As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 2, 2023

Registration No. 333-269247​

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

AMENDMENT NO. 1
TO

FORM F-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

Hesai Group

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Not Applicable

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Cayman Islands	3569	Not Applicable
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

9th Floor, Building L2-B
1588 Zhuguang Road, Qingpu District
Shanghai 201702
People’s Republic of China
+86 (21) 3158-8240

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)

Cogency Global Inc.
122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor
New York, NY 10168
(800) 221-0102

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

Yuting Wu, Esq.
Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP
JingAn Kerry Centre, Tower II, 46/F
1539 Nanjing West Road
Shanghai, the People’s Republic of China
+86 21-6193-8200 Shu Du, Esq.
Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP
c/o 42/F, Edinburgh Tower, The Landmark
15 Queen’s Road Central
Hong Kong
+852 3740-4700 Brian V. Breheny, Esq.
Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP and Affiliates
1440 New York Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C.
United States
1 202-371-7000 Allen Wang, Esq.
Latham & Watkins LLP
18th Floor, One Exchange Square
8 Connaught Place, Central
Hong Kong
+852 2912 2500

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: as soon as practicable after the effective date of this registration statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. ☐

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.

Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

†

The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and we are not soliciting offers to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS (Subject to Completion)

Dated February 2, 2023

9,000,000 American Depositary Shares

Hesai Group

Representing 9,000,000 Class B Ordinary Shares

This is an initial public offering of American depositary shares, or ADSs, of Hesai Group.

We are offering 9,000,000 ADSs. Each ADS represents one of our Class B ordinary share, par value $0.0001 per share. We anticipate the initial public offering price per ADS will be between US$17.00 and US$19.00.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for the ADSs or our Class B ordinary shares. We have submitted an application for the listing of the ADSs on the Nasdaq Stock Market under the symbol “HSAI.”

Following the completion of this offering, our issued and outstanding share capital will consist of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Holders of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares have the same rights except for voting and conversion rights. Each Class A ordinary share is entitled to ten votes and is convertible into one Class B ordinary share, and each Class B ordinary share is entitled to one vote. Class B ordinary shares are not convertible into Class A ordinary shares under any circumstances. See “Description of Share Capital.” Following the completion of this offering, assuming that the underwriters do not exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs, our executive officers and directors, Dr. Yifan Li, Dr. Kai Sun, Mr. Shaoqing Xiang, Mr. Louis T. Hsieh, Ms. Cailian Yang, Ms. Bonnie Zhang and Dr. Jie Chen, will beneficially own 7.9%, 8.2%, 7.9%, 1.1%, less than 1%, nil and nil of our total ordinary shares on an as-converted basis and 25.1%, 25.9%, 25.1%, 0.3%, less than 1%, nil and nil of the aggregated voting power, respectively, and, as a group, will beneficially own 25.1% of our total ordinary shares on an as-converted basis and 76.2% of the aggregated voting power. Our principal shareholders, ALBJ Limited, Fermat Star Limited, Galbadia Limited, Lightspeed Opportunity, Lightspeed China Partners, Baidu Holdings, Bosch, Xiaomi and Yuanzhan, will beneficially own 7.9%, 8.2%, 7.9%, 7.9%, 7.1%, 6.0%, 5.8%, 5.5% and 5.2% of our total ordinary shares on an as-converted basis and 25.1%, 25.9%, 25.1%, 2.6%, 2.4%, 2.0%, 1.9%, 1.8% and 1.7% of the aggregated voting power, respectively, and, as a group, will beneficially own 61.5% of our total ordinary shares on an as-converted basis and 88.4% of the aggregated voting power. See “Principal Shareholders.”

We are an “emerging growth company” under applicable U.S. federal securities laws and are eligible for reduced public company reporting requirements.

Hesai Group is not a Chinese operating company, but a Cayman Islands holding company with operations mainly conducted by its subsidiaries based in mainland China, and to a lesser extent by its subsidiaries based in the United States and elsewhere. This structure involves unique risks to investors. For more details, see “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — Uncertainties exist with respect to how the PRC Foreign Investment Law may impact the viability of our current corporate structure and operations.” We face various legal and operational risks and uncertainties associated with being based in and having the majority of our operations in mainland China and the complex and evolving mainland China laws and regulations. For example, we face risks associated with the fact that the PRC government has significant authority in regulating our operations and may influence or intervene in our operations at any time, regulatory approvals on offerings conducted overseas by, and foreign investment in, China-based issuers, anti-monopoly regulatory actions, and oversight on data security, which may impact our ability to conduct certain businesses, accept foreign investments, or list on a United States exchange. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued its report notifying the SEC of its determination that it was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong, including our auditor. Under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections for two consecutive years, the SEC shall prohibit our shares or ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over the counter trading market in the U.S. The delisting of our ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. These risks could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs, significantly limit or hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, or cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless. Furthermore, on December 2, 2021, the SEC adopted final amendments implementing the disclosure and submission requirements under the HFCAA, pursuant to which the SEC will identify a “Commission-Identified Issuer” if an issuer has filed an annual report containing an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that the PCAOB has determined it is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in the foreign jurisdiction, and will then impose a trading prohibition on an issuer after it is identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for two consecutive years. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB issued a report that vacated its December 16, 2021 determination and removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. Each year, the PCAOB will determine whether it can inspect and investigate completely audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, among other jurisdictions. If the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong and we continue to use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the SEC, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer following the filing of the annual report on Form 20-F for the relevant fiscal year. There can be no assurance that we would not be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for any future fiscal year, and if we were so identified for two consecutive years, we would become subject to the prohibition on trading under the HFCAA. For more details, see “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — The PRC government’s significant oversight and discretion over our business operation could

result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs,” “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business and Industry — The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work,” and “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business and Industry — Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.”

