Filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4)
Registration No. 333-263602

1,250,000 Class A Ordinary Shares

Planet Image International Limited

This is an initial public offering of our Class A ordinary shares. We are offering on a firm commitment basis our Class A ordinary shares, par value HK$0.0001 per share. Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our Class A ordinary shares. The initial public offering price of our Class A ordinary shares is US$4.0 per Class A ordinary share. We have received the approval from the Nasdaq Stock Market to list our Class A ordinary shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “YIBO.”

Investing in our Class A ordinary shares involves a high degree of risk, including the risk of losing your entire investment. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 20 to read about factors you should consider before buying our Class A ordinary shares.

Our issued and outstanding share capital consists of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Mr. Weidong Gu, our founder and chairman of the board of directors will beneficially own 22.07% of our total issued and outstanding Class A ordinary shares and 100% of our total issued and outstanding Class B ordinary shares, representing 92.56% of our total voting power, assuming the option to purchase additional Class A ordinary shares is exercised by the underwriter in full. As a result, we are a “controlled company” as defined under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules. As a “controlled company,” we are permitted to elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements. Holders of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares have the same rights except for voting, transfer and conversion rights. Each Class A ordinary share is entitled to one vote, and each Class B ordinary share is entitled to ten votes and is convertible into one Class A ordinary share. Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined under applicable U.S. securities laws and are eligible for reduced public company reporting requirements. Please read the disclosures beginning on page 12 of this prospectus for more information.

We face legal and operational risks associated with having the majority of our operations in China. The government of People’s Republic of China (the “PRC” or “China”) has significant authority to exert influence on the ability of a China-based company, such as us, to conduct its business. Therefore, investors of our company and our business face potential uncertainty from the PRC government. Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations. These risks could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our Class A ordinary shares or could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. In particular, recent statements and regulatory actions by China’s government, such as those related to the use of variable interest entities and data security or anti-monopoly concerns, as well as the ability of Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (the “PCAOB”) to inspect our auditors, may impact our Company’s ability to conduct our business, accept foreign investments, or be listed on a U.S. or other foreign stock exchange. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC.” On February 17, 2023, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (the “CSRC”) promulgated the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic

Table of Contents

Companies, or the “Administrative Measures,” and five supporting guidelines, which came into effect on March 31, 2023. Our submission of a listing application will fall into the scope of overseas offering and listing provisions in the Administration Measures. After the effectiveness of the Administration Measures, we will be required to file with the CSRC in accordance with the Administration Measures and complete the filing before the overseas issuance and listing. As of the date of this prospectus, we have submitted a report, other required materials, and additional materials as requested by the CSRC in connection with the CSRC filing. On September 25, 2023, we received CSRC’s approval of this offering under the Administration Measures. However, if our filing procedures were not completed according to the Administration Measures or if our filing materials contain false records, misleading statements or material omissions, the CSRC may order us to rectify such non-compliance, issue a warning, and impose a fine of not less than RMB1 million and not more than RMB10 million. These risks could completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, or cause such securities to significantly decline in value or become worthless. Unless we obtain approval from the CSRC, we will not proceed with our initial public offering. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — The Chinese government exerts substantial influence over the manner in which the PRC subsidiaries must conduct their business activities and may intervene or influence their operations at any time, which could result in a material change in their operations and the value of our ordinary shares.”

We are not a Chinese operating company but a Cayman Islands holding company with operations conducted by our subsidiaries, including subsidiaries based in China. Investors in our Class A ordinary shares thus are purchasing equity interest in a Cayman Islands holding company, and may never hold equity interests in the Chinese operating companies. This structure involves unique risks to investors. Additionally, Chinese regulatory authorities could disallow our operating structure, which would likely result in a material change in our operations and/or a material change in the value of our Class A ordinary shares, and could cause the value of our Class A ordinary shares to significantly decline or become worthless. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — The Chinese government exerts substantial influence over the manner in which the PRC subsidiaries must conduct their business activities and may intervene or influence their operations at any time, which could result in a material change in their operations and the value of our ordinary shares.”

As used in this prospectus, (i) “we,” “us,” “our company,” or “our” refers to Planet Image International Limited, and, when describing Planet Image International Limited’s consolidated financial information, also includes its subsidiaries; (ii) “our subsidiaries” refers to the direct and indirect subsidiaries of Planet Image International Limited; and (iii) “our operating subsidiaries” refers to the direct and indirect subsidiaries of Planet Image International Limited with operating activities, namely (a) Jiangxi Yibo E-Tech Co., Ltd., Jiangxi Leibotai E-Tech Co., Ltd., and Yantuo (Guangdong) Technology Co., Ltd., our operating subsidiaries formed in Mainland China, (b) Your Office Supplies Company Limited, Iprint Enterprise Limited, Amstech Limited, Aztech Enterprise Limited, Supplies4u Limited, Access Supplies Limited, Dellon Technology Company Limited, our operating subsidiaries formed in Hong Kong, (c) Aster Graphics Inc., Eco Imaging Inc., Revol Trading Inc. and Intercon International Corp., our operating subsidiaries formed in the State of California; (d) Aster Technology Holland B.V. and Proimage B.V., our operating subsidiaries formed in Netherlands, (e) Aster Technology Italia S.R.L., an operating subsidiary formed in Italy, (f) Aster Supplies GmbH, an operating subsidiary formed in Germany, (g) Aster Technology France, an operating subsidiary formed in France, and (h) Aster Technology UK Ltd., an operating subsidiary formed in the United Kingdom.

The legal and operational risks associated with operating in Mainland China also apply to our operations in Hong Kong, including the risk that the PRC government has significant authority to intervene or influence our Hong Kong subsidiaries at any time, which could result in a material adverse change to our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations, and the value of our securities. Hong Kong was established as a special administrative region of the PRC in accordance with Article 31 of the Constitution of the PRC. The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the PRC (the “Basic Law”) was adopted and promulgated on April 4, 1990 and became effective on July 1, 1997, when the PRC resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong. Pursuant to the Basic Law, Hong Kong is authorized by the National People’s Congress of the PRC to exercise a high degree of autonomy and enjoy executive, legislative, and independent judicial power, under the principle of “one country, two systems,” and the PRC laws and regulations shall not be applied in Hong Kong except for those listed in Annex III of the Basic Law (which is confined to laws relating to national defense, foreign affairs, and other matters that are not within the scope of autonomy). Further, according to Article 5 of the Basic Law, the capitalist system and the way of life in Hong Kong shall remain unchanged for 50 years since the handover on July 1, 1997. However, there is no assurance that there will not be any changes in the economic, political, and legal environment in Hong Kong in the future. If there is a significant change to current political arrangements between Mainland China and Hong Kong, or the applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change, our Hong Kong subsidiaries may become subject to PRC laws or authorities.

Table of Contents

See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — We may be subject to uncertainty about any changes in the economic, political and legal environment in Hong Kong, and it is possible that most of the legal and operational risks associated with operating in Mainland PRC may also apply to operations in Hong Kong in the future” and “— Our operations in Hong Kong are governed by the laws and regulations in Hong Kong. If there is significant change to current political arrangements between Mainland China and Hong Kong, the PRC government may intervene or influence our Hong Kong operations, which could result in a material change in our operations in Hong Kong.”

We directly hold 100% equity interests in our subsidiaries, and we do not currently use a variable interest entity (“VIE”) structure.

Cash flows have occurred between our Cayman Islands holding company and our subsidiaries. Our Cayman Islands holding company, which was incorporated in August 2019, received cash in the amount of US$27,040, US$5.5 million, US$1.3 million, US$0.5 million, US$0.8 million and US$0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022, the six months ended June 30, 2023, and from June 30, 2023 to the date of this prospectus, respectively, from our subsidiaries for operating activities. Our subsidiaries received cash in the amount of US$13.7 million, US$4.7million, US$0.8million, nil, nil and nil for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022, the six months ended June 30, 2023, and from June 30, 2023 to the date of this prospectus, respectively, from our Cayman Islands holding company for operating activities. To date, no cash flows have occurred between our Cayman Islands holding company and our Mainland PRC subsidiaries. To date, our Cayman Islands holding company has received cash in an aggregate amount of US$2.8 million from our subsidiaries in Hong Kong for operating activities, and our subsidiaries in Hong Kong has received cash from our Cayman Islands holding company in an aggregate amount of US$14.4 million for operating activities. Such cash transactions for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023 were included in net cash generated from operating activities together with our Cayman Islands holding company’s other operational cash transactions in its financial statements. See “Note 19 Condensed Financial Information of the Parent Company – Condensed statements of cash flows” in our financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. For disclosure on cash flows that have occurred between our Mainland PRC subsidiaries and other subsidiaries to date, see “Prospectus Summary — Cash Transfers and Dividend Distributions.” To the extent cash in the business is in the PRC, the funds may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of our Company or our subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — To the extent cash in the business is in the Mainland PRC/Hong Kong or a Mainland PRC/Hong Kong entity, the funds may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the Mainland PRC/Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of our Company or our subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash.”

To date, our Cayman Islands holding company has not declared or paid dividends or made distributions to its subsidiaries or to investors in the past, nor any dividends or distributions were made by a subsidiary to the Cayman Islands holding company. Our board of directors has complete discretion on whether to distribute dividends, subject to applicable laws. We do not have any current plan to declare or pay any cash dividends on our Class A ordinary shares in the foreseeable future after this offering. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Class A Ordinary Shares and This Offering — We currently do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future after this offering and you must rely on price appreciation of our Class A ordinary shares for return on your investment.” If needed, our Cayman Islands holding company can transfer cash to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries through loans and/or capital contributions, and our Mainland PRC subsidiaries can transfer cash to our Cayman Islands holding company through loans and/or issuing dividends or other distributions. Cash transfers from our Cayman Islands holding company are subject to applicable Mainland PRC laws and regulations on loans and direct investment. For details, see “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — PRC regulations of loans and direct investment by offshore holding companies to Mainland PRC entities may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of our offshore financing to make loans or additional capital contributions to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business” and “Use of Proceeds.” In addition, current PRC regulations permit our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to their respective shareholders only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Mainland PRC accounting standards and regulations. For details, see “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us and any tax we are required to pay could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.” Other than the legal and regulatory restrictions as described above, cash and capital contributions may be transferred among our Cayman Islands holding company and our subsidiaries.

Table of Contents

In addition, our Class A ordinary shares may be delisted from a national exchange or prohibited from being traded over-the-counter under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act if the PCAOB is unable to inspect our auditor for two consecutive years. Our auditor is subject to inspection by the PCAOB, with the most recent inspection conducted in September 2022, and it is not subject to the determinations announced by the PCAOB on December 16, 2021. If trading in our ordinary shares is prohibited under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act in the future because the PCAOB determines that it cannot inspect or fully investigate our auditor at such future time, the Nasdaq Stock Market may determine to delist our Class A ordinary shares. On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and on December 29, 2022, a legislation entitled “Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023” (the “Consolidated Appropriations Act”) was signed into law by President Biden, which contained, among other things, an identical provision to Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and reduced the period of time for foreign companies to comply with PCAOB audits to two consecutive years, instead of three, thus reducing the time period before our securities may be prohibited from trading or delisted. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB Board determined that the PCAOB was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in Mainland China and Hong Kong and voted to vacate its previous determinations to the contrary. However, should PRC authorities obstruct or otherwise fail to facilitate the PCAOB’s access in the future, the PCAOB Board will consider the need to issue a new determination. Our securities may be delisted or prohibited from trading if the PCAOB determines that it cannot inspect or investigate completely our auditor under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act. Our auditor, TPS Thayer LLC, is headquartered in Sugar Land, Texas, and is subject to inspection by the PCAOB, with the most recent inspection in September 2022. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry — Recent joint statement by the SEC and the PCAOB proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and the recently enacted Consolidated Appropriations Act all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB. These developments could add uncertainties to our offering.”

	Per Share	Total
Initial public offering price	US$ 4.00	US$ 5,000,000
Underwriting discounts(1)	US$ 0.28	US$ 350,000
Proceeds, before expenses, to us(2)	US$ 3.72	US$ 4,650,000

____________

(1) See “Underwriting” in this prospectus for more information regarding our arrangements with the underwriter.

(2) Our total cash expenses for this offering (including cash expenses payable to our underwriter for its out-of-pocket expenses) are approximately $2,788,158, exclusive of the above discounts. See “Underwriting.”

This offering is being conducted on a firm commitment basis. The underwriter is obligated to take and pay for all of the Class A ordinary shares if any such shares are taken. We have granted the underwriter an option for a period of 45 days after the closing of this offering to purchase up to 15% of the total number of the Class A ordinary shares to be offered by us pursuant to this offering (excluding Class A ordinary shares subject to this option), solely for the purpose of covering over-allotments, at the public offering price less the underwriting discounts. If the underwriter exercises the option in full, the total underwriting discounts payable will be US$402,500 based on the offering price of US$4.00 per Class A ordinary share, and the total gross proceeds to us, before underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance, and expenses, will be $5,750,000.

The underwriter expects to deliver the Class A ordinary shares against payment as set forth under “Underwriting,” on or about January 29, 2024.

Neither the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission nor any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

US TIGER SECURITIES, Inc.

Prospectus dated January 24, 2024.

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY		1
RISK FACTORS		20
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS		55
USE OF PROCEEDS		57
DIVIDEND POLICY		59
CAPITALIZATION		60
DILUTION		61
ENFORCEABILITY OF CIVIL LIABILITIES		63
CORPORATE HISTORY AND STRUCTURE		65
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS		67
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW		87
BUSINESS		96
REGULATION		122
MANAGEMENT		140
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS		146
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS		148
DESCRIPTION OF SHARE CAPITAL		149
SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE		157
TAXATION		159
UNDERWRITING		167
EXPENSES RELATING TO THIS OFFERING		171
LEGAL MATTERS		172
EXPERTS		172
WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION		172
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS		F-1

You should rely on the information contained in this prospectus or in any related free writing prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information different from that contained in this prospectus or in any related free writing prospectus. We are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy the Class A ordinary shares, only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of the Class A ordinary shares.

Neither we nor the underwriter has taken any action to permit a public offering of the Class A ordinary shares outside the United States or to permit the possession or distribution of this prospectus or any filed free-writing prospectus outside the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus or any filed free writing prospectus must inform themselves about and observe any restrictions relating to the offering of the Class A ordinary shares and the distribution of this prospectus or any filed free-writing prospectus outside the United States.

Until February 18, 2024 (the 25th day after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that buy, sell or trade Class A ordinary shares, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the dealers’ obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

Table of Contents

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

The following summary is qualified in its entirety by, and should be read in conjunction with, the more detailed information and financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. In addition to this summary, we urge you to read the entire prospectus carefully, especially the risks of investing in our Class A ordinary shares discussed under “Risk Factors,” before deciding whether to invest our Class A ordinary shares. This prospectus contains information from an industry report which we commissioned China Insights Consultancy, a third-party independent research firm, to prepare. We refer to this report as the CIC Report.

Overview

Our Mission

Our mission is to deliver high-quality and cost-effective printing solutions to consumers around the world with our proprietary technology, research and development capabilities and our integrated and localized sales, logistics and service platform.

Who we are

Through the operating subsidiaries, we are a leading export-oriented manufacturer and seller of compatible toner cartridges based in China, the U.S. and Europe. According to the CIC Report, we were the largest compatible cartridge manufacturer in the world with a market share of approximately 11.3% in terms of retail value in the markets worldwide, or global markets, for the year ended December 31, 2022. We ranked first in the U.S. and Europe in terms of market share for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Through the operating subsidiaries, we primarily develop and manufacture toner cartridges that are compatible with, and can be used in, a wide range of commonly available models of laser printers from different manufacturers, or compatible toner cartridges, on a white-label or third-party brand basis or under our self-owned brands. The operating subsidiaries also sell their branded products through online sales channels under three brands, TrueImage, CoolToner, and AZtech. Customers of the operating subsidiaries range from wholesalers, dealers to retail customers. Through the operating subsidiaries, we have a wide international footprint through established sales channels, with products sold to customers in over 45 countries, and sales in the U.S. and Europe representing the majority of our revenue.

Through the operating subsidiaries, we sell our products: (i) to offline overseas customers who own their brands on an Original Design Manufacturer (“ODM”) basis; (ii) to offline overseas dealers who primarily sell our self-branded products and white-label products to end consumers; and (iii) directly to customers on a retail basis under self-owned brands through online retail platforms. There is no major difference in terms of product capability between ODM products and white-label products, and the main difference lies in product packaging and pricing. In recent years, through the operating subsidiaries, benefiting from the growth in the online compatible toner cartridge market in the U.S. and Europe, we have seen a substantial growth in our sales to offline overseas dealers with growing online sales business.

Through the operating subsidiaries, we have established localized sales operations in the overseas markets to manage and maintain relationships with local customers and provide support to offline customer purchasing the operating subsidiaries’ self-branded products and products offered by the operating subsidiaries on an ODM basis. So far, the operating subsidiaries have established sales operations in the U.S., Italy, Germany, France and the United Kingdom. In addition, the operating subsidiaries maintain warehouses in California and Pennsylvania in the U.S., and in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France and Italy to ensure timely delivery to customers. In North America, most customers of the operating subsidiaries send purchase orders through an electronic data interchange system, or EDI system, maintained by the operating subsidiaries. The operating subsidiaries also have a self-developed cloud-based warehouse management system which was integrated with their EDI system and third party platform to manage the purchase orders, inventory and accounting matters. Offline customers of the operating subsidiaries in Europe and other markets generally place purchase orders with the sales team of the operating subsidiaries through emails.

We believe the operating subsidiaries’ strong design, research and development capabilities represent a key strength that allows the operating subsidiaries to provide patent-compliant products with advanced technologies to their customers. After a new printer model is introduced to the market by a printer manufacturer, the experienced research and development team of the operating subsidiaries will aim to design patent compliant compatible toner

Table of Contents

cartridges that can be used with this new printer model in a short period of time. According to the CIC Report, compatible toner cartridges for a new printer model are generally available for sale within six to 18 months. With their efficient production team and sales team, the operating subsidiaries are generally able to make their compatible toner cartridges available for sale within three to six months after the launch of a new printer model. We believe that the short time-to-market for the products of the operating subsidiaries is a key competitive advantage.

We believe that the integrated business model of the operating subsidiaries, encompassing a value chain from research and development, patented technology, manufacturing, and operating localized sales branches and online sales channels allows the operating subsidiaries to capture industry opportunities in a timely manner and provides us with significant growth potential.

What have we accomplished

We have experienced significant growth since our inception. Our growth is partially attributable to our comprehensive sales strategy and our highly efficient and complementary sales channels. During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, and the six months ended June 30, 2023, our revenue was primarily generated from the U.S. and Europe. Our revenue grew from US$71.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 to US$74.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, representing a compound annual growth rate, or CAGR of 3.7%. Our net profit increased by US$0.7 million, from US$3.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 to US$4.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, representing a CAGR of 21.6%. Our revenue grew from US$141.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to US$142.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, representing a CAGR of 0.4%. Our net profit increased from US$4.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to US$7.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, representing a CAGR of 47.1%.

Competitive Strengths

• The operating subsidiaries’ strong design, research and development capabilities and extensive patent portfolio provide significant competitive advantages over their industry peers;

• The operating subsidiaries’ localized sales model integrating multiple channels, including strategically located sales offices and logistic centers in the U.S. and Europe, enable them to build a broad end user customer base and achieve fast product delivery;

• The operating subsidiaries’ advanced IT systems enable us to capture opportunities in the local compatible toner cartridge market and operate our sales efficiently;

• The operating subsidiaries are dedicated to ensuring quality of their products and delivering excellent customer service; and

• The operating subsidiaries have a strong, stable and experienced senior management team.

Growth Strategies

• Construct a comprehensive, multi-layer production center housing production facilities;

• Increase research and development efforts;

• Upgrade and integrate information systems to optimize the operational efficiency of the operating subsidiaries;

• Further strengthen sales and logistics and expand the operating subsidiaries’ market coverage; and

• Continue to increase sales and deliver customer services to offline overseas dealers, who sells our white-label or self-branded products through online channels to end customers.

Summary of Risk Factors

An investment in our Class A ordinary shares is subject to a number of risks, including risks relating to the business and industry of the operating subsidiaries, risks relating to doing business in China and risk relating to our Class A ordinary shares in this offering. You should carefully consider all the information in this prospectus before making an investment in the Class A ordinary shares. The following list summarizes some, but not all, of these risks. Please read the information in the section entitled “Risk Factors” for a more thorough description of these and other risks.

Table of Contents

Risks Relating to the Business and Industry of the Operating Subsidiaries

• If the products of the operating subsidiaries fail to meet the demands of their customers or to reflect the latest developments in the printer industry, the operating subsidiaries may be unable to retain existing customers or attract new customers, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

• The operating subsidiaries may be exposed to risks of obsolete inventories because technological upgrades by the original-brand printer manufacturers render their toner cartridge products obsolete or due to their failure to manage inventories efficiently. If this occurs, the operating subsidiaries may incur losses for their research and development expenses, production costs and marketing expenses relating to such obsolete inventories.

• The operating subsidiaries may not be able to maintain or increase the selling prices of their products.

• Raw material purchase prices are subject to fluctuation and the operating subsidiaries could face shortage in supply of their raw materials.

• The business of the operating subsidiaries rely significantly on export sales which may be adversely affected by present or future export regulations or enforcement.

• The operating subsidiaries may fail to maintain an effective quality control system and may be subject to claims by their customers in respect of product quality and compliance with relevant health and safety standards.

Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC

• Adverse changes in economic, political and social conditions of the PRC government could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China, which could adversely affect our business. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — Adverse changes in economic, political and social conditions of the PRC government could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China, which could adversely affect our business” on page 35.

• Changes to the PRC legal system could have an adverse effect on us. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — Changes to the PRC legal system could have an adverse effect on us” on page 35.

• The Chinese government exerts substantial influence over the manner in which the PRC subsidiaries must conduct their business activities and may intervene or influence their operations at any time, which could result in a material change in their operations and the value of our ordinary shares. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — The Chinese government exerts substantial influence over the manner in which the PRC subsidiaries must conduct their business activities and may intervene or influence their operations at any time, which could result in a material change in their operations and the value of our ordinary shares” on page 36.

• We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us and any tax we are required to pay could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us and any tax we are required to pay could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business” on page 38.

• PRC regulations of loans and direct investment by offshore holding companies to Mainland PRC entities may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of our offshore financing to make loans or additional capital contributions to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — PRC regulations of loans and direct investment by offshore holding companies to Mainland PRC entities may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of our offshore financing to make loans or additional capital contributions to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business” on page 39.

