SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2025

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of NANO and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Cash Equivalents

Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates market value, because of the short maturity of these instruments.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions. The Company believes that the estimates, judgments and assumptions made when accounting for items and matters such as, but not limited to, equity-based compensation, right of use assets and lease liabilities, and contingencies are reasonable, based on information available at the time they are made. These estimates, judgments and assumptions can affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as amounts reported on the consolidated statements of operations during the years presented. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Fair Value Measurement

Fair Value Measurement

The Company measures certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value. Fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the Company uses a three-level hierarchy, which prioritizes fair value measurements based on the types of inputs used for the various valuation techniques (market approach, income approach and cost approach). The levels of hierarchy are described below.

Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments.

Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets.

Level 3 – Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.

The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability. Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the most stringent level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The carrying amount of certain financial instruments, including prepaid expenses and accounts payable, approximates fair value due to their short maturities.

NANO NUCLEAR ENERGY INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

September 30, 2025

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)

Concentration of Credit Risk

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents. The Company maintains its cash balances at a financial institution and such amounts exceeded federally insured limits at September 30, 2025 and 2024. Any loss incurred or a lack of access to such funds could have a significant adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable include commercial accounts receivable associated with other income corresponding to consulting services provided by the Company. Accounts receivable are presented net of allowance for credit losses. Management estimates an allowance for credit losses by evaluating client-specific conditions, including adverse situations that may affect a client’s ability to pay, as well as both microeconomic and macroeconomic factors.

Prepaid Expenses

Prepaid Expenses

Prepaid expenses primarily relate to payments made to consultants and vendors in advance of the service being provided.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment charges. When components of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, they are accounted for as separate items of property, plant and equipment and depreciated separately. Gains and losses on disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment are determined by comparing the proceeds from disposal with the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment and are recognized in earnings.

In-process Research and Development

In-process Research and Development

In-process research and development (“IPR&D”) represents incomplete research and development projects that had not reached technological feasibility as of their acquisition date in 2025. Due to the nature of IPR&D, the expected life is indefinite, and it will be evaluated periodically for attainment of technological feasibility or impairment. Technological feasibility is established when an enterprise has completed all planning, designing, coding and testing activities that are necessary to establish that a product can be produced to meet its design specifications including functions, features and technical performance requirements. IPR&D is amortized over its estimated useful life once technological feasibility is reached. As the Company has not yet completed all designing, coding and testing activities, management has determined that technological feasibility has not yet been reached. Management has not identified any indicators that would suggest any impairment of the IPR&D. If IPR&D is determined not to have technological feasibility or is abandoned, it will be impaired or written off at such time.

Depreciation

Depreciation

Depreciation is calculated over the depreciable amount, which is the cost of the asset less its residual value. Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each reporting period and are adjusted if appropriate. Assets are depreciated according to the straight-line method based on estimated useful lives as follows:

Land	Not depreciated
Buildings	20 years

Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of their estimated useful life or the remaining term of the associated lease.

Leases

Leases

The Company recognizes right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for leases with terms greater than 12 months. Leases are classified as either finance or operating leases. This classification dictates whether lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had two long-term operating leases. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had one long-term operating lease.

Long-term leases (leases with initial terms greater than 12 months) are capitalized at the present value of the minimum lease payments not yet paid. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of the lease when the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. Short-term leases (leases with an initial term of 12 months or less or leases that are cancelable by the lessee and lessor without significant penalties) are not capitalized but are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Warrant Instruments

Warrant Instruments

The Company accounts for warrants issued in connection with the private placement in accordance with the guidance contained in Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging”. Accordingly, the Company evaluated and classified the warrant instruments under equity treatment at their assigned values.

Investments in Equity – Related Party

Investments in Equity – Related Party

The Company accounts for investments in equity that are within the scope of ASC 321-10, “Investments - Equity Securities” (“ASC 321-10”), as either (1) investments with a readily determinable fair value, which are recorded at fair value or (2) investments without a readily determinable fair value, which are recorded at cost less any impairment. Equity investments that are initially concluded to not have a readily determinable fair value are reassessed at each reporting period. If the Company identifies observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer, it measures the equity security at fair value as of the date that the observable transaction occurred using valuation techniques that are permitted under ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement”.

As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had investments in equity of $2.0 million, representing the Company’s equity investment in LIST (see Note 8). The equity investments were accounted for in accordance with ASC 321-10, and the Company accounted for the equity investments at cost less impairment because there were no readily determinable fair values for these investments as of September 30, 2025. No impairment was recorded during the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The investments were recognized as other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Mezzanine Equity

Mezzanine Equity

The Company recognized a tranche of shares of Common Stock as mezzanine equity since such shares were redeemable at the option of the holder, but not mandatorily redeemable. On March 30, 2024, the Company amended its subscription agreement with the holder of such shares to terminate the redemption right, which resulted in a conversion of such shares from mezzanine equity to stockholders’ equity. See Note 4 for further information.

NANO NUCLEAR ENERGY INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

September 30, 2025

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)

Equity-Based Compensation

Equity-Based Compensation

Equity-based compensation for employees and non-employees is measured using a fair value-based method for all equity-based awards. The Company recognizes equity-based compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally the option vesting term. Vesting terms vary based on the individual grant terms. The Company estimates the fair value of an equity-based award using a closed option valuation (Black-Scholes) pricing model. Equity-based compensation is recorded as either a general and administrative expense or a research and development expense in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company has elected to account for forfeitures of stock-based awards as they occur.

