Stock-based Compensation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

We maintain an equity incentive program that allows our Board of Directors (through its Compensation Committee or a senior officer acting under delegated authority) to grant incentives to certain employees and outside directors in one or more forms, including: incentive and non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and market and performance shares. Stock options generally expire ten years from the date of grant. There were no outstanding stock options as of December 31, 2022.

Restricted Stock Awards and Restricted Stock Unit Awards

For equity based restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards that contain only service conditions for vesting (time-based awards), we calculate the award fair value based on the closing price of our common stock on the accounting grant date. We also grant equity-based awards that contain additional market or performance conditions, as well as service conditions. For awards having both service and market conditions, the award fair value is calculated using Monte-Carlo simulations. Awards with service as well as performance conditions specify a target number of shares for the award, although each recipient ultimately has the opportunity to receive between 0% and 200% of the target number of shares. For awards with service and market conditions, the percentage received is typically based on our total shareholder return over the up to three-year service period versus that of selected peer companies. For awards with service and performance conditions, the percentage received depends upon the attainment of one or more performance targets during the two- or three-year service period.

The following table summarizes activity involving restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards for the year ended December 31, 2022:


	Number of Shares	Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Non-vested at December 31, 2021	22,427	$	12.74
Granted	18,788	11.47
Vested	(9,412)	12.03
Forfeited	(4,524)	12.65
Non-vested at December 31, 2022	27,279	12.13

During 2022, we granted 18.8 million shares of restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards at a weighted-average price of $11.47. During 2021, we granted 13.9 million shares of restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards at a weighted-average price of $13.95. During 2020, we granted 17.8 million shares of restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards at a weighted-average price of $12.08. The total fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards that vested during 2022, 2021 and 2020, was $98 million, $139 million and $126 million, respectively. We do not estimate forfeitures, but recognize them as they occur.

Compensation Expense and Tax Benefit

For time-based awards that vest ratably over the service period, we recognize compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. For our performance stock-based awards, we recognize compensation expense over the service period and based upon the expected performance outcome, until the final performance outcome is determined. Total compensation expense for all stock-based payment arrangements for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, was $98 million, $120 million and $175 million, respectively. Our tax benefit recognized in the consolidated statements of operations for our stock-based payment arrangements for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, was $25 million, $29 million and $43 million, respectively. At December 31, 2022, there was $162 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to our stock-based payment arrangements, which we expect to recognize over a weighted-average period of 1.5 years.