Year ended

October 31,

2024

2023

2022

Research and preclinical studies

$

747,026

$

1,159,147

$

2,380,942

Salaries, regulatory, professional and other expenses

542,615

469,667

666,125

Share-based compensation (Notes 6, 10 and 11)

132,502

45,870

213,299

Reimbursements (Note 6)

(50,319

)

(141,409

)

(194,205

)

Amortization of intangible assets

10,984

10,954

14,830

Total research and development, net

$

1,382,808

$

1,544,229

$

3,080,991