The Black-Scholes pricing model requires the input of certain assumptions that require the Company’s judgment, including the expected term and the expected stock price volatility of the underlying stock. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based compensation represent management’s best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of judgment. As a result, if factors change resulting in the use of different assumptions, stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future.

The Company’s assumptions utilized in the Black-Scholes price model are as follows: (1) fair market value of stock price on date of grant; (2) the volatility of its underlying stock; which is estimated using an average of the historical volatility of a group of comparable publicly traded companies due to the Company’s lack of trading history; (3) expected dividend yield is zero as the Company does not anticipate paying any recurring cash dividends in the foreseeable future; (4) risk-free rate based on the United States Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grant; (5) expected term estimated based on the vesting and contractual term of the stock option grant.

Research and Development

Research and Development

Research and development (“R&D”) expenses represent costs incurred for designing and engineering products, including the costs of developing design tools, as well as the costs to acquire technology and other assets from third parties. All research and development costs related to product development are expensed as incurred.

Advertising Costs

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are recognized as a component of general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. Advertising costs expensed were approximately $453,000 and $902,000, respectively, for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Legal Contingencies

Legal Contingencies

The Company is presently involved in two stockholder-initiated legal proceedings. One of such proceedings was dismissed at the trial court level in April 2025 but remains subject to appeal. The other proceeding is currently subject to a motion to dismiss. Given the status of these legal proceedings, the Company cannot reasonably estimate at September 30, 2025 the amount of any potential financial loss or cost that could result from these proceedings. The Company records liabilities for losses from legal proceedings when it determines that it is probable that the outcome in a legal proceeding will be unfavorable, and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the consolidated financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets, including tax loss and credit carryforwards, and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is recorded when it is “more likely than not” that deferred tax assets will not be realized. On a regular basis, the Company evaluates the recoverability of deferred tax assets and the need for a valuation allowance. Such evaluations involve the application of significant judgment. The Company considers multiple factors in its evaluation of the need for a valuation allowance.

On July 4, 2025, the U.S. federal government enacted tax legislation referred to as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”). The OBBBA, among other things, makes permanent 100% bonus depreciation for certain capital expenditures and immediate deduction for domestic research or experimental expenditures (R&D deduction). This legislation was effective for the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended September 30, 2025, except for the R&D deduction which will be effective for the Company’s fiscal year 2026. The enactment of the OBBBA did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended September 30, 2025. The Company is currently assessing the impact of the OBBBA on future periods.

NANO NUCLEAR ENERGY INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

September 30, 2025

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)

Income Taxes (Continued)

Until an appropriate level of profitability is attained, the Company expects to maintain a full valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets. Any tax benefits or tax expense recorded on its consolidated statements of operations will be offset with a corresponding valuation allowance until such time that the Company changes its determination related to the realization of deferred tax assets. In the event that the Company changes its determination as to the amount of deferred tax assets that can be realized, the Company will adjust its valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to the provision for income taxes in the period in which such a determination is made. For uncertain tax positions that meet a “more-likely-than-not” threshold, the Company recognizes the benefit of uncertain tax positions in the consolidated financial statements. The Company’s practice is to recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense in the consolidated statements of operations. All of the Company’s historical tax returns remain subject to examination by taxing jurisdictions. At September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company does not believe it has any uncertain tax positions that would require either recognition or disclosure in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Net Loss per Share

Net Loss per Share

Basic earnings attributable to common shareholders is computed by dividing reported net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted earnings per share attributable to common shareholders is computed by dividing reported net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders by the sum of the weighted-average number of common shares and the number of dilutive potential common share equivalents outstanding during the period. Potential dilutive common share equivalents consist of the incremental common shares issuable upon the exercise of share options, warrants, and RSUs and the incremental shares issuable upon conversion of similar instruments.

In computing diluted earnings per share, common share equivalents are not considered in periods in which a net loss is reported, as the inclusion of the common share equivalents would be anti-dilutive.

Shares which have been excluded from diluted per share amounts because their effect would have been anti-dilutive are as follows as of September 30:

	2025		2024
Stock options		3,774,000		3,539,000
Warrants		3,127,319		817,864
Restricted share units		350,748		-
Total shares excluded		7,252,067		4,356,864

Operating Segments

Operating Segments

For the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company was managed as a single operating segment in accordance with the provisions in the FASB guidance on segment reporting, which establishes standards for, and requires disclosure of, certain financial information related to reportable operating segments and geographic regions. Furthermore, the Company determined that the Company’s Chief Executive Officer is the Chief Operating Decision Maker as he is responsible for making decisions regarding the allocation of resources and assessing performance as well as for strategic operational decisions and managing the organization as a whole.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The Company considers the applicability and impact of all Accounting Standards Updates (“ASUs”) issued by the FASB. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures” (“ASU 2024-03”). ASU 2024-03 requires disclosure in the notes to the financial statements of specified information about certain costs and expenses. ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. ASU 2024-03 should be applied either prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date of this ASU or retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2024-03 on its disclosures. There are no other accounting pronouncements which have been issued but are not yet effective that would have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740) – Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-09”). ASU 2023-09 requires that an entity, on an annual basis, disclose additional income tax information, primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The amendment in the ASU is intended to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The ASU’s amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that adoption of ASU 2023-09 will have on its consolidated financial statements.