Table of Contents

• If we are classified as a Mainland PRC resident enterprise for Mainland PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-Mainland PRC shareholders. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — If we are classified as a Mainland PRC resident enterprise for Mainland PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-Mainland PRC shareholders” on page 44.

• We may be subject to uncertainty about any changes in the economic, political and legal environment in Hong Kong, and it is possible that most of the legal and operational risks associated with operating in Mainland PRC may also apply to operations in Hong Kong in the future. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — We may be subject to uncertainty about any changes in the economic, political and legal environment in Hong Kong, and it is possible that most of the legal and operational risks associated with operating in Mainland PRC may also apply to operations in Hong Kong in the future” on page 45.

• Our operations in Hong Kong are governed by the laws and regulations in Hong Kong. If there is significant change to current political arrangements between Mainland China and Hong Kong, the PRC government may intervene or influence our Hong Kong operations, which could result in a material change in our operations in Hong Kong. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — Our operations in Hong Kong are governed by the laws and regulations in Hong Kong. If there is significant change to current political arrangements between Mainland China and Hong Kong, the PRC government may intervene or influence our Hong Kong operations, which could result in a material change in our operations in Hong Kong” on page 45.

• To the extent cash in the business is in the PRC, the funds may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of our Company or our subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — To the extent cash in the business is in the Mainland PRC/Hong Kong or a Mainland PRC/Hong Kong entity, the funds may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the Mainland PRC/Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of our Company or our subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash” on page 46.

Risks Relating to Our Class A Ordinary Shares and This Offering

• There is been no public market for our Class A ordinary shares prior to this offering, and you may not be able to resell our Class A ordinary shares at or above the price you paid, or at all.

• The trading price of our Class A ordinary shares is likely to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors.

• Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of our Class A ordinary shares in the public market could cause the price of our Class A ordinary shares to decline.

• If we fail to establish and maintain proper internal financial reporting controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.

• As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq listing standards. These practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with corporate governance listing standards.

We also face other challenges, risks and uncertainties that may materially adversely affect the operating subsidiaries’ business, and our financial condition, results of operations and prospects. You should consider the risks discussed in “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus before investing in our Class A ordinary shares.

We face risks arising from the legal system in China including risks and uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws and that rules and regulations in China can change quickly with little advance notice. The Chinese government may intervene or influence the operating subsidiaries’ operations at any time, or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, which could result in a material change in the operating subsidiaries’ operations and/or the value of our Class A ordinary shares. Any actions by the Chinese government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers could significantly limit or complete hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our securities

Table of Contents

to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — The Chinese government exerts substantial influence over the manner in which the PRC subsidiaries must conduct their business activities and may intervene or influence their operations at any time, which could result in a material change in their operations and the value of our ordinary shares.”

We are and our subsidiaries are required to obtain the following requisite licenses and approvals for our operations in Mainland China:

Company Name	Scope of Business Operation	Governmental Permission Required	Status
	(i) production, processing and sales of laser printers and laser toner cartridges, toner, inkjet printers and ink cartridges, inks, computer peripherals and other printer consumables and accessories for the above products; (ii) electronic product research and development; (iii) electronic product technology development; and (iv) printer and consumable software design and development	Not required	N/A
Jiangxi Yibo	Filling, processing and sales of recycled laser printer toner cartridges and inkjet cartridges	Pollution Discharge Permission	Obtained
	Import and export of goods and technology	Record-filing of customs declaration entities	Completed
Yantuo	(i) Sales service of printer consumables and related accessories; (ii) technical consultation; (iii) commodity circulation information consultation; and (iv) marketing planning	Not required	N/A
Yantuo	Import and export of goods and technology	Record-filing of customs declaration entities	Completed
Jiangxi Leibotai	Procurement and sales of printer toner cartridges and their materials and accessories	Not required	N/A
Jiangxi Leibotai	Import and export of goods and technology	Record-filing of customs declaration entities	Completed
Shenzhen Dinghong	This subsidiary has no business operations.	Not required	N/A

We believe that each of our Mainland PRC subsidiaries has all requisite permissions or approvals to conduct its business in the manner presently conducted and described in this prospectus. Other than the licenses and approvals disclosed in this prospectus that our Mainland PRC subsidiaries have obtained for a domestic company in China to engage in the similar businesses, as of the date of this prospectus, neither we nor any of our Mainland PRC subsidiaries is required to obtain any permission from any PRC authorities, including, but not limited to, the Cyberspace Administration of China, to conduct its operations. Additionally, the operation of our Hong Kong subsidiaries, being the online retail of toner cartridge products, does not require any permission or approval from the Chinese authorities, including Mainland PRC authorities and Hong Kong local authorities. If we do not receive or maintain the approvals, or we inadvertently conclude that such approvals are not required, or applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change such that we are required to obtain approval in the future, we may be subject to an investigation by competent regulators, fines or penalties, ordered to suspend our relevant business and rectify, prohibited from engaging in relevant business, and these

Table of Contents

risks could result in a material adverse change in our operations, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, or cause such securities to significantly decline in value or become worthless.

On February 17, 2023, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (the “CSRC”) released Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (hereinafter referred to as the “Administration Measures”, which came into force on March 31, 2023), five supporting guidelines, as well as Notice on Filing Management Arrangements for Overseas Listings of Domestic Enterprises (hereinafter referred to as the “Notice”). According to the Administration Measures and the Notice, overseas offering and listing refers to overseas offerings by domestic companies of equity shares, depository receipts, convertible corporate bonds, or other equity-like securities, and overseas listing of the securities for trading. Overseas offering and listing, which is specifically divided into direct overseas offerings and listing and indirect overseas offerings and listing, shall be filed in accordance with the Administration Measures. According to the Notice, the domestic companies that have submitted valid applications for overseas issuance and listing but have not been approved by overseas regulatory authorities or overseas stock exchanges at the date of effectiveness of the Administration Measures can reasonably arrange the timing of filing applications and should complete the filing before the overseas issuance and listing. Our submission of a listing application will fall into the scope of overseas offering and listing provisions in the Administration Measures. After the effectiveness of the Administration Measures, we will be required to file with the CSRC in accordance with the Administration Measures and complete the filing before the overseas issuance and listing. As of the date of this prospectus, we have submitted a report other required materials in connection with the CSRC filing, and additional materials as requested by the CSRC. On September 25, 2023, we received CSRC’s approval of this offering under the Administration Measures. However, if our filing procedures were not completed according to the Administration Measures or if our filing materials contain false records, misleading statements or material omissions, the CSRC may order rectify such non-compliance, issue a warning, and impose a fine of not less than RMB1 million and not more than RMB10 million. Unless we obtain approval from the CSRC, we will not proceed with our initial public offering. These risks could completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, or cause such securities to significantly decline in value or become worthless.

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, Ministry of Finance of the PRC, National Administration of State Secrets Protection and National Archives Administration of China jointly issued the Provisions on Strengthening the Confidentiality and Archive Management Work Relating to the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing, or the Confidentiality Provisions, which came into effect on March 31, 2023 with the Administrative Measures. The Confidentiality Provisions require that, among other things, (a) a domestic company that plans to, either directly or through its overseas listed entity, publicly disclose or provide to relevant individuals or entities including securities companies, securities service providers and overseas regulators, any documents and materials that contain state secrets or working secrets of government agencies, shall first obtain approval from competent authorities according to law, and file with the secrecy administrative department at the same level; and (b) domestic company that plans to, either directly or through its overseas listed entity, publicly disclose or provide to relevant individuals and entities including securities companies, securities service providers and overseas regulators, any other documents and materials that, if leaked, will be detrimental to national security or public interest, shall strictly fulfill relevant procedures stipulated by applicable national regulations. Any failure or perceived failure by the company or its PRC subsidiary to comply with the above confidentiality and archives administration requirements under the Confidentiality Provisions, and other PRC laws and regulations may result in the relevant entities being held legally liable by competent authorities, and referred to the judicial organ to be investigated for criminal liability if suspected of committing a crime.

For details on the above-mentioned matters, see “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — The Chinese government exerts substantial influence over the manner in which the PRC subsidiaries must conduct their business activities and may intervene or influence their operations at any time, which could result in a material change in their operations and the value of our ordinary shares.” Other than the filing requirement under the Administrative Measures, we, our Mainland PRC subsidiaries, and our Hong Kong subsidiaries are not required to obtain any permission or approval from the Chinese authorities under current PRC laws and regulations for the offering of securities being registered hereunder to foreign investors.

The legal and operational risks associated with operating in Mainland China also apply to our operations in Hong Kong, including that the PRC government has significant authority to intervene or influence our Hong Kong subsidiaries at any time, which could result in a material adverse change to our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations, and the value of our securities. Hong Kong was established as a special administrative region

Table of Contents

of the PRC in accordance with Article 31 of the Constitution of the PRC. Pursuant to the Basic Law, which was adopted and promulgated on April 4, 1990 and became effective on July 1, 1997, when the PRC resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong, Hong Kong is authorized by the National People’s Congress of the PRC to exercise a high degree of autonomy and enjoy executive, legislative, and independent judicial power, under the principle of “one country, two systems,” and the PRC laws and regulations shall not be applied in Hong Kong except for those listed in Annex III of the Basic Law (which is confined to laws relating to national defense, foreign affairs, and other matters that are not within the scope of autonomy). Further, according to Article 5 of the Basic Law, the capitalist system and the way of life in Hong Kong shall remain unchanged for 50 years since the handover on July 1, 1997. However, there is no assurance that there will not be any changes in the economic, political, and legal environment in Hong Kong in the future. If there is a significant change to current political arrangements between Mainland China and Hong Kong, or the applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change, our Hong Kong subsidiaries may become subject to PRC laws or authorities. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — We may be subject to uncertainty about any changes in the economic, political and legal environment in Hong Kong, and it is possible that most of the legal and operational risks associated with operating in Mainland PRC may also apply to operations in Hong Kong in the future” and “— Our operations in Hong Kong are governed by the laws and regulations in Hong Kong. If there is significant change to current political arrangements between Mainland China and Hong Kong, the PRC government may intervene or influence our Hong Kong operations, which could result in a material change in our operations in Hong Kong.”

In addition, trading in our securities may be prohibited under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, if the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, determines that it cannot inspect the workpapers prepared by our auditor, and that as a result an exchange may determine to delist our securities. On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and on December 29, 2022, the Consolidated Appropriations Act was signed into law by President Biden, which contained, among other things, an identical provision to Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and reduced the number of consecutive non-inspection years required for triggering the prohibitions under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act from three years to two. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report on its determination that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in Mainland China and in Hong Kong because of positions taken by Mainland PRC and Hong Kong authorities in those jurisdictions. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB Board determined that the PCAOB was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in Mainland China and Hong Kong and voted to vacate its previous determinations to the contrary. However, should PRC authorities obstruct or otherwise fail to facilitate the PCAOB’s access in the future, the PCAOB Board will consider the need to issue a new determination. Our securities may be delisted or prohibited from trading if the PCAOB determines that it cannot inspect or investigate completely our auditor under the HFCAA.

Our auditor, the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included elsewhere in this prospectus, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the U.S. and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the U.S., pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Our auditor is headquartered in Sugar Land, Texas, and is subject to inspection by the PCAOB, with the most recent inspection in September 2022. Additionally, our auditor is not subject to the determination announced by the PCAOB on December 16, 2021. See Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry — Recent joint statement by the SEC and the PCAOB proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act passed by the US Senate, all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB. These developments could add uncertainties to our offering.”

Cash Transfer and Dividend Distributions

Cash Transfers To Date

We conduct our business operations in Mainland China through our Mainland PRC subsidiaries. If needed, our Cayman Islands holding company can transfer cash to its Mainland PRC subsidiaries through loans and/or capital contributions, and our Mainland PRC subsidiaries can transfer cash to our Cayman Islands holding company through loans and/or issuing dividends or other distributions. Cash flows have occurred between our Cayman Islands holding company and our subsidiaries. Our Cayman Islands holding company, which was incorporated in August 2019, received cash in the amount of US$27,040, US$5.5 million, US$1.3 million, US$0.5 million, US$0.8 million, and

Table of Contents

US$0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022, the six months ended June 30, 2023, and from June 30, 2023 to the date of this prospectus, respectively, from our subsidiaries for operating activities. Our subsidiaries received cash in the amount of US$13.7 million, US$4.7 million, US$0.8 million, nil, nil, and nil for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022, the six months ended June 30, 2023, and from June 30, 2023 to the date of this prospectus, respectively, from our Cayman Islands holding company for operating activities. To date, no cash flows have occurred between our Cayman Islands holding company and our Mainland PRC subsidiaries. To date, our Cayman Islands holding company has received cash in an aggregate amount of US$2.8 million from our subsidiaries in Hong Kong for operating activities, and our subsidiaries in Hong Kong has received cash from our Cayman Islands holding company in an aggregate amount of US$14.4 million for operating activities. Such cash transactions for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023 were included in net cash generated from operating activities together with our Cayman Islands holding company’s other operational cash transactions in its financial statements. See “Note 19 Condensed Financial Information of the Parent Company — Condensed statements of cash flows” in our financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus.

The following table summarizes the cash flows that occurred between our Mainland PRC subsidiaries and our other subsidiaries for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023.

PRC Subsidiaries		Amount Received from Other Subsidiaries (in US$)		Amount Transferred to Other Subsidiaries (in US$)
Jiangxi Yibo	Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021	From Aster HK	116,975,826.32	To Aster HK	407,881.00
	Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022	From Aster HK	98,597,272.25	—	—
	Six Months Ended June 30, 2023	From Aster HK	62,893,442.31	—	—
Jiangxi Leibotai	Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021	—	—	—	—
	Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022	From Aster HK	483.00	—	—
	Six Months Ended June 30, 2023	—	—	—	—
Yantuo	Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021	—	—	—	—
	Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022	From Aster HK	118,195.98	—	—
	Six Months Ended June 30, 2023	From Aster HK	3,867,682.70	—	—
Total:			282,452,902.56		407,881.00

Restrictions and Limitations on Cash Transfers and Dividend and Other Distributions

From our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to their parent companies

Current PRC regulations permit our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to their respective shareholders only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Mainland PRC accounting standards and regulations. A Mainland PRC subsidiary of ours is required to set aside 10% of its after-tax profits to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital if it distributes its after-tax profits for the current financial year. For details, see “Risk Factors — Risk Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing

Table of Contents

requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us and any tax we are required to pay could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.” In addition, cash transfers from our Cayman Islands holding company are subject to applicable Mainland PRC laws and regulations on loans and direct investment. For details, see “Risk Factors — Risk Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — PRC regulations of loans and direct investment by offshore holding companies to Mainland PRC entities may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of our offshore financing to make loans or additional capital contributions to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.”

In addition, the PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of Mainland China. Although we receive a significant portion of our revenues in U.S. dollars, under our current corporate structure, we may still rely on dividend payments from our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to fund any additional cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of Mainland China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, we need to obtain SAFE approval to use cash generated from the operations of our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to pay off their respective debt in a currency other than Renminbi owed to entities outside China, or to make other capital expenditure payments outside Mainland China in a currency other than Renminbi. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our Class A ordinary shares. See “Risk Factors — Risk Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — Restrictions on the remittance of Renminbi into and out of Mainland China and government control of currency conversion may limit our ability to pay dividends and other obligations, and affect the value of your investment.”

From our Cayman Islands holding company to U.S. investors

Our Cayman Islands holding company will be able to pay dividends and make other distributions to its shareholders, including U.S. investors, provided that it (i) has either sufficient profits or retained profits, when the dividend is to be declared and paid from profits, or sufficient share premium and satisfies the solvency test as defined under the Companies Act, when the dividend is to be paid from share premium, and (ii) complies with the provisions in our Cayman Islands holding company’s memorandum and articles of association then in effect.

Our Cayman Islands holding company has not declared or paid dividends or made distributions to its subsidiaries or to investors in the past, nor any dividends or distributions were made by a subsidiary to the Cayman Islands holding company. Our board of directors has complete discretion on whether to distribute dividends, subject to applicable laws. We do not have any current plan to declare or pay any cash dividends on our Class A ordinary shares in the foreseeable future after this offering. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Class A Ordinary Shares and This Offering — We currently do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future after this offering and you must rely on price appreciation of our Class A ordinary shares for return on your investment.”

U.S. investors will not be subject to Cayman Islands, Mainland PRC, or Hong Kong taxation on dividend distributions, and no withholding will be required on the payment of dividends or distributions to them, while they may be subject to U.S. federal income tax for receiving dividends, to the extent that the distribution is paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. See “Taxation.”

From our Cayman Islands holding company to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries

Cash transfers from our Cayman Islands holding company are subject to applicable Mainland PRC laws and regulations on loans and direct investment. We may transfer funds to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries or finance our Mainland PRC subsidiaries by means of shareholders’ loans or capital contributions after completion of this offering. Any loans to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries, which are foreign-invested enterprises, cannot exceed a statutory limit, and shall be filed with the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, or its local counterparts. Furthermore, any capital contributions we make to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries shall be registered with the PRC State Administration for Market Regulation or its local counterparts, and filed with the Ministry of Commerce

Table of Contents

(“MOFCOM”) or its local counterparts. On March 30, 2015, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Reforming the Administration Measures on Conversion of Foreign Exchange Registered Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19. SAFE Circular 19, however, allows foreign invested enterprises in Mainland China to use their registered capital settled in RMB converted from foreign currencies to make equity investments, but the registered capital of a foreign invested company settled in RMB converted from foreign currencies remains not allowed to be used, among other things, for investment in the security markets, or offering entrustment loans, unless otherwise regulated by other laws and regulations. On June 9, 2016, SAFE further issued the Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Regulating Policies on the Control over Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital Accounts, or SAFE Circular 16, which, among other things, amended certain provisions of Circular 19. According to SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16, the flow and use of the RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign invested company is regulated such that Renminbi capital may not be used for purposes beyond its business scope or to provide loans to non-affiliates unless otherwise permitted under its business scope. On October 23, 2019, SAFE promulgated the Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Promoting the Facilitation of Cross-Border Trade and Investment, or SAFE Circular 28, which removes the restrictions on domestic equity investments by non-investment foreign-invested enterprises with their capital funds, provided that certain conditions are met. The applicable foreign exchange circulars and rules may limit our ability to transfer the net proceeds from this offering and the concurrent private placements to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries and convert the net proceeds into RMB, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — PRC regulations of loans and direct investment by offshore holding companies to Mainland PRC entities may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of our offshore financing to make loans or additional capital contributions to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business” and “Use of Proceeds.”

From our non-Mainland PRC subsidiaries to their parent companies

Other than Mainland China, operating subsidiaries formed in Hong Kong, the State of California, and Netherlands contributed the vast majority of our revenues in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023. The following are descriptions of the restrictions and limitations on our subsidiaries formed in these jurisdictions to distribute earnings to the parent company and U.S. investors.

Netherlands. Pursuant to the Dutch Civil Code, shareholders of a limited liability company formed in the Netherlands, such as Proimage B.V. and Aster Technology Holland B.V., are allowed to distribute earnings to its parent company through dividends or other capital distributions, provided that (i) after the capital distribution, the net equity of the company is greater than the amount of legal and statutory reserves required to be maintained pursuant to Dutch laws and regulations and the articles of association of the company, and (ii) the company’s management and board of directors are of the opinion that the company is able to pay the amount of such distribution and any debts outstanding.

Hong Kong. For our Hong Kong subsidiaries to distribute earnings outside Hong Kong, certain daily remittance limits will be imposed by Hong Kong laws and processing banks. Additionally, such remittances should not be used for money laundering or terrorist financing purposes. Registered institutes, such as banks, have their own internal policies, procedures and controls in the relevant operational areas so as to meet their anti-money laundering and counter-financing of terrorism statutory and regulatory requirements and guard against money laundering and terrorist financing.

State of California. Under California law, no company may make any distribution to its shareholders unless its board of directors has determined in good faith either (i) the amount of retained earnings of the company immediately prior to the distribution equals or exceeds the sum of (a) the amount of proposed distribution, plus (b) the preferential dividends arrears amount, or (ii) immediately after the distribution, the value of the company’s assets would equal or exceed the sum of its total liabilities plus the preferential rights amount.

In the event of distributions, our operating subsidiaries will first distribute to their British Virgin Islands parent companies, which may in turn distribute to our Cayman Islands holding company. In the British Virgin Islands, dividends and distributions are governed by Section 56 to 58 of the BVI Business Companies Act, which provides that subject to the memorandum and articles of a company, the company’s directors may authorize a distribution to members if in the opinion of the directors, the company will satisfy the solvency test immediately after the distribution. A company satisfies the solvency test if the value of the company’s assets exceeds its liabilities, and the company is able to pay its debts as they fall due.

Table of Contents

Other than the legal and regulatory restrictions as described above, cash and capital contributions may be transferred among our Cayman Islands holding company and our subsidiaries.

Corporate History and Structure

We commenced our operations in January 2011 as a toner cartridge manufacturer through Jiangxi Yibo E-tech Co., Ltd., or Jiangxi Yibo, a limited liability company established under the laws of Mainland PRC. In March 2011, Aster Graphics, Inc., or Aster US, was incorporated in the State of California. In July 2011, Aster Technology Holland B.V., was incorporated in the Netherlands as a limited liability company. On August 5, 2019, Plant Image International Limited was incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability. As a result of reorganization, Planet Image International Limited became the ultimate holding company of our Company.

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure, including our significant subsidiaries, as of the date of this prospectus. For more detail on our corporate history, please refer to “Corporate History and Structure.”

Note:

Through Aster Online Company Limited, we also directly own 100% of equity interests of 11 limited liability companies incorporated in Hong Kong in March 2020, namely Peony Trade Co., Limited, White Poplar Co., Limited, Joyful Product Trade Co., Limited, Grand Future Trade Co., Limited, Oriental Poetry Co., Limited, Prosperity Product Trade Co., Limited, Atlantic Marketing Co., Limited, Pigeon King Co., Limited, Dragon Product Trade Co., Limited, Plum Blossom Co., Limited and Blue Ocean Product Trade Co., Limited.

These above-mentioned 11 limited liability companies have no operations but instead purely serve as holding companies for the operating companies we set up in various jurisdictions for our online shops, including seven operating companies in Hong Kong, one in the Netherlands, and three in California, United States. These 11 operating companies include Your Office Supplies Company Limited, Iprint Enterprise Limited, Amstech Limited and Aztech Enterprise Limited, formed in Hong Kong in 2016; Supplies4u Limited and Access Supplies Limited, formed in Hong Kong in 2017; and Dellon Technology Company Limited (formerly known as C’anon H-Pixel Building B’rother Enterprise Limited), formed in Hong Kong in 2018; Proimage B.V formed in the Netherlands in 2014; Eco Imaging Inc., Revol Trading Inc. and Intercon International Corp., incorporated in the State of California in 2012. Each of

Table of Contents

these 11 operating companies is directly wholly-owned by one of the above-mentioned holding companies, is operated independently, maintains separate accounts, and files taxes in accordance with applicable laws and regulations in each relevant jurisdiction. The financial positions and results of operations of the above-mentioned 11 holding companies and 11 operating companies have been consolidated into the accounts of Aster Online Company Limited and ultimately reflected in our Company’s consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Currently, we directly hold 100% equity interests in our subsidiaries, and we do not currently use a VIE structure.

Corporate Information

Our principal executive offices are located at No. 756 Guangfu Road, Hi-tech Development Zone, Xinyu City, Jiangxi Province, People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is +86 0790-7138216. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at Conyers Trust Company (Cayman) Limited, Cricket Square, Hutchins Drive, P.O. Box 2681, Grand Cayman KY1-1111, Cayman Islands, and the phone number of our registered office is +1-345-949-1040.

Investors should submit any inquiries to the address and telephone number of our principal executive offices. Our corporate website is http://www.yibomk.com. The information contained on our websites is not a part of this prospectus. Our agent for service of process in the United States is located at 12000 Magnolia Ave Suite 101, Riverside, CA 92503.

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company

As a company with less than US$1.235 billion in revenue during our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended, or the JOBS Act. As long as we remain an emerging growth company, we may rely on exemptions from some of the reporting requirements applicable to public companies that are not emerging growth companies. In particular, as an emerging growth company, we:

• may present only two years of audited financial statements and only two years of related Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, or “MD&A;”

• are not required to provide a detailed narrative disclosure discussing our compensation principles, objectives and elements and analyzing how those elements fit with our principles and objectives, which is commonly referred to as “compensation discussion and analysis”;

• are not required to obtain an attestation and report from our auditors on our management’s assessment of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002;

• are not required to obtain a non-binding advisory vote from our shareholders on executive compensation or golden parachute arrangements (commonly referred to as the “say-on-pay,” “say-on frequency” and “say-on-golden-parachute” votes);

• are exempt from certain executive compensation disclosure provisions requiring a pay-for-performance graph and chief executive officer pay ratio disclosure;

• are eligible to claim longer phase-in periods for the adoption of new or revised financial accounting standards under §107 of the JOBS Act; and

• will not be required to conduct an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting until our second annual report on Form 20-F following the completion of our initial public offering.

We intend to take advantage of all of these reduced reporting requirements and exemptions, including the longer phase-in periods for the adoption of new or revised financial accounting standards under §107 of the JOBS Act. Our election to use the phase-in periods may make it difficult to compare our financial statements to those of non-emerging growth companies and other emerging growth companies that have opted out of the phase-in periods under §107 of the JOBS Act.

Under the JOBS Act, we may take advantage of the above-described reduced reporting requirements and exemptions until we no longer meet the definition of an emerging growth company. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (a) the last day of the fiscal year during which we have total annual gross revenues

Table of Contents

of at least US$1.235 billion; (b) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of this offering; (c) the date on which we have, during the preceding three-year period, issued more than US$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt; or (d) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our Class A ordinary shares that are held by non-affiliates exceeds US$700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter. Once we cease to be an emerging growth company, we will not be entitled to the exemptions provided in the JOBS Act discussed above.

Foreign Private Issuer Status

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). As such, we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to United States domestic public companies. For example:

• we are not required to provide as many Exchange Act reports, or as frequently, as a domestic public company;

• for interim reporting, we are permitted to comply solely with our home country requirements, which are less rigorous than the rules that apply to domestic public companies;

• we are not required to provide the same level of disclosure on certain issues, such as executive compensation;

• we are exempt from provisions of Regulation FD aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures of material information;

• we are not required to comply with the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; and

• we are not required to comply with Section 16 of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and establishing insider liability for profits realized from any “short-swing” trading transaction.

Implications of Being a Controlled Company

Upon the completion of this offering, Mr. Weidong Gu, our founder and chairman of the board of directors will continue to beneficially own 22.07% of our total issued and outstanding Class A ordinary shares and 100% of our total issued and outstanding Class B ordinary shares, representing 92.56% of our total voting power, assuming the option to purchase additional Class A ordinary shares is exercised by the underwriter in full. As a result, we are a “controlled company” as defined under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules because Mr. Weidong Gu will hold more than 50% of the voting power for the election of directors. As a “controlled company,” we are permitted to elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements. If we rely on these exemptions, you will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these corporate governance requirements.

Conventions that Apply to this Prospectus

Unless we indicate otherwise, references in this prospectus to:

• “AMC” are to Atlantic Marketing Co., Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong as a limited liability company on March 5, 2020 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

• “AML” are to Amstech Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong as a limited liability company on May 25, 2016 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

• “ASL” are to Access Supplies Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong as a limited liability company on March 31, 2017 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

• “Aster BVI” are to Aster Graphics Company Limited, a company incorporated in the BVI as a limited liability company on February 25, 2011 and a directly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

Table of Contents

• “Aster Excellent” are to Aster Excellent Limited, a company incorporated in the BVI as a limited liability company on August 2, 2019;

• “Aster France” are to Aster Technology France, a company incorporated in France as a simplified joint-stock company on April 3, 2019 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

• “Aster Germany” are to Aster Supplies GmbH, a company incorporated in Germany as a limited liability company on September 25, 2018 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

• “Aster HK” are to Aster Graphics Company Limited, formerly known as Aster Industry Company Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong as limited liability company on August 16, 2019 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

• “Aster Industrial” are to Aster Industrial Limited, a company incorporated in the BVI as a limited liability company on August 8, 2019 and a directly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

• “Aster Italy” are to Aster Technology Italia S.R.L., a company incorporated in Italy as a limited liability company on May 7, 2018 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

• “Aster NL” are to Aster Technology Holland B.V., a company incorporated in the Netherlands as a limited liability company on July 8, 2011 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

• “Aster Online” are to Aster Online Company Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong as a limited liability company on August 15, 2019 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

• “Aster UK” are to Aster Technology UK Ltd, a company incorporated in the United Kingdom as a limited liability company on January 21, 2019 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

• “Aster US” are to Aster Graphics, Inc., a company incorporated in the State of California, the United States as a limited liability company on March 1, 2011 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

• “AZEL” are to Aztech Enterprise Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong as a limited liability company on May 25, 2016 and an indirectly wholly owned subsidiary of our Company;

• “BOPTC” are to Blue Ocean Product Trade Co., Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong as a limited liability company on March 9, 2020 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

• “BVI” are to the British Virgin Islands;

• “B2B” are to a form of commercial transaction between one business entity to another business entity;

• “B2C” are to a form of commercial transaction between one business entity to end-consumers;

• “cartridge chips” are to PCBA with firmware installed, the principal functions of which include facilitating communications between a cartridge and the printer on which it is installed and monitoring cartridge usage;

• “China” and the “PRC” are to the People’s Republic of China, including the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau and excluding, for the purposes of this prospectus only, Taiwan;

• “Class A ordinary shares” are to our Class A ordinary shares, par value HK$0.0001 per share;

• “Class B ordinary shares” are to our Class B ordinary shares, par value HK$0.0001 per share;

• “Companies Act” are to the Companies Act (2022 Revision) of the Cayman Islands, as amended and revised;

• “compatible toner cartridges” are to toner cartridges designed and manufactured by third-party toner cartridge manufacturers, instead of printer companies, which are compatible for a single or multiple original-brand printer models;

• “DDP” are to “delivered duty paid,” meaning that the seller assumes all of the responsibility, risks and costs associated with transporting goods until the buyer received and transfers them at the destination port;

• “doctor blade” are to a mechanical device used to remove excess toner from a printer cylinder;

Table of Contents

• “DPTC” are to Dragon Product Trade Co., Ltd., a company incorporated in Hong Kong as a limited liability company on March 9, 2020 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

• DTCL” are to Dellon Technology Company Limited, a company incorporated in Hon g Kong as a limited liability company on February 7, 2018 and an indirectly subsidiary of our Company;

• “drop ship” are to a supply chain management method in which the dealer does not keep goods in stock but instead transfers its customer’s orders and shipment details to either the manufacturer, another dealer, or a wholesaler, who then ships the goods directly to the customer;

• “EDI” are to electronic data interchange, which is the electronic interchange of business information using a standardized format. It allows one company to send information to another company electronically;

• “EII” are to Eco Imaging Inc., a company incorporated in the state of California, the United states as a limited liability company on February 23, 2012 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

• “ERP” are to enterprise resource planning, which is the integrated management of main business processes, often in real time and mediated by software and technology;

• “FOB” are to free on board, or delivery of goods on board the vessel at the named port of origin (loading) at the seller’s expense. The buyer is responsible for main carriage/freight, cargo insurance and other costs and risks;

• “HK$” and “Hong Kong dollars” are to the legal currency of Hong Kong;

• “Hong Kong” or “HK” are to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the PRC;

• “IEL” are to Iprint Enterprise Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong as a limited liability company on June 14, 2016 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

• “IIC” are to Intercon International Corp., a company incorporate in the state of California, the United States as a limited liability company on November 14, 2012 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

• “ISO” are to a series of quality management and quality assurance standards published by International Organization for standardization, a non-government organization based in Geneva, Switzerland, for assessing the quality systems of business organizations;

• “IT” are to information technology;

• “Jiangxi Leibotai” are to “Jiangxi Leibotai E-Tech Co., Ltd., a limited liability company established in the PRC on June 26, 2012 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

• “Jiangxi Yibo” are to Jiangxi Yibo E-Tech Co., Ltd., a limited liability company established in the PRC on January 12, 2011 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

• “JPTC” are to Joyful Product Trade Co., Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong as a limited liability company on March 9, 2020 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

• “Mainland China” or “Mainland PRC” are to People’s Republic of China, excluding the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau, and Taiwan;

• “ODM” are to original design manufacturing, where a manufacturer designs and manufactures a product with its own technologies and specifications, but such manufacturer is still required to obtain brand authorization and brand name label for such products;

• “OPC drums” are to aluminum cylinders coated with a layer of non-toxic, organic-photo conductive material, a key component in toner cartridge;

• “OPCL” are to Oriental Poetry Co., Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong as a limited liability company on March 5, 2020 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

Table of Contents

• “original-brand printer companies” are to original-brand printer companies design and sell printers and corresponding ink/toner cartridges;

• “original-brand toner cartridges” are to toner cartridge designed and sold by original-brand printer companies for specific printer model;

• “page yield” are to a quantitative indicator that measures the product life of toner cartridge, which usually refers to a maximum page count assuming 5% toner coverage rat on A4 sized page;

• “PBC” are to Plum Blossom Co., Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong as a limited liability company on March 9, 2020 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

• “PCBA” are to printed circuit board assembly, a chip set with integrated circuit, printed circuit board and other components assembled with no firmware installed;

• “primary charge roller” are to a device that applies a uniform, high-voltage negative charge on the OPC drum to level out any remaining charge after one printing image and set the OPC drum ready for new printer image;

• “private labeling services” are to special requested services that the manufacturers will design labels that contain logo, name, order number and contact information of customers purchasing our white-label products and stick to the packaging boxes;

• “Peony Trade Co., Ltd., a company incorporated in Hong Kong as a limited liability company on March 9, 2020 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

• “remanufactured toner cartridges” are to toner cartridges produced through refurbishing empty cartridges, refilling the toner and replacing any broken parts;

• “RMB” and “Renminbi” are to the legal currency of Mainland China;

• “search engine optimization” are to the process of increasing the quality and quantity of website traffic by increasing the visibility of a website or web page to users of a web search engine;

• “shares,” “Shares,” or “ordinary shares” are to the ordinary shares of the Company, par value HK$0.0001 per share, which include our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares, par value HK$0.0001 per share;

• “sponsored advertisements” are to a cost-per-click advertising solution to reach customers who are interested in certain products with keyword, product and interest targeting in order to help sellers on online selling platforms to grow customers and boost sales;

• “operating subsidiaries” are to those subsidiaries of Planet Image International Limited that have active business operations;

• “toner cartridges” are to consumables for use by laser printers, which are composed of chips, toner, rollers and drums;

• “toner powder/toner supply” are to imaging material used by laser printers; usually categorized into black toner powder and color toner powder;

• “UK” are to the United Kingdom, made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland;

• “U.S.”, “US” or “United States” are to United States of America, its territories, its possessions and all areas subject to its jurisdiction;

• “US$,” “$” and “U.S. dollars” are to the legal currency of the United States;

• “we,” “us,” “our company,” “our” or “Planet Image” are to Planet Image International Limited, our Cayman Islands holding company, and its predecessor entity and its subsidiaries, consolidated affiliated entities as the context requires;

Table of Contents

• “wipe blade” are to a mechanical device used to scrape any exceed toner off the surface of the toner cartridge, the printer paper and transfer belt;

• “World Intellectual Property Organization” are to one of the 15 specialized agencies of the United Nations created in 1967 to encourage creative activity, to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world;

• “WPC” are to White Poplar Co., Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong as a limited liability company on March 9, 2020 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company;

• “YOSC” are to Your Office Supplies Company Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong as a limited liability company on June 23, 2016 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company; and

• “Yantuo” are to Yantuo (Guangdong) Technology Co., Ltd., formerly known as Zhongshan Yantuo Printing Device Co., Ltd., a limited liability company established in Mainland PRC on April 8, 2013 and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, all information in this prospectus assumes no exercise by the underwriter of its options to purchase additional Class A ordinary shares.

We have made rounding adjustments to reach some of the figures included in this prospectus. Consequently, numerical figures shown as totals in some tables may not be arithmetic aggregations of the figures that precede them.

Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to Renminbi in this prospectus are made as follows:

June 30, 2022

December 31, 2022

June 30, 2023

Six months-end
spot rate

Average rate

Year-end spot rate

Average rate

Six months-end
spot rate

Average rate

US$ against RMB

US$1=RMB6.6890

US$1=RMB6.4599

US$1=RMB6.9500

US$1=RMB6.7082

US$1=RMB7.2202

US$1=RMB6.9396

US$ against EUR

US$1=EUR0.9524

US$1=EUR0.9105

US$1=EUR0.9346

US$1=EUR0.9456

US$1=EUR0.9174

US$1=EUR0.9245

US$ against GBP

US$1=GBP0.8197

US$1=GBP0.7688

US$1=GBP0.8264

US$1=GBP0.8070

US$1=GBP0.7874

US$1=GBP0.8108

We make no representation that any Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate, or at all. On September 15, 2023, the noon buying rate for Renminbi was RMB7.2744 to US$1.00.

This prospectus contains information derived from various public sources and certain information from an industry report commissioned by us and prepared by China Insights Consultancy Limited, or CIC, a third-party industry research firm, to provide information regarding our industry and market position. Such information involves a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to these estimates. We have not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of the data contained in these industry publications and reports. The industry in which we operate is subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to variety of factors, including those described in the “Risk Factors” section. These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in these publications and reports.

Table of Contents

THE OFFERING

Offering Price		The initial public offering price is US$4.0 per Class A ordinary share.
Class A Ordinary Shares offered by us		1,250,000 Class A ordinary shares (or 1,437,500 Class A ordinary shares if the underwriter exercises in full the over-allotment option).
Ordinary Shares outstanding prior to the completion of this offering		52,631,600 ordinary shares (including 26,315,800 Class A ordinary shares and 26,315,800 Class B ordinary shares)
Class A Ordinary Shares outstanding immediately after this offering		27,565,800 Class A ordinary shares excluding up to 43,125 Class A ordinary shares underlying the underwriter warrants (or 27,753,300 Class A ordinary shares if the underwriter exercises in full the over-allotment option) and 26,315,800 Class B ordinary shares.
Over-Allotment Option		We have granted to the underwriter an option, exercisable within 45 days from the date of this prospectus, to purchase up to an aggregate of 15% additional Class A ordinary shares at the initial public offering price, less underwriting discounts.
Underwriter Warrants		We have agreed to sell to the underwriter warrants (the “Underwriter Warrants”) to purchase up to a total of 43,125 Class A ordinary shares (equal to 3% of the aggregate number of Class A ordinary shares sold in the offering, including shares issued pursuant to the exercise of the over-allotment option) at a price equal to 125% of the price of our Class A ordinary shares offered hereby. The underwriter will receive Underwriter Warrants for the portion of the offering pursuant to the over-allotment option.
Use of Proceeds		We will receive net proceeds of approximately US$1.81 million (or US$2.50 million if the underwriter exercises its options to purchase additional Class A ordinary shares in full) from this offering, based on the initial public offering price of US$4.00 per Class A ordinary share, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance and estimated offering expenses payable by us. We anticipate using the net proceeds of this offering primarily for (i) constructing a comprehensive, multi-layer production center, (ii) research and development, (iii) updating the software systems of our own websites, (iv) setting up additional warehouses in overseas locations, and (v) general corporate purposes. See “Use of Proceeds” for more information.
Lock-up		We, our directors and executive officers, and our existing beneficial owners of 5% or more of our outstanding Class A ordinary shares have agreed with the underwriter, subject to certain exceptions, not to sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of any Class A ordinary shares or similar securities or any securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for our Class A ordinary shares, for a period of six (6) months after the date of this prospectus. See “Shares Eligible for Future Sale” and “Underwriting.”

Table of Contents

Listing		We received approval from the Nasdaq to list our Class A ordinary shares the under the symbol “YIBO.”
Payment and settlement		The underwriter expects to deliver the Class A ordinary shares against payment on January 29, 2024, through the facilities of The Depository Trust Company, or DTC.
Risk Factors		See “Risk Factors” and other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of risks you should carefully consider before investing in our Class A ordinary shares.
Capital Structure and Voting Rights		Our authorized share capital is HK$380,000 divided into 3,800,000,000 shares of a nominal or par value of HK$0.0001 each, comprising of (i) 2,000,000,000 Class A ordinary shares of a nominal or par value of HK$0.0001 each, (ii) 1,000,000,000 Class B ordinary shares of a nominal or par value of HK$0.0001 each, and (iii) 800,000,000 preferred shares of a nominal or par value of HK$0.0001 each. Holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per one Class A Ordinary Share. Holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to 10 votes per one Class B Ordinary Share. Holders of our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares will generally vote together as a single class, unless otherwise required by law. See “Description of Share Capital.” Mr. Weidong Gu, our founder and chairman of the board of directors will beneficially own 22.07% of our total issued and outstanding Class A ordinary shares and 100% of our total issued and outstanding Class B ordinary shares upon the completion of this offering, representing 92.56% of our total voting power, assuming the option to purchase additional Class A ordinary shares is exercised by the underwriter in full.

Table of Contents

RISK FACTORS

Investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below together with all of the other information included in this prospectus before making an investment decision. The risks and uncertainties described below represent our known material risks to our business. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition or results of operations could suffer. In that case, you may lose all or part of your investment. You should not invest in this offering unless you can afford to lose your entire investment.

Risks Relating to the Business and Industry of the Operating Subsidiaries

If the operating subsidiaries’ products fail to meet the demands of their customers or to reflect the latest developments in the compatible toner cartridge market, the operating subsidiaries may be unable to retain existing customers or attract new customers, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

The compatible toner cartridge market is characterized by rapid technological development and continual introduction of new models. As a specialized manufacturer of toner cartridges, our future success depends largely on (i) the ability to continually update and launch new products that can be used in updated or new printer models that come to the market from time to time, (ii) the number of customers using products offered by the operating subsidiaries, and (iii) the price that they are willing to pay for those products. If the operating subsidiaries’ products fail to meet customer demands in terms of product quality and functionality or to respond to the latest developments in the compatible toner cartridge market, the operating subsidiaries may not be able to maintain their existing customer base or attract new customers. In addition, the operating subsidiaries may not be able to maintain the current selling prices of their products. Some factors that may affect the ability of the operating subsidiaries to meet customer demands and to attract customers include: their ability to (i) develop or acquire the necessary technical know-how to design and manufacture new products and enhance or adapt existing products to respond to changes in printer technologies, market trends and customer demands; (ii) manage their growth while maintaining the consistency of their product quality, promote their products to a broader base of prospective customers; and (iii) provide satisfactory customer support and after-sale services in a timely manner. If the operating subsidiaries are unable to retain existing customers and continue to attract new customers to use those products offered by the operating subsidiaries and to increase new customers’ spending with the operating subsidiaries, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

The operating subsidiaries’ ability to compete effectively may be hampered if their intellectual property rights are infringed on by third-parties or, on the other hand, if they are alleged or found to have infringed on the intellectual property rights of others.

In their business operations, the operating subsidiaries have developed trademarks, patents, copyrights, industry know-how, product formulas, production processes, technologies and other intellectual property rights that we believe are of significant value to the operating subsidiaries’ operations. As of June 30, 2023, through the operating subsidiaries, we owned 408 registered patents in the U.S., Europe, and Mainland China, and a total of 37 trademarks registered in the U.S., Europe, Mainland PRC and Hong Kong. In addition, through the operating subsidiaries, we are in the process of applying for 118 patents worldwide. See “Business — Intellectual Property” for details.

It may be possible for third parties to obtain and use products, know-how and technologies under intellectual property rights owned by the operating subsidiaries without authorization, or for third parties to copy or imitate products, know-how and technologies under the operating subsidiaries’ intellectual property rights, thereby causing confusion and mislead end-users to believe the counterfeit products, which are usually of poor quality, are products of the operating subsidiaries. This may adversely affect the sales, damage the reputation, and tarnish the brand of the operating subsidiaries, and increase any administrative costs to be incurred by the operating subsidiaries in respect of detection, investigation and initiation of the legal proceedings of the infringement. We cannot assure you that the operating subsidiaries’ intellectual property rights will not be misappropriated by third parties and, if such misappropriations do occur, that we will be able to detect and address them timely and effectively.

Table of Contents

On the other hand, we cannot assure you that the operating subsidiaries’ intellectual property rights will not be challenged by third parties, whether with or without merit. Certain unrelated third parties may own intellectual property rights which may be considered to be similar to those of the operating subsidiaries. We could face difficulty and incur material expenses during our future expansion because of the existence of any similar patents owned by unrelated third parties.

We and the operating subsidiaries may from time to time be required to institute or be involved in litigation, arbitration or other forms of proceedings, including settlements, to enforce or defend the operating subsidiaries’ intellectual property rights, which would likely be time-consuming and expensive and may divert our management’s time and attention regardless of their outcome. If we and/or the operating subsidiaries fail the defend against such litigations, we and/or the operating subsidiaries may be ordered to pay a material amount as penalty, refrain from using such patents, know-hows or licenses, require pre-approvals of future designed products and stop selling our products that are related to them in particular regions or countries. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023, the total patent registration and patent litigation cost we incurred amounted to US$0.31 million, US$0.21 million, and US$0.07 million, respectively.

If any third party infringes on the intellectual property rights of the operating subsidiaries or if we or the operating subsidiaries are alleged or found to have infringed on the intellectual property rights of others, it may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The operating subsidiaries may be exposed to risks of obsolete inventories because technological upgrades by the original-brand printer manufacturers render their toner cartridge products obsolete or due to their failure to manage inventories efficiently. If this occurs, we may incur losses for our research and development expenses, production costs and marketing expenses relating to such obsolete inventories.

Generally, through the operating subsidiaries, we begin to research, design and develop a compatible toner cartridge after a new printer model is introduced to the market. As each printer typically has a unique hardware and software system, a compatible toner cartridge usually only works with specific printer models for which they are designed. As such, there exists a risk that during the period while the operating subsidiaries’ compatible toner cartridge is under development or sometime after they began selling the compatible toner cartridge, the original-brand printer manufacturer may conduct an upgrade of its printer which renders the operating subsidiaries’ toner cartridge not compatible with it anymore. If this occurs, we may not be able to recover the research and development expenses, production costs and marketing expenses we incurred in connection with the toner cartridge product. In addition, the operating subsidiaries may receive requests from customers for product return or exchange due to upgrades by original-brand printer manufacturers which rendered such products not compatible anymore. Upgrades by original-brand printer manufacturers are beyond our control. If such upgrades are frequent and substantial, it may result in more product returns and exchanges for the operating subsidiaries, as well as losses for research and development expenses, production costs and marketing expenses, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Our inventories consist of raw materials, work-in-progress and finished goods. For branded products and white-label products, the operating subsidiaries’ sales and marketing department, based on their understanding of historical sales and perceived market trends, formulates annual sales targets at our Company’s level and at the regional level. The operating subsidiaries manufacture their ODM products on a made-to-order basis. See “Business — Logistics and Warehousing — Inventory control.” We believe that maintaining an appropriate level of inventories helps the operating subsidiaries deliver their products to meet the market demands in a timely manner. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023, the operating subsidiaries’ balance of inventories amounted to approximately US$24.4 million, US$21.1 million, and US$13.3 million, respectively, and the operating subsidiaries’ inventory turnover days were 112.3 days, 103.8 days, and 80.6 days, respectively. We cannot assure you that the operating subsidiaries will not experience any slow movement of inventories or that the operating subsidiaries’ inventories will not become obsolete, which may be caused by the reduced sales of the operating subsidiaries due to change in consumer demand or preferences, change of marketing strategy by the operating subsidiaries’ customers or incorrect estimation of the market demand for their products. If the operating subsidiaries fail to manage their inventories effectively or are unable to sell their excess inventories, the operating subsidiaries may face a risk of inventory obsolescence and/or significant inventory write-downs, which may impose pressure on our operating cash flow, and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Table of Contents

The operating subsidiaries may not be able to maintain or increase the selling prices of their products.

Our results of operations are affected by the pricing of the operating subsidiaries’ products. For ODM products and white-label products, the operating subsidiaries generally price their products on the basis of a cost-plus calculation of the costs involved in manufacturing, and with reference to the prevailing market prices. For new ODM products, the operating subsidiaries generally review and adjust the price list every month. The ability of the operating subsidiaries to offer competitive prices and launch new patented products quickly after the original-brand products are being released are critical factors, among other factors, in securing orders from their customers. The operating subsidiaries are generally able to maintain current pricing strategies for their products as a result of our localized operation and ancillary services provided to offline customers including drop ship service, private labeling and customized packing services. For the operating subsidiaries’ branded products sold on an online e-commerce selling platform, the operating subsidiaries generally set the retail price based on the base selling prices, marketing expenses, fees paid to the online selling platform, different brand positioning and prices of competing products. If for any reason market perception of the operating subsidiaries should change for the worse, the operating subsidiaries may not be able to maintain or increase the selling prices of their products, which would have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. With more competitors are able to catch up industry leaders by providing products of latest printer models, overall export price has shown a decreasing trend to reflect the intense competition. In addition, if the operating subsidiaries’ suppliers raise their prices and the operating subsidiaries are unable to pass it on to their customers, our profit margins will be reduced and our financial condition and results of operations would be negatively affected.

Raw material purchase prices are subject to fluctuation and the operating subsidiaries could face shortage in supply of their raw materials.

Our cost of inventory sold mainly consists of the raw materials used in the production of toner cartridges, such as OPC drum, toner and chips. Our cost of inventory sold accounted for 74.7%, 77.3% and 82.4%, respectively, of our total cost of sales for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and for the six months ended June 30, 2023. Depending on the market supply and demand conditions, prices of raw materials for the operating subsidiaries fluctuate and are influenced by the economic growth in the PRC, the prevailing prices of the global market and the availability of such raw materials, all of which are beyond our control. A significant volatility in the price levels of raw materials could increase our cost of sales and adversely affect our profit margin. We and the operating subsidiaries have not hedged against changes in commodity prices, and we and the operating subsidiaries do not intend to enter into such hedges in the future. According to the CIC Report, the average price for compatible toner cartridge chips in China is expected to increase from RMB6.9 per piece in 2022 to RMB8.9 per piece in 2027 at a CAGR of 5.2% which are expected to grow due to more new printers with expected more complicated controls and design will be launched. We expect that raw materials prices will continue to fluctuate and be affected by the factors stated above in the future. As such, an increase in the prices of raw materials, inability to pass on or delay in passing on any increase in our costs of raw materials to consumers or inability to identify and source from alternative suppliers may have a significant impact on our profit margin and our profitability. The operating subsidiaries do not have long-term contractual arrangements with their suppliers. If all or a significant number of the suppliers for any particular raw material and/or packaging material are unable or unwilling to meet the operating subsidiaries’ production requirements, or if the operating subsidiaries are unable to obtain raw materials in quantities and of the quality the operating subsidiaries require at commercially reasonable prices, the production volume, product quality or our profitability may deteriorate and we could suffer shortages or significant cost increases which in turn may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any interruption in the normal operations of the operating subsidiaries’ warehouses may have an adverse impact on the operating subsidiaries’ ability to fulfill orders from their customers and business operations.

The operating subsidiaries’ ability to fulfill customer orders on a timely basis is critical to their business operations and depends on the smooth operation of the operating subsidiaries’ warehouses. If the operating subsidiaries do not operate their warehouses well, it could result in delay in fulfilling customer orders, excess or insufficient fulfillment capacity, an increase in costs, decrease in gross profit margin, or harm the operating subsidiaries’ reputation and relationships with their customers.

In addition, the operating subsidiaries’ warehouses may be vulnerable to damage caused by fire, floods, power outages, telecommunication failures, break-ins, earthquakes, human error and other events. The operating subsidiaries’ cloud-based warehouse management system could also be subject to errors or flaws, which could adversely impact the

Table of Contents

normal operation of the warehouses and the ability of the operating subsidiaries to record inventory or fulfill orders on an accurate and efficient manner. Any occurrence of the foregoing risks could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial conditions and results of operations.

The operating subsidiaries rely significantly on the North American and European market. Any changes in the economic and regulatory conditions or global trade policy of the U.S. or Europe or changes in the business strategies of U.S. customers or Europe customers may have an adverse effect on our business.

For each of years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023, our revenue mainly derived from U.S. and Europe. Our financial performance depends significantly on general economic conditions in U.S. and Europe and their impact on consumer confidence and discretionary consumer spending. Further, economic factors in U.S. or Europe such as a reduction in the availability of credit, increased unemployment levels, rising interest rates, financial market volatility, recession, reduced consumer confidence, and other factors affecting consumer spending behavior such as acts of terrorism or major epidemics could reduce demand for the operating subsidiaries’ products. On the other hand, any change in U.S. or the European global trade policy, including tightening regulatory restrictions, industry-specific quotas, tariffs, non-tariff barriers and taxes, may have the effect of limiting the operating subsidiaries’ products exported from the PRC and, hence, an adverse effect on our business.

If there is any change in the management or control of the U.S. or European customers of the operating subsidiaries, then such U.S. or European customers may in turn change their business strategy, which may cause their demand for compatible toner cartridges to decrease. This in turn may have a material and adverse effect on our business performance, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

A potential serious downturn in the overall economy of U.S. or Europe or in U.S. or European compatible toner cartridge industry, or policies unfavorable to the import of goods into U.S. or Europe may cause the financial conditions and purchasing powers of the operating subsidiaries’ customers in U.S. or Europe to deteriorate. The operating subsidiaries’ customers are not under contractual obligations to place orders with them, so order quantities may fluctuate depending on the profitability of customers’ businesses and the spending power of the consumers. An economic downturn in U.S. or Europe or continued uncertainties regarding future prospects that affect consumer spending habits in the U.S. or Europe may have an adverse effect on the placing of orders by the operating subsidiaries’ customers. We can offer no assurance that the operating subsidiaries will be able to respond quickly to any economic, market or regulatory changes in the U.S. or European market, and any failure to do so may result in an adverse effect on our business performance, financial condition and results of operations.

The operating subsidiaries may be unable to maintain their relationship with the customers and they may fail to engage new customers.

The operating subsidiaries do not enter into any long-term sales agreements with their customers, and only engage in purchases of goods with the customers on a one-off basis by purchase orders based on these customers’ demand. These purchase orders typically include key terms about the products to be sold such as product specifications, pricing, credit terms, rebate arrangement, and delivery and warranties. The operating subsidiaries may not be able to obtain new purchase orders with their customers as the customers may choose to enter into arrangements with the competitors of the operating subsidiaries, who may offer those customers access to a stronger product portfolio or more favorable economic terms. The loss of customers could adversely affect the sales of the operating subsidiaries. There is no assurance that the operating subsidiaries’ current or future purchase orders with customers could be negotiated or obtained on terms equivalent to or better than current terms. Any disruption in the operating subsidiaries’ relationships with their customers could affect the operating subsidiaries’ ability to maintain and grow their sales, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position and results of operations. In addition, there can be no assurance that the operating subsidiaries would be able to develop new relationships with additional customers, in order to expand their sales network.

Our business relies significantly on export sales which may be adversely affected by present or future export regulations or enforcement.

We derive a significant portion of our revenue from export sales which accounted for substantially all of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and for the six months ended June 30, 2023. Export sales are generally subject to export regulations including tariffs, quotas, customs and other import or export restrictions and impose trade barriers, market access regulations, trade sanctions or anti-dumping measures. Any violation of

Table of Contents

applicable regulations could subject the operating subsidiaries to a substantial fine, damage our reputation and result in sanctions on exporting. We cannot assure you that the national or local authorities in the overseas markets will not enact additional laws or regulations or amend or enforce new regulations in a more rigorous manner. Changes in export regulations may place restrictions on the operating subsidiaries in selling their products in the overseas markets, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The operating subsidiaries face intense competition in the compatible toner cartridge industry with their competitors and original brand toner cartridge manufacturers in the U.S. and Europe.

According to the CIC Report, the compatible toner cartridge industry is relatively concentrated, with the top five companies accounting for approximately 71.4% and 50.5% of the total market in terms of retail value in the U.S. and Europe in 2022, respectively. The increasing competition on pricing puts further constraints on the growth of existing companies in the market. Some of the competitors of the operating subsidiaries may have substantially greater financial resources, product development capabilities or better products quality than we have. They may leverage on their financial strength to improve their production and marketing capabilities, diversify their product portfolio, develop effective substitutes for the operating subsidiaries’ products, locate their production facilities in strategic locations and recruit experienced management personnel. According to the CIC Report, original-brand toner cartridge manufacturers also launched discount contractual toner cartridges to exclusive end customer group under a special program with the aim to retake the toner cartridge market share from compatible toner cartridge manufacturers. We cannot assure you that the operating subsidiaries will be able to react to and match the business development of their competitors in a timely manner or at all. We also cannot assure you that the competitors of the operating subsidiaries will not actively engage in activities designed to undermine the brands and product quality of the operating subsidiaries or to influence consumer confidence in the operating subsidiaries’ products. In addition, new competitors may seek to enter or expand into the compatible toner cartridge industry. If the operating subsidiaries are unable to compete effectively with their competitors or if the operating subsidiaries fail to remain competitive, it could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to recover all of our deferred income tax assets.

We had deferred income tax assets of US$1.1 million, US$1.3 million and US$1.4 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively. While the deferred income tax assets may enable our Company to reduce future tax payment, there are risks as their recoverability is dependent on our Company’s ability to generate future taxable profit. There is no assurance that the deferred income tax assets can be recovered. In the case that the value of the deferred income tax assets has changed, we may have to write-down the deferred income tax assets, which may have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The operating subsidiaries’ business is subject to the risks of international operations.

The operating subsidiaries operate six overseas subsidiaries as their sales branch offices in the U.S., the Netherlands, Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom and France. As of June 30, 2023, the overseas subsidiaries had 57 foreign employees. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023, we derived substantially all of our revenue from overseas sales. Through our overseas subsidiaries, we plan to expand our global reach by increasing sales and marketing efforts and further expanding our geographical markets. As a result, we are subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties associated with such expansion, including:

• compliance with foreign laws, regulatory requirements and local industry standards, in particular, those related to compatible toner cartridges;

• exposure to increased litigation risks in overseas markets;

• political and economic instabilities;

• future development of the COVID-19 pandemic or other epidemics which may continue to result in a lock-down or adoption of work from home policy;

• unfamiliarity with local operating and market conditions; and

• cultural and language difficulties in managing foreign employees.

Any of the foregoing and other risks and uncertainties could adversely affect the international sales of the operating subsidiaries, which in turn could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Table of Contents

The operating subsidiaries may experience delays or interruptions in the shipments of their products due to factors outside of their control, and such delays or interruptions could lead to lost revenue and customer satisfaction.

The operating subsidiaries rely on third-party shipping companies and their services to transport products to the operating subsidiaries’ warehouses and customers around the world. Such international shipping services could become disrupted by adverse weather conditions, natural disasters, ground logistics issues, customs delays, and other interruptions. Any delays in shipping services could result in untimely delivery of the operating subsidiaries’ products to their customers. If the operating subsidiaries are unable to deliver their products in a timely manner, our revenues could be negatively impacted and the operating subsidiaries’ reputation with their customers could suffer, resulting in materially adverse impact to our business operations, financial position, and results of operations.

We face foreign exchange risks and translation risks.

We derive a substantial portion of our revenue in US$ and Euro. Foreign exchange rate fluctuations may adversely affect our business and performance. Our sales are predominantly denominated in US$ and Euro while our costs are mostly denominated in RMB. The exchange rates between US$, Euro and RMB are subject to continuous movements affected by international political and economic conditions and changes in the PRC government’s economic and monetary policies. As we derive a substantial portion of our revenue in US$ and Euros while a substantial portion of our costs are denominated in RMB, appreciation of RMB against US$, which is our reporting currency will therefore directly decrease our profit margin if the operating subsidiaries are unable to increase the selling prices of their products accordingly. If the operating subsidiaries increase the selling prices of their products as a result of the appreciation of the RMB against the relevant foreign currencies, there would have an adverse effect on the purchasing power of the RMB amount that we would receive from the conversion. On the other hand, any depreciation of RMB would adversely affect our ability to pay for foreign currency obligations.

In addition, we are subject to translation risks as our consolidated financial statements are reported in US$ while the financial statements of our Mainland PRC operating subsidiaries are prepared in RMB, the currency of the primary economic environment in which our operations are based, and the financial statements of some of our subsidiaries are prepared in Euros. We recorded currency translation loss of US$0.9 million, currency translation gain of US$1.5 million, and currency translation gain of US$0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively. Accordingly, we may incur currency translation losses or gains due to translation of functional currency into the presentation currency which may adversely affect our financial position.

Our performance depends on the operating subsidiaries’ favorable labor relations with their employees. Any deterioration in these relations or a shortage of labor or a rise in labor costs may have an adverse effect on our operating results.

The operating subsidiaries’ manufacturing process is labor intensive and relies heavily on know-how and experience of their employees. With the introduction of automated production lines, the operating subsidiaries are becoming less reliant upon a significant number of skilled workers over time. However, the operation of automated production lines require workers with relevant experience and expertise. As such, the operating subsidiaries rely on a combination of skilled workers and experienced automated production line operating personnel to support their product development and manufacturing processes. As of June 30, 2023, the operating subsidiaries had a total of 516 employees for manufacturing. Our success is dependent on the operating subsidiaries’ ability to hire, train, retain and motivate their employees. If the employees of the operating subsidiaries are not satisfied with what the operating subsidiaries offer, such as remuneration package or working environment, the operating subsidiaries may not be able to retain them, or to replace them with personnel of appropriate skill set at comparable costs. In such event or in the event that the regions near the operating subsidiaries’ production facilities do not have a sufficiently sizable labor force, the operating subsidiaries may need to expend additional resources to attract and recruit suitable employees. Favorable labor relations are essential to our performance, and any material increase in our labor costs may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

The operating subsidiaries maintain warehouses and/or offices in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France and Italy and hire local employees for the operations of these facilities. As a result, the operating subsidiaries are subject to labor laws of these European countries, which are relatively stringent.

As of June 30, 2023, the operating subsidiaries had 1,216 full-time employees, among whom 28 are located in European countries. Labor laws in Europe are generally more protective of employees. For instance, many countries in Europe have laws protecting employees from being terminated without proper cause with statutory advance notice or

Table of Contents

without paying employees severance compensation in statutorily determined amounts. In addition, in some European countries, the operating subsidiaries may be required to consult employee representatives or unions with respect to certain decisions the operating subsidiaries make that may impact their employees. As a result, these labor laws may be more costly to comply with, and could interfere with the operating subsidiaries’ ability to quickly adjust operations in response to market changes or business strategies.

Through our Mainland PRC subsidiaries, we enjoy certain preferential tax treatments and government grants from the government of the PRC. Expiration of, or changes to, these preferential tax treatments and government grants could have an adverse effect on our operating results.

Our profit is affected by the level of income tax that we pay and the preferential tax treatment to which we are entitled through our Mainland PRC subsidiaries. In recognition of its strong technology and production development capability, our key operating subsidiary, Jiangxi Yibo, has been accredited as a high-tech enterprise since 2013, which entitles Jiangxi Yibo to a preferential EIT rate of 15%, subject to the review and approval by the tax authorities every three years. The current accreditation was awarded to Jiangxi Yibo on December 14, 2022 with a validity period of three years, and prior to its expiration, Jiangxi Yibo will submit an application for the renewal of the high and new technology enterprise certificate. To renew this, Jiangxi Yibo is required to meet certain criteria, including among others, a certain level of research and development expenses and a certain number of employees dedicated to research and development, which are subject to the review and approval of the relevant authorities.

There is no assurance the PRC policies on preferential tax treatments will not change or that the current preferential tax treatments our Mainland PRC subsidiaries enjoy will not be canceled. If such change or cancelation occurs, Jiangxi Yibo may be subject to an EIT rate of 25%, and the resulting increase in our tax liability would have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We received government grants of US$0.9 million, US$1.2 million and US$0.3 million, respectively, during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023. Most of the government grants to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries are of a non-recurring nature and there is no assurance that our Mainland PRC subsidiaries would continue to enjoy the government grants at the historical levels, or at all. Any change, suspension or termination of these government grants we have received could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to customer credit risk in collecting trade receivables.

The operating subsidiaries’ ODM products and white-label products are generally sold on credit terms ranging from 90 to 120 days and from 30 to 60 days respectively. The credit terms of online sales of branded products are 14 days. Our trade receivables were settled by either bank transfer or check. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023, average turnover days of our trade receivables were 66.9 days, 66.5 days and 69.2 days, respectively, which were within our credit period. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022 and June 30, 2023, our trade receivables were approximately US$26.9 million, US$24.9 million and US$31.1 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and June 30, 2023, bad debt provision were approximately US$0.04 million, US$0.03 million and US$0.02 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023, write-off of our trade receivables were US$0.4 million, US$0.5 million and US$0.3 million, respectively. We maintain export credit insurance which covers material commercial risks and political risks in relation to our export transactions. There is no assurance that all such amounts due to us will be settled on time or at all. Accordingly, we face credit risk in collecting the trade receivable due from customers. Our liquidity and profitability will be adversely affected if significant amounts due to us are not settled on time or at all. The bankruptcy or deterioration of the credit condition of any major customers could also materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The operating subsidiaries may fail to maintain an effective quality control system and may be subject to claims by their customers in respect of product quality and compliance with relevant health and safety standards.

The quality of the operating subsidiaries’ products is vital to the success of our business in the industry. The operating subsidiaries’ quality control depends significantly on the effectiveness of their quality control system, which, in turn, depends on a number of factors, including the design of the system, the machines and equipment used, quality of their staff and related training programs and their ability to ensure that their employees adhere to internal quality control policies and guidelines. See “Business — Manufacturing and Quality Assurance — Quality Assurance.”

Table of Contents

We and the operating subsidiaries may at times be involved in litigation or other legal proceedings during our ordinary course of business related to, among other things, product or other types of liability, labor disputes or contractual disputes that could have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition. If we or any operating subsidiary become involved in any litigation or other legal proceedings in the future, the outcome of such proceedings could be uncertain and could result in settlements or outcomes which negatively impact our reputation and our financial condition. In addition, any litigation or legal proceedings could incur substantial legal expenses as well as significant time and attention of our management, diverting their attention from our business and operations.

During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023, there were no material product recalls, product returns, product liability claims or customer complaints that adversely affected our business. There can be no assurance that the operating subsidiaries’ quality control system will continue to be effective. Any significant failure in or deterioration of the efficacy of the operating subsidiaries’ quality control system could damage their product quality and have an adverse effect on our reputation in the market among our existing or prospective customers. It will, in turn, lead to reduced orders or loss of customers in the future, thus severely harming our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. The end-users of our products may have the right to bring an action under the law of Mainland PRC and relevant jurisdictions.

There is no assurance that we or any operating subsidiary of ours would not be named as a defendant in a lawsuit or proceedings brought by end consumers in the future in respect of the operating subsidiaries’ products in the event that these products are found to be harmful for or detrimental to human health, resulting in illnesses or deaths of any persons. A successful claim against us or an operating subsidiary of ours in respect of the operating subsidiaries’ products or a material recall of these products may result in (i) significant financial costs to be incurred and management efforts to be spent in defending against such claim or other adverse allegations or rectifying such defects or making payment for damages; (ii) deterioration of our brand and corporate image; and (iii) material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have grown rapidly and expect to continue to expand our business in the future. If we fail to manage our growth or execute our growth strategies, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

In the past few years, we experienced steady growth and, through our overseas subsidiaries, expanded our presence in the U.S. and Europe. Our revenue amounted to approximately US$141.5 million, US$142.1 million and US$74.2 million, respectively, while our gross profit amounted to approximately US$48.8 million, US$55.0 million and US$31.1 million, respectively, with gross profit margin of approximately 34.5%, 38.7% and 42.2%, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023. Going forward, we expect to continue to expand our business and geographic coverage. We may not succeed in executing our growth strategies due to a number of factors, such as:

• The operating subsidiaries may fail to develop their products which respond to market changes and meet customers’ demands and other factors;

• The operating subsidiaries may not be successful to effectively market their products in new markets or promote new products in existing markets; and

• The operating subsidiaries may fail to achieve the benefits we expect from expansion.

If we fail to successfully execute our growth strategies, our business, financial performance and prospects may be materially and adversely affected. In addition, our historical financial information is a mere analysis of our past performance and is not necessarily indicative of our financial condition, results of operations and changes in liquidity and capital resources in the future.

The operating subsidiaries’ insurance coverage may not be sufficient to cover all risks in relation to their business operations.

The operating subsidiaries maintain various insurance policies to safeguard against risks and unexpected events. The operating subsidiaries have purchased property insurance which covers all risks of physical loss, destruction or damage to their production facilities, the inventory of their products and their fixed assets. The operating subsidiaries also maintain trade insurance for their overseas transactions in certain other markets. However, there are certain types of losses, such as losses from war, acts of terrorism, outbreak of diseases, earthquakes, typhoons, flooding and

Table of Contents

other natural disasters for which the operating subsidiaries cannot obtain insurance at a reasonable cost or at all. See “Business — Insurance.” If we experience events for which the operating subsidiaries are not insured, we would incur the resulting financial losses, and such losses may be substantial, particularly if the operating subsidiaries’ products are found to cause widespread injury, illness or death. Moreover, the operating subsidiaries’ insurance policies may include financial limits with respect to the losses from events for which they are insured. If we experience uninsured losses or losses in excess of the operating subsidiaries’ insurance coverage, it could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is dependent on the continuous operation of the operating subsidiaries’ production facilities.

The operating subsidiaries’ major production facilities are located in Xinyu City of Jiangxi Province in the PRC. These facilities are subject to operational risks, such as the breakdown or failure of major equipment, power supply or maintenance, performance below expected levels of output or efficiency, obsolescence, labor disputes, natural disasters, industrial accidents and the need to comply with the directives of relevant government authorities. Where events that limit the operating subsidiaries’ ability to operate their facilities occur, the operating subsidiaries may need to incur substantial additional expenses to repair or replace the damaged equipment or facilities. The temporary closing down of the operating subsidiaries’ production facilities would severely affect the operating subsidiaries’ daily production and business operation. If the operating subsidiaries’ production facilities were to be temporarily closed down, their ability to manufacture and supply products and ability to meet delivery obligations to their customers would be significantly disrupted, and the operating subsidiaries’ relationships with their customers could be damaged, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In order to conduct maintenance, statutory inspections and testing, the operating subsidiaries may carry out planned shutdowns from time to time. The operating subsidiaries may also shut down production lines from time to time to allow for capacity expansion and equipment upgrades. Although the operating subsidiaries take precautions to minimize the risk of any significant operational problems at their facilities, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by any disruption of operations at the operating subsidiaries’ facilities, whether caused by any of the factors mentioned above or otherwise.

The operating subsidiaries’ facilities and operations may require continuous and substantial investment and upgrading.

The operating subsidiaries have continued to invest and upgrade their production facilities to improve their production capabilities, increase their production lines, enhance the quality of their products, and increase the automation and cost-effectiveness of their products. The operating subsidiaries’ research and development team develops new products and optimizes their existing products, and the operating subsidiaries require substantial investment and upgrading to apply these research results and to expand their production capacity and enhance the automation processes. If our investment and upgrading costs are higher than anticipated, or our business does not develop as anticipated to appropriately utilize new or upgraded facilities, our costs and financial performance could be negatively affected.

The operating subsidiaries production facilities may be unable to maintain efficiency, encounter problems in ramping up production or otherwise have difficulty meeting their production requirements.

Our future growth will depend upon the ability of the operating subsidiaries to maintain efficient operations at their existing production facilities and their ability to expand production facility as needed. The current utilization of the existing production facilities at the Yibo industrial park has been steadily increasing and is already close to full capacity. During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023, the operating subsidiaries had increased their production capacity by installing additional production lines in the existing factory and implementing automation to the existing production lines. In addition, we plan to construct a comprehensive, multi-layer production center housing our production facilities through our Mainland PRC subsidiaries. See “Business — Our Growth Strategies.” However, the construction schedule may be delayed due to various factors, and even if the new production center is constructed according to our planned schedule, our Mainland PRC subsidiaries may not be able to put into use additional production lines until 2024. In addition, the utilization rate of production facilities depends primarily on the demand for the operating subsidiaries’ products and the availability and maintenance of the operating subsidiaries’ equipment, but may also be affected by other factors, such as the availability of employees, a stable supply of electricity, and seasonal factors. In order to meet customers’ demands and advancements in technology, the

Table of Contents

operating subsidiaries maintain their production facilities on a regular basis. If the operating subsidiaries are unable to maintain their production facilities’ efficiency, the operating subsidiaries may be unable to fulfill purchase orders in a timely manner, or at all. This could have a negative impact on our business and results of operations.

The operating subsidiaries operate their branches and warehouses on leased properties and may not be able to control rental cost, quality, maintenance and management of these offices and warehouses, nor can the operating subsidiaries ensure they will be able to renew or find suitable premises to replace their existing offices and warehouses in the event their landlords refuse to renew the relevant lease agreements upon the expiry of the lease terms.

The operating subsidiaries lease the premises used as offices in the PRC, California, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and France from independent third parties. The operating subsidiaries also lease premises used as warehouses in California, Pennsylvania, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France and Italy. See “Business — Properties and Facilities.” Such premises and facilities were developed and/or maintained by the landlords to such premises and facilities. Accordingly, the operating subsidiaries are not in a position to effectively control the quality, maintenance and management of such premises and facilities. In the event the quality of the premises and facilities deteriorates, or if any or all of the landlords fail to properly maintain and renovate such premises or facilities in a timely manner, or if the operating subsidiaries are unable to successfully extend or renew our leases upon expiration of the current term on commercially reasonable terms or at all, the operating subsidiaries may be forced to relocate their branches, or the rental costs may increase significantly. The operating subsidiaries compete with many other businesses for sites in certain prime locations, and some landlords may have entered into long-term leases with the competitors of the operating subsidiaries for these locations. As a result, the operating subsidiaries may not be able to find desirable alternative locations without incurring significant time and financial costs. If this occurs, the operating subsidiaries’ operations may be disrupted and our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, our Mainland PRC subsidiaries did not register their lease agreements in the PRC with the relevant government authorities. See “Business — Properties and Facilities.” Under the relevant Mainland PRC laws and regulations, our Mainland PRC subsidiaries may be required to register and file with the relevant government authority executed leases. While the lack of registration will not affect the validity and enforceability of the lease agreements, a fine ranging from RMB1,000 to RMB10,000 may be imposed on the parties for each non-registered lease in case our Mainland PRC subsidiaries do not observe an order issued by relevant government authority which require them to file the registration in a specific period of time. Our Mainland PRC subsidiaries may be subject to an aggregate maximum penalty of RMB40,000 for all four unregistered lease agreements in Mainland PRC. Our Mainland PRC subsidiaries may incur additional expenses if any fines were imposed upon them, which may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The operating subsidiaries’ production and sales are affected by seasonality.

Our operating results are affected by the seasonality of the orders received by the operating subsidiaries. The operating subsidiaries typically experience slightly lower revenue in the fourth quarter every year due to the decrease in demand for toner cartridges in offices before and during the Christmas holidays. As the majority of the operating subsidiaries’ customers are located in North America and Europe, the demand for printers used in offices and schools tends to decrease when these customers are on vacation during those periods. We expect such pattern to continue in the future. Due to these seasonal consumption patterns which are outside of our control, our operating results and financial condition may fluctuate from period to period.

Our success depends on the continuing efforts of our senior management team and other key employees.

We depend on the continued contributions of our senior management and other key employees, including, in particular, Mr. Weidong Gu, our founder and chairman of our board of directors. Mr. Gu has extensive experience as an engineer of which approximately 20 years of experience are in the compatible toner cartridge industry. Our future success also depends on our other key personnel, including financial, sales and marketing and research and development staff. If any of our senior executives or key personnel leaves us and we fail to effectively manage a transition to new personnel in the future, or if we fail to attract and retain qualified and experienced professionals on acceptable terms, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. Moreover, if any member of our senior management team or any of our other key personnel joins a competitor or forms a competing company, the operating subsidiaries may lose customers, key professionals and sales staff members. All our executive officers and many key personnel are subject to the duty of confidentiality and non-competition restrictions. However, if any disputes arise between any of our senior executives or key personnel and us, there are uncertainties regarding

Table of Contents

whether we will be able to successfully pursue legal actions against these individuals because of the uncertainties of China’s legal systems and complexities of legal systems of foreign jurisdictions. Moreover, even if we succeed before a court of law, the compensation we would receive is unlikely to be sufficient to mitigate the negative impact on our business and future operations.

Failure or security breach of the operating subsidiaries’ information technology system may disrupt their operations.

The operating subsidiaries increasingly rely on information technology systems to process, transmit and store information in relation to their operations. For example, all of the operating subsidiaries’ production facilities, production processes and inventory management system utilize information technology to maximize efficiencies and minimize costs. The operating subsidiaries’ information technology systems may be vulnerable to interruption due to a variety of events beyond their control, including but not limited to, natural disasters, telecommunications failures, computer viruses, hacking and other security issues. Any such interruption to the operating subsidiaries’ information technology system could disrupt their operations and negatively impact their production capacity and ability to fulfill sales orders, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The operating subsidiaries are subject to the policies of the online selling platform on which the operating subsidiaries operate their online retail stores. Failure to comply with the policies or any changes to which could lead to imposition of penalties by the platform or increased cost for compliance.

As of June 30, 2023, we had 11 operating subsidiaries which operated online retail stores on Amazon and other online selling platforms. Our revenue generated from the online retail stores was approximately US$25.7 million, US$11.5 million and US$5.5 million, accounting for approximately 18.1%, 8.1% and 7.4% of our total revenue generated for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively. The products the operating subsidiaries offer for sale on the online selling platform must comply with the requirements and restrictions of the platform, including all applicable platform policies, and all applicable laws and regulations. The platform has adopted comprehensive policies including general policies, intellectual property policies, product and requirements, shipping and tax policies. We cannot assure you that the operating subsidiaries will be in compliance with the policies or any other new policies, or that the operating subsidiaries would be able to efficiently change their business practice in line with the new policies. Any changes to the platform policies or to the interpretation or enforcement thereof may increase our operating costs. Any such failure in compliance or increased operating costs could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Non-compliance with existing and future health, safety and environmental policies, laws, rules and regulations may lead to imposition of fines penalties and other liabilities and our compliance costs may increase if environmental protection laws become more onerous.

The operating subsidiaries’ operations are subject to the health, safety and environmental policies, laws, rules and regulations of each local jurisdiction where the operating subsidiaries operate. For instance, applicable PRC laws and regulations, among other things, require manufacturers to ensure that the production plants and facilities meet the requirements of the relevant production safety laws, regulations and standards, conduct an environmental impact assessment before engaging in new construction projects, receive approval and pass environmental acceptance check before the commencement of production, pay fees in connection with activities that discharge waste materials, properly manage and dispose of hazardous substances, and impose fines and other penalties on activities that threaten or contaminate the environment. Currently, all of the operating subsidiaries’ production facilities are located in Mainland PRC, but the operating subsidiaries may still be required to comply with environmental laws in relation to waste discharge of countries where the operating subsidiaries operate their warehouses. For instance, in European Union countries the operating subsidiaries may be subject to stricter environmental laws and regulation, including specific requirements of methods and location for waste discharge and disposal of hazardous substances.

Any violation of the applicable health, safety and environmental policies, laws, rules or regulations may result in orders of corrections, fines, shutdown of production and obligation to take corrective measures. In addition, any violation which is criminal in nature may result in criminal sanction. Moreover, violations of health, safety and environmental policies, laws, rules and regulations or other related incidents may result in liabilities to third parties. Consequently, any non-compliance incidents could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Table of Contents

Further, there can be no assurance that any local government will not change existing laws or adopt more stringent practice as to the enforcement of health, safety and environmental regulations. Due to the uncertainty of regulatory developments and interpretation of laws and regulations, and the amount of related expenditures we may need to incur beyond those currently anticipated, we also cannot assure you that we will be in full compliance with the health, safety and environmental regulations at all times. If such costs become prohibitively expensive, we may be forced to adjust, limit or cease certain aspects of our business operations.

Recent joint statement by the SEC and the PCAOB proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and Consolidated Appropriations Act recently enacted all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB. These developments could add uncertainties to our offering.

On April 21, 2020, SEC Chairman Jay Clayton and PCAOB Chairman William D. Duhnke III, along with other senior SEC staff, released a joint statement highlighting the risks associated with investing in companies based in or have substantial operations in emerging markets including China. The joint statement emphasized the risks associated with lack of access for the PCAOB to inspect auditors and audit work papers in China and higher risks of fraud in emerging markets.

On May 18, 2020, Nasdaq filed three proposals with the SEC to (i) apply minimum offering size requirement for companies primarily operating in “Restrictive Market”, (ii) adopt a new requirement relating to the qualification of management or board of director for Restrictive Market companies, and (iii) apply additional and more stringent criteria to an applicant or listed company based on the qualifications of the company’s auditors.

On May 20, 2020, the Senate passed the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act requiring a foreign company to certify it is not owned or manipulated by a foreign government if the PCAOB is unable to audit specified reports because the company uses a foreign auditor not subject to PCAOB inspection. Under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and the Consolidated Appropriations Act, if the PCAOB is unable to inspect the company’s auditors for two consecutive years, the issuer’s securities are prohibited to trade on a national exchange.

On March 24, 2021, the SEC adopted interim final rules relating to the implementation of certain disclosure and documentation requirements of the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act. We will be required to comply with these rules if the SEC identifies us as having a “non-inspection” year under a process to be subsequently established by the SEC. The SEC is assessing how to implement other requirements of the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, including the listing and trading prohibition requirements described above. In May 2021, the PCAOB issued for public comment a proposed rule related to the PCAOB’s responsibilities under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which, according to the PCAOB, would establish a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, whether the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction. The proposed rule was adopted by the PCAOB in September 2021, pending the final approval of the SEC to become effective.

On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and on December 29, 2022, the Consolidated Appropriations Act was signed into law by President Biden, which contained, among other things, an identical provision to Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and reduced the number of consecutive non-inspection years required for triggering the prohibitions under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act from three years to two. The decrease in non-inspection years would reduce the time period before our securities may be prohibited from trading or delisted.

On December 2, 2021, the SEC issued amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act. The rules apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in foreign jurisdictions.

On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report on its determination that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in Mainland China and in Hong Kong because of positions taken by Mainland PRC and Hong Kong authorities in those jurisdictions. The PCAOB has made such determination, as mandated under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act. Pursuant to each annual determination by the PCAOB, the SEC will, on an annual basis, identify issuers that have used non-inspected audit firms and thus are at risk of such suspensions in the future.

Table of Contents

On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB Board determined that the PCAOB was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in Mainland China and Hong Kong and voted to vacate its previous determinations to the contrary. However, should PRC authorities obstruct or otherwise fail to facilitate the PCAOB’s access in the future, the PCAOB Board will consider the need to issue a new determination. Our securities may be delisted or prohibited from trading if the PCAOB determines that it cannot inspect or investigate completely our auditor under the HFCAA.

The SEC may propose additional rules or guidance that could impact us if our auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspection. For example, on August 6, 2020, the President’s Working Group on Financial Markets, or the PWG, issued the Report on Protecting United States Investors from Significant Risks from Chinese Companies to the then President of the United States. This report recommended that the SEC implement five recommendations to address companies from jurisdictions that do not provide the PCAOB with sufficient access to fulfil its statutory mandate. Some of the concepts of these recommendations were implemented with the enactment of the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act. However, some of the recommendations were more stringent than the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act. For example, if a company was not subject to PCAOB inspection, the report recommended that the transition period before a company would be delisted would end on January 1, 2022.

The SEC has announced that the SEC staff is preparing a consolidated proposal for the rules regarding the implementation of the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and to address the recommendations in the PWG report. It is unclear when the SEC will complete its rulemaking and when such rules will become effective and what, if any, of the PWG recommendations will be adopted. The SEC has also announced amendments to various annual report forms to accommodate the certification and disclosure requirements of the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act. There could be additional regulatory or legislative requirements or guidance that could impact us if our auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspection. The implications of this possible regulation or guidance in addition to the requirements of the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act are uncertain.

If for whatever reason the PCAOB is unable to conduct full inspections of our auditor, such uncertainty could cause the market price of our Class A ordinary shares to be materially and adversely affected, and our securities could be delisted or prohibited from being traded “over-the-counter”. If our securities were unable to be listed on another securities exchange by then, such a delisting or prohibition from trading would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our Class A ordinary shares when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with a potential delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our Class A ordinary shares.

Even though the audit workpapers prepared by our independent registered public accounting firm for auditing our Company can be inspected by the PCAOB according to its December 2022 determination, should PRC authorities obstruct or otherwise fail to facilitate the PCAOB’s access in the future, the PCAOB Board will consider the need to issue a new determination. Any lack of access to the PCAOB inspection in China prevents the PCAOB from fully evaluating audits and quality control procedures of the auditors based in China and the investors may be deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections as a result. Should PCAOB become unable to conduct inspections of auditors in China, it will be more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of these accounting firms’ audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to the PCAOB inspections, which could cause existing and potential investors in our stock to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements. Furthermore, the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which requires that the PCAOB be permitted to inspect the issuer’s public accounting firm within two years, as amended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, may result in the delisting of our Company in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect our accounting firm at such future time.

The recent developments would add uncertainties to our offering and may result in prohibitions on the trading of our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq Stock Market, if our auditors fail to meet the PCAOB inspection requirement in time.

Table of Contents

We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics, and other outbreaks, which could significantly disrupt our operations.

Our business could be adversely affected by the effects of epidemics. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has endangered the health of many people and significantly disrupted travel and economic activities both in China and across the world. For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, and the six months ended June 30, 2023 our business operations and results of operations were not significantly negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our revenue grew from US$71.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 to US$74.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, representing a compound annual growth rate, or CAGR of 3.7%. Our net profit increased by US$0.7 million from US$3.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 to US$4.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, representing a CAGR of 21.6%. Our revenue grew from US$141.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to US$142.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, representing a CAGR of 0.4%. Our net profit increased from US$4.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to US$7.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, representing a CAGR of 47.1%.

However, as COVID-19 continues to evolve into a worldwide health crisis, it has adversely affected the global economy. The future development of the COVID-19 pandemic around the globe is still uncertain and cannot be predicted. Since we derive our revenue from U.S. and Europe, we may experience materially negative impact due to COVID-19 on our operations and financial performance to the extent that the COVID-19 pandemic harms China or the global economy generally.

The operating subsidiaries have also elected to take advantage of certain beneficial governmental policies in response to COVID-19 pandemic, including temporarily reduced social insurance contribution requirements. At this time, under the negative economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic, we estimate that companies will choose budget-friendly office products. Compatible toner cartridges, as the cost-effective alternative for original-brand toner cartridges, may experience higher demand in such period. We expect that the general demand from companies for corporate printing and toner cartridges, comprising of both compatible and original-brand toner cartridges, will increase if the COVID-19 pandemic becomes even more under control in the future.

In recent years, there have been other breakouts of epidemics in China and globally. Our operations could be disrupted if one of our employees is suspected of having H1N1 flu, avian flu, or another epidemic, since it could require our employees to be quarantined and/or our offices to be disinfected. In addition, our results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent that the outbreak harms the PRC economy in general.

We are also vulnerable to natural disasters and other calamities. Any future outbreak of contagious diseases, extreme unexpected bad weather or natural disasters would adversely affect our business operations. If there is a recurrence of an outbreak of certain contagious diseases or natural disasters, our production facilities may be temporarily closed and our operations may be suspended. Government advices regarding, or restrictions on, holding offline events, in the event of an outbreak of any contagious disease or occurrence of natural disasters may have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

We may face risks related to the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine and any other conflicts that may arise on a global or regional scale which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The recent outbreak of war in Ukraine has already affected global economic markets, and the uncertain resolution of this conflict could result in protracted and/or severe damage to the global economy. Russia’s recent military interventions in Ukraine have led to, and may lead to, additional sanctions being levied by the United States, European Union and other countries against Russia. Russia’s military incursion and the resulting sanctions could adversely affect global energy and financial markets and thus could affect our customers’ business and our business. The extent and duration of the military action, sanctions, and resulting market disruptions are impossible to predict, but could be substantial. Any such disruptions caused by Russian military action or resulting sanctions may magnify the impact of other risks described in this section. We cannot predict the progress or outcome of the situation in Ukraine, as the conflict and governmental reactions are rapidly developing and beyond their control.

Table of Contents

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has led to, and may lead to immediate impact on the global economy, result in higher energy prices and higher prices for certain raw materials and goods and services, which in turn is contributing to higher inflation in the United States and other countries across the globe with significant disruption to financial markets and supply and distribution chains for certain raw materials and goods and services on an unprecedented scale. The impact of the sanctions has also included disruptions to financial markets, an inability to complete financial or banking transactions, restrictions on travel and an inability to service existing or new customers in a timely manner in the affected areas of Europe. The Russian Federation could resort to cyberattacks and other action that impact businesses across the United States, the European Union and other nations across the globe including those without any direct business ties to the Russian Federation. The Russian invasion of Ukraine has continued to escalate without any resolution of the invasion foreseeable in the near future with the short and long-term impact on financial and business conditions in Europe remaining highly uncertain.

The U.S. and the European Union responded to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine by imposing various economic sanctions on the Russian Federation to which the Russian Federation has responded in kind. The United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea, Australia and other countries across the globe have imposed their own sanctions on the Russian Federation. The United States, the European Union and such other countries acting together or separately could impose wider sanctions or take further actions against the Russian Federation if the conflict continues to escalate. Multinational corporations and other corporations and businesses with business and financial ties to the Russian Federation have either reduced or eliminated their ties to the Russian Federation in a manner that often exceeds what is required pursuant to sanctions by these countries.

Our revenue generated from Russia were $5.7 million, $5.5 million and $3.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023, representing 4.0%, 3.9% and 4.1% of our total revenues, respectively. Our revenue generated from Eastern Europe were $15.8 million, $15.2 million and $6.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023, representing 11.2%, 10.7% and 9.2% of our total revenue, respectively. As of the date of this prospectus, we do not believe that our business segments, products, lines of service, projects, or operations have been materially impacted by the global supply chain disruptions resulted from the military invasion of Ukraine by Russia and we cannot guarantee that we will not be materially impacted by the economic uncertainty and volatility in the markets in the future, especially in light of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. To mitigate any supply chain risks we may face in the future, we are increasing our purchase from suppliers located in close proximity to our production facilities, and intend to negotiate purchase agreements with our suppliers and source raw materials with fixed pricing and delivery commitments. We will continue to assess and respond where appropriate to any direct or indirect impact that the Russian invasion of Ukraine has on the availability or pricing of the raw materials for our products, manufacturing and supply, if any, and distribution chains for our products and on the pricing and demand for our products.

In addition, any deterioration in credit markets resulting directly or indirectly from the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine could limit our ability to obtain external financing to fund our operations and capital expenditures. Adverse economic conditions may also result in a higher rate of losses on accounts receivables that we accrue in the future due to credit defaults. As a result, a downturn in the worldwide economy resulting from the Russian invasion of Ukraine and other conflicts with a global impact that may arise from time to time could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and/or financial condition.

Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefit plans as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties.

Under the PRC Social Insurance Law and the Administrative Measures on Housing Fund, companies operating in Mainland China are required to participate in various government sponsored employee benefit plans, including certain social insurance, housing funds and other welfare-oriented payment obligations, and contribute to the plans in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of their employees up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time at locations where the businesses are operated. During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023, our Mainland PRC subsidiaries did not make adequate contributions to social insurance plans for certain employees. We cannot assure you that these employees will not complain to the relevant authorities regarding the basis of how our Mainland PRC subsidiaries had made the contribution for them, which may in turn result in the relevant authorities ordering our

Table of Contents

Mainland PRC subsidiaries to make supplemental contribution and/or imposing late fees or fines on our Mainland PRC subsidiaries, among other things. If we are subject to late fees or fines in relation to the underpaid employee benefits, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC

Adverse changes in economic, political and social conditions of the PRC government could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China, which could adversely affect our business.

The operating subsidiaries’ production facilities are located in Xinyu City, Jiangxi Province, the PRC. Besides, the operating subsidiaries have one distribution center in Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, the PRC. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in China generally. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most of the developed countries in any respects, including the level of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the government. In addition, the Chinese government continues to lay a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industry policies. The Chinese government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy, and the rate of growth has been slowing since 2012. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the Chinese government or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could adversely affect our business and operating results, lead to reduction in demand for the operating subsidiaries’ products and adversely affect our competitive position. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations. In addition, in the past the Chinese government has implemented certain measures, including interest rate adjustment, to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity in China, which may adversely affect our business and operating results.

Changes to the PRC legal system could have an adverse effect on us.

The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions under the civil law system may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. Since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and the enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties.

In 1979, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general. The overall effect of legislation over the past decades has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, recently enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China. In particular, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory provisions and contractual terms, it may be difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy. The uncertainties may affect our judgment on the relevance of legal requirements and our ability to enforce our contractual rights or tort claims.

Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all and may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of any of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. In addition, any administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention.

Table of Contents

The Chinese government exerts substantial influence over the manner in which the PRC subsidiaries must conduct their business activities and may intervene or influence their operations at any time, which could result in a material change in their operations and the value of our ordinary shares.

The Chinese government has exercised and continues to exercise substantial control over virtually every sector of the Chinese economy through regulation and state ownership. Our ability to operate in China through our PRC subsidiaries may be harmed by changes in laws and regulations in China, including those relating to securities regulation, data protection, cybersecurity and mergers and acquisitions and other matters. The PRC central or local governments may impose new, stricter regulations or interpretations of existing regulations that would require additional expenditures and efforts on our part to ensure our and our PRC subsidiaries’ compliance with such regulations or interpretations.

Government actions in the future could significantly affect economic conditions in China or particular regions thereof, and could require our PRC subsidiaries to materially change their operating activities or divest ourselves of any interests we hold in Chinese assets. Our PRC subsidiaries’ business may be subject to various government and regulatory interference. We may incur increased costs necessary to comply with existing and newly adopted laws and regulations or penalties for any failure to comply. Our PRC subsidiaries’ operations could be adversely affected, directly or indirectly, by changes to existing laws or implementation of future laws and regulations relating to their business or industry.

Given recent statements by the Chinese government indicating an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, any such action could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

Recently, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council of the PRC (the “State Council”) jointly issued the Opinions on Severely Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities According to Law, or the Opinions, which were made available to the public on July 6, 2021. The Opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities, and the need to strengthen the supervision over overseas listings by Chinese companies. Effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems, will be taken to deal with the risks and incidents of China-concept overseas listed companies. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanctions from PRC government authorities in connection with the Opinions.

On June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China, or the SCNPC, promulgated the PRC Data Security Law, which took effect in September 2021. The PRC Data Security Law imposes data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals carrying out data activities, and introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system based on the importance of data in economic and social development, and the degree of harm it will cause to national security, public interests, or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations when such data is tampered with, destroyed, leaked, illegally acquired or used. The PRC Data Security Law also provides for a national security review procedure for data activities that may affect national security and imposes export restrictions on certain data an information.

In early July 2021, regulatory authorities in China launched cybersecurity investigations with regard to several China-based companies that are listed in the United States. The Chinese cybersecurity regulator announced on July 2 that it had begun an investigation of Didi Global Inc. (NYSE: DIDI) and two days later ordered that the company’s app be removed from smartphone app stores. On July 5, 2021, the Chinese cybersecurity regulator launched the same investigation on two other Internet platforms, China’s Full Truck Alliance of Full Truck Alliance Co. Ltd. (NYSE: YMM) and Boss of KANZHUN LIMITED (Nasdaq: BZ).

On August 17, 2021, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on the Protection of the Security of Critical Information Infrastructure, or the Regulations, which took effect on September 1, 2021. The Regulations supplement and specify the provisions on the security of critical information infrastructure as stated in the Cybersecurity Review Measures. The Regulations provide, among others, that protection department of certain industry or sector shall notify the operator of the critical information infrastructure in time after the identification of certain critical information infrastructure.

Table of Contents

On August 20, 2021, the SCNPC promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law of the PRC, or the Personal Information Protection Law, which took effect on November 1, 2021. As the first systematic and comprehensive law specifically for the protection of personal information in the PRC, the Personal Information Protection Law provides, among others, that (i) an individual’s consent shall be obtained to use sensitive personal information, such as biometric characteristics and individual location tracking, (ii) personal information operators using sensitive personal information shall notify individuals of the necessity of such use and impact on the individual’s rights, and (iii) where personal information operators reject an individual’s request to exercise his or her rights, the individual may file a lawsuit with a People’s Court.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, five supporting guidelines, as well as Notice on Filing Management Arrangements for Overseas Listings of Domestic Enterprises, which came into effect on March 31, 2023. According to the Administration Measures and the Notice, overseas offering and listing refers to overseas offerings by domestic companies of equity shares, depository receipts, convertible corporate bonds, or other equity-like securities, and overseas listing of the securities for trading. Overseas offering and listing, which is specifically divided into direct overseas offerings and listing and indirect overseas offerings and listing, shall be filed in accordance with the Administration Measures. According to the Notice, domestic companies that have submitted valid applications for overseas issuance and listing but have not been approved by overseas regulatory authorities or overseas stock exchanges at the date of effectiveness of the Administration Measures can reasonably arrange the timing of filing applications and should complete the filing before the overseas issuance and listing. Our submission of a listing application will fall into the scope of overseas offering and listing provisions in the Administration Measures. After the effectiveness of the Administration Measures, we will be required to file with the CSRC in accordance with the Administration Measures and complete the filing before the overseas issuance and listing. As of the date of this prospectus, we have submitted a report, other required materials, and additional materials as requested by the CSRC in connection with the CSRC filing. On September 25, 2023, we received CSRC’s approval of this offering under the Administration Measures. However, if our filing procedures were not completed according to the Administration Measures or if our filing materials contain false records, misleading statements or material omissions, the CSRC may order rectify such non-compliance, issue a warning, and impose a fine of not less than RMB1 million and not more than RMB10 million. Unless we obtain approval from the CSRC, we will not proceed with our initial public offering. We cannot assure you that the PRC government will publish any further clarifications or detailed rules and regulations on overseas listing, or as to how such rules and regulations will be interpreted or implemented, and we cannot assure you that the PRC regulatory agencies will not adopt any new laws, regulations, rules, or detailed implementation and interpretation. These risks could completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, or cause such securities to significantly decline in value or become worthless.

Furthermore, according to the Administration Measures, an overseas offering and listing is prohibited under any of the following circumstances:(1) if the intended securities offering and listing falls under specific clauses in national laws and regulations and relevant provisions prohibiting such financing activities; (2) if the intended securities offering and listing in an overseas market may endanger national security, as reviewed and determined by competent authorities under the State Council in accordance with law; (3) if, in the past three years, the domestic company or its controlling shareholders and actual controllers have committed corruption, bribery, embezzlement, misappropriation of property, or other criminal offenses disruptive to the order of the socialist market economy; (4) the domestic company is currently under judicial investigation for suspicion of criminal offenses or under investigation for suspicion of major violations, and no clear conclusion has been reached; (5) if there are material ownership disputes over equity held by the controlling shareholder or by shareholders under the control of the actual controllers. As of the date of this prospectus, we do not fall under any of the abovementioned circumstances that might prohibit us from overseas offering and listing.

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, jointly with other relevant governmental authorities, issued the Confidentiality and Archives Management Provisions, which became effective on March 31, 2023. These provisions expanded the applicable scope of the regulation to indirect overseas offerings and listings by companies based in Mainland China and emphasized the confidentiality and archive management duties of such companies during the process of overseas offerings and listings.

On December 28, 2021, the CAC and other relevant PRC governmental authorities jointly promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures which became effective on February 15, 2022, and replaced the original Cybersecurity Review Measures promulgated on April 13, 2020. Pursuant to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, if critical

Table of Contents

information infrastructure operators purchase network products and services, or network platform operators conduct data processing activities that affect or may affect national security, they will be subject to cybersecurity review. A network platform operator holding more than one million users/users’ individual information also shall be subject to cybersecurity review before listing abroad. The cybersecurity review will evaluate, among others, the risk of critical information infrastructure, core data, important data, or a large amount of personal information being influenced, controlled or maliciously used by foreign governments and risk of network data security after going public overseas. In the opinion of JunHe LLP, our PRC legal counsel, our business operations do not currently involve the procurement of network products and services as critical information infrastructure operators, or data processing as network platform operators. JunHe LLP has advised us that the Cybersecurity Review Measures do not currently apply to our Company, and we are not required to conduct cybersecurity review. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not been informed by any PRC governmental authority of any requirement that we file for approval for this offering.

Given that the above-mentioned newly promulgated laws, regulations and policies were recently promulgated or issued, their interpretation, application and enforcement are yet to be published by relevant PRC authorities, and the impact of such laws, regulations and policies on the business operations of the PRC subsidiaries are subject to substantial uncertainties. See “— The approval of relevant PRC regulatory authorities and compliance procedures may be required in connection with this offering and, we cannot predict whether we will be able to obtain such approval.”

We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us and any tax we are required to pay could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands and we operate our business through our subsidiaries, including our subsidiaries based in Mainland PRC. Therefore, the availability of funds to us to pay dividends to our shareholders and to service our indebtedness depends upon dividends received from these subsidiaries. Our subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends is based upon their distributable earnings. Current PRC regulations permit our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to their respective shareholders only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Mainland PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our Mainland PRC subsidiaries is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. Each of such entities in China is also required to further set aside a portion of its after-tax profits to fund the employee welfare fund, although the amount to be set aside, if any, is determined at the discretion of its board of directors. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. If our Mainland PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us. Any limitation on the ability of our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to distribute dividends or other payments to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our businesses, pay dividends or otherwise fund and conduct our business. Under the Law of the PRC on Enterprise Income Tax and Regulations for the Implementation of the Law on Enterprise Income Tax, dividends, interests, rent or royalties payable by a foreign-invested enterprise, such as our Mainland PRC subsidiary, Jiangxi Yibo, to any of its foreign non-resident enterprise investors, and proceeds from any such foreign enterprise investor’s disposition of assets (after deducting the net value of such assets) are subject to a 10% withholding tax, unless the foreign enterprise investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with Mainland China that provides for a reduced rate of withholding tax. The Cayman Islands, where our Company, the ultimate parent company of our Mainland PRC subsidiary, Jiangxi Yibo, was incorporated, does not have such a tax treaty with Mainland China. Hong Kong has a tax arrangement with Mainland China that provides for a 5% withholding tax on dividends subject to certain conditions and requirements, such as the requirement that the Hong Kong resident enterprise own at least 25% of the PRC enterprise distributing the dividend at all times within the 12-month period immediately preceding the distribution of dividends and be a “beneficial owner” of the dividends. Aster HK, which directly owns our Mainland PRC subsidiary, Jiangxi Yibo, is incorporated in Hong Kong. However, if Aster HK is not considered to be the beneficial owner of dividends paid to it by Jiangxi Yibo under the tax circulars promulgated in February and October 2009, such dividends would be subject to withholding tax at a rate of 10%. If our Mainland PRC subsidiary, Jiangxi Yibo, declares and distributes profits to us, such payments will be subject to withholding tax, which will increase our tax liability and reduce the amount of cash available to our Company.

Table of Contents

Products exported from our Mainland PRC subsidiaries’ production base to the United States may be subject to high tariff rates under the trade war between the United States and the PRC, which could adversely affect our sales volumes, profitability and results of operations.

For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023, we derived revenue from offline sales in the U.S. amounting to approximately US$54.4 million, US$63.7 million and US$37.3 million, respectively, representing 47.0%, 48.8% and 54.3%, respectively, of our total revenue from offline sales for the respective years. In the event of any adverse actions taken by the U.S. with respect to continued trade or enactment of legislation that restricts trade with China, the operating subsidiaries will be subject to possible sales interruptions, cancellations of orders or increase in costs, and our revenue generated from the U.S. may decline as a result. In September 2018, the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) released a list of approximately US$200 billion worth of Chinese imports that would be subject to additional tariffs.

On August 1, 2019, the USTR released a list of approximately US$300 billion worth of Chinese imports that would be subject to additional tariffs, including empty cartridges for typewriter, of plastics, expecting to take effect from December 1, 2019. The U.S. government has also announced on August 23, 2019, a 15% tariff will be imposed on approximately US$300 billion worth of Chinese goods, which will become effective in two batches, on September 1, 2019 and December 15, 2019 respectively. According to the CIC Report, such tariffs are shared between upstream toner cartridge manufacturers and downstream end customers, which may cause decrease in gross profit margin. Under such tariff treatment, the cost for our customers in procuring toner cartridge products from the operating subsidiaries will inevitably increase, making their products less price competitive than the competitors of the operating subsidiaries who are not subject to such tariff. To minimize the effect of the tax levied, the operating subsidiaries’ customers may want to impose new terms and pass, in part or in whole, the additional costs onto the operating subsidiaries. If the trade restrictions intensify, the relevant customer may even shift to source their products outside the PRC instead from the operating subsidiaries. After the U.S. and the PRC governments reached the Phase One trade agreement on December 13, 2019 and subsequently signed on January 15, 2020, the U.S. government announced that the imposition of 15% tariff on the second batch of goods would be suspended indefinitely. In addition, the 15% tariff on the first batch of goods was reduced from 15% to 7.5% since February 14, 2020. There is no guarantee that the trade relations between the U.S. and the PRC will remain stable in the future and we cannot predict whether and how any potential change in their relationship will impact the ability of the operating subsidiaries to export their products from the PRC to the U.S. in the future. Any deterioration in the relationship between the U.S. and the PRC could further increase the costs of exported products to the U.S. for the operating subsidiaries, or limit the ability of the operating subsidiaries to export their products to the U.S., which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

PRC regulations of loans and direct investment by offshore holding companies to Mainland PRC entities may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of our offshore financing to make loans or additional capital contributions to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

We may transfer funds to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries or finance our Mainland PRC subsidiaries by means of shareholders’ loans or capital contributions after completion of this offering. Any loans to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries, which are foreign-invested enterprises, cannot exceed a statutory limit, and shall be filed with the SAFE or its local counterparts. Furthermore, any capital contributions we make to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries shall be registered with the PRC State Administration for Market Regulation or its local counterparts, and filed with the MOFCOM or its local counterparts.

On March 30, 2015, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Reforming the Administration Measures on Conversion of Foreign Exchange Registered Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19. SAFE Circular 19, however, allows foreign invested enterprises in Mainland China to use their registered capital settled in RMB converted from foreign currencies to make equity investments, but the registered capital of a foreign invested company settled in RMB converted from foreign currencies remains not allowed to be used, among other things, for investment in the security markets, or offering entrustment loans, unless otherwise regulated by other laws and regulations. On June 9, 2016, SAFE further issued the Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Regulating Policies on the Control over Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital Accounts, or SAFE Circular 16, which, among other things, amended certain provisions of Circular 19. According to SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16, the flow and use of the RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign invested company is regulated such that Renminbi capital may not be used for purposes beyond its business scope or

Table of Contents

to provide loans to non-affiliates unless otherwise permitted under its business scope. On October 23, 2019, SAFE promulgated the Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Promoting the Facilitation of Cross-Border Trade and Investment, or SAFE Circular 28, which removes the restrictions on domestic equity investments by non-investment foreign-invested enterprises with their capital funds, provided that certain conditions are met. The applicable foreign exchange circulars and rules may limit our ability to transfer the net proceeds from this offering and the concurrent private placements to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries and convert the net proceeds into RMB, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Restrictions on the remittance of Renminbi into and out of Mainland China and government control of currency conversion may limit our ability to pay dividends and other obligations, and affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of Renminbi into foreign currencies and the remittance of currency out of Mainland China. We receive a significant portion of our revenues in U.S. dollars. Despite that, we may still rely on dividend payments from our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to fund any additional cash and financing requirements we may have. Shortages in the availability of foreign currency may restrict the ability of our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to remit sufficient foreign currency to pay dividends or other payments to us, or otherwise satisfy their foreign currency denominated obligations.

Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments, and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior SAFE approval by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, approval from or registration or filings with competent government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of Mainland China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. Pursuant to SAFE Circular 19, a foreign-invested enterprise may convert up to 100% of the foreign currency in its capital account into Renminbi on a discretionary basis according to the actual needs. The SAFE Circular 16 provides for an integrated standard for conversion of foreign exchange under capital account items on a discretionary basis, which applies to all enterprises registered in Mainland China. In addition, SAFE Circular 16 has narrowed the scope of purposes for which an enterprise must not use the Renminbi funds so converted, which include, among others, (i) payment for expenditure beyond its business scope or otherwise as prohibited by the applicable laws and regulations, (ii) investment in securities or other financial products other than banks’ principal-secured products, (iii) provision of loans to non-affiliated enterprises, except where it is expressly permitted in the business scope of the enterprise, and (iv) construction or purchase of non-self-used real properties, except for real estate developers. The PRC government may at its discretion further restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions or capital account transactions in the future. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency needs, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders. Further, there is no assurance that new regulations will not be promulgated in the future that would have the effect of further restricting the remittance of Renminbi into or out of Mainland China.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could result in foreign currency exchange losses.

The value of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies fluctuates, is subject to changes resulting from the PRC government’s policies and depends to a large extent on domestic and international economic and political developments as well as supply and demand in the local market. In July 2005, the PRC government changed its decades-old policy of pegging the value of Renminbi to the U.S. dollar, and Renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and Renminbi internationalization, the PRC government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system and we cannot assure you that Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

Table of Contents

The proceeds from this offering will be received in U.S. dollars. As a result, any appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar may result in the decrease in the value of our proceeds from this offering. Conversely, any depreciation of the Renminbi may adversely affect the value of, and any dividends payable on, our Class A ordinary shares in foreign currency. In addition, there are limited instruments available for us to reduce our foreign currency risk exposure at reasonable costs. All of these factors could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, and could reduce the value of, and dividends payable on, our Class A ordinary shares in foreign currency terms.

The enforcement of the PRC Labor Contract Law and other labor-related regulations in Mainland PRC may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress enacted the Labor Contract Law in 2008, and amended it on December 28, 2012. The Labor Contract Law introduced specific provisions related to fixed-term employment contracts, part-time employment, probationary periods, consultation with labor unions and employee assemblies, employment without a written contract, dismissal of employees, severance, and collective bargaining to enhance previous PRC labor laws. Under the Labor Contract Law, an employer is obligated to sign an unlimited-term labor contract with any employee who has worked for the employer for ten consecutive years. Further, if an employee requests or agrees to renew a fixed term labor contract that has already been entered into twice consecutively, the resulting contract, with certain exceptions, must have an unlimited term, subject to certain exceptions. With certain exceptions, an employer must pay severance to an employee where a labor contract is terminated or expires. In addition, the PRC governmental authorities have continued to introduce various new labor-related regulations since the effectiveness of the Labor Contract Law.

Under the PRC Social Insurance Law and the Administrative Measures on Housing Fund, employees are required to participate in pension insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, and housing funds and employers are required, together with their employees or separately, to pay the social insurance premiums and housing funds for their employees. If our Mainland PRC subsidiaries fail to make adequate social insurance and housing fund contributions, they may be subject to fines and legal sanctions, and our business, financial conditions and results of operations may be adversely affected. During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023, our Mainland PRC subsidiaries did not make adequate contributions to the social insurance and/or housing fund for certain employees as they voluntarily waived the contributions by our Mainland PRC subsidiaries. See “Business — Legal Proceedings.” Our Mainland PRC subsidiaries received confirmations from relevant local authorities that they were not subject to any penalty for failing to make full contributions to the social insurance fund and housing fund during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023.

These laws designed to enhance labor protection tend to increase our labor costs. In addition, as the interpretation and implementation of these regulations are still evolving, our Mainland PRC subsidiaries’ employment practices may not be at all times be deemed in compliance with the regulations. As a result, our Mainland PRC subsidiaries could be subject to penalties or incur significant liabilities in connection with labor disputes or investigations.

Mainland PRC laws and regulations establish more complex procedures for some acquisitions of Mainland PRC companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in Mainland China.

A number of Mainland PRC laws and regulations, including the M&A Rules, the Anti-monopoly Law promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress in August 2007, the Rules of Ministry of Commerce on Implementation of Security Review System of Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors promulgated by the Ministry of Commerce in August 2011, and the Measures for the Security Review of Foreign Investment promulgated by the National Development and Reform Commission of the PRC, or NDRC and the Ministry of Commerce in December 2020 have established procedures and requirements that are expected to make merger and acquisition activities in Mainland China by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex. These include requirements in some instances that the approval from the Ministry of Commerce be obtained in circumstances where overseas companies established or controlled by Mainland PRC enterprises or residents acquire affiliated domestic companies. Mainland PRC laws and regulations also require certain merger and acquisition transactions involving an industry that implicates national security to be subject to merger control review or security review.

Table of Contents

In the future, we may further grow our business by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the requirements of the above-mentioned regulations and other relevant rules to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from the Ministry of Commerce or its local counterparts may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions. It is unclear whether our business would be deemed to be in an industry that raises “national defense and security” or “national security” concerns. However, the Ministry of Commerce or other government agencies may publish explanations in the future determining that our business is in an industry subject to the security review, in which case our future acquisitions in Mainland China, including those by way of entering into contractual control arrangements with target entities, may be closely scrutinized or prohibited. Our ability to expand our business or maintain or expand our market share through future acquisitions would as such be materially and adversely affected.

It may be difficult for overseas regulators to conduct investigation or collect evidence within China.

Shareholder claims or regulatory investigation that are common in the United States generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigation initiated outside China. Although the authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States may not be efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, or Article 177, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under Article 177 have yet to be promulgated, the inability for an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within China may further increase difficulties faced by you in protecting your interests. See also “— Risks Relating to the Class A ordinary shares and This Offering — You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law” for risks associated with investing in us as a Cayman Islands company.

PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by Mainland PRC residents may subject our Mainland PRC resident beneficial owners or our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our Mainland PRC subsidiaries, limit our Mainland PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect us.

The Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, was promulgated by the SAFE in July 2014 that requires Mainland PRC residents or entities to register with SAFE or its local branch, currently with local bank according to Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Simplifying and Improving Policies for the Foreign Exchange Administration of Direct Investment issued by SAFE on February 13, 2015, in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing. In addition, any Mainland PRC resident who is a direct or indirect shareholder of an offshore company is required to update the previously filed registration with the local branch of the SAFE, with respect to that offshore company, to reflect any material change involving its round-trip investment, capital variation, such as an increase or decrease in capital, transfer or swap of shares, merger or division. These regulations apply to our shareholders who are Mainland PRC residents and may apply to any offshore acquisitions that we make in the future.

We have requested Mainland PRC residents holding direct or indirect interest in our Company to our knowledge to make the necessary applications, filings and amendments as required by applicable foreign exchange regulations. We are committed to complying with and to ensuring that our shareholders who are subject to the regulations will comply with the relevant SAFE rules and regulations. However, due to the inherent uncertainty in the implementation of the regulatory requirements by PRC authorities, such registration might not be always practically available in all circumstances as prescribed in those regulations. In addition, we may not always be able to compel them to comply with SAFE Circular 37 or other related regulations. We cannot assure you that the SAFE or its local branches will release explicit requirements or interpret the relevant Mainland PRC Laws otherwise. Failure by any such shareholders to comply with SAFE Circular 37 may result in restrictions on the foreign exchange activities of the relevant Mainland PRC enterprise and may also subject the relevant Mainland PRC resident to penalties under the PRC foreign exchange administration regulations. To the best of our knowledge, our shareholders who are being subject to SAFE regulations have completed all necessary registrations required by the SAFE Circular 37.

Table of Contents

Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee stock incentive plans may subject any Mainland PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly-Listed Company, replacing earlier rules promulgated in 2007. Pursuant to these rules, Mainland PRC citizens and non-Mainland PRC citizens who reside in Mainland China for a continuous period of not less than one year who participate in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company, subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be the Mainland PRC subsidiaries of such overseas-listed company, and complete certain other procedures. In addition, an overseas-entrusted institution must be retained to handle matters in connection with the exercise or sale of stock options and the purchase or sale of shares and interests. In the event that we adopt a share incentive plan in the future, we and our executive officers and other employees who are Mainland PRC citizens or who reside in Mainland China for a continuous period of not less than one year and who are granted options will be subject to these regulations when our Company becomes an overseas-listed company upon the completion of this offering. Failure to complete SAFE registrations may subject them to fines of up to RMB300,000 for entities and up to RMB50,000 for individuals, and legal sanctions and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our Mainland PRC subsidiaries and limit our Mainland PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to us. We also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional incentive plans for our directors, executive officers and employees under Mainland PRC law.

In addition, the State Administration of Taxation of the PRC, or the SAT, has issued certain circulars concerning employee share options and restricted shares. Under these circulars, our employees working in Mainland China who exercise share options or are granted restricted shares will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our Mainland PRC subsidiaries have obligations to file documents related to employee share options or restricted shares with relevant tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their share options. If our Mainland PRC subsidiaries’ employees fail to pay or our Mainland PRC subsidiaries fail to withhold their income taxes according to relevant laws and regulations, our Mainland PRC subsidiaries may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities or other PRC government authorities.

The approval of relevant PRC regulatory authorities and compliance procedures may be required in connection with this offering and, we cannot predict whether we will be able to obtain such approval.

Recently, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the Opinions on Severe and Lawful Crackdown on Illegal Securities Activities, which was available to the public on July 6, 2021. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies. These opinions proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems, to deal with the risks and incidents facing China-based overseas-listed companies and the demand for cybersecurity and data privacy protection. Moreover, on December 28, 2021, the CAC and other relevant PRC governmental authorities jointly promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures which became effective on February 15, 2022, and replaced the original Cybersecurity Review Measures promulgated on April 13, 2020. In accordance with the Cybersecurity Review Measures, network platform operators holding more than one million users/users’ individual information shall be subject to cybersecurity review before listing abroad.

On November 14, 2021, the National Internet Information Office issued the “Regulations on Network Data Security Management (Draft for Solicitation of Comments),” or the Draft for Comment. The Draft for Comment requests data processors, Internet platform operators and large-scale network operators to comply with the obligation of cybersecurity protection when carrying out data processing activities. A data processor identified in the Draft for Comment refers to an individual and an organization that independently decides the processing purpose and method in data processing activities. In accordance with the Draft for Comment, an Internet platform operator refers to a data processor that provides users with Internet platform services such as information release, social interaction, transaction, payment, audio-visual and so on, while large-scale Internet platform operators refer to those who have more than 50 million users, handle a large amount of personal information and important data, and have strong social mobilization ability and market dominance. Meanwhile, the Draft for Comment also provides that if data processors handling personal information of more than one million people intend to become listed overseas, they shall abide by the relevant regulations and apply for cybersecurity review. In the opinion of JunHe LLP, our business operations do not currently involve data processing and therefore do not fall under the definition of “data processors.” We

Table of Contents

also do not fall under the definition of Internet platform operator and large-scale network operator. JunHe LLP has advised us that we are not required to conduct cybersecurity review even after the Draft for Comment coming into effectiveness.

However, there remains uncertainties as to how the measures will be enacted, interpreted or implemented, and whether they will affect us. If we inadvertently conclude that the Cybersecurity Review Measures do not apply to us, or applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change and it is determined in the future that Cybersecurity Review Measures become applicable to us, we may be subject to review when conducting data processing activities, and may face challenges in addressing its requirements and make necessary changes to our internal policies and practices. We may incur substantial costs in complying with the Cybersecurity Review Measures, which could result in material adverse changes in our business operations and financial position. If we are not able to fully comply with the Cybersecurity Review Measures, our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors may be significantly limited or completely hindered, and our securities may significantly decline in value or become worthless.

As the aforementioned policies evolve and any related implementation rules are enacted, we may be subject to additional compliance requirement in the future. As these opinions were recently issued, official guidance and interpretation of the opinions remain unclear in several respects. Therefore, we cannot assure you that we will remain fully compliant with all new regulatory requirements of these opinions or any future implementation rules on a timely basis, or at all.

If we are classified as a Mainland PRC resident enterprise for Mainland PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-Mainland PRC shareholders.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of Mainland PRC with its “de facto management body” within Mainland PRC is considered a “resident enterprise” and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In 2009, the SAT issued a circular (“SAT Circular 82”), which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a Mainland PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. One of the criteria is that a company’s major assets, accounting books and minutes and files of its board and shareholders’ meetings are located or kept in Mainland PRC. In addition, the SAT issued Administrative Measures for Income Tax on Chinese-controlled Resident Enterprises Incorporated Overseas (Trial Implementation) on July 27, 2011, effective from September 1, 2011, providing more guidance on the implementation of the SAT Circular 82. This bulletin clarifies matters including residence status determination, post-determination administration and competent tax authorities. Although both the SAT Circular 82 and the bulletin only apply to offshore enterprises controlled by Mainland PRC enterprises or Mainland PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by Mainland PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” text should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises.

We believe none of our entities outside of Mainland China is a Mainland PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” As substantially all of our management members are based in Mainland China, it remains unclear how the tax residency rule will apply to our case. If the PRC tax authorities determine that our Company or any of our subsidiaries outside of Mainland China is a Mainland PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, then our Company or such subsidiary could be subject to Mainland PRC tax at a rate of 25% on its world-wide income, which could materially reduce our net income. In addition, we will also be subject to Mainland PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations. Furthermore, if the PRC tax authorities determine that we are a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, gains realized on the sale or other disposition of our Class A ordinary shares may be subject to Mainland PRC tax, at a rate of 10% in the case of non-Mainland PRC enterprises or 20% in the case of non-Mainland PRC individuals (in each case, subject to the provisions of any applicable tax treaty), if such gains are deemed to be from Mainland PRC sources. It is unclear whether non-Mainland PRC shareholders of our Company would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a Mainland PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in our Class A ordinary shares.

Table of Contents

You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in Mainland China against us or our management named in the prospectus based on foreign laws.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. In addition, substantial amount of our assets is located in Mainland China and all of our senior executive officers, including our chief executive officer, Mr. Shaofang Weng, our chief financial officer, Mr. Quanmao Zhou, and our vice presidents, Mr. Zhisheng Cheng and Mr. Qilong Yang, and all of our directors, including Mr. Weidong Gu, Mr. Shaofang Weng, Ms. Fenglei Jiang, Mr. Xinwei Xie, and Ms. Yu Xiang, all reside within Mainland China. As a result, it may be difficult for you to effect service of process upon us or those persons inside Mainland China. It may also be difficult for you to enforce in U.S. courts judgments obtained in U.S. courts based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors as none of them currently resides in the United States or has substantial assets located in the United States. In addition, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of Mainland China would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts against us or such persons predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state.

The recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under the PRC Civil Procedures Law. Mainland PRC courts may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of the PRC Civil Procedures Law based either on treaties between Mainland China and the country where the judgment is made or on principles of reciprocity between jurisdictions. Mainland China does not have any treaties or other forms of written arrangement with the United States that provide for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. In addition, according to the PRC Civil Procedures Law, the Mainland PRC courts will not enforce a foreign judgment against us or our directors and officers if they decide that the judgment violates the basic principles of Mainland PRC laws or national sovereignty, security or public interest. As a result, it is uncertain whether and on what basis a Mainland PRC court would enforce a judgment rendered by a court in the United States.

We may be subject to uncertainty about any changes in the economic, political and legal environment in Hong Kong, and it is possible that most of the legal and operational risks associated with operating in Mainland PRC may also apply to operations in Hong Kong in the future.

Through our Hong Kong subsidiary, Aster Online, and its subsidiaries, we operate our online retail business. Our revenue generated from online sales was US$25.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, US$11.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and US$5.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, accounting for 18.1%, 8.1% and 7.4% of our total revenues for the respective period. Hong Kong is a special administrative region of the PRC and the basic policies of the PRC regarding Hong Kong are reflected in the Basic Law, namely, Hong Kong’s constitutional document, which provides Hong Kong with a high degree of autonomy and executive, legislative and independent judicial powers, including that of final adjudication under the principle of “one country, two systems”. We cannot assure you that there will not be any changes in the economic, political and legal environment in Hong Kong. We may be subject to uncertainty about any future actions of the PRC government and is possible that most of the legal and operational risks associated with operating in Mainland PRC may also apply to our operations in Hong Kong in the future. The PRC government may intervene or influence our current and future operations in Hong Kong at any time and exert more influence over the manner in which we must conduct our business activities. Such government actions, if and when they occur, could result in a material change in our operations in Hong Kong.

Our operations in Hong Kong are governed by the laws and regulations in Hong Kong. If there is significant change to current political arrangements between Mainland China and Hong Kong, the PRC government may intervene or influence our Hong Kong operations, which could result in a material change in our operations in Hong Kong.

In Hong Kong, our operations are governed by applicable Hong Kong laws and regulations, including Business Registration Ordinance (Chapter 310 of the Laws of Hong Kong), Companies Ordinance (Chapter 622 of the Laws of Hong Kong), Sale of Goods Ordinance (Chapter 26 of the Laws of Hong Kong), Control of Exemption Clauses Ordinance (Chapter 71 of the Laws of Hong Kong), and Trade Descriptions Ordinance (Chapter 362 of the Laws of Hong Kong), among others. See “Regulation — Overview of Hong Kong Laws and Regulations” for details. As of the date of this prospectus, our business operations in Hong Kong are only required to comply with the Hong Kong laws and regulations. The PRC government has recently initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate business operations in Mainland China with little advance notice. We do not currently expect such statements

Table of Contents

by the PRC government would have any specific impact on our business operations in Hong Kong. If there is any change in political arrangements between Mainland China and Hong Kong, it would affect the business environment in Hong Kong generally and could result in a material change in our operations in Hong Kong.

To the extent cash in the business is in the Mainland PRC/Hong Kong or a Mainland PRC/Hong Kong entity, the funds may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the Mainland PRC/Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of our Company or our subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash.

Relevant Mainland PRC laws and regulations permit the companies in Mainland PRC to pay dividends only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with Mainland PRC accounting standards and regulations. Additionally, each of the companies in Mainland PRC are required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. The companies in Mainland PRC are also required to further set aside a portion of their after-tax profits to fund the employee welfare fund, although the amount to be set aside, if any, is determined at their discretion. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. Furthermore, in order for us to pay dividends to our shareholders, we may rely on payments made from our Mainland PRC subsidiaries or Hong Kong subsidiaries to their respective shareholders and then to our Company. If our Mainland PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us.

Our cash dividends, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars. If we are considered a tax resident enterprise of Mainland PRC for tax purposes, any dividends we pay to our overseas shareholders may be regarded as Mainland China-sourced income and as a result may be subject to Mainland PRC withholding tax. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — If we are classified as a Mainland PRC resident enterprise for Mainland PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-Mainland PRC shareholders.” The PRC government also imposes controls on the convertibility of Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of Mainland PRC. Shortages in foreign currencies we have may restrict our ability to pay dividends or other payments, or otherwise satisfy our foreign currency denominated obligations, if any. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and expenditures from trade-related transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange as long as certain procedural requirements are met. Approval from appropriate government authorities is required if Renminbi is converted into foreign currency and remitted out of Mainland PRC to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may, at its discretion, impose restrictions on access to foreign currencies for current account transactions and if this continues to occur in the future, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders.

As of the date of this prospectus, there are no restrictions or limitations imposed by the Hong Kong government on the transfer of capital within, into, and out of Hong Kong (including funds from Hong Kong to Mainland China), except for the transfer of funds involving money laundering and criminal activities. However, there is no guarantee that the Hong Kong government will not promulgate new laws or regulations that may impose such restrictions in the future. If there is a significant change to current political arrangements between Mainland China and Hong Kong, or the applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change, our Hong Kong subsidiaries may become subject to PRC laws or authorities. As a result, our Hong Kong subsidiaries could be subject to similar government controls on the convertibility of foreign currency and the remittance of currency out of Hong Kong as described above.

As a result of the above, to the extent cash in the business is in the Mainland PRC/Hong Kong or a Mainland PRC/Hong Kong entity, such funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the Mainland PRC/Hong Kong, due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of us or our subsidiaries by the competent government to the transfer of cash.

Table of Contents

Risks Relating to our Class A ordinary shares and This Offering

We may be required to repurchase our previously issued Class A ordinary shares held by Juneng Investment (Hong Kong) Limited.

On September 30, 2019, the Company issued 105,263 ordinary shares to Juneng Investment (Hong Kong) Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Xinyu High-Tech Investment Co., Ltd., a company formed in Mainland PRC, in exchange for RMB100,000 (approximately US$14,104) in consideration. The shares were subsequently subdivided and re-designated to 10,526,300 Class A ordinary shares. Pursuant to that certain investment agreement between us and Xinyu Hi-Tech Investment Co., Ltd., as amended, originally entered into on September 10, 2019, the Class A ordinary shares held by Juneng Investment (Hong Kong) Limited are subject to redemption upon the occurrence of any of the following events (each, a “Redemption Event”): (i) the Company fails to successfully complete its initial public offering on either Hong Kong Stock Exchange or Nasdaq Capital Market and New York Stock Exchange before September 30, 2024; (2) its initial public offering price per share is lower than or equal to 1.15 times of the per share price paid by Juneng Investment (Hong Kong) Limited; or (3) the shares held by Juneng Investment (Hong Kong) Limited are not freely tradable immediately after completion of our initial public offering, or Juneng Investment (Hong Kong) Limited does not receive the shortest applicable lock-up period for its shares. Upon the occurrence of any of these Redemption Events, Juneng Investment (Hong Kong) Limited has the option to request the Company to repurchase all of the Class A ordinary shares it holds at a price equal to the original investment price plus a 7.5% annualized return. The interests shall be accrued from the date when Juneng Investment (Hong Kong) Limited made the payment of the investment to the date when the Company completes the repurchase of all equity interests held by Juneng Investment (Hong Kong) Limited. In the event that we are required to repurchase our issued Class A ordinary shares from Juneng Investment (Hong Kong) Limited, our working capital, liquidity, and financial conditions could be adversely affected.

There is been no public market for our Class A ordinary shares prior to this offering, and you may not be able to resell our Class A ordinary shares at or above the price you paid, or at all.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our Class A ordinary shares. The initial offering price of our Class A ordinary shares was the result of negotiations between us and the underwriter, and the initial offering price may differ significantly from the market price for our Class A ordinary shares following the offering. We cannot assure you that an active trading market for our Class A ordinary shares will develop or that the market price for our Class A ordinary shares will not decline below the initial public offering price.

The trading price of our Class A ordinary shares is likely to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors.

The trading price of our Class A ordinary shares is likely to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, including the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in China that have listed their securities in the United States. In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for our Class A ordinary shares may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including the following:

• Actual or anticipated variations in our revenues, earnings, cash flow, and changes or revisions of our expected results;

• fluctuations in operating metrics;

• announcements of new investments, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, or joint ventures by us or our competitors;

• announcements of new products and services and expansions by us or our competitors;

• changes in financial estimates by securities analysts;

• announcements of studies and reports relating to the quality of our product and service offerings or those of our competitors;

• changes in the economic performance or market valuations of other companies in our industry;

Table of Contents

• detrimental negative publicity about us, our competitors, or our industry;

• additions or departures of key personnel;

• regulatory developments affect us or our industry;

• general economic or political conditions in China or elsewhere in the world;

• fluctuations of exchange rates between the RMB and the U.S. dollar; and

• potential litigation or regulatory investigations.

Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which Class A ordinary shares will trade. Furthermore, the stock market in general experiences price and volume fluctuations that are often unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of companies like us. These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our Class A ordinary shares. Volatility or a lack of positive performance in the price of our Class A ordinary shares may also adversely affect our ability to retain key employees, most of whom have been granted equity incentives.

In the past, shareholders of public companies have often brought securities class action suits against companies following periods of instability in the market price of their securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our results of operations. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We may experience extreme share price volatility unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance, financial condition or prospects, making it difficult for prospective investors to assess the rapidly changing value of our Class A ordinary shares.

Recently, there have been instances of extreme stock price run-ups followed by rapid price declines and strong stock price volatility with a number of recent initial public offerings, especially among companies with relatively smaller public floats. As a relatively small-capitalization company with relatively small public float, we may experience greater share price volatility, extreme price run-ups, lower trading volume and less liquidity than large-capitalization companies. In particular, our Class A ordinary shares may be subject to rapid and substantial price volatility, low volumes of trades and large spreads in bid and ask prices. Such volatility, including any stock-run up, may be unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance, financial condition or prospects, making it difficult for prospective investors to assess the rapidly changing value of our Class A ordinary shares.

In addition, if the trading volumes of our Class A ordinary shares are low, persons buying or selling in relatively small quantities may easily influence prices of our Class A ordinary shares. This low volume of trades could also cause the price of our Class A ordinary shares to fluctuate greatly, with large percentage changes in price occurring in any trading day session. Holders of our Class A ordinary shares may also not be able to readily liquidate their investment or may be forced to sell at depressed prices due to low volume trading. Broad market fluctuations and general economic and political conditions may also adversely affect the market price of our Class A ordinary shares. As a result of this volatility, investors may experience losses on their investment in our Class A ordinary shares. A decline in the market price of our Class A ordinary shares also could adversely affect our ability to issue additional Class A ordinary shares or other securities and our ability to obtain additional financing in the future. No assurance can be given that an active market in our Class A ordinary shares will develop or be sustained. If an active market does not develop, holders of our Class A ordinary shares may be unable to readily sell the shares they hold or may not be able to sell their shares at all.

Our dual-class voting structure will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares may view as beneficial.

Our authorized share capital is divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to 10 votes per share. We issue Class A ordinary shares in this offering. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof, while Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class

Table of Contents

B ordinary shares under any circumstances. The holder of Class B ordinary shares have the ability to control matters requiring shareholders’ approval, including any amendment of our memorandum and articles of association. Any future issuances of Class B ordinary shares may be dilutive to the voting power of holders of Class A ordinary shares. Any conversions of Class B ordinary shares into Class A ordinary shares may dilute the percentage ownership of the existing holders of Class A ordinary shares within their class of ordinary shares. Such conversions may increase the aggregate voting power of the existing holders of Class A ordinary shares. In the event that we have multiple holders of Class B ordinary shares in the future and certain of them convert their Class B ordinary shares into Class A ordinary shares, the remaining holders who retain their Class B ordinary shares may experience increases in their relative voting power.

Upon the completion of this offering, Mr. Weidong Gu, our founder and chairman of the board of directors, will beneficially own 100% of our issued Class B ordinary shares. These Class B ordinary shares will constitute 48.84% of our total issued and outstanding share capital immediately after the completion of this offering and 90.52% of the aggregate voting power of our total issued and outstanding share capital immediately after the completion of this offering due to the disparate voting powers associated with our dual-class share structure, assuming the underwriter does not exercise its option to purchase additional Class A ordinary shares. As a result of the dual-class share structure and the concentration of ownership, holders of Class B ordinary shares have considerable influence over matters such as decisions regarding mergers and consolidations, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. Such holders may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could have the effect of depriving our other shareholders of the opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and may reduce the price of our Class A ordinary shares. This concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions that holders of Class A ordinary shares may view as beneficial.

The dual-class structure of our ordinary shares may adversely affect the trading market for our Class A ordinary shares.

Certain shareholder advisory firms have announced changes to their eligibility criteria for inclusion of shares of public companies on certain indices, including the S&P 500, to exclude companies with multiple classes of shares and companies whose public shareholders hold no more than 5% of total voting power from being added to such indices. In addition, several shareholder advisory firms have announced their opposition to the use of multiple class structures. As a result, the dual-class structure of our ordinary shares may prevent the inclusion of our Class A ordinary shares in such indices and may cause shareholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance practices or otherwise seek to cause us to change our capital structure. Any such exclusion from indices could result in a less active trading market for our Class A ordinary shares. Any actions or publications by shareholder advisory firms critical of our corporate governance practices or capital structure could also adversely affect the value of our Class A ordinary shares.

If securities or industry analysts cease to publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding the Class A ordinary shares, the market price for the Class A ordinary shares and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for the Class A ordinary shares will be influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our business. If one or more analysts who cover us downgrade the Class A ordinary shares, the market price for the Class A ordinary shares would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for the Class A ordinary shares to decline.

We currently do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future after this offering and you must rely on price appreciation of our Class A ordinary shares for return on your investment.

We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings after this offering to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our Class A ordinary shares as a source for any future dividend income.

Table of Contents

Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in our Class A ordinary shares will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our Class A ordinary shares. There is no guarantee that our Class A ordinary shares will appreciate in value after this offering or even maintain the price at which you purchased the Class A ordinary shares. You may not realize a return on your investment in our Class A ordinary shares and you may even lose your entire investment in our Class A ordinary shares.

Because our initial public offering price is substantially higher than our net tangible book value per share, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution.

If you purchase the Class A ordinary shares in this offering, you will pay more for your Class A ordinary shares than the amount paid by our existing shareholders for their ordinary shares on a per share basis. As a result, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution of US$3.20 per share, representing the difference between the initial public offering price of US$4.00 per Class A ordinary share and our adjusted net tangible book value per ordinary share as of June 30, 2023, after giving effect to our sale of the Class A ordinary shares offered in this offering. In addition, you may experience further dilution to the extent that our Class A ordinary shares are issued upon the exercise of share options. See “Dilution” for a more complete description of how the value of your investment in the Class A ordinary shares will be diluted upon completion of this offering.

Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of our Class A ordinary shares in the public market could cause the price of our Class A ordinary shares to decline.

Sales of our Class A ordinary shares in the public market after this offering, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our Class A ordinary shares to decline. All Class A ordinary shares sold in this offering will be freely transferable without restriction or additional registration under the Securities Act. The remaining Class A ordinary shares issued and outstanding after this offering and the concurrent private placements will be available for sale, upon the expiration of the 180-day lock-up period beginning from the date of this prospectus, subject to volume and other restrictions as applicable provided in Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act. Any or all of these shares may be released prior to the expiration of the lock-up period at the discretion of the underwriter of this offering. To the extent shares are released before the expiration of the lock-up period and sold into the market, the market price of our Class A ordinary shares could decline.

After completion of this offering, certain holders of our Class A ordinary shares may cause us to register under the Securities Act the sale of their shares. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in these ordinary shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of such registration. Sales of these registered shares in the public market could cause the price of our Class A ordinary shares to decline.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act of the Cayman Islands, and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be

Table of Contents

under statutes or judicial precedents in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have the standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records (other than the memorandum and articles of association and any special resolutions passed by such companies, and the register of mortgages and charges of such companies) or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our post-offering memorandum and articles of association that will become effective immediately prior to completion of this offering to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of our board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act of the Cayman Islands and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders, see “Description of Share Capital — Differences in Corporate Law.”

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are a Cayman Islands company and a substantial amount of our assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, most of our current directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of Mainland China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. For more information regarding the relevant laws of the Cayman Islands and Mainland China, see “Enforceability of Civil Liabilities.”

There can be no assurance that we will not be a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for United States federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, which could subject United States holders of our Class A ordinary shares to significant adverse United States federal income tax consequences.

A non-United States corporation will be PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes for any taxable year if either (i) at least 75% of its gross income for such taxable year is passive income or (ii) at least 50% of the value of its assets (based on average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable to assets that that produce or are held for the production of passive income. Based on the current and anticipated value of our assets and the composition of our income assets, we do not expect to be a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes for our current taxable year ending December 31, 2023 or in the foreseeable future. However, the determination of whether or not we are a PFIC according to the PFIC rules is made on an annual basis and depend on the composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets from time to time. Therefore, changes in the composition of our income or assets or value of our assets may cause us to become a PFIC. The determination of the value of our assets (including goodwill not reflected on our balance sheet) may be based, in part, on the quarterly market value of Class A ordinary shares, which is subject to change and may be volatile.

The classification of certain of our income as active or passive, and certain of our assets as producing active or passive income, and hence whether we are or will become a PFIC, depends on the interpretation of certain United States Treasury Regulations as well as certain IRS guidance relating to the classification of assets as producing active or passive income. Such regulations guidance is potentially subject to different interpretations. If due to different interpretations of such regulations and guidance the percentage of our passive income or the percentage of our assets treated as producing passive income increases, we may be a PFIC in one of more taxable years.

Table of Contents

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a United States person holds Class A ordinary shares, certain adverse United States federal income tax consequences could apply to such United States person. For more information see “Taxation — Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences — Passive Foreign Investment Company.”

For as long as we are an emerging growth company, we will not be required to comply with certain reporting requirements, including those relating to accounting standards and disclosure about our executive compensation, that apply to other public companies.

We are classified as an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act because we generated less than US$1.235 billion in revenues for our last fiscal year. For as long as we are an emerging growth company, which may be up to five full fiscal years, unlike other public companies, we will not be required to, among other things, (i) provide an auditor’s attestation report on management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our system of internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (ii) comply with any new requirements adopted by the PCAOB requiring mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report in which the auditor would be required to provide additional information about the audit and the financial statements of the issuer, (iii) provide certain disclosure regarding executive compensation required of larger public companies, or (iv) hold nonbinding advisory votes on executive compensation. We will remain an emerging growth company for up to five years, although we will lose that status sooner if we have more than $1.235 billion of revenues in a fiscal year, have more than $700 million in market value of our Class A ordinary shares held by non-affiliates, or issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period.

To the extent that we rely on any of the exemptions available to emerging growth companies, you will receive less information about our executive compensation and internal control over financial reporting than issuers that are not emerging growth companies. If some investors find our Class A ordinary shares to be less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Class A ordinary shares and our share price may be more volatile.

If we fail to establish and maintain proper internal financial reporting controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we will be required to file a report by our management on our internal control over financial reporting, including an attention report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. However, while we remain an emerging growth company, we will not be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. The presence of material weakness in internal control over financial reporting could result in financial statement errors, which, in turn, could lead to error our financial reports and/or delays in our financial reporting, which could require us to restate our operating results. We might not identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal controls in connection with evaluating our compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. In order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting. We will need to expend significant resources and provide significant management oversight. Implementing any appropriate changes to our internal controls may require specific compliance training of our directors and employees, entail substantial costs in order to modify our existing accounting systems, take a significant period of time to complete and divert management’s attention from other business concerns. These changes may not, however, be effective in maintaining the adequacy of our internal control.

If we are unable to conclude that we have effective internal controls over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in our operating results, the price of the Class A ordinary shares could decline and we may be subject to litigation or regulatory enforcement actions. In addition, if we are unable to meet the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Class A ordinary shares may not be able to remain listed on the exchange.

Certain data and information in this prospectus were obtained from third-party sources and were not independently verified by us.

We have engaged CIC, an independent third-party industry consultant to prepare a commissioned industry report that analyzes the global compatible toner cartridge industry, or the CIC report. Information and data relating to the global compatible toner cartridge industry have been derived from CIC’s industry report. Statistical data included in the CIC report also include projections based on a number of assumptions. The global compatible toner cartridge industry may not grow at the rate projected by market data, or at all. If any one or more of the assumptions underlying the market data is later found to be incorrect, actual results may differ from the projections based on these assumptions.

Table of Contents

We have not independently verified the data and information contained in the CIC report, or any third-party publications and reports CIC has relied on in preparing its report. Data and information contained in such third-party publications and reports may be collected using third-party methodologies, which may differ from the data collection methods used by us. In addition, these industry publications and reports generally indicate that the information contained therein is believed to be reliable, but do not guarantee the accuracy and completeness of such information.

As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq listing standards. These practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with corporate governance listing standards.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to take advantage of certain provisions in the Nasdaq listing standards that allow us to follow Cayman Islands law for certain governance matters. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands may differ significantly from corporate governance listing standards as, except for general fiduciary duties and duties of care, Cayman Islands law has no corporate governance regime which prescribes specific corporate governance standards. Currently, we do not intend to rely on home country practice with respect to our corporate governance after we complete with this offering. However, if we choose to follow home country practice in the future, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would have under corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

• the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K;

• the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act;

• the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and

• the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD.

We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

We will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company, particularly after we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”

We are a public company and expect to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq Stock Market, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some corporate activities more time-consuming and costly.

As a result of becoming a public company, we will need to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. We also expect that operating as a public company will make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we will incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors

Table of Contents

or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

In addition, after we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses.

As discussed above, we are a foreign private issuer, and therefore, we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. The determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. We would lose our foreign private issuer status if, for example, more than 50% of our Class A ordinary shares are directly or indirectly held by residents of the U.S. and we fail to meet additional requirements necessary to maintain our foreign private issuer status. If we lose our foreign private issuer status on this date, we will be required to file with the SEC periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We will also have to mandatorily comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders will become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements under the Nasdaq listing rules. As a U.S. listed public company that is not a foreign private issuer, we will incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we will not incur as a foreign private issuer, and accounting, reporting and other expenses in order to maintain a listing on a U.S. securities exchange.

We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from our initial public offering and may not use them effectively.

To the extent we determine that the proposed uses set forth in that section are no longer in the best interests of our Company, we cannot specify with any certainty the particular uses of such net proceeds that we will receive from our initial public offering. Our management will have broad discretion in the application of such net proceeds, including working capital and other general corporate purposes, and we may spend or invest these proceeds in a way with which our shareholders disagree. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could harm our business and financial condition. Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from our initial public offering in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value.

The obligation to disclose information publicly may put us at a disadvantage to competitors that are private companies.

We are a public company in the United States. As a public company, we are required to file periodic reports with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission upon the occurrence of matters that are material to our Company and shareholders. Although we may be able to attain confidential treatment of some of our developments, in some cases, we need to disclose material agreements or results of financial operations that we would not be required to disclose if we were a private company. Our competitors may have access to this information, which would otherwise be confidential. This may give them advantages in competing with our Company. Similarly, as a U.S. public company, we will be governed by U.S. laws that our competitors, which are mostly private Chinese companies, are not required to follow. To the extent compliance with U.S. laws increases our expenses or decreases our competitiveness against such companies, our public company status could affect our results of operations.

Table of Contents

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements about our current expectations and views of future events, which are contained principally in the sections entitled “Prospectus Summary,” “Risk Factors,” “Use of Proceeds,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Industry Overview” and “Business.” These forward-looking statements relate to events that involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these statements.

You can identify some of these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “could,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “is/are likely to,” “propose,” “potential,” “continue” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. The forward-looking statements included in this prospectus relate to, among other things:

• our goals and strategies;

• our business and operating strategies and plans for the development of existing and new businesses, ability to implement such strategies and plans and expected time;

• our future business development, financial condition and results of operations;

• expected changes in our revenues, costs or expenditures;

• our dividend policy;

• our expectations regarding demand for and market acceptance of our products and services;

• our expectations regarding our relationships with our clients, business partners and third-parties;

• the trends in, expected growth in and market size of the compatible toner cartridge industry in China and globally;

• our ability to maintain and enhance our market position;

• our ability to continue to develop new technologies and/or upgrade our existing technologies;

• developments in, or changes to, laws, regulations, governmental policies, incentives and taxation affecting our operations;

• relevant governmental policies and regulations relating to our businesses and industry;

• competitive environment, competitive landscape and potential competitor behavior in our industry; overall industry outlook in our industry;

• our ability to attract, train and retain executives and other employees;

• our proposed use of proceeds from this offering;

• the development of the global financial and capital markets;

• fluctuations in inflation, interest rates and exchange rates;

• general business, political, social and economic conditions in China and the overseas markets we have business;

• the future development of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on our business and industry; and

• assumptions underlying or related to any of the foregoing.

Table of Contents

These forward-looking statements involve various risks and uncertainties. Although we believe that our expectations expressed in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, our expectations and our actual results could be materially different from our expectations. Important risks and factors that could cause our actual results to be materially different from our expectations are generally set forth in “Prospectus Summary — Summary of Risk Factors,” “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Business,” “Regulation” and other sections in this prospectus. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. You should read thoroughly this prospectus and the documents that we refer to with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from and worse than what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

This prospectus contains information derived from government and private publications. These publications include forward-looking statements, which are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Although we believe the data and information to be reliable, we have not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of the data and information contained in these publications. Statistical data in these publications also include projections based on a number of assumptions. The compatible toner cartridge industry may not grow at the rate projected by market data, or at all. Failure of these markets to grow at the projected rate may have a material and adverse effect on our business and the market price of the Class A ordinary shares. In addition, the rapidly evolving nature of the compatible toner cartridge industry results in significant uncertainties for any projections or estimates relating to the growth prospects or future condition of our market. Furthermore, if any one or more of the assumptions underlying the market data are later found to be incorrect, actual results may differ from the projections based on these assumptions. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Business — Certain data and information in this prospectus were obtained from third-party sources and were not independently verified by us.” Therefore, you should not place undue reliance on these statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The forward-looking statements in this prospectus are made based on events and information as of the date of this prospectus. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. You should read this prospectus and the documents that we refer to in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results or performance may materially differ from what we expect.

Table of Contents

USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that we will receive net proceeds from this offering of approximately US$1.81 million, or approximately US$2.50 million if the underwriter exercises its over-allotment option in full, based on the initial public offering price of US$4.00 per Class A ordinary share, after deducting the underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance and estimated offering expenses payable by us. The detailed calculations of the net proceeds under both scenarios are set forth below:

		Net Proceeds (Over-allotment option not exercised)			Net Proceeds (Over-allotment option exercised in full)
Shares to be issued			1,250,000			1,437,500
Initial public offering price per share		$	4.00		$	4.00
Gross proceeds to be received		$	5,000,000		$	5,750,000
Less:	Underwriter’s discount (with discount rate of 7%)		(350,000	)		(402,500	)
	Underwriter’s non-accountable expenses (1%)		(50,000	)		(57,500	)
	Expenses relating to this offering		(2,788,158	)		(2,788,158	)
Net proceeds		$	1,811,842		$	2,501,842

We plan to use the net proceeds of this offering as follows:

• approximately 85.0%, or US$1.54 million for constructing a comprehensive, multi-layer production center;

• approximately 2.0%, or US$0.04 million for research and development;

• approximately 1.5%, or US$0.03 million for upgrading the software systems of our own websites;

• approximately 1.5%, or US$0.03 million for setting up additional warehouses in overseas locations; and

• approximately 10.0%, or US$0.18 million for general corporate purposes, which may include working capital needs and other corporate uses.

The amounts and timing of any expenditures will vary depending on the amount of cash generated by our operations, and the rate of growth, if any, of our business, and our plans and business conditions. The foregoing represents our intentions as of the date of this prospectus based upon our current plans and business conditions to use and allocate the net proceeds of this offering. However, our management will have significant flexibility and discretion in applying the net proceeds of this offering. Unforeseen events or changed business conditions may result in application of the proceeds of this offering in a manner other than as described in this prospectus.

As an offshore holding company, under Mainland PRC laws and regulations, we are only permitted to use the net proceeds of this offering to provide loans or make capital contributions to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries. Provided that we make the necessary registrations with government authorities and obtain the required governmental approvals, we may extend inter-company loans or make additional capital contributions to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to fund their capital expenditures or working capital requirements.

Any capital contributions we make to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries shall be registered with the PRC State Administration for Market Regulation or its local counterparts, and filed with the MOFCOM or its local counterparts. We are then required to complete a foreign exchange registration change at qualified banks. There is no upper limit

Table of Contents

as to the registered capital of our Mainland PRC subsidiaries under Mainland PRC laws and regulations, and we may contribute to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries through capital contributions as long as the amount contributed stays within the capital registered.

Any loans to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries, which are foreign-invested enterprises, cannot exceed a statutory limit, and shall be filed with the SAFE or its local counterparts. Such statutory limit for our Company is 2.5 times of the net assets of our Mainland PRC subsidiaries, or approximately US$83.4 million.

We plan to contribute proceeds from this offering and any future financings to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries through capital contributions.

We may not be able to make such registrations or obtain such approvals in a timely manner, or at all. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — PRC regulations of loans and direct investment by offshore holding companies to Mainland PRC entities may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of our offshore financing to make loans or additional capital contributions to our Mainland PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.”

Table of Contents

DIVIDEND POLICY

Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. In either case, all dividends are subject to certain restrictions under Cayman Islands law, namely that we may only pay dividends out of profits or share premium, and provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if it would result in us being unable to pay our debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

We do not have any plan to declare or pay any cash dividends on our Class A ordinary shares in the foreseeable future after this offering. We intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and future earnings to operate and expand our business.

We are an exempted company with limited liability incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We rely principally on dividends distributed by our Mainland PRC subsidiaries and payments from our operating entities for our cash requirements, including distribution of dividends to our shareholders. Dividends distributed by our Mainland PRC subsidiaries are subject to Mainland PRC taxes.

In addition, PRC regulations may restrict the ability of our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us and only allow a Mainland PRC company to pay dividends out of its accumulated distributable after-tax profits as determined in accordance with its articles of association and the Mainland PRC accounting standards and regulations. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC — We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our Mainland PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us and any tax we are required to pay could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.”

Table of Contents

CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our capitalization as of June 30, 2023 presented on:

• on an actual basis; and

• on an as adjusted basis to reflect the issuance and sale of the Class A ordinary shares by us in this offering at the initial public offering price of $4.00 per ordinary share, after deducting the estimated discounts to the underwriter, non-accountable expense allowance and the estimated offering expenses payable by us and assuming no exercise of the underwriter’s over-allotment option.

You should read this table in conjunction with the information under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus:

	As of June 30, 2023
	Actual		Pro Forma(2)		Pro Forma As Adjusted(3)
	(US$ in thousands, except for share and per share data)
Mezzanine equity
Redeemable ordinary shares	$	14,104	$	—	$	—
Shareholder’s equity
Preferred shares
Class A ordinary shares(1)		—		—		—
Class B ordinary shares(1)		1		1		1
Additional paid-in capital(3)		833		14,937		16,749
Statutory reserves		2,196		2,196		2,196
Retained earnings		23,241		23,241		23,241
Accumulated other comprehensive income		3,456		3,456		3,456
Total shareholder’s equity(3)		29,727		43,831		45,643
Total capitalization(3)	$	43,831	$	43,831	$	45,643

____________

Source: Federal Reserve Statistical Release

(1) The amounts of Class A and Class B ordinary shares are rounded, with a difference no more than $0.4 thousand from the absolute amount.

(2) The pro forma information discussed above is illustrative only, reflecting the automatic conversion of all of our redeemable ordinary shares into 10,526,300 Class A ordinary shares as permanent equity, at a conversion price of $1.34 per share, immediately prior to the completion of this offering.

(3) Reflects the sale of Class A ordinary shares in this offering at the initial public offering price of $4.00 per share, and after deducting the underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Additional paid-in capital reflects the net proceeds we expect to receive, after deducting the underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance and estimated offering expenses payable by us. We estimate that such net proceeds will be approximately $1.81 million.

Table of Contents

DILUTION

If you invest in our Class A ordinary shares, your interest will be diluted for each ordinary share you purchase to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per ordinary share and our net tangible book value per ordinary share after this offering. Dilution results from the fact that the initial public offering price per ordinary share is substantially in excess of the net tangible book value per ordinary share attributable to the existing shareholders for our presently outstanding ordinary shares.

Our net tangible book value as of June 30, 2023, was $27,194, or $0.52 per ordinary share. Net tangible book value represents the amount of our total consolidated tangible assets, less the amount of our total consolidated liabilities. Dilution is determined by subtracting the net tangible book value per ordinary share (as adjusted for the offering) from the initial public offering price per ordinary share and after deducting the estimated discounts to the underwriter, non-accountable expense allowance and the estimated offering expenses payable by us.

After giving effect to our sale of 1,250,000 Class A ordinary shares offered in this offering based on the initial public offering price of $4.00 per Class A ordinary share, after deduction of the estimated discounts to the underwriter and the estimated offering expenses payable by us, our as adjusted net tangible book value as of June 30, 2023, would have been $4,3110, or $0.80 per outstanding ordinary share. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of $0.28 per Class A ordinary share to the existing shareholders, and an immediate dilution in net tangible book value of $3.20 per Class A ordinary share to investors purchasing Class A ordinary shares in this offering. The as adjusted information discussed above is illustrative only.

The following tables illustrate calculations on the pro forma net tangible book value per ordinary share and dilution:

		As of June 30, 2023			Pro Forma as adjusted (Over-allotment option not exercised)			Pro Forma as adjusted (Over-allotment option exercised in full)
		(US$ in thousands, except for share and per share data)
Numerator:
Consolidated assets		$	115,047		$	115,047		115,047
Less:	Consolidated intangible assets		(2,533	)		(2,533	)	(2,533	)
	Consolidated liabilities