INCOME TAXES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

INCOME TAXES

INCOME TAXES

Components of Income Taxes

The Company’s tax rate is generally a function of the tax rates in the jurisdictions in which the Company operates, the relative amount of income earned by jurisdiction, and the relative amount of losses or income for which no tax benefit or expense is recognized due to a valuation allowance.

The components of ”Loss before income taxes” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations are as follows (in millions):

	Years Ended December 31,
	2021		2022		2023
United States	$	(4,590)	$	(6,729)	$	(5,406)
Foreign	(98)		(19)		(25)
Total loss before income taxes	$	(4,688)	$	(6,748)	$	(5,431)

Provisions are made for estimated United States and foreign income taxes which may be incurred on the reversal of the basis differences in investments in foreign subsidiaries and corporate joint ventures not deemed to be indefinitely reinvested. Based on United States tax regulations, the Company does not anticipate foreign earnings would be subject to United States taxation upon repatriation. However, distributions of unremitted foreign earnings would be subject to foreign withholding taxes. The Company maintains that all foreign earnings are indefinitely reinvested. Accordingly, provisions have not been made on the Company’s basis differences in investments that primarily result from earnings in foreign subsidiaries which are deemed indefinitely reinvested. If recorded, the deferred tax liability associated with indefinitely reinvested basis differences would be immaterial to the financial statements.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based on the future tax consequences attributable to (i) temporary differences that exist between the carrying value of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and (ii) operating loss and tax credit carryforwards on a taxing jurisdiction basis. The Company measures deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates that will apply in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or paid.

In determining whether a valuation allowance is needed, the Company considers all available evidence, both positive and negative. If, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is recorded.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company recorded valuation allowances of $4,866 million for the portion of deferred tax assets that is not expected to be realized. The valuation allowance on net deferred tax assets increased by $1,541 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The change in the valuation allowance is primarily due to additional net United States deferred tax assets recognized during the year. The Company had no releases of valuation allowances for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023. The Company continues to monitor the realizability of the United States deferred tax assets considering multiple factors, including results of operations. The Company shall continue maintaining a full valuation allowance on United States deferred tax assets until there is sufficient evidence to support the reversal of all or some portion of these allowances. Release of all, or a portion, of the valuation allowances would result in the recognition of certain deferred tax assets and a decrease to income tax expense for the period the release is recorded.

A reconciliation of the provision for income taxes to its components at the United States statutory rate is shown below (in millions):

	Years Ended December 31,
	2021		2022		2023
Federal income tax at statutory rate	$	(984)	$	(1,417)	$	(1,140)
State income taxes	(236)		(267)		(230)
Permanent items	8		75		58
Nondeductible charitable contributions	172		—		—
Nondeductible loss on convertible debt	118		—		—
Tax credits	(63)		(264)		(202)
Other	(3)		10		(26)
Valuation allowance	988		1,867		1,541
Provision for income taxes	$	—	$	4	$	1

The Company’s effective tax rate was 0% for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023. Provision for income taxes relates to current taxes on foreign operations for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023.

Components of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

The components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in millions):

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2023
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards	$	2,705	$	3,708
Inventory	203		179
Deferred revenue	8		33
Operating lease liabilities	94		101
Stock-based compensation	110		88
Accrued liabilities	29		81
R&D capitalization	369		804
Other	19		53
Total deferred tax assets	3,537		5,047
Less: valuation allowances	(3,325)		(4,866)
Total net deferred tax assets	212		181
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property, plant, and equipment	(124)		(94)
Operating lease assets	(81)		(86)
Other	(6)		(1)
Total deferred tax liabilities	(211)		(181)
Net deferred tax assets	$	1	$	—

The majority of the Company's gross loss carryforwards are generated in the United States. Federal net operating losses (“NOLs”) generated by the Company through December 31, 2017 totaling $81 million may be carried forward for 20 years and begin to expire in 2035. These NOLs may fully offset taxable income in the year utilized. Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, federal losses generated in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, totaling $12,090 million, may be carried forward indefinitely; but their deduction is limited to 80% of annual taxable income. In addition, the Company has federal and state tax credit carryforwards of $564 million that can be carried forward for 20 years and begin to expire in 2039. The NOLs and tax credits are fully offset by a valuation allowance. Additionally, the Company has $9,154 million of carryforwards for state NOLs.

Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (“Code”), if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes (such as R&D tax credits) to offset its post-change income may be limited. If the Company experiences a greater than 50 percentage point aggregate change in ownership of certain significant stockholders over a three-year period, a Section 382 ownership change could be deemed to have occurred. If a Section 382 change occurs, the Company’s future utilization of the NOLs and credits as of the ownership change will be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 of the Code and similar state provisions. Such an annual limitation may result in the expiration of NOLs before utilization. Due to previous ownership changes experienced by the Company, tax credits are limited in their utilization and the amounts above reflect such adjustment. NOLs are not expected to be limited.

Unrecognized Tax Benefits

The Company records uncertain tax positions using a two-step process. First; by determining whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position, and second; for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, by recognizing the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. When applicable, the Company includes interest and penalties related to income tax matters within the provision for income taxes. The Company had no accrued interest or penalties as of December 31, 2022 and 2023.

The Company’s unrecognized tax benefits related to the Company’s United States R&D tax credit. Because a full valuation allowance is maintained in the United States, there is no impact to the consolidated balance sheet and, if recognized, none of the unrecognized tax benefit would impact the Company’s effective tax rate.

The Company had the following activity related to unrecognized tax benefits (in millions):

	Years Ended December 31,
	2022		2023
Beginning balance	$	—	$	38
Additions for current year tax positions	16		15
Additions for tax positions of prior years	22		8
Ending balance	$	38	$	61

Although it is possible that unrecognized tax benefits may increase or decrease within the next twelve months due to tax examination changes or the impact on recognition and measurement considerations related to the results of published tax cases or similar activities, we do not anticipate any significant changes to unrecognized tax benefits over the next twelve months.

The Company is subject to taxation and files income tax returns in the United States federal jurisdiction, plus state and foreign jurisdictions. Tax years after 2019 remain open in the Company’s major jurisdictions and are subject to examination by the taxing authorities. The Company is not currently under an income tax audit by any taxing authority.