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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation: The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or GAAP. The Company is considered an investment company under GAAP and follows the accounting and reporting guidance applicable to investment companies under Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Codification Topic 946, Financial Services—Investment Companies. The Company has evaluated the impact of subsequent events through the date the consolidated financial statements were issued and filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC.
Use of Estimates: The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Segment Reporting: In accordance with ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting, or ASC 280, the Company has determined that it has a single operating and reporting segment. As a result, the Company’s segment accounting policies are the same as described herein and the Company does not have any intra-segment sales and transfers of assets.
Cash and Cash Equivalents: The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. All cash balances are maintained with high credit quality financial institutions, which are members of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
Organizational and Offering: Organizational and offering costs will only be borne by the Company upon the initial issuance of the Class I common shares of beneficial interest, or the Common Shares, or the Class I shares, to non-affiliated investors after commencement of the Company’s monthly closings for the Company’s continuous private offering of its Common Shares, or the Private Offering, in reliance on exemptions from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, including the exemption provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Regulation D promulgated thereunder, Regulation S under the Securities Act and other exemptions from the registration requirements of the Securities Act. At such time, costs associated with the organization of the Company will be expensed. These expenses consist primarily of legal fees, audit fees and other costs of organizing the Company. In no event will the Company bear in excess of $1.5 million in organizational expenses; the Adviser has agreed to be responsible for any organizational expenses in excess of $1.5 million.
Costs associated with the offering of Common Shares are capitalized as deferred offering expenses and included as prepaid and other assets on the statement of assets and liabilities and eligible to be amortized over a twelve-month period.
As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Adviser has paid $4,605 and $2,820, respectively, in organizational and offering expenses, and are subject to reimbursement as described above. The Company had no obligation to reimburse the Adviser for organizational and offering costs until the initial issuance of the Company’s Common Shares to non-affiliated investors after commencement of the monthly closings for the Company’s Private Offering, which commenced on June 30, 2023.
Valuation of Portfolio Investments: The Company’s Board of Trustees, or the Board, is responsible for overseeing the valuation of the Company’s portfolio investments at fair value as determined in good faith pursuant to the Adviser’s valuation policy. As permitted by Rule 2a-5 of the 1940 Act, the Board has designated the Adviser as the Company’s valuation designee with day-to-day responsibility for implementing the portfolio valuation process set forth in the Adviser’s valuation policy.
Accounting Standards Codification Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosure, or ASC Topic 820, issued by the FASB clarifies the definition of fair value and requires companies to expand their disclosure about the use of fair value to measure assets and liabilities in interim and annual periods subsequent to initial recognition. ASC Topic 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC Topic 820 also establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical securities; Level 2, which includes inputs such as quoted prices for similar securities in active markets and quoted prices for identical securities where there is little or no activity in the market; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs for which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions.
The Adviser determines the fair value of the Company’s investment portfolio on at least a quarterly basis. Securities that are publicly-traded with readily available market prices will be valued at the reported closing price on the valuation date. Securities that are not publicly-traded with readily available market prices will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith by the Adviser, in accordance with valuation policies approved by the Board. In connection with that determination, the Adviser will prepare portfolio company valuations which are based on relevant inputs, including, but not limited to, indicative dealer quotes, values of like securities, recent portfolio company financial statements and forecasts, and valuations prepared by independent third-party pricing and valuation services.
With respect to investments for which market quotations are not readily available, the Company undertakes a multi-step valuation process each quarter, as described below:
the Company’s quarterly fair valuation process begins by the Adviser facilitating the delivery of updated quarterly financial and other information relating to each investment to an independent third-party pricing or valuation service;
the independent third-party pricing or valuation service then reviews and analyzes the information, along with relevant market and economic data, and determines proposed valuations for each portfolio company or investment according to the valuation methodologies in the Adviser’s valuation policy and communicates the information to the Adviser in the form of a valuation range for Level 3 assets;
the Adviser then reviews the preliminary valuation information for each portfolio company or investment and provides feedback about the accuracy, completeness and timeliness of the valuation-related inputs considered by the independent third-party pricing or valuation service and any suggested revisions thereto prior to the independent third-party pricing or valuation service finalizing its valuation range;
the Adviser then provides the Board’s valuation committee with its valuation determinations and valuation-related information for each portfolio company or investment, along with any applicable supporting materials; and other information that is relevant to the fair valuation process as required by the Adviser’s Board-reporting obligations;
the Board’s valuation committee meets with the Adviser to receive the relevant quarterly reporting from the Adviser and to discuss any questions from the valuation committee in connection with the valuation committee’s role in overseeing the fair valuation process; and
following the completion of its fair value oversight activities, the valuation committee (with the assistance of the Adviser) provides the Board with a report regarding the quarterly valuation process.
