The following fair value hierarchy is used based on the lowest level of input significant to the fair value measurement. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:

Level 1 – Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2 – Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 – Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

The Company used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value:

Cash and Cash Equivalents, Placements with Banks, Accrued Interest Receivable, Advance Payments by Borrowers for Taxes and Insurance, and Accrued Interest Payable: The carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value. These assets and liabilities were not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.

Available-for-Sale Securities: These financial instruments are recorded at fair value in the consolidated financial statements on a recurring basis. Where quoted prices are available in an active market, securities are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. If quoted prices are not available, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models (e.g., matrix pricing) or quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics and are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Examples of such instruments include government agency bonds and mortgage-backed securities. Level 3 securities are securities for which significant unobservable inputs are utilized. There were no changes in valuation techniques used to measure similar assets during the period.

FHLBNY Stock: The carrying value of FHLBNY stock approximates fair value since the Bank can redeem such stock with FHLBNY at cost. As a member of the FHLBNY, the Company is required to purchase this stock, which we carry at cost and classified as restricted equity securities.

Loans Receivable: For variable rate loans, which reprice frequently and have no significant change in credit risk, carrying values are a reasonable estimate of fair values, adjusted for credit losses inherent in the portfolios. The fair value of fixed rate loans is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using estimated market rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings and for the same remaining maturities, adjusted for credit losses inherent in the portfolios. Impaired loans are valued using a present value discounted cash flow method, or the fair value of the collateral. Loans are not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.

Mortgage Loans Held for Sale: Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value, consists primarily of mortgage loans originated for sale by Mortgage World and accounted for under the fair value option. These assets are valued using stated investor pricing for substantially equivalent loans as Level 2. In determining fair value, such measurements are derived based on observable market data, investor commitments, or broker quotations, including whole-loan transaction pricing and similar market transactions adjusted for portfolio composition, servicing value and market conditions. Loans held for sale by the Bank are carried at the lower of cost or fair value as determined by investor bid prices.

Under the fair value option, management has elected, on an instrument-by-instrument basis, fair value accounting for substantially all forms of mortgage loans originated for sale on a recurring basis. The fair value carrying amount of mortgages held for sale under the fair value option was $15.8 million and the aggregate unpaid principal balance amounted to $15.5 million.

Interest Rate Lock Commitments: Mortgage World enters into rate lock commitments to extend credit to borrowers for generally up to a 60 day period for origination and/or purchase of loans. To the extent that a loan is ultimately granted and the borrower ultimately accepts the terms of the loan, these loan commitments expose Mortgage World to variability in its fair value due to changes in interest rates.

The FASB determined that loan commitments related to the origination or acquisition of mortgage loans that will be held for sale must be accounted for as derivative instruments. Such commitments, along with any related fees received from potential borrowers, are recorded at fair value in derivative assets or liabilities, with changes in fair value recorded in net gain or loss on sale of mortgage loans. Fair value is based on active market pricing for substantially similar underlying mortgage loans commonly referred to as best execution pricing or investment commitment pricing, if the loan is committed to an investor through a best efforts contract. In valuing interest rate lock commitments, there are several unobservable inputs such as the fair value of the mortgage servicing rights, estimated remaining cost to originate the loans, and the pull through rate of the open pipeline. Accordingly, such derivative is classified as Level 3.

The approximate notional amounts of Mortgage World’s derivative instruments was $13.3 million and $11.3 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The fair value of derivatives related to interest rate lock commitments not subject to a forward loan sale commitment, amounted to $172,000 and $166,000 as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and is included in other assets on the consolidated statements of financial position.

The table below presents the changes in derivatives from interest rate lock commitments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

Other Real Estate Owned: Other real estate owned represents real estate acquired through foreclosure, and is recorded at fair value less estimated disposal costs on a nonrecurring basis. Fair value is based upon independent market prices, appraised values of the collateral or management's estimation of the value of the collateral. When the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price or a current appraised value, the asset is classified as Level 2. When an appraised value is not available or management determines the fair value of the collateral is further impaired below the appraised value and there is no observable market price, the asset is classified as Level 3.

Deposits: The fair values of demand deposits, savings, NOW, reciprocal deposits and money market accounts equal their carrying amounts, which represent the amounts payable on demand at the reporting date. Fair values for fixed-term, fixed-rate certificates of deposit are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies market interest rates on certificates of deposit to a schedule of aggregated expected monthly maturities on such deposits. Deposits are not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.

FHLBNY Advances: The fair value of the advances is estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies current market-based FHLBNY interest rates for advances of similar maturity to a schedule of maturities of such advances. These borrowings are not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.

Warehouse Lines of Credit, Mortgage Loan Fundings Payable: The carrying amounts of warehouse lines of credit and mortgage loan fundings payable approximate fair value and due to their short-term nature are classified as Level 2.

Off-Balance-Sheet Instruments: Fair values for off-balance-sheet instruments (lending commitments and letters of credit) are based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements and the counterparties' credit standing. Off-balance-sheet instruments are not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.

The following tables detail the assets that are carried at fair value and measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and indicate the level within the fair value hierarchy utilized to determine the fair value:

			December 31, 2021
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
	(in thousands)
Available-for-Sale Securities:
U.S. Government Bonds	$	2,934	$	—	$	2,934	$	—
Corporate bonds		21,184		—		21,184		—
Mortgage-Backed Securities:
Collateralized Mortgage Obligations		18,348		—		18,348		—
FNMA Certificates		70,699		—		70,699		—
GNMA Certificates		181		—		181		—
Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value		15,836		—		15,836		—
Derivatives from interest rate lock commitments		172		—		—		172
	$	129,354	$	—	$	129,182	$	172

			December 31, 2020
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
	(in thousands)
Available-for-Sale Securities:
Corporate bonds	$	10,463	$	—	$	10,463	$	—
Mortgage-Backed Securities:
FHLMC Certificates		3,196		—		3,196		—
FNMA Certificates		3,567		—		3,567		—
GNMA Certificates		272		—		272		—
Mortgage Loans Held for Sale, at fair value		35,406		—		35,406		—
Derivatives from interest rate lock commitments		166		—		—		166
	$	53,070	$	—	$	52,904	$	166

Management’s assessment and classification of a financial instrument within a level can change over time based upon maturity or liquidity of the investment and would be reflected at the beginning of the quarter in which the change occurred.

The following tables detail the assets carried at fair value and measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 and indicate the fair value hierarchy utilized to determine the fair value:

Losses on assets carried at fair value on a nonrecurring basis were de minimis for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the book balances and estimated fair values of the Company's financial instruments were as follows:

	Carrying		Fair Value Measurements
	Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)
December 31, 2021
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	153,894	$	153,894	$	—	$	—	$	153,894
Available-for-sale securities, at fair value		113,346		—		108,417		4,929		113,346
Held-to-maturity securities, at amortized cost		934		—		914		—		914
Placements with banks		2,490		—		2,490		—		2,490
Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value		15,836		—		15,836		—		15,836
Loans receivable, net		1,305,078		—		—		1,306,253		1,306,253
Accrued interest receivable		12,362		—		12,362		—		12,362
FHLBNY stock		6,001		6,001		—		—		6,001
Financial liabilities:
Deposits:
Demand deposits		274,956		274,956		—		—		274,956
Interest-bearing deposits		500,281		500,281		—		—		500,281
Certificates of deposit		429,479		—		431,339		—		431,339
Advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance		7,657		—		7,657		—		7,657
Advances from FHLBNY		106,255		—		106,680		—		106,680
Warehouse lines of credit		15,090		—		15,090		—		15,090
Mortgage loan fundings payable		—		—		—		—		—
Accrued interest payable		228		—		228		—		228

	Carrying		Fair Value Measurements
	Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)
December 31, 2020
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	72,078	$	72,078	$	—	$	—	$	72,078
Available-for-sale securities		17,498		—		17,498		—		17,498
Held-to-maturity securities, at amortized cost		1,743		—		1,722		—		1,722
Placements with banks		2,739		—		2,739		—		2,739
Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value		35,406		—		35,406		—		35,406
Loans receivable, net		1,158,640		—		—		1,182,971		1,182,971
Accrued interest receivable		11,396		—		11,396		—		11,396
FHLBNY stock		6,426		6,426		—		—		6,426
Financial liabilities:
Deposits:
Demand deposits		189,855		189,855		—		—		189,855
Interest-bearing deposits		432,737		432,737		—		—		432,737
Certificates of deposit		406,987		—		411,742		—		411,742
Advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance		7,019		—		7,019		—		7,019
Advances from FHLBNY		117,255		—		119,248		—		119,248
Warehouse lines of credit		29,961		—		29,961		—		29,961
Mortgage loan funding payable		1,483		—		1,483		—		1,483
Accrued interest payable		60		—		60		—		60

Off-Balance-Sheet Instruments: There were no loan commitments on which the committed interest rate is less than the current market rate at December 31, 2021 and 2020.

The fair value information about financial instruments are disclosed, whether or not recognized in the consolidated statements of financial condition, for which it is practicable to estimate that value. Accordingly, the aggregate fair value amounts presented do not represent the underlying value of the Company. The estimated fair value amounts for 2021 and 2020 have been measured as of their respective period-ends and have not been reevaluated or updated for purposes of these consolidated financial statements subsequent to those respective dates. As such, the estimated fair values of these financial instruments subsequent to the respective reporting dates may be different than amounts reported at each period.

The information presented should not be interpreted as an estimate of the fair value of the entire Company since a fair value calculation is only required for a limited portion of the Company's assets and liabilities. Due to the wide range of valuation techniques and the degree of subjectivity used in making the estimates, comparisons between the Company's disclosures and those of other banks may not be meaningful.