated fair value based on a discounted cash flows approach or, when available and appropriate, to comparable market values.

Deferred tax is calculated using tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled. Deferred tax is charged or credited in the income statement, except when it is related to items credited or charged directly to equity. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

Valuation allowance is provided against deferred tax assets when we determine that it is more-likely-than-not that the deferred tax assets will not be utilized in the future. We consider positive and negative evidence to determine whether some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will more-likely-than-not be realized. This assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency and severity of recent losses and forecasts of future profitability. These assumptions require significant judgment and the forecasts of future taxable income are consistent with the plans and estimates we are using to manage the underlying businesses.

We believe that the estimates utilized in preparing its consolidated financial statements are reasonable and prudent. Actual results could differ from these estimates. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and the actual results, future financial statements will be affected.

As of June 30, 2023, Tungray had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $11.7 million. Material amounts of cash disaggregated by currency denomination as of June 30, 2023 in each jurisdiction in which Tungray’s subsidiaries are domiciled are as follows:

Tungray’s working capital was approximately $9.4 million as of as of June 30, 2023. In assessing Tungray’s liquidity, Tungray monitors and analyses its cash-on-hand and operating and capital expenditure commitments. To date, Tungray has financed its working capital requirements through cash flow generated from operations, debt and equity financings, and capital contributions from its existing shareholders.

Tungray believes its current working capital is sufficient to support its operations for the next twelve months. Tungray may, however, need additional cash resources in the future if it experiences changes in business conditions or other developments or if Tungray finds and wishes to pursue opportunities for investment, acquisition, capital expenditure, or similar actions. If Tungray determines that its cash requirements exceed the amount of cash and cash equivalents Tungray has on hand at the time, Tungray may seek to obtain bank loans, third-party loans and related-party loans, or obtain credit facilities. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could result in operating covenants that would restrict Tungray’s operations. Tungray’s obligation to bear credit risk for certain financing transactions Tungray facilitates may also strain Tungray’s operating cash flow. Tungray cannot assure you that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to Tungray, if at all.

The following table summarizes the key components of Tungray’s cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

Net cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023, was primarily attributable to the increase in accounts and notes receivable of approximately $0.3 million, the increase in prepayments of approximately $0.4 million, the increase in inventories of approximately $0.9 million, the increase in other receivables and other current assets of approximately $0.2 million, the decrease in accrued liabilities and other payables of approximately $0.3 million and the decrease of taxes payable of approximately $0.2 million. Cash outflow was partially offset by net income of approximately $0.2 million with non-cash depreciation and amortization expenses of approximately $0.1 million, amortization of lease right-of-use assets of approximately $58,000, the increase of accounts payable of approximately $0.2 million, and the increase in contract liabilities of approximately $1.5 million.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2022, was primarily attributable to net income of approximately $1.6 million with non-cash depreciation and amortization expenses of approximately $95,000, provision for doubtful accounts of approximately $27,000, and amortization of lease right-of-use assets of approximately $0.1 million. Cash inflow was also attributable to the decrease in inventories of approximately $0.4 million, increase of accounts payable of approximately $0.1 million, and the increase of income tax payable of approximately $0.3 million. Cash inflow was partially offset by the recovery of inventory reserves of approximately $86,000, the increase in accounts receivable of approximately $0.2 million, the increase in prepayments of approximately $0.1 million, the decrease in contract liabilities of approximately $95,000 million, the decrease of accrued expenses and other payables of approximately $0.7 million, and the decrease in operating lease liabilities of approximately $42,000.

Cash used in investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was due to purchase of property, plant and equipment of approximately $22,000, Purchases of intangible assets of approximately $38,000, the loan to related parties of approximately $2.1 million. The cash outflow was offset by the repayment from related parties of approximately $1.9 million.

Cash used in investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2022 was due to purchase of property, plant and equipment of approximately $86,000, the long-term investment in a third party for approximately $0.2 million and the loan to related parties of approximately $1.1 million. The cash outflow was offset by the repayment from related parties of approximately $1.0 million.

Cash used in financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was mainly due to the repayments to the related parties of approximately $0.6 million, the repayments to bank loans of approximately $0.4 million, the repayments to third-party loan of approximately $0.1 million, and the prepaid IPO costs of approximately $0.4 million. Cash outflow in financing activities was offset by borrowings from related parties of approximately $0.7 million.

Cash used in financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2022 was mainly due to the repayments to the related parties of approximately $0.2 million, the repayments to bank loans of approximately $0.1 million, the repayments to third-party loan of approximately $69,000, the repayments to related-party loans of approximately $0.4 million, and the repayment of finance lease liabilities of approximately $33,000. Cash outflow in financing activities was offset by borrowings from related parties of approximately $0.2 million and the proceeds from bank loans of approximately $0.3 million.

In the normal course of business, Tungray is subject to loss contingencies, such as legal proceedings and claims arising out of its business, that cover a wide range of matters, including, among others, government investigations and tax matters. In accordance with ASC No. 450-20, “Loss Contingencies”, Tungray will record accruals for such loss contingencies when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated.

As of December 31, 2022, Tungray had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $13.1 million. Material amounts of cash disaggregated by currency denomination as of December 31, 2022 in each jurisdiction in which Tungray’s subsidiaries are domiciled are as follows:

Tungray’s working capital was approximately $10.2 million as of December 31, 2022. In assessing Tungray’s liquidity, Tungray monitors and analyses its cash-on-hand and operating and capital expenditure commitments. To date, Tungray has financed its working capital requirements through cash flow generated from operations, debt and equity financings, and capital contributions from its existing shareholders.

The following table summarizes the key components of Tungray’s cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, was primarily attributable to net income of approximately $2.9 million with non-cash depreciation and amortization expenses of approximately $0.1 million, and amortization of lease right-of-use assets of approximately $0.2 million. Cash inflow was also attributable to the decrease in accounts and notes receivable of approximately $0.7 million, the decrease in prepayments of approximately $0.2 million, the decrease in inventories of approximately $0.3 million, the decrease in other receivables and other current assets of approximately $0.3 million, and the increase of income tax payable of approximately $0.2 million. Cash inflow was partially offset by the decrease of accounts payable of approximately $0.4 million, decrease in contract liabilities of approximately $0.7 million, and the decrease of accrued expenses and other payables of approximately $0.2 million.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2021, was primarily attributable to net income of approximately $4.1 million with non-cash depreciation and amortization expenses of approximately $0.2 million, provision for doubtful accounts and impairment of inventories of approximately $0.2 million, and amortization of lease right-of-use assets of approximately $0.3 million. Cash inflow was also attributable to the increase of accounts payable of approximately $0.6 million, the increase in contract liabilities of approximately $1.6 million due to the increase of sales orders as we usually require customer deposits, the increase of accrued expenses and other payables of approximately $0.5 million, and the increase of taxes payable of approximately $0.5 million. Cash inflow was partially offset by the increase in accounts and notes receivable of approximately $0.9 million, the increase in accounts receivable – related parties of approximately $0.1 million, the increase in inventories of approximately $0.5 million, the increase in other receivables and other current assets of approximately $0.3 million, the decrease in accounts payable – related parties of approximately $0.1 million, and the decrease in operating lease liabilities – related parties of approximately $0.1 million.

Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was due to purchase of property, plant and equipment of approximately $0.1 million, the long-term investment in a third party for approximately $0.2 million and the loans to related parties of approximately $1.7 million. The cash outflow was offset by the repayment from related parties of approximately $1.9 million.

Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 was due to purchase of property, plant and equipment of approximately $0.2 million and loans to related parties of approximately $1.1 million. Cash used in investing activities was offset by the repayments from loans receivable related parties of approximately $0.3 million.

Cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was mainly due to the repayment to the related parties of approximately $2.0 million, the repayment to third party loans of approximately $0.2 million, the repayments from loans receivable – related parties of approximately $3.8 million, the repayment to bank loans of approximately $1.3 million and the repayment to related party loans of approximately $0.4 million, cash dividends paid of approximately $1.7 million, and the deferred IPO costs of approximately $0.7 million. Cash outflow in financing activities was offset by proceeds from bank loan of approximately $0.8 million and the borrowings from related parties of approximately $0.3 million.

Cash used in financing activities for year ended December 31, 2021 was due to the loan repayment of the related parties of approximately $0.4 million, the repayments to bank loans of approximately $0.5 million, and the payment of finance lease liabilities of approximately $0.3 million. Cash outflow in financing activities was offset by the borrowings from related parties of approximately $0.1 million, the proceeds from bank loans of approximately $0.6 million, and the proceeds from third-party loans of approximately $0.4 million.

Tungray has no off-balance sheet arrangements, including arrangements that would affect Tungray’s liquidity, capital resources, market risk support, and credit risk support, or other benefits.

As of June 30, 2023, the future minimum payments under certain of Tungray’s contractual obligations were as follows:

As of December 31, 2022, the future minimum payments under certain of Tungray’s contractual obligations were as follows:

Inflationary factors, such as increases in personnel and overhead costs, could impair Tungray’s operating results. Although Tungray does not believe that inflation has had a material impact on Tungray’s financial position or results of operations to date, a high rate of inflation in the future may have an adverse effect on Tungray’s ability to maintain current levels of gross margin and operating expenses as a percentage of sales revenue if the revenues do not increase.

Tungray is exposed to interest rate risk while it has short-term banking and third-party facilities outstanding. Although interest rates for Tungray’s short-term loans are about fixed for the terms of the loans, the terms are typically twelve (12) months, and interest rates are subject to change upon renewal.

Four of Tungray’s operating entities’ functional currency are RMB, and two of Tungray’s operating entities’ functional currency are SGD. As a result, Tungray is exposed to foreign exchange risk as Tungray’s results of operations may be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate among SGD, USD, and RMB. If the RMB and SGD depreciates against the USD, the value of Tungray’s SGD or RMB revenues, earnings, and assets as expressed in Tungray’s USD financial statements will decline. Tungray has not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce Tungray’s exposure to foreign exchange risk.

Tungray is an exempted company incorporated with limited liability under the laws of the Cayman Islands on June 1, 2022 with operations conducted through primarily its Singapore Subsidiaries and PRC Subsidiaries.

On June 21, 2022, Tungray established three wholly-owned subsidiaries under the laws of the British Virgin Island (“BVI”), Tungray Motion, Tungray Electronics and Tungray Intelligent, for the purpose of completing various reorganization transactions:

On June 1, 2022, the Company had 1 ordinary share issued and outstanding, which was re-classified and re-designated into 1 Class A Ordinary Share on September 29, 2022. On September 29, 2022, the Company issued a total of 10,439,999 Class A Ordinary Shares to eleven shareholders and 4,560,000 Class B Ordinary Shares to one shareholder. As of the date of this prospectus, the Company has a total of eleven shareholders owning an aggregate of 10,440,000 Class A Ordinary Shares and 4,560,000 Class B Ordinary Shares. See “Principal Shareholders” on page 138 of this prospectus and “Item 7. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities” on Page II-1 of this prospectus for details. Following the abovementioned reorganization transactions and issuance of shares, the Company is under common control of prior shareholders of its operating companies before the reorganization.

The following diagram illustrates our corporate legal structure as of the date of this prospectus.

“The Company”, “we”, or “us” in this Business section refers to Tungray Technologies Inc. and its direct and indirect subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise indicates.

We are an ETO company that provides customized industrial manufacturing solutions to Original Equipment Manufacturers (“OEMs”) in the semiconductors, printers, electronics, and home appliances sectors. As an ETO company, we take pride in our ability to design and build solutions that fulfil our customers’ unique specifications.

Our capabilities in this field are the result of more than a decade of experience in completing various ETO projects. We mainly generate revenues through 1) customized industrial manufacturing solutions, 2) induction welding equipment manufacturing, and 3) direct drive and linear direct current (“DC”) motors. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, 76%, 11% and 13% of our revenues are generated from these three business lines, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2022, 78%, 9% and 13% of our revenues are generated from these three business lines, respectively.

Singapore is main development and manufacturing location while we also have manufacturing bases in China, namely Qingdao and Shenzhen. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, 64.9% and 35.1%, and during the six months ended June 30, 2022, 59.1% and 40.9% of our revenues were generated from Singapore and China, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2022, 64.8% and 35.2%, and during the year ended December 31, 2021, 61.1% and 38.9% of our revenues are generated from Singapore and China, respectively.

Our customers include industry-leading OEMs in the printer, electronics, in Singapore and home appliance manufacturing sectors in China.

We provide customized industrial manufacturing solutions through our two subsidiaries in Singapore, Tung Resource and Tungray Singapore, and one subsidiary in China, Tungray Industrial.

Our two Singapore subsidiaries mentioned above and Tungray Industrial work hand-in-hand to deliver customized solutions for our customers. Our Singapore subsidiaries serve as the primary location for research, development and assembling of solution prototypes, while Tungray Industrial provides manufacturing support for necessary component productions or deliver certain high-volume solution manufacturing purchases. Our Singapore subsidiaries serve as main customer service point-of-contact for our non-Chinese market, while our Shenzhen subsidiary serves as a customer service point-of-contact for the Chinese market.

Our core activities of designing and manufacturing take place in Singapore and our solutions are tailored to the specific requirements of our customers. We serve the Singapore and the regional Southeast Asia markets through our Singapore subsidiaries while Tungray Industrial focuses mainly on the Chinese market with similar ETO services and capabilities. We offer comprehensive ETO services to design, build and assemble industrial manufacturing solutions that are used for various quality control, product manufacturing and product testing processes. We leverage on our approximately 20 years of experience in motor control, sensor technologies, computer vision and overall product design to produce solutions that can meet the given specifications from our customers.

For the purpose of illustrating our capabilities in customized industrial manufacturing solutions, the following is an example of one of the many ETO solutions that we completed. The final product is a combination of close collaborations with our customer throughout the project cycle to understand their unique requirements and our ability to turn those needs into a workable customized industrial solution.

Almost all of our ETO solutions begin with a thorough understanding of the requirements from our customers. In this case, our customer, a firm from the marine oil and gas industry, had the following requirements:

The final product achieved less than 0.0067% and 0.026% for maximum accumulated error and hole-to-hole distance error respectively. This high level of precision is the result of a close feedback loop control. The distance and diameter of each punched hole is first verified with a machine vision module involving a high-resolution camera and a set of computer vision logic. These distance and diameter parameters are then passed to the central control module that commands the precise spooling of the metal strip through a linear motor. This design ensures the minimal accumulation of any errors, thereby achieving the customer’s requirements.

As an integrated solution, the value of our product is more than the sum of its individual components. We apply extensive hardware and software knowledge to produce the final product. The hardware knowledge consists of selecting the right sensors, motors, and bill of materials to integrate them into a system of functioning modules. We also program and test software packages for motion, quality control and various user interfaces. For this solution, we wrote a computer vision software package to control the spooling mechanism that compensates for any cumulated errors, thereby achieving the required precision. We believe our know-how in designing and integrating different technologies within the same solution to solve a set of unique requirements is the highlight of most of our works, including this one.

Without compromising on precision, the spooling, stamping, quality checking and storing processes are designed to be completed on one single platform. We conceive a layout that accommodates all necessary components in a single machine with easy access by human operators to load and retrieve the spools of strips. The result of such design is a product that is deployed independently, runs fully automated and fulfills production requirements.

Each of our products is uniquely conceptualized to fulfill the needs of our wide range of customers in the printer, electronics, semiconductor manufacturing, and offshore and gas industries. Our products are sold to numerous countries including Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Spain, China and Brazil.

As is common in the industry of customized industrial manufacturing solutions, we do not have long-term agreements with our customers. A substantial portion of our revenue of this business comes from purchase orders that are on a project-by-project basis.

Tongri Electric, our subsidiary in Qingdao, PRC, specializes in the design and manufacturing of self-contained, high-frequency induction welding equipment.

We manufacture manual and automatic induction welding equipment that is mostly used in the production of refrigerators, air conditioners and heat pump clothes dryers. For our operator-attended products lines, our TB, TP, TD and TI series induction welding units are designed with full enclosures that enhances production safety. They also feature programmable logic controllers (“PLC”) and human machine interfaces for ease of use.

The following are two important models from our manual and automatic welding product lines. The TP Series is the bestselling model from our manual welding product line while, in the automatic welding product line, automatic index tables are leading the sales figures.

As is common in the welding industry, we do not have long-term agreements with our customers. A substantial portion of our revenue of this business comes from purchase orders that are on a project-by-project basis.

Through our in-house R&D and manufacturing teams, we have accumulated extensive knowledge in direct drive and linear DC motors. We currently have several patented technologies that are used in the manufacturing of our motors. We currently offer our customers the following product lines – Tungray Drive B (“TDB”) Series, Tungray Core (“TC”) Series, Tungray “U” Type (“TU”) Series, Tungray Linear Series (“TLS”) standard linear modules. We also offer our customers ETO solutions in the form of high precision motion platforms. Finally, we have compatible control modules for our motors to maximize its performance.

Our capabilities in the design, research and manufacturing of motors are demonstrated through the following key features:

The following are three bestselling products from each of our product lines. In terms of linear DC motors, the TC series sells the best. Amongst the direct drive motors, the TDB series leads the sales, and our TLS single axis standard linear modules are very popular amongst our customers.

Our direct drive and linear DC motors are mainly used by precision manufacturing companies, such as Goertek and An-He Technology.

As is common in the industry, we do not have long-term agreements with our customers. A substantial portion of our revenue of this business comes from purchase orders that are on a project-by-project basis.

Our customers require many unique, customized features such as voltage, leakage, force tests to control product quality. They also require these solutions to readily integrate into their production lines. Our engineering capabilities, accumulated through the hundreds of projects we complete each year, enable us to offer our customers tailor-made solutions that address their unique needs. Our expertise in electro-mechanical design, software application and product testing help to create a final product that fulfills the required performance criteria of our customers, including a smooth integration into their current production workflow.

The internal cost control system that we have established plays a vital role in managing costs. Prices of components used in our solutions are first enquired by our purchaser from at least two different sources. Subsequently, the prices are vetted by our chief engineer, who has years of experience dealing with components. This process flow helps us to procure the right component at the right price. Similar costs control procedures happen for raw materials (to obtain best price-performance balance) and inventory management (to prevent buying more than needed). We subsequently pass down these cost savings by offering our customers with solutions at attractive prices that are unavailable in the standard, off-the-shelf market.

Our engineers have extensive knowledge on a wide range of sensors, motors, raw materials, including their dimensions and performance parameters. They rely on such expertise to select the best component and material to satisfy the designed functions. The challenge of providing ETO solutions lies in the ability to determine, early in the requirements collection stage, if a viable solution is possible. In this aspect, our engineers have collected vast amounts of experience. They combine their prior design experience and knowledge of the latest off-the-shelf components to propose viable solutions to our customers.

Many of our customers are market-leading OEMs that are very sensitive to lead time. They value the advantage of providing a functional solution expeditiously. We complement our engineering capabilities with an agile workflow that reduces overall solution lead time. From prototypes to final solutions, ETO solutions require many rounds of iteration. The faster we can iterate through the prototypes, the faster we can achieve a stable, finalized solution. To this end, the company has developed a robust process.

First, we have many common, essential components that can be connected readily to most prototypes (as compared to procuring and connecting them as required). Next, our engineers give immediate feedback to our technicians based on the test outcomes of prototypes. Such feedback is acted upon by our technicians to improve designs for the revised prototype. Over here, no redundant paperwork or procedure is required. Finally, we work closely with our customers by updating them of the working prototype to reduce unnecessary rework.

We offer our customers a comprehensive line of products that covers the manual and fully automatic induction welding spectrum. Additionally, our customers can choose from our wide range of self-contained, single welding units to suit their production needs. To further consolidate our market position, we have also developed a new series of fully automated welding stations that use our patented technologies and increase welding efficiency.

We have patented numerous welding technologies that are used in our products. Our patented machine vision recognition system (CN201210456541.6 and 2019SR0205465) can, for example, identify welding points in a three-dimensional space to send commands to an integrated robotic manipulator for welding. Our manual welding equipment also uses the patented technology (CN201210485842.1) to enable automatic feeding of the welded materials. We believe our accumulated know-how in the field of welding would further increase our core technologies for the years to come and, hence, make our products even more competitive as the industry moves towards high levels of welding accuracy and automation.

Over the years, we have built a strong relationship with our customers. Although the core technologies of our welding equipment are similar, the needs of our customers may vary. Therefore, we develop strong customer relationships to collaborate and co-develop some products in the form of ETO solutions. Through such strong relationships, we build trust and maintain direct access to decision-level makers of our customers. This enables us to gain knowledge of potential future orders that drive the future growth of our company.

We take the manufacturing and testing of our motors very seriously to ensure high product quality and customer satisfaction. We have full control over the quality of our motors because each motor is designed, manufactured, and tested in-house. This applies to all of our product lines.

We have implemented many patented technologies in the manufacturing of our motors. For example, our linear DC motors are manufactured with the patented technology (CN202121775886.9) to achieve a high level of precision by ensuring the axes of encoder and motor are concentric. For the manufacturing processes of our direct drive motors, we have patented technologies for the expedited winding of asymmetric wire cores (CN202121775663.2) as well as the installation of magnetic strips (CN202122029194.6).

Our customers use our products in manufacturing activities that require high throughput and high precision such as 3C manufacturing and voltaic transports. To ensure their requirements are met, we offer our customers a wide range of motors, modules. We believe this comprehensive product offering gives us the advantage over traditional motor manufacturers that only provide stand-alone sales of motors.

With our deep product knowledge, we help our customers pick motors that best suit their needs. Regardless of linear or rotational, we reduce the project lead time of our customers by providing them with a complete working solution with our motors. We also offer a nationwide quick response service to ensure fast troubleshooting and resolution of any product-related problems.

We have built strong relationship with many of our customers. This relationship is based on quality product and service excellence. For example, we would go the extra mile to design and modify our current line of motors in a form of ETO solution to suit the needs of our customers. We also deliver motors that are fine-tuned to the specific use cases of our customers so that our motors can best fit into the requirements of our customers. The best testimony to a strong customer relationship is having repeat orders from leading industry OEMs such as Goertek Inc.

Our goal is to increase our market share and product offerings by leveraging the geographical and technological advantage of our Singapore headquarters. In order to achieve this growth, we plan to:

Cayman Islands	2829	Not Applicable
(State or other jurisdiction of	(Primary Standard Industrial	(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)	Classification Code Number)	Identification Number)

	Per Share		Total
Initial public offering price ⁽¹⁾	US$	5.00	US$	6,250,000
Underwriting discounts and commissions (6.5%) ⁽²⁾	US$	0.325	US$	406,250
Proceeds, before expenses, to us ⁽³⁾	US$	4.675	US$	5,843,750

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY	11
THE OFFERING	33
SUMMARY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL AND OPERATING DATA	35
RISK FACTORS	36
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	72
USE OF PROCEEDS	73
DIVIDEND POLICY	75
EXCHANGE RATE INFORMATION	76
CAPITALIZATION	77
DILUTION	78
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	80
Corporate History and Company Structure	99
BUSINESS	100
INDUSTRY	114
GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS	118
MANAGEMENT	130
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION	136
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS	138
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS	140
DESCRIPTION OF SHARE CAPITAL	144
SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE	154
TAXATION	155
SERVICE OF PROCESS AND ENFORCEABILITY OF CIVIL LIABILITIES	166
UNDERWRITING	168
EXPENSES RELATING TO THIS OFFERING	173
LEGAL MATTERS	174
EXPERTS	174
WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION	174
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	F-1

Issuer		Tungray Technologies Inc

Class A Ordinary Shares Offered by Us		1,250,000 Class A Ordinary Shares (or 1,437,500 Class A Ordinary Shares if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full), par value US$0.0001 per share, on a firm commitment basis.

Over-Allotment Option		We have granted to the underwriters an option, exercisable within 45 days from the date of this prospectus, to purchase up to 187,500 additional Class A Ordinary Shares, representing 15% of the Class A Ordinary Shares sold in the offering, at the initial public offering price, less underwriting discounts and commissions.

Ordinary Shares Issued and Outstanding Immediately Before This Offering		10,440,000 Class A Ordinary Shares and 4,560,000 Class B Ordinary Shares.

Ordinary Shares Issued and Outstanding Immediately After This Offering		11,690,000 Class A Ordinary Shares (or 11,877,500 Class A Ordinary Shares if the underwriter exercises the over-allotment option to purchase additional Class A Ordinary Shares in full) and 4,560,000 Class B Ordinary Shares.

Offering Price		We expect that the initial public offering price will be between US$4.00 and US$6.00 per Class A Ordinary Share.

Voting Rights		We have adopted a dual-class share structure. Holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares and holders of our Class B Ordinary Shares will have the same rights, except for voting and conversion rights. In respect of matters requiring a shareholders’ vote, holders of Class A Ordinary Shares shall be entitled to one vote per share on all matters subject to the vote at general meetings of our company, and holders of Class B Ordinary Shares shall be entitled to 20 votes per share on all matters subject to the vote at general meetings of our company. Holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders, except as may otherwise be required by law. Each Class B Ordinary Share will be convertible into one Class A Ordinary Share at the option of the holder of Class B Ordinary Shares at any time. However, Class A Ordinary Shares will not be convertible into Class B Ordinary Shares at any time, under any circumstances. Upon (i) any sale, transfer, assignment or disposition of ownership in Class B Ordinary Shares by a holder thereof to any person or entity that is not our controlling shareholder or an entity that is ultimately controlled by our controlling shareholder or (ii) upon any change in the ultimate beneficial ownership of any Class B Ordinary Share to a person who is neither our controlling shareholder nor an entity that is ultimately controlled by our controlling shareholder, such Class B Ordinary Shares will automatically and immediately converted into an equal number of Class A Ordinary Shares without any actions on the part of the transferor or the transferee. For further information, see “Description of Share Capital” starting from page 144 of this prospectus.

Use of Proceeds		We estimate that we will receive net proceeds of approximately US$3.2 million from this offering (or approximately US$4.1 million if the underwriter exercises the over-allotment option to purchase additional Class A Ordinary Shares in full), after deducting the underwriting discounts, commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us and assuming an initial public offering price of US$5.00 per Class A Ordinary Share, being the midpoint of the estimated range of the initial public offering price shown on the front cover of this prospectus.

		We plan to use the net proceeds we receive from this offering for (i) research and development (“R&D”); (ii) strategic acquisitions and investment; (iii) sales, marketing and recruitment of personnel; and (iv) General corporate purposes and working capital. See “Use of Proceeds” on page 73 of this prospectus for additional information.

Lock-up		We, our directors and officers, and holders of 5% or more of Class A Ordinary Share on a fully diluted basis immediately prior to the consummation of this offering have agreed with the underwriters, subject to certain exceptions, not to sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of any Class A Ordinary Shares or similar securities for a period of 180 days after the consummation of this offering, without the prior written consent of the Representative. See “Underwriting” starting from page 168 of this prospectus and “Shares Eligible for Future Sale” starting from page 154 of this prospectus for more information.
Risk Factors		Investing in our Class A Ordinary Shares involves a high degree of risk and purchasers of our Class A Ordinary Shares may lose part or all of their investment. See “Risk Factors” for a discussion of factors you should carefully consider before deciding to invest in our Class A Ordinary Shares beginning on page 36.

Listing		We plan to have the Class A Ordinary Shares listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “TRSG.” The Class A Ordinary Shares will not be listed on any other stock exchange or traded on any automated quotation system.

Payment and Settlement		The Class A Ordinary Shares are expected to be delivered against payment on [__________], 2024.

Transfer Agent		TranShare Corporation.

	●	“AHFCAA” refers to the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act;

	●	“China” or the “PRC” refers to the People’s Republic of China, for the purposes of this prospectus;

	●	“mainland China” refers to the mainland of the People’s Republic of China. In this prospectus, any PRC laws, rules, regulations, statutes, notices, circulars and court’s judicial interpretation or the like refer to those currently in force, published for comments (if specifically stated) or being promulgated but have not come into effect (if specifically stated) and publicly available in mainland China as of the date of this prospectus;

	●	Depending on the context, “we,” “us,” “our company,” “our,” “the Company” and “Tungray” refer to Tungray Technologies Inc, a Cayman Islands company, and its subsidiaries, Tungray Intelligent, Tungray Electronics, Tungray Motion, Tungray Technology, Tung Resource, Tungray Singapore, Tongsheng Development, Qingdao Tungray Intelligent, Tongri Electric, Tungray Industrial and Tongsheng Intelligent, unless the context otherwise indicates;

	●	“Tungray Intelligent” refers to Tungray Intelligent Technology Ltd., a British Virgin Islands company;

	●	“Tungray Motion” refers to Tungray Motion Ltd., a British Virgin Islands company;

	●	“Tungray Electronics” refers to Tungray Electronics Ltd., a British Virgin Islands company;

	●	“Tungray Technology” refer to TUNGRAY TECHNOLOGY PTE. LTD., a Singapore company;
	●	“Tung Resource” refer to TUNG RESOURCE PTE LTD, a Singapore company;

	●	“Tungray Singapore” refer to TUNGRAY SINGAPORE PTE. LTD., a Singapore company;

	●	“Tongsheng Development” refer to Tongsheng Intelligence Technology Development (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., a PRC company;

	●	“Qingdao Tungray Intelligent” refer to Qingdao Tungray Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., a PRC company;

	●	“Tongri Electric” refer to Qingdao Tongri Electric Machines Co., Ltd., a PRC company;

	●	“Tungray Industrial” refer to Tungray Industrial Automation (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., a PRC company;

	●	“Tongsheng Intelligent” refer to Tongsheng Intelligent Equipment (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., a PRC company;

	●	“Shengrui Enterprise” refer to Shenzhen Shengrui Enterprise Management Centre (Limited Partnership), a PRC company

	●	“Singapore Subsidiaries” refer to Tungray Technology, Tung Resource and Tungray Singapore;

	●	“PRC Subsidiaries” refers to Tongsheng Development, Qingdao Tungray Intelligent, Tongri Electric, Tungray Industrial and Tongsheng Intelligent;

	●	“CAC” refers to the Cyberspace Administration of China;

	●	“CSRC” refers to the China Securities Regulatory Commission;

	●	“HFCA Act” refers to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act;

	●	“M&A Rules” refers to the Regulations on the Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors of China;

	●	“MOFCOM” refers to the Ministry of Commerce of China;
	●	“MOHRSS” refers to the Human Resources and Social Security of China;
	●	“PCAOB” refers to the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board;
	●	“RMB” or “Chinese Yuan” refers to the legal currency of China;

	●	“SAIC” refers to the State Administration for Industry and Commerce in China and currently known as the State Administration for Market Regulation;

	●	“SAT” refers to the PRC State Administration of Taxation;
	●	“SAMR” refers to the former State of Administration of Industry and Commerce of China, which has been merged into the State Administration for Market Regulation;

	●	“SCNPC” refers to the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China;
	●	“U.S. GAAP” refer to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States;

	For the Period Ended June 30,		For the Period Ended June 30,		For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2022			2021
	(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)
Revenues	$	5,356,424	$	8,482,968	$	16,334,400		$	17,468,116

Cost of revenues		2,480,629		3,539,290		7,137,660			8,399,947

Gross Profit		2,875,795		4,943,678		9,196,740			9,068,169

Operating expenses:
Selling and marketing expenses		216,168		258,318		614,049			390,653
General and administrative expenses		2,106,952		2,433,466		4,540,771			3,318,365
Research and development expenses		430,809		367,639		829,211			669,358
Total operating expenses		2,753,929		3,059,423		5,984,031			4,378,376

Other income, net		160,951		37,713		186,720			125,372

Income before income taxes		282,817		1,921,968		3,399,429			4,815,165

Provision for income taxes		(88,638)		(359,692)		(517,282	)		(706,720	)

Net income	$	194,179	$	1,562,276	$	2,882,147		$	4,108,445

	As of June 30, 2023		As of December 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
	(Unaudited)
Current assets	$	18,066,538	$	17,859,585	$	18,642,098
Other assets		8,082,690		7,960,900		7,146,090
Total assets		26,149,228		25,820,485		25,788,188
Total liabilities		10,987,410		10,547,127		13,197,905
Total shareholders’ equity	$	15,161,818	$	15,273,358	$	12,590,283

	·	continued enhancement of our R&D capabilities;
	·	information technology system enhancement;
	·	stringent cost controls and sufficient liquidity;
	·	strengthening of financial and management controls and information technology systems;
	·	increased marketing, sales and support activities; and
	·	hiring and training of new personnel.

	●	Delay or impede our development,
	●	Result in negative publicity or increase our operating costs,
	●	Require significant management time and attention, and
	●	Subject us to remedies, administrative penalties and even criminal liabilities that may harm our business, including fines assessed for our current or historical operations, or demands or orders that we modify or even cease our business practices.

	●	regulatory developments affecting us, our customers or our industry;
	●	conditions in the automation and manufacturing business;
	●	announcements of studies and reports relating to the quality of our product and service offerings or those of our competitors;
	●	changes in the economic performance or market valuations of other manufacturing companies;
	●	actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations and changes or revisions of our expected results;
	●	changes in financial estimates by securities research analysts;
	●	announcements by us or our competitors of new product and service offerings, acquisitions, strategic relationships, joint ventures or capital commitments;
	●	additions to or departures of our senior management;
	●	detrimental negative publicity about us, our management or our industry;
	●	fluctuations of exchange rates between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar and between the Singapore dollar and the U.S. dollar;
	●	release or expiry of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our issued and outstanding Class A Ordinary Shares; and
	●	sales or perceived potential sales of additional Class A Ordinary Shares.

	●	our goals and strategies;
	●	our future business development, financial condition and results of operations;
	●	expected changes in our revenues, costs or expenditures;
	●	our expectations regarding demand for and market acceptance of our products and services;
	●	competition in our industry; and
	●	government policies and regulations relating to our industry.

Use of Proceeds	Percentage of the net proceeds
Research and development		30	%
Strategic acquisitions and investment		30	%
Sales, marketing and recruitment of personnel		25	%
General corporate purposes and working capital		15	%

	For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023		For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2022		For the Year Ended December 31, 2022		For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
Period Ended RMB: USD exchange rate		7.2513		6.6981		6.8972		6.3726
Period Average RMB: USD exchange rate		6.9283		6.4791		6.7290		6.4508
Period Ended SGD: USD exchange rate		1.3523		1.3903		1.3404		1.3520
Period Average SGD: USD exchange rate		1.3361		1.3651		1.3787		1.3438

	June 30, 2023
	Actual		As adjusted (Over-allotment option not exercised)⁽¹⁾		As adjusted (Over- allotment option exercised in full)⁽²⁾
	(Presented in US$)
Ordinary Shares, par value US$0.0001 per share, 500,000,000 shares authorized
10,440,000 Class A Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2023		1,044		1,169		1,188
4,560,000 Class B Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2023		456		456		456
Additional paid-in capital		332,574		3,517,860		4,385,029
Retained earnings		15,280,539		15,280,539		15,280,539
Statutory reserve		250,253		250,253		250,253
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(651,881)		(651,881)		(651,881)
Total Tungray Technologies Inc shareholders’ equity		15,212,985		18,398,396		19,265,584
Noncontrolling interest		(51,167)		(51,167)		(51,167)
Total capitalization		15,161,818		18,347,229		19,214,417

⁽¹⁾	Reflects the sale of Class A Ordinary Shares in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $5.00 per share, the midpoint of the estimated public offering price range, and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and estimated offering expenses payable by us, assuming the underwriters’ over-allotment option has not been exercised. The pro forma as adjusted information is illustrative only, and we will adjust this information based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. Additional paid-in capital reflects the net proceeds we expect to receive, after deducting the underwriting discounts and estimated offering expenses payable by us. We estimate that such net proceeds will be approximately $3.2 million assuming the underwriters have not exercised the over-allotment option. The net proceeds of approximately $3.2 million are calculated as follows: $6,250,000 gross offering proceeds, less underwriting discounts and commissions of $406,250, underwriter non-accountable expense allowance of $62,500, underwriter out-of-pocket expenses up to $240,000, and estimated offering expenses of approximately $2.4 million. The pro forma as adjusted total equity of approximately $18.4 million is the sum of the net proceeds of approximately $3.2 million and the actual equity of approximately $15.2 million.

⁽²⁾	In the event that the underwriters’ over-allotment option is exercised in full, we estimate that the net proceeds will be approximately $4.1 million, which are calculated as follows: $7,187,500 gross offering proceeds, less underwriting discounts and commissions of $467,188, underwriter non-accountable expense allowance of $71,875, underwriter out-of-pocket expenses up to $240,000, and estimated offering expenses of approximately $2.4 million.

	Over-allotment not exercised		Over-allotment exercised in full
Net tangible book value per Class A Ordinary Share	US$	1.29	US$	1.29
Pro forma net tangible book value per Class A Ordinary Share after giving effect to this offering as of June 30, 2023	US$	1.42	US$	1.48
Amount of dilution in net tangible book value per Class A Ordinary Share to new investors in the offering	US$	3.58	US$	3.52

											Average
											Price Per
	Ordinary Shares					Total Consideration					Ordinary
Over-allotment option not exercised	Number		Percent			Amount		Percent			Share
Existing shareholders		15,000,000		92.3	%		334,074		5.1	%		0.02
New investors		1,250,000		7.7	%		6,250,000		94.9	%		5.00
Total		16,250,000		100.0	%		6,584,074		100.0	%		0.41

											Average
	Class A Ordinary Shares										Price Per
	Purchased					Total Consideration					Ordinary
Over-allotment exercised in full	Number		Percent			Amount		Percent			Share
Existing shareholders		15,000,000		91.3	%		334,074		4.4	%		0.02
New investors		1,437,500		8.7	%		7,187,500		95.6	%		5.00
Total		16,437,500		100.0	%		7,521,574		100.0	%		0.46

	●	*Comprehensive product line* We offer our customers a comprehensive line of products that covers the semi- and fully automatic welding spectrum. Additionally, our customers can choose from our wide range of self-contained, single welding units to suit their production needs. To further consolidate our market position, we have also developed a new series of fully automated robotic welding stations that increase welding efficiency and reduce manpower.

	●	*Patented welding technology* We invented and patented numerous welding technologies that are implemented in our products. Our patented machine vision recognition module can, for example, identify welding points in three-dimensional space to send commands to an integrated robotic manipulator for welding. We have also patented numerous welding tip technologies that enable our welding equipment to weld different types of metal tubes. We believe our accumulated know-how in the field of welding would further increase our patented technologies for the years to come and, hence, make our products even more competitive in the future.

	●	*Strong customer relationship* Over the years, we have built a strong relationship with our customers. Although the core technology of our welding equipment is similar, the needs of our customers may vary. Therefore, we develop strong customer relationships to collaborate and co-develop some products in the form of customized orders. Through such strong relationships, we build trust and maintain direct access to decision-level makers of our customers. This enables us to gain knowledge of potential future orders that drive the future growth of our company.

	●	*Quality assurance* We take the manufacturing and testing of our motors very seriously to ensure high product quality and customer satisfaction. We have full control over the quality of our motors because each motor is designed, manufactured, and tested in-house.

	●	*Comprehensive product line* Our customers deploy our products in manufacturing activities that require high throughput and high precision such as wafer manufacturing and voltaic transports. To ensure that their requirements are met, we offer our customers motors and their customized control units. We believe this comprehensive product offering gives us the advantage over traditional motor manufacturers that only provide stand-alone sales of motors.

	●	*Service commitment* With our deep product knowledge, we help our customers pick motors that best suit their needs. Regardless of linear or rotational motion or torque values, we reduce the project lead time of our customers by providing them with a complete working solution with our motors. We also offer a nationwide quick response service to ensure fast troubleshooting and resolution of any product-related problems.

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
	USD			USD
	(Unaudited)			(Unaudited)
Revenues	5,356,424			8,482,968
Cost of revenues		(2,480,629	)		(3,539,290	)
Gross profit		2,875,795			4,943,678
Selling expenses		(216,168	)		(258,318	)
General and administrative expenses		(2,106,952	)		(2,433,466	)
Research and development expenses		(430,809	)		(367,639	)
Income from operations		121,866			1,884,255
Other income, net		160,951			37,713
Income before income taxes		282,817			1,921,968
Provision for income taxes		(88,638	)		(359,692	)
Net income		194,179			1,562,276
Other comprehensive loss		(305,719	)		(820,362	)
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME		(111,540	)		741,914

	For Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
	USD		USD
Revenues	(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)
Customized products		4,064,252		6,255,941
Standardized products		1,292,172		2,227,027
Total revenues		5,356,424		8,482,968

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,						Variance
	2023			2022			Amount/%
	USD			USD
Customized products
Gross profit		2,299,365			4,098,174			(1,798,809	)
Gross margin		56.6	%		65.5	%		(8.9)	%
Standardized products
Gross profit		576,430			845,504			(269,074	)
Gross margin		44.6	%		38.0	%		6.6	%
Total
Gross profit		2,875,795			4,943,678			(2,067,883	)
Gross margin		53.7	%		58.3	%		(4.6)	%

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2022			2021
	USD			USD

Revenues	16,334,400			17,468,116
Cost of revenues		(7,137,660	)		(8,399,947	)
Gross profit		9,196,740			9,068,169
Selling expenses		(614,049	)		(390,653	)
General and administrative expenses		(4,540,771	)		(3,318,365	)
Research and development expenses		(829,211	)		(669,358	)
Income from operations		3,212,709			4,689,793
Other income, net		186,720			125,372
Income before provision for income taxes		3,399,429			4,815,165
Provision for income taxes		(517,282	)		(706,720	)
Net income		2,882,147			4,108,445
Other comprehensive (loss) income		(412,491	)		195,067
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME		2,469,656			4,303,512

		Expected useful lives
Buildings		50 years
Office equipment		3-5 years
Operation equipment		3-10 years

	USD
China - subsidiaries		2,384,953
Singapore – subsidiaries		9,268,472
		11,653,425

	USD
China - subsidiaries		2,078,002
Singapore – subsidiaries		11,052,294
		13,130,296

	Payments Due In
	Total		Less than 1 year		1 – 2 years		3 – 5 years		Thereafter
Banking facilities	$	2,108,517	$	154,874	$	209,552	$	332,481	$	1,411,610
Bank loans		431,647		431,647		-		-		-
Third party loans		90,624		90,624		-		-		-
Operating leases obligations		505,187		68,763		127,876		308,548		-
Total	$	3,135,975	$	745,908	$	337,428	$	641,029	$	1,411,610

	Payments Due In
	Total		Less than 1 year		1 – 2 years		3 – 5 years		Thereafter
Banking facilities	$	2,543,229	$	170,093	$	180,914	$	493,916	$	1,698,306
Bank loans		453,807		453,807		-		-		-
Third party loans		209,609		209,609		-		-		-
Operating leases obligations		563,179		73,166		130,741		359,272		-
Total	$	3,769,824	$	906,675	$	311,655	$	853,188	$	1,698,306

Material		Nickel Chromium Molybdenum alloy
Width		13 mm
Thickness		0.15 mm
Total Length (Per Spool)		70 m

Hole Diameter (Tolerance)		4.5 mm (±0.025mm)
Hole to Hole Distance (Tolerance)		50 mm (±0.13mm)
Max Stamping Error Tolerance Over 45 Meters		< 3 mm
Environment Requirement		Humidity and temperature control

	· Continuous Force: 168 N
	· Peak Force: 650 N
	· Peak Current: 12 A
	· Max Continuous Power Consumption: 56 W
	· Max Winding Temperature: 120˚C
	· Polar Distance: 24 mm
	· Dimensions: 288 mm x 9 5mm x 40 mm