In circumstances where the Adviser deems appropriate, the Adviser’s internal valuation team values certain investments. When performing the internal valuations, the Adviser utilizes similar valuation techniques as an independent third-party pricing service would use. Such valuations are approved by an internal valuation committee of the Adviser, with oversight from the valuation committee of the Board, as described above.
Determination of fair value involves subjective judgments and estimates. Accordingly, the notes to the Company’s consolidated financial statements refer to the uncertainty with respect to the possible effect of such valuations and any change in such valuations on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In making its determination of fair value, the Adviser may use any independent
third-party pricing or valuation services for which it has performed the appropriate level of due diligence. However, the Adviser is not required to determine fair value in accordance with the valuation provided by any single source, and may use any relevant data, including information sourced by the Adviser or provided by any independent third-party valuation or pricing service that the Adviser deems to be reliable in determining fair value under the circumstances. Below is a description of factors that the Adviser and any independent third-party valuation services may consider when determining the fair value of the Company’s investments.
The valuation methods utilized for each portfolio company may vary depending on industry and company-specific considerations. Typically, the first step is to make an assessment as to the enterprise value of the portfolio company’s business in order to establish whether the portfolio company’s enterprise value is greater than the amount of its debt as of the valuation date. This analysis helps to determine a risk profile for the applicable portfolio company and its related investments, and the appropriate valuation methodology to utilize as part of the security valuation analysis. The enterprise valuation may be determined using a market or income approach.
Valuation of fixed income investments, such as loans and debt securities, depends upon a number of factors, including prevailing interest rates for like securities, expected volatility in future interest rates, call features, put features and other relevant terms of the debt. For investments without readily available market prices, the Adviser may incorporate these factors into discounted cash flow models to arrive at fair value. Various methods may be used to determine the appropriate discount rate in a discounted cash flow model.
Domestic and foreign fixed-income instruments and non-exchange traded derivatives are normally valued on the basis of quotes obtained from brokers and dealers or pricing services using data reflecting the earlier closing of the principal markets for those securities. Bank loans, including senior secured floating rate and fixed-rate loans, are valued by using readily available market quotations or another commercially reasonable method selected by an independent, third-party pricing service that has been engaged by the Adviser, or, if such independent, third-party valuations are not available, by using broker quotations. Senior secured adjustable, variable or floating rate loans for which an active secondary market exists to a reliable degree will be valued at the bid price in the market for such loans, as provided by a loan pricing service. Directly originated loans are valued on an individual loan level. In doing so, the Adviser may engage an independent, third-party valuation agent, and fair valuation of such loans will be performed using inputs that incorporate borrower level data, including significant events affecting the issuer or collateral and market developments. Prices obtained from independent pricing services use information provided by market makers or estimates of market values obtained from yield data relating to investments or securities with similar characteristics. Exchange traded options, futures and options on futures are valued at the settlement price determined by the relevant exchange. The value of swaps, including credit default swaps, total return swaps and interest rate swaps will be determined by obtaining at least one dealer quotation (including information from counterparties) or valuations from third-party pricing services. If no quotations or valuations are available, or if such quotations or valuations are believed to be unreliable, swaps will be fair valued pursuant to procedures adopted by the Adviser and overseen by the Board.
Other factors that may be considered include the borrower’s ability to adequately service its debt, the fair market value of the borrower in relation to the face amount of its outstanding debt and the quality of collateral securing the debt investments.
For convertible debt securities, fair value generally approximates the fair value of the debt plus the fair value of an option to purchase the underlying security (i.e., the security into which the debt may convert) at the conversion price. To value such an option, a standard option pricing model may be used.
The Company’s equity interests in portfolio companies for which there is no liquid public market are valued at fair value. Generally, the value of the Company’s equity interests in public companies for which market quotations are readily available is based upon the most recent closing public market price. Portfolio securities that carry certain restrictions on sale are typically valued at a discount from the public market value of the security. The Adviser will normally use pricing data for domestic or foreign equity securities received shortly after the close of the primary securities exchange on which such securities trade and does not normally take into account trading, clearances or settlements that take place after the close of the exchange.
When the Company receives warrants or other equity securities at nominal or no additional cost in connection with an investment in a debt security, the cost basis in the investment will be allocated between the debt securities and any such warrants or other equity securities received at the time of origination. The Adviser subsequently values these warrants or other equity securities received at their fair value.
See Note 8 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements included herein for additional information regarding the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments.
Determination of Net Asset Value: The Company expects to determine its net asset value, or NAV, for the Common Shares each month as of the last day of each calendar month, and in no event less frequently than quarterly. The NAV per share for the Company’s Common Shares is determined by dividing the value of total assets attributable to the Common Shares minus liabilities attributable to the Common Shares by the total number of Common Shares outstanding at the date as of which the determination is made. The Company will use the valuation procedures set forth above in order to determine the NAV, as applied by the Adviser as the Company’s valuation designee under Rule 2a-5 under the 1940 Act. Fair value pricing may require subjective determinations about the value of a security. If events materially affecting the price of foreign portfolio securities occur between the time when their price was last determined on such foreign securities exchange or market and the time when the Company’s NAV was last calculated (for example, movements in certain U.S. securities indices which demonstrate strong correlation to movements in certain foreign securities markets), such securities may be valued at their fair value as determined in good faith in accordance with procedures established by the Adviser and overseen by the Board. For purposes of calculating NAV, all assets and liabilities initially expressed in foreign currencies will be converted into U.S. dollars at prevailing exchange rates as may be determined in good faith by the Adviser under the supervision of the Board. Although the Adviser’s policy is intended to result in a calculation of the Company’s NAV that fairly reflects security values as of the time of pricing, the Company cannot ensure that fair values determined by the Adviser would accurately reflect the price that the Company could obtain for a security if it were to dispose of that security as of the time of pricing (for instance, in a forced or distressed sale). The prices used by the Adviser when determining fair value may differ from the value that would be realized if the securities were sold.
The NAV calculation is available generally within 20 business days after the end of the applicable month. Changes in the Company’s monthly NAV will reflect factors including, but not limited to, accruals for net portfolio income, interest expense and unrealized/realized gains (losses) on assets, any applicable organizational and offering costs and any expense reimbursements. When the Adviser determines NAV as of a day that is not the last day of a calendar quarter in connection with a closing under the Private Offering, the Company intends to update the value of securities with reliable market quotations to the most recent market quotation. For securities without reliable market quotations, the Adviser’s valuation team will generally value such assets at the most recent quarterly valuation unless the Adviser determines that a significant observable change has occurred since the most recent quarter-end with respect to the investment (which determination may be as a result of a material event at a portfolio company, material change in market spreads, secondary market transaction in the securities of an investment or otherwise). If the Adviser determines such a change has occurred with respect to one or more investments, the Adviser will determine whether to update the value for each relevant investment using a range of values from an independent valuation firm, where applicable, in accordance with the Adviser’s valuation policy, pursuant to authority designated by the Board. Additionally, the Adviser may otherwise determine to update the most recent quarter-end valuation of an investment without reliable market quotations that the Adviser considers to be material to the Company using a range of values from an independent valuation firm.
The most recently determined NAV per share for the Common Shares will be reported by the Company under cover of a Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC.
Derivative Instruments: The Company’s derivative instruments include foreign currency forward contracts which have not been designated as hedging instruments. The Company recognizes such derivative instruments as assets or liabilities at fair value in its consolidated financial statements. Changes in fair value of such derivative contracts entered into by the Company are recognized through the net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on derivative instruments in the consolidated statements of operations. Realized gains and losses on the derivative instruments are included in net realized gains (losses) on derivative instruments in the consolidated statements of operations.
Subordinated Income Incentive Fee: Pursuant to the terms of the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser may be entitled to receive a subordinated incentive fee on income. The subordinated incentive fee on income under the Advisory Agreement, which is calculated and payable quarterly in arrears commencing with the first full calendar quarter after the date of the Company’s election to be regulated as a BDC under the 1940 Act on March 31, 2023, or the BDC Election Date, equals 12.5% of the Company’s “pre-incentive fee net investment income” for the immediately preceding quarter (or portion thereof with respect to the quarter in which the BDC Election Date occurs) and is subject to a hurdle rate, expressed as a rate of return on the value of the Company’s net assets, equal to 1.25% per quarter, or an annualized hurdle rate of 5.0%. As a result, the Adviser will not earn this incentive fee for any quarter until the Company’s pre-incentive fee net investment income for such quarter exceeds the hurdle rate of 1.25%. Once the Company’s pre-incentive fee net investment income in any quarter exceeds the hurdle rate, the Adviser will be entitled to a “catch-up” fee equal to the amount of the pre-incentive fee net investment income in excess of the hurdle rate, until the Company’s pre-incentive fee net investment income for such quarter equals 1.43%, or 5.72% annually, of net assets. Thereafter, the Adviser will be entitled to receive 12.5% of pre-incentive fee net investment income.
The Adviser has agreed to waive the Company’s base management fee and subordinated incentive fee on income through March 31, 2025.
Capital Gains Incentive Fee: Pursuant to the terms of the Advisory Agreement, the incentive fee on capital gains is determined and payable in arrears as of the end of each calendar year (or upon termination of the Advisory Agreement) commencing with the end of the first calendar year in which the BDC Election Date occurs. This fee equals 12.5% of the Company’s incentive fee capital gains, which equals the Company’s realized capital gains on a cumulative basis from the BDC Election Date, calculated as of the end of the applicable period, computed net of all realized capital losses and unrealized capital depreciation on a cumulative basis from the BDC Election Date, less the aggregate amount of any capital gains incentive fees previously paid by the Company. For purposes of calculating the incentive fee on capital gains under the Advisory Agreement, the cost basis for any investment as of the BDC Election Date will be deemed to be the most recently determined fair value for such investment as of the BDC Election Date, determined in accordance with the Adviser’s valuation policies and procedures. On a quarterly basis, the Company accrues for the capital gains incentive fee by calculating such fee as if it were due and payable as of the end of such period.
The Company includes unrealized gains in the calculation of the capital gains incentive fee expense and related accrued capital gains incentive fee. This accrual reflects the incentive fees that would be payable to the Adviser if the Company’s entire portfolio was liquidated at its fair value as of the balance sheet date even though the Adviser is not entitled to an incentive fee with respect to unrealized gains unless and until such gains are actually realized.
Revenue Recognition: Security transactions are accounted for on the trade date. The Company records interest income on an accrual basis to the extent that it expects to collect such amounts. The Company records dividend income on the ex-dividend date. Distributions received from limited liability company, or LLC, and limited partnership, or LP, investments are evaluated to determine if the distribution should be recorded as dividend income or a return of capital. The Company holds investments in certain preferred securities that accumulate PIK to be paid upon the redemption, liquidation or maturity of the underlying investment. Such PIK income is accumulated onto the principal balance of the respective security. The Company does not accrue as a receivable interest or dividends on loans and securities if it has reason to doubt its ability to collect such income. The Company’s policy is to place investments on non-accrual status when there is reasonable doubt that interest income will be collected. The Company considers many factors relevant to an investment when placing it on or removing it from non-accrual status including, but not limited to, the delinquency status of the investment, economic and business conditions, the overall financial condition of the underlying investment, the value of the underlying collateral, bankruptcy status, if any, and any other facts or circumstances relevant to the investment. If there is reasonable doubt that the Company will receive any previously accrued interest, then the accrued interest will be written-off. When a PIK investment is placed on non-accrual status, the accrued, uncapitalized interest is generally reversed through PIK income. Payments received on non-accrual investments may be recognized as income or applied to principal depending upon the collectability of the remaining principal and interest. Non-accrual investments may be restored to accrual status when principal and interest become current and are likely to remain current based on the Company’s judgment.
Loan origination fees, original issue discount and market discount are capitalized and the Company accretes such amounts as interest income over the respective term of the loan or security. Upon the prepayment of a loan or security, any unamortized loan origination fees and original issue discount are recorded as interest income. Structuring and other non-recurring upfront fees are recorded as fee income when earned. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized $3,732 and $1,727, respectively, in structuring fee revenue. The Company records prepayment premiums on loans and securities as fee income when it receives such amounts.
Net Realized Gains or Losses, Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation or Depreciation and Net Change in Unrealized Gains or Losses on Foreign Currency: Gains or losses on the sale of investments are calculated by using the specific identification method. The Company measures realized gains or losses by the difference between the net proceeds from the repayment or sale and the amortized cost basis of the investment, without regard to unrealized appreciation or depreciation previously recognized, but considering unamortized fees. Net change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation reflects the change in portfolio investment values during the reporting period, including any reversal of previously recorded unrealized gains or losses when gains or losses are realized. Net change in unrealized gains or losses on foreign currency reflects the change in the value of receivables or accruals during the reporting period due to the impact of foreign currency fluctuations.
Distributions: Distributions to the Company’s shareholders are recorded as of the record date. Subject to the discretion of the Board and applicable legal restrictions, the Company intends to declare and pay such distributions on Common Shares on a monthly basis. Net realized capital gains, if any, are distributed or deemed distributed at least annually.
Income Taxes: Prior to making its BDC election, the Company was classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As such, no provision was made in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for federal, state or local income taxes of the partners for the relevant periods prior to the Company’s BDC election. Each partner is individually responsible for reporting its share of the Company’s taxable income or loss. Interest and other income realized by the Company from non-U.S. sources and capital gains realized on the sale of securities of non-U.S. issuers may be subject to withholding and other taxes levied by the jurisdiction in which the income is sourced. Beginning with its tax year ending December 31, 2023, the Company has elected to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes and intends to qualify annually, as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code.
To qualify for and maintain qualification as a RIC, the Company must, among other things, meet certain source-of-income and asset diversification requirements and distribute to its shareholders, for each taxable year, at least 90% of its “investment company taxable income,” which is generally the Company’s net ordinary income plus the excess, if any, of realized net short-term capital gains over realized net long-term capital losses. As a RIC, the Company will not have to pay corporate-level U.S. federal income taxes on any ordinary income or capital gains that it distributes to its shareholders. The Company intends to make distributions in an amount sufficient to qualify for and maintain its RIC status each year and to not pay any U.S. federal income taxes on income so distributed. The Company is also subject to nondeductible federal excise taxes if it does not distribute an amount at least equal to the sum of (1) 98% of its ordinary income for the calendar year, (2) 98.2% of capital gain net income (both long-term and short-term) for the one-year period ending October 31 in that calendar year and (3) any income realized, but not distributed, in prior years. The Company accrued $234, and $73 in estimated excise taxes payable in respect of income received during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company paid $79, and $0, respectively, in excise and other taxes.
The Company evaluates its tax positions to determine if the tax positions taken meet the minimum recognition threshold in connection with accounting for uncertainties in income tax positions taken or expected to be taken for the purposes of measuring and recognizing tax benefits or liabilities in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Recognition of a tax benefit or liability with respect to an uncertain tax position is required only when the position is “more likely than not” to be sustained assuming examination by taxing authorities. The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax liabilities as income tax expense in its consolidated statements of operations. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not incur any interest or penalties.
The Company has analyzed the tax positions taken on federal and state income tax returns for all open tax years, and has concluded that no provision for income tax for uncertain tax positions is required in the Company’s financial statements. The Company’s federal and state income and federal excise tax returns for tax years for which the applicable statutes of limitations have not expired are subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service and state departments of revenue.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements: In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280), or ASU 2023-07. ASU 2023-07 improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. ASU 2023-07 enhances interim disclosure requirements, clarifies circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss, provides new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment and requires disclosure of the title of the chief operating decision maker, or CODM, and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure of segment profit or loss to assess segment performance and allocate resources. The Company has adopted ASU 2023-07 effective December 31, 2024 and concluded that the adoption of this standard impacted financial statement disclosures only and did not affect the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, or ASU 2023-09, which requires additional disaggregated disclosures on the entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation and additional details on income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and is to be adopted on a prospective basis with the option to apply retrospectively. The Company is currently assessing the impact of this guidance, however, the Company does not expect a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures, or ASU 2024-03, which requires disaggregated disclosure of certain costs and expenses, including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, amortization and depletion, within relevant income statement captions. ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning with the first quarter ended March 31, 2028. Early adoption and retrospective application is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact of this guidance, however, the Company does not expect a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.