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this prospectus to “Hesai,” “we,” “us,” “our company” and “our” are to Hesai Group, our Cayman Islands holding company, and its subsidiaries, including Hesai Technology, and “Hesai Technology” are to Hesai Technology Co., Ltd. and its subsidiaries in mainland China, the U.S. and elsewhere. Unless otherwise specified, in the context of describing business and operations, we are referring to the business and operations conducted by Hesai Technology. Hesai Group, our holding company, or the Parent, may transfer cash to Hesai Hong Kong Limited, its wholly owned subsidiary in Hong Kong, through capital injections and intra-group loans. Hesai Hong Kong Limited, in turn, may transfer cash to Hesai Technology Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Hesai, its wholly owned subsidiary in mainland China, through capital injections and intra-group loans. Similarly, Shanghai Hesai may transfer cash to its wholly owned subsidiaries in mainland China and, upon approval from relevant mainland China authorities, to subsidiaries in the U.S., through capital injections and intra-group loans. Cash is also transferred through our organization by way of intra-group transactions. If our wholly owned subsidiaries in mainland China realize accumulated after-tax profits, they may, upon satisfaction of relevant statutory conditions and procedures, pay dividends or distribute earnings to Hesai Hong Kong Limited. Hesai Hong Kong Limited, in turn, may transfer cash to the Parent through dividends or other distributions. With necessary funds, the Parent may pay dividends or make other distributions to U.S. investors and service any debt it may have incurred outside of mainland China. In 2019, 2020, 2021 and the nine months ended September 30, 2022, transfers of cash were made across our organization through capital injections, intra-group loans and payments for services or goods provided. In 2019, 2020, 2021 and the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Parent transferred nil, nil, US$472.7 million (upon the incorporation of Hesai Hong Kong Limited and through intra-group loans) and nil to Hesai Hong Kong Limited, respectively, Hesai Hong Kong Limited transferred nil, nil, US$332.1 million (through capital injections) and nil to Shanghai Hesai, respectively, and Shanghai Hesai transferred US$5.3 million (through capital injections and intra-group loans), nil, US$3.0 million (through capital injections) and nil to its subsidiaries, respectively. In 2019, 2020, 2021 and the nine months ended September 30, 2022, Shanghai Hesai transferred nil, US$0.6 million, US$0.8 million and US$1.4 million through service fees and payments for purchasing materials to its subsidiaries, respectively. In 2019, 2020, 2021 and the nine months ended September 30, 2022, subsidiaries of Shanghai Hesai transferred US$0.3 million, US$4.7 million, US$1.8 million and US$0.2 million through payments for purchasing materials or finished goods to Shanghai Hesai, respectively. In 2019, 2020, 2021 and the nine months ended September 30, 2022, Oxigraf, Inc., a subsidiary in the U.S., transferred nil, nil, US$1.3 million and nil through payments for purchasing finished goods to a subsidiary of Shanghai Hesai in mainland China, respectively. We have established stringent controls and procedures for cash flows within our organization. Each transfer of cash among our Cayman Islands holding company and our subsidiaries is subject to internal approval. To effect a cash transfer, a number of steps are needed, including but not limited to the issuance of payment receipt, logging into the online banking system and completing its verification process, inspection of the invoice, and payment execution. A single employee is not permitted to complete each and every stage of a cash transfer, but rather only portions of the whole procedure. Only the finance department is authorized to make cash transfers. Within the finance department, the roles of payment approval, payment execution, record keeping, and auditing are segregated to minimize risk. In the same periods, no assets other than cash were transferred between the Parent and a subsidiary, no subsidiaries paid dividends or made other distributions to the Parent, and no dividends or distributions were paid or made to U.S. investors. For a detailed description of how cash is transferred through our organization, see “Summary — Cash Flows through Our Organization.”

Our founders and global chief financial officer have indicated their interest in subscribing for an aggregate of up to US$2.0 million of the ADSs being offered in this offering. The subscriptions for ADSs are at the initial public offering price and on the same terms as the other ADSs being offered in this offering. Assuming an initial public offering price of US$18.00 per ADS, the midpoint of the estimated initial public offering price range, the number of ADSs to be purchased by these officers would be up to 111,111 ADSs, representing approximately 1.2% of the ADSs being offered in this offering. However, because the indications of interest are not binding agreements or commitments to purchase, such officers may determine to purchase more, fewer or no ADSs in this offering, and we and the underwriters are under no obligation to sell ADSs to them. The underwriters will receive the same underwriting discounts and commissions on any ADSs purchased by such officers as they will on any other ADSs sold to the public in this offering.

See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 21 for factors you should consider before buying the ADSs.

PRICE US$      PER ADS

Neither the United States Securities and Exchange Commission nor any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

​	Per ADS	Total
Initial public offering price	US$	US$
Underwriting discount and commissions(1)	US$	US$
Proceeds, before expenses, to us	US$	US$

(1)

See “Underwriting” for additional information regarding compensation payable by us to the underwriters.

The underwriters have a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional 1,350,000 ADSs from us at the initial public offering price less the underwriting discount.

The underwriters expect to deliver the ADSs to purchasers on                 , 2023.

Goldman SachsMorgan StanleyCredit Suisse

Huatai Securities

Prospectus dated                 , 2023.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Prospectus Summary	1
The Offering	15
Summary Combined and Consolidated Financial Data	18
Risk Factors	21
Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements	69
Use of Proceeds	71
Dividend Policy	72
Capitalization	73
Dilution	75
Enforceability of Civil Liabilities	77
Corporate History and Structure	79
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	80
Industry	105
Business	115
Regulation	140
Management	156
Principal Shareholders	162
Related Party Transactions	165
Description of Share Capital	166
Description of American Depositary Shares	178
Shares Eligible for Future Sale	188
Taxation	190
Underwriting	196
Expenses Related to this Offering	207
Legal Matters	208
Experts	209
Where You Can Find Additional Information	210
Index to Combined and Consolidated Financial Statements	F-1

We have not authorized anyone to provide any information other than that contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we may have referred you. We take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. We and the underwriters have not authorized any other person to provide you with different or additional information. We are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy the ADSs, only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of the ADSs.

We have not taken any action to permit a public offering of the ADSs outside the United States or to permit the possession or distribution of this prospectus outside the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about and observe any restrictions relating to the offering of the ADSs and the distribution of the prospectus outside the United States.

Until                 , 2023 (the 25th day after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that buy, sell or trade ADSs, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the obligation of dealers to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

i

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

The following summary is qualified in its entirety by, and should be read in conjunction with, the more detailed information and financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. In addition to this summary, we urge you to read the entire prospectus carefully, especially the risks of investing in the ADSs discussed under “Risk Factors,” before deciding whether to invest in the ADSs. This prospectus contains information from an industry report dated June 2021, and updated in May 2022 and September 2022 commissioned by us and prepared by Frost & Sullivan, an independent research firm, regarding Hesai Technology’s industry and market position in China. We refer to this report as the “Frost & Sullivan Report.”

Overview

Hesai Technology is the global leader in three-dimensional light detection and ranging (LiDAR) solutions. Its LiDAR products enable a broad spectrum of applications across (i) passenger or commercial vehicles with advanced driver assistance systems, or ADAS, (ii) autonomous vehicle fleets providing passenger and freight mobility services, or Autonomous Mobility, and (iii) other applications such as last-mile delivery robots, street sweeping robots, and logistics robots in restricted areas, or Robotics.

We believe that Hesai Technology is the most commercially successful LiDAR company globally.

•

Its shipment volume, revenue scale and margins validate its global leadership. It has shipped over 103,000 LiDAR units from 2017 to December 31, 2022, and it has shipped over 80,400 LiDAR units in aggregate in 2022. In particular, it has shipped approximately 62,000 AT128 LiDAR units for ADAS customers in aggregate in 2022, which demonstrates the highest estimated shipment volume of LiDAR units (excluding low-end LiDARs with 16 channels or less) for ADAS customers in 2022, according to the Frost & Sullivan Report. It generated the highest revenue as compared with listed LiDAR companies around the world for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, outperforming the second place by over 3.6 times, according to the Frost & Sullivan Report.

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It is one of the few companies that have shipped LiDAR products in volume to automotive OEMs in the ADAS market and the first company in the world that delivers over 10,000 LiDAR units per month, according to the Frost & Sullivan Report. According to the Yole Intelligence Report that sampled 54 ADAS customers, it is No.1 in terms of LiDAR design wins. It paved the way for LiDARs from technology innovation to mass production and wide application, driven by the evolution for more intelligent vehicles. After volume shipment began in July 2022, it shipped approximately 62,000 AT128 LiDAR units in the six months ended December 31, 2022 to the ADAS market, which was groundbreaking in the industry. Its top ADAS customers, in terms of shipment volume as of September 30, 2022, include Li Auto, Lotus, a new electric vehicle manufacturer headquartered in Shanghai, Jidu and a leading consumer electronics manufacturer in China that has leaped into the electric vehicles industry.

•

It is also the global leader for LiDARs in the Autonomous Mobility market in 2021 in terms of revenue, having an approximately 60% share of the global market, according to the Frost & Sullivan Report. As of December 31, 2021, 12 out of the 15 top global autonomous driving companies used its LiDARs as their primary LiDAR solution, meaning that Hesai Technology had the largest share by purchase dollar amount for the current fleet of each of the 12 companies, according to the Frost & Sullivan Report. These top 15 companies are defined in terms of testing miles traveled as reported by the California Department of Motor Vehicles in 2021.

We believe there are three attributes critical to the development of LiDARs: Performance1, Quality, and Cost. Depending on the scenario or the application, Hesai Technology’s customers have varying needs. Its ADAS customers generally have strict requirements on all three aspects, especially on Cost. LiDAR for Autonomous Mobility requires higher performance and quality, as they are critical to the successful development and safe operation of full autonomous driving solutions, with cost tending to be a secondary consideration. For Robotics, its customers have demonstrated varying levels of cost sensitivity depending on

1

Performance of LiDAR products refers to the detection range, point density, distance accuracy and precision, among others. Formore detailed description of Performance, Quality and Cost, see “Prospectus Summary — Conventions That Apply to This Prospectus.”

1

the application, which range from last-mile delivery robots to street sweeping robots. Hesai Technology designs and manufactures LiDARs to push limits across each of the three elements, while striking what it believes is the optimal balance for different applications and industries, which has led to its continued success in the ADAS and Autonomous Mobility markets.

LiDARs are highly sophisticated instruments, consisting of the following key components.

•

TX/RX system, or the laser transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) system, is the key in the entire LiDAR unit and holds the electronic and photonic components that send and receive laser light and process the signals into distance measurements. The TX/RX system is critical to ensuring a LiDAR’s high performance and its design is one of the key areas where we excel compared to other LiDAR providers.

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Beam steering system, which steers the laser light for the TX/RX system. See “Business — Our LiDAR Technology and Innovative Approach to TX/RX Design — Beam Steering System.”

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Other supporting infrastructure, including optics, mechanical structures, circuits, and firmware, among others.

Hesai Technology’s semiconductor-based TX/RX system design uses application-specific integrated circuits, or ASICs, and offers significant advantages over architectures based on discrete components of legacy LiDAR.

•

Its ASIC-based LiDAR approach features a large number of channels driven by ASICs, combined with a simple but robust beam steering system. In this way, it is able to deliver a system that offers greater Performance, higher Quality and consistency at lower Cost. In particular, its proprietary ASICs drive a large number (currently up to 128) of individually addressable laser channels with dynamic exposure functions in the TX/RX system.

•

Its AT128, a breakthrough LiDAR product for the ADAS market, for example, is based on its proprietary ASICs and is able to deliver superior performance at high precision, lower power consumption per channel, in a smaller form factor and at a lower cost compared to legacy LiDAR. From volume shipment began in July 2022, it shipped approximately 62,000 units of the AT series featuring one-dimensional solid-state electronic scanning for the six months ended December 31, 2022.

•

ASICs allow Hesai Technology to maximize the performance of LiDARs via fully customized signal processing while concurrently reducing power consumption. The legacy LiDAR involves assembling hundreds of discrete components, which leads to a higher likelihood of quality issues and inconsistency, whereas the ASIC-based LiDARs integrate multiple functions into a few chips, which reduces system complexity and achieves lower cost thanks to a simplified manufacturing process. Hesai Technology has completed its v1.5 ASIC upgrade and will continue to upgrade its ASICs onwards and leverage the existing advanced manufacturing processes in the semiconductor supply chain to deliver better price-to-performance.

Hesai Technology’s proprietary manufacturing process constitutes another of its major advantages and has contributed to its success to date.

•

It integrates LiDAR design and manufacturing into an indivisible and seamless process. As the LiDAR industry continues to evolve quickly, its in-house integrated manufacturing capabilities, which cover design, manufacturing, calibration and testing, provide instant trial feedback for it to refine its LiDAR design and manufacturing process, thereby enabling rapid product development and fast iteration cycles. Given the complexity of LiDARs as an innovative product encompassing optics, electronic engineering, mechanical engineering, and semiconductor, among others, Hesai Technology is capable to design and build up the manufacturing process from scratch, leveraging its accumulated insights on various aspects of LiDARs. Moreover, given the complexity and high level of expertise required to manufacture our products, we believe in-house manufacturing allows Hesai Technology to better control product quality, ensure product consistency, improve manufacturing efficiency, and safeguard manufacturing process know-how at affordable cost. The know-how then further strengthens its in-house manufacturing capability and helps establish a virtuous cycle to solidify its advantages over its competitors.

2

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Hesai Technology has strategically built its current manufacturing facility, which covers approximately 270,000 square feet and is certified under IATF 16949 and ISO 9001, in Jiading, Shanghai, the hub for automotive OEMs in China. This manufacturing facility, together with a transitional production line, supports an annual production capacity of 35,000 units for the non-AT series, plus a monthly production capacity of approximately 20,000 units for the AT series, which fulfills the present demand for Hesai Technology’s LiDAR products. Hesai Technology is building a new facility of approximately 740,000 square feet, which is expected to commence operation in 2023 and is expected to eventually increase its annual production capacity up to approximately 1.2 million units.

Hesai Technology provides LiDAR solutions to the ADAS, Autonomous Mobility and Robotics markets.

•

ADAS.   Hesai Technology’s advantages leading to its success in the ADAS market are manifested in: (i) its ability to design and manufacture LiDAR units in scalable production volume, (ii) its innovative approach to ASIC-based TX/RX design, and (iii) its capability to fulfill the functional safety requirement for automotive-grade standard. Hesai Technology is currently the bellwether of achieving scalable manufacturing and volume shipment in the ADAS market. It is one of the few world-leading companies that have shipped LiDAR products in volume to automotive OEMs in the ADAS market, according to the Frost & Sullivan Report. According to the Yole Intelligence Report that sampled 54 ADAS customers, it is No.1 in terms of LiDAR design wins. Its manufacturing capacity dedicated to the ADAS market has reached approximately 20,000 units per month, and it has shipped approximately 62,000 AT128 LiDAR units in aggregate in 2022 to its ADAS customers. Its commercial success in the ADAS market has substantiated its advanced technology and proved the Performance and Quality of its products in the actual on-the-road scenarios. Its top ADAS customers, in terms of shipment volume as of September 30, 2022, include Li Auto, Lotus, a new electric vehicle manufacturer headquartered in Shanghai, Jidu and a leading consumer electronics manufacturer in China that has leaped into the electric vehicles industry. According to the Frost & Sullivan Report, the global LiDAR solution market for ADAS in terms of revenue was US$0.2 billion in 2021, and is expected to reach US$64.9 billion in 2030, representing a CAGR of 93.8%.

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Autonomous Mobility.    The LiDAR solution market for Autonomous Mobility has been Hesai Technology’s first battlefield to commercialize its LiDAR products and build its leadership in the industry. According to the Frost & Sullivan Report, Hesai Technology is the global No. 1 LiDAR solution provider in terms of revenue in the Autonomous Mobility application market in 2021, representing approximately 60% of the global market share. Its top five customers in terms of revenues in 2020 for LiDAR solutions in the Autonomous Mobility industry include, among others, a leading global OEM headquartered in the United States, Baidu, Inc., Aurora, Pony.ai, and a leading mobility service and technology company headquartered in the United States. Its top five customers in terms of revenues in 2021 were a leading global OEM headquartered in the United States, AutoX, Baidu, a top global OEM headquartered in Germany and WeRide. Its top five customers in terms of revenues in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 were Li Auto, AutoX, a leading global OEM headquartered in the United States, a top global OEM headquartered in Germany and an autonomous vehicle company headquartered in the United States. According to the Frost & Sullivan Report, the LiDAR solution market for Autonomous Mobility in terms of revenue was US$0.2 billion in 2021, and is expected to reach US$22.3 billion in 2030, representing a compound annual growth rate, or CAGR, of 73.6%.

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Robotics.   In addition to the ADAS and Autonomous Mobility markets that it strategically focuses on, Hesai Technology also leverages its proprietary TX/RX system with embedded ASICs to develop LiDAR products for the Robotics market. It has entered into multi-year agreements with Nuro, Meituan, and Neolix for deployments of last-mile delivery services in this market. According to the Frost & Sullivan Report, the global LiDAR solution market for Robotics in terms of revenue was US$0.1 billion in 2021, and is expected to reach US$16.7 billion in 2030, representing a CAGR of 71.5%.

The following picture illustrates Hesai Technology’s major product pipelines embedded with its ASIC development roadmap.

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Hesai Technology has already started commercializing its technology and has begun shipping its LiDAR units in increasing volumes. Revenue on approximately 14,000 shipped LiDAR units was recognized in 2021 as compared to approximately 4,200 shipped units in 2020. Hesai Technology has been growing rapidly while maintaining industry‑leading gross margins as compared to major publicly listed LiDAR companies, according to the Frost & Sullivan Report. Our net revenues increased by 19.4% from RMB348.1 million in 2019 to RMB415.5 million in 2020, and further increased by 73.5% from RMB415.5 million in 2020 to RMB720.8 million (US$101.3 million) in 2021. Our gross margin for 2019, 2020, and 2021 was 70.3%, 57.5%, and 53.0%, respectively, and our net loss for the same periods was RMB120.2 million, RMB107.2 million, and RMB244.8 million (US$34.4 million), respectively. Our EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, was negative RMB128.7 million, negative RMB109.1 million, and negative RMB250.3 million (US$35.2 million) in 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Non-GAAP Financial Measure.”

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized revenue on approximately 32,400 shipped LiDAR units, as compared to over 8,000 shipped units in the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Our net revenues increased by 72.7% from RMB459.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to RMB793.5 million (US$111.5 million) in the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Our gross margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2022 was 53.3% and 44.0%, respectively, and our net loss for the same periods was RMB174.8 million and RMB165.5 million (US$23.3 million), respectively. Our EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, was negative RMB169.6 million and negative RMB176.1 million (US$24.8 million) in the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2022, respectively. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Non-GAAP Financial Measure.”

Strengths

We believe the following strengths position Hesai Technology well to capitalize on the opportunities in providing LiDAR solutions for the ADAS, Autonomous Mobility, and Robotics markets:

•

recognized global leadership;

•

strong partnerships with industry-leading players;

•

commercially validated solutions backed by superior research and development on LiDAR technologies and ASICs;

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•

strong in-house manufacturing enabling rapid development and high Quality; and

•

visionary management team with a proven track record of innovation and commercialization.

Growth Strategies

Our business objective is to solidify the current dominant position in providing LiDAR solutions to the surging ADAS and Autonomous Mobility markets and extend that leadership to the emerging Robotics market. Key elements of our strategies include:

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leveraging the proprietary ASICs to solidify leadership in the ADAS and the Autonomous Mobility markets;

•

anchoring the market leadership in China and leveraging the accumulated know-how to advance in the competition for international LiDAR markets;

•

extending and enhancing partnerships with industry-leading companies;

•

investing in manufacturing capabilities that enable continued delivery of products with high performance and reliability at an attractive price to customers;

•

expanding footprint in the Robotics market to serve more industries; and

•

developing software suites to provide comprehensive LiDAR solutions with flexibility.

Corporate History and Structure

We commenced our operations in October 2014 through Hesai Photonics Technology Co., Ltd., now known as Hesai Technology Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Hesai, a limited liability company incorporated under the laws of mainland China. Our initial focus was on high-performance laser sensors used in natural gas and other industries, but we shifted our primary business to the development, manufacturing and sales of LiDAR products in 2016. Since then, we have developed and produced a full range of LiDAR solutions and products for various applications in ADAS, Autonomous Mobility and Robotics.

Through Shanghai Hesai, we established HESAI INC., a California corporation, and Shanghai Hesai Trade Co., Ltd., a mainland China limited liability company, in October 2017 and May 2019, respectively. HESAI INC. and Shanghai Hesai Trade Co., Ltd. serve as our primary sales platforms in the U.S. and China, respectively.

To facilitate our offshore financing, we established Hesai Group, our offshore holding company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, in April 2021. Shortly following its incorporation, Hesai Group established a wholly owned subsidiary in Hong Kong, Hesai Hong Kong Limited, which now holds 100% interest in Shanghai Hesai.

In May and June 2021, as part of our reorganization, the shareholders of Shanghai Hesai transferred their equity interests in Shanghai Hesai to Hesai Hong Kong Limited, and they or their affiliates subscribed for ordinary shares of Hesai Group in proportion to their respective interests in Shanghai Hesai prior to the reorganization, where entities owned by the three founders subscribed for Class A ordinary shares and other shareholders of Shanghai Hesai subscribed for Class B ordinary shares. Around the same time, we completed a new round of financing, issuing Class B ordinary shares of Hesai Group to a number of new investors. Including this new round of financing, we have raised a total of approximately US$567 million.

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The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure, including our principal subsidiaries, as of the date of this prospectus:

Summary of Risk Factors

Investing in our ADSs involves significant risks. You should carefully consider all of the information in this prospectus before making an investment in our ADSs. Below please find a summary of the principal risks we face, organized under relevant headings. These risks are discussed more fully in the section titled “Risk Factors.”

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

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We are an early stage company with a history of losses, and we may not be able to achieve profitability in the future.

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Our limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and the risks and challenges we may encounter.

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Our LiDAR products used on vehicles are highly complex and may contain defects or otherwise fail to perform in line with expectations, which could reduce the market adoption of our new products, damage our reputation with current or prospective customers, expose us to product liability and other claims and adversely affect our operating results.

•

If our LiDAR products are not selected by automotive or robot OEMs or their suppliers, our business will be materially and adversely affected.

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We currently have and target many customers that are large corporations with substantial negotiating power, exacting product standards and potentially competitive internal solutions. If we are unable to sell our products to these customers or do so on terms acceptable to us, our prospects and results of operations will be adversely affected.

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Our ability to develop, manufacture, and deliver LiDAR products of high quality and appeal to customers, on schedule, and on a large scale is still evolving.

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•

We are early in our efforts to develop and commercialize our in-house ASICs, and we cannot assure you that such efforts will succeed.

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We operate in highly competitive markets and some market participants have substantially greater resources. We compete against a large number of both established competitors and new market entrants.

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Although we believe that LiDAR is the industry standard for ADAS, Autonomous Mobility and certain other emerging markets, market adoption of LiDAR is uncertain. If market adoption of LiDAR does not continue to develop, or develops more slowly than we expect, our business will be adversely affected.

•

Because LiDAR is new in most of the markets we are seeking to enter, forecasts of market growth in this prospectus may not be accurate.

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The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work.

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Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

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The PRC government has significant authority in regulating our operations and may influence or intervene in our operations at any time. Actions by the PRC government to exert control over offerings conducted overseas by, and foreign investment in, China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. Implementation of industry-wide regulations in this nature may also cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless. For more details, see “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — The PRC government has significant oversight and discretion over our business operation, and it may influence or intervene in our operations at any time as part of its efforts to enforce PRC law, which could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs;”

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Uncertainties exist with respect to how the PRC Foreign Investment Law may impact the viability of our current corporate structure and operations;

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Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations;

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Risks and uncertainties arising from the legal system in China, including risks and uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws and the fact that rules and regulations in China may evolve quickly with any public consultation and advanced notice period being relatively short in terms of the time that we may need to fully adapt to such changes, all of which could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs. For more details, see “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — Uncertainties with respect to the mainland China legal system could materially and adversely affect us;”

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The approval and/or other requirements of the CSRC or other mainland China governmental authorities may be required in connection with this offering under mainland China rules, regulations or policies, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining the requisite governmental approval for this offering, or a rescission of such approval, would subject us to sanctions imposed by the relevant mainland China governmental authority;

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Any failure to comply with the various applicable laws and regulations related to data security and cybersecurity could affect our offshore listing and lead to liabilities, penalties or other regulatory actions, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations;

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We are subject to mainland China laws and regulations restricting capital flows which may affect our liquidity. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — We may rely on

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dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our mainland China subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our mainland China subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business” and “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — mainland China regulation of loans to and direct investment in mainland China entities by offshore holding companies may delay us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our mainland China subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.”

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China’s M&A Rules and certain other mainland China regulations establish complex procedures for certain acquisitions of mainland China companies, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in mainland China.

General Risks Related to Our ADSs and This Offering

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An active trading market for our ordinary shares or our ADSs may not develop and the trading price for our ADSs may fluctuate significantly.

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We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act and may take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements.

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Our dual-class share structure with different voting rights will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class B ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.

Permissions for Our Operation and Securities Issuances to Foreign Investors and Recent Regulatory Developments

To the extent that the discussions in this section on permissions from mainland China authorities relate to matters of mainland China law, it is the opinion of Commerce & Finance Law Offices, our mainland China counsel. Under mainland China laws and regulations, we are required to obtain or complete a number of licenses, approvals, registrations, filings and other permissions for our operation, including without limitation, the Customs Import And Export Goods Consignee or Consignor Record Return Receipt for our import and export business, the Fixed Source Discharge Registration Return Receipt for the pollutant emissions from our production process, and the Type Approval Certificate for Radio Transmitting Equipment and Record-filing of Sale of Radio Transmitting Equipment for certain of our products. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business and Industry — If we fail to obtain and maintain the requisite licenses, permits, registrations and filings applicable to our business, or fail to obtain additional licenses, permits, registrations or filings that become necessary as a result of new enactment or promulgation of government policies, laws or regulations or the expansion of our business, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.” The expansion of our manufacturing facilities is also subject to a number of government supervision and approval procedures. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business and Industry — The expansion of our manufacturing facilities may be subject to delays, disruptions, cost overruns, or may not produce expected benefits.”As of the date of this prospectus, we have obtained all such required permissions for our current operation.

On November 14, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC, issued the Administrative Regulations of Cyber Data Security (Draft for Comments), or the Draft Cyber Data Security Regulations, which provide that data processors conducting the following activities shall apply for cybersecurity review: (i) merger, reorganization or spin-off of Internet platform operators that have acquired a large number of data resources related to national security, economic development or public interests affects or may affect national security; (ii) listing abroad of data processors processing over one million users’ personal information; (iii) listing in Hong Kong which affects or may affect national security; (iv) other data processing activities that affect or may affect national security. On December 28, 2021, the CAC, together with other relevant administrative departments, jointly promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures which became effective on February 15, 2022. According to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, an internet platform operator who possesses personal information of more than one million users shall apply for a cybersecurity review before listing in a foreign country, and the relevant governmental authorities may initiate a cybersecurity review if they consider that the relevant network products or services or data processing

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activities affect or may affect national security. On March 17, 2022, we received confirmation in writing from the China Cybersecurity Review Technology and Certification Center, or the CCRC, the institution designated by the CAC to receive application materials for cybersecurity review and conduct examinations of such applications. The CCRC confirmed to us that we would not be required to apply for a cybersecurity review in connection with this offering and our proposed listing if we do not possess over one million users’ personal information prior to the completion of this offering and our proposed listing. As a result, based on the fact that we are not in possession of more than one million users’ personal information, we are not subject to cybersecurity review by the CAC for this offering and our proposed listing. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — Any failure to comply with the various applicable laws and regulations related to data security and cybersecurity could affect our offshore listing and lead to liabilities, penalties or other regulatory actions, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.”

On July 6, 2021, the PRC government promulgated the Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities, or the July 6 Opinions, which, among other things, called for enhanced administration and supervision of overseas-listed China-based companies, proposed to strengthen the supervision of overseas issuance and listing of shares by China-based companies and clarified the responsibilities of competent domestic industry regulators and government authorities. Since the July 6 Opinions were promulgated, no further explanations or detailed rules and regulations with respect to the July 6 Opinions have been issued, leaving uncertainties regarding the interpretation and implementation of the July 6 Opinions. We do not believe that any provision in the July 6 Opinions had a material adverse impact on our business or offshore listing plan. On December 24, 2021, the State Council’s Administrative Regulations on Overseas Issuance and Listing of Securities by Domestic Enterprises (Draft for Public Comments), or the Draft Overseas Listing Administration Provisions, and the Administrative Measures on Filing of Overseas Issuance and Listing of Securities by Domestic Enterprises (Draft for Public Comments) were released for public comments by the CSRC, and such public comment period has ended. Pursuant to these drafts, mainland China domestic companies that directly or indirectly offer or list their securities in an overseas market, which include (i) any mainland China company limited by shares, and (ii) any offshore company that conducts its business operations primarily in mainland China and contemplates an offering or listing of its securities in an overseas market based on its onshore equities, assets or similar interests, are required to file with the CSRC within three business days after submitting their listing application documents. The drafts, among others, further stipulate that when determining whether an offering and listing shall be deemed as an “indirect overseas offering and listing by a Chinese company”, the principle of “substance over form” shall be followed, and if the issuer meets the following conditions, its offering and listing shall be determined as an “indirect overseas offering and listing by a Chinese company” and is therefore subject to the filing requirement: (1) the revenues, profits, total assets or net assets of the Chinese operating entities in the most recent financial year account for more than 50% of the corresponding data in the issuer’s audited consolidated financial statements for the same period; or (2) the majority of senior management in charge of business operations are Chinese citizens or have domicile in mainland China, and its principal place of business is located in mainland China or main business activities are conducted in mainland China. Failure to complete such filing may subject a mainland China domestic company to a warning or a fine between RMB1 million and RMB10 million. If the circumstances are serious, the mainland China domestic company may be ordered to suspend its business or suspend its operation for rectification, or its permits or businesses license may be revoked. However, as of the date of this prospectus, uncertainties exist regarding the final form of these regulations as well as the interpretation and implementation thereof after promulgation. In the event that these drafts come into effect before the consummation of this offering, we will take any and all actions necessary to complete the required filing with the CSRC. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — The approval and/or other requirements of the CSRC or other mainland China governmental authorities may be required in connection with this offering under mainland China rules, regulations or policies, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining the requisite governmental approval for this offering, or a rescission of such approval, would subject us to sanctions imposed by the relevant mainland China governmental authority.” We plan to comply with the filing procedures of the CSRC with respect to this offering, if and when such procedures are adopted by the CSRC.

On April 2, 2022, the CSRC, together with the MOF, the National Administration of State Secrets Protection, or the NAPSS, and the National Archives Administration of China, or the SAAC, issued the

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Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments), or the Draft Archives Rules, for public comment. The Draft Archives Rules reiterate that working papers produced in the PRC by securities companies and securities service providers for direct and indirect overseas offering and listing by domestic companies, should be retained in mainland China, and, without prior approval by competent authorities of mainland China, such working papers shall not be brought, mailed or otherwise transferred to recipients outside of mainland China. Furthermore, the Draft Archives Rules establish a cross-border regulatory cooperation mechanism as prescribed in the PRC Securities Law and strengthen cross-border regulatory cooperation as prescribed in the Draft Overseas Listing Administration Provisions, which shifts the overall direction of cross-border supervision of overseas offering and listing from a “dominated by domestic regulators or depend on the conclusions of inspections by domestic regulators” approach to a “cross-border regulatory cooperation” mechanism. The Draft Archives Rules were released only for soliciting public comments at this stage and their final form, interpretation and implementation remain substantially uncertain.

Cash Flows through Our Organization

Hesai Group, our holding company, or the Parent, may transfer cash to Hesai Hong Kong Limited, its wholly owned subsidiary in Hong Kong, through capital injections and intra-group loans. Hesai Hong Kong Limited, in turn, may transfer cash to Shanghai Hesai, its wholly owned subsidiary in mainland China, through capital injections and intra-group loans. Similarly, Shanghai Hesai may transfer cash to its wholly owned subsidiaries in mainland China and, upon approval from relevant mainland China authorities, to subsidiaries in the U.S., through capital injections and intra-group loans. If our wholly owned subsidiaries in mainland China realize accumulated after-tax profits, they may, upon satisfaction of relevant statutory conditions and procedures, pay dividends or distribute earnings to Hesai Hong Kong Limited. Hesai Hong Kong Limited, in turn, may transfer cash to the Parent through dividends or other distributions. With necessary funds, the Parent may pay dividends or make other distributions to U.S. investors and service any debt it may have incurred outside of mainland China. In 2019, 2020, 2021 and the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Parent transferred nil, nil, US$472.7 million (upon the incorporation of Hesai Hong Kong Limited and through intra-group loans) and nil to Hesai Hong Kong Limited, respectively, Hesai Hong Kong Limited transferred nil, nil, US$332.1 million (through capital injections) and nil to Shanghai Hesai, respectively, and Shanghai Hesai transferred US$5.3 million (through capital injections and intra-group loans), nil, US$3.0 million (through capital injections) and nil to its subsidiaries, respectively.

Cash is also transferred through our organization by way of intra-group transactions. In 2019, 2020, 2021 and the nine months ended September 30, 2022, Shanghai Hesai transferred nil, US$0.6 million, US$0.8 million and US$1.4 million through service fees and payments for purchasing materials to its subsidiaries, respectively. In 2019, 2020, 2021 and the nine months ended September 30, 2022, subsidiaries of Shanghai Hesai transferred US$0.3 million, US$4.7 million, US$1.8 million and US$0.2 million through payments for purchasing materials or finished goods to Shanghai Hesai, respectively. In 2019, 2020, 2021 and the nine months ended September 30, 2022, Oxigraf, Inc., a subsidiary in the U.S., transferred nil, nil, US$1.3 million and nil through payments for purchasing finished goods to a subsidiary of Shanghai Hesai in mainland China, respectively.

In 2019, 2020, 2021 and the nine months ended September 30, 2022, no assets other than cash were transferred between the Parent and a subsidiary, no subsidiaries paid dividends or made other distributions to the Parent, and no dividends or distributions were paid or made to U.S. investors.

Under mainland China laws and regulations, we are subject to restrictions on foreign exchange and cross-border cash transfers, including to the Parent and U.S. investors. Our ability to distribute earnings to the Parent and U.S. investors is also limited. We are a Cayman Islands holding company and rely on dividends and other distributions on equity from our mainland China subsidiaries for our cash requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt we may incur outside of mainland China. Current mainland China regulations permit our mainland China subsidiaries to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated after-tax profits upon satisfaction of relevant statutory conditions and procedures, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our mainland China subsidiaries is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds until the total amount set aside

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reaches 50% of its registered capital. These reserves, together with the registered capital, are not distributable as cash dividends. Additionally, if our mainland China subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. In addition, the revenue and assets of our mainland China subsidiaries are generally denominated in Renminbi, which is not freely convertible into other currencies. As a result, any restriction on currency exchange may limit the ability of our mainland China subsidiaries to pay dividends to us. For more details, see “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our mainland China subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our mainland China subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business” and “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.”

We have established stringent controls and procedures for cash flows within our organization. Each transfer of cash among our Cayman Islands holding company and our subsidiaries is subject to internal approval. To effect a cash transfer, a number of steps are needed, including but not limited to the issuance of payment receipt, logging into the online banking system and completing its verification process, inspection of the invoice, and payment execution. A single employee is not permitted to complete each and every stage of a cash transfer, but rather only portions of the whole procedure. Only the finance department is authorized to make cash transfers. Within the finance department, the roles of payment approval, payment execution, record keeping, and auditing are segregated to minimize risk.

The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act

Pursuant to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the PCAOB for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares or the ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, including our auditor. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB issued a report that vacated its December 16, 2021 determination and removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. Each year, the PCAOB will determine whether it can inspect and investigate completely audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, among other jurisdictions. If the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong and we continue to use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer following the filing of the annual report on Form 20-F for the relevant fiscal year. There can be no assurance that we would not be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for any future fiscal year, and if we were so identified for two consecutive years, we would become subject to the prohibition on trading under the HFCAA. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business and Industry — The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work” and “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business and Industry — Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.”

Implication of Being an Emerging Growth Company

As a company with less than US$1.235 billion in revenue for our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended, or the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements compared to those that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting. The JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company does not need to comply

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with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards. Pursuant to the JOBS Act, we have elected to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. As a result, our operating results and financial statements may not be comparable to the operating results and financial statements of other companies who have adopted the new or revised accounting standards.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (a) the last day of the fiscal year during which we have total annual gross revenues of at least US$1.235 billion; (b) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of this offering; (c) the date on which we have, during the preceding three-year period, issued more than US$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt; or (d) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our ADSs that are held by non-affiliates exceeds US$700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter. Once we cease to be an emerging growth company, we will not be entitled to the exemptions provided in the JOBS Act discussed above.

Implication of Being a Foreign Private Issuer

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. Moreover, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. In addition, as an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules. See “Risk Factors — General Risks Related to Our ADSs and This Offering — As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq Stock Market listing standards..”

Corporate Information

Our principal executive offices are located at 9th Floor, Building L2-B, 1588 Zhuguang Road, Qingpu District, Shanghai 201702, People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is +86 (21) 3158-8240. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the offices of Ogier Global (Cayman) Limited, 89 Nexus Way, Camana Bay, Grand Cayman, KY1-9009, Cayman Islands.

Investors should submit any inquiries to the address and telephone number of our principal executive offices. Our main website is www.hesaitech.com. The information contained on our website is not a part of this prospectus. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Cogency Global Inc., located at 122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10168.

Conventions That Apply to This Prospectus

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this prospectus to:

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“15 top global autonomous driving companies” are to the top 15 companies ranked by testing miles traveled as reported by the California Department of Motor Vehicles in 2021;

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“ADAS” are to advanced driver-assistance systems;

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“ADSs” are to American depositary shares, each of which represents one Class B ordinary share;

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“AEC-Q” are to a standard issued by the Automotive Electronics Council regarding the conformity of components;

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“ASIC” are to application-specific integrated circuit;

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“ASTM” are to the American Society for Testing and Materials;

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“Autonomous Mobility” are to using driverless vehicles to move passengers or goods autonomously, examples include robotaxis and robotrucks;

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“beam steering” are to scanning of the laser beam, which changes the emission directions of the laser beam in a LiDAR system;

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“BVI” are to the British Virgin Islands;

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“CAGR” are to compound annual growth rate;

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“China” or the “PRC” are to the People’s Republic of China, excluding, for the purposes of this prospectus only, Taiwan;

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“Class A ordinary shares” are to our Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share;

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“Class B ordinary shares” are to our Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share;

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“Cost” are to the per unit price for each LiDAR unit. Customers of LiDAR units for different applications and industries have varying levels of cost sensitivity, which is usually influenced by factors such as timeline for mass adoption, volume of units needed and business models of the target application, among others;

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“FMEA” are to failure mode and effects analysis;

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“FMEDA” are to failure modes effects and diagnostic analysis;

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“FOV” are to field of view;

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“FTA” are to fault tree analysis;

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“GaAs” are to gallium arsenide;

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“GB standards” are to Guobiao standards, the Chinese national standards;

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“Hesai,” “we,” “us,” “our company” and “our” are to Hesai Group, our Cayman Islands holding company, and its subsidiaries, including Hesai Technology, and “Hesai Technology” are to Hesai Technology Co., Ltd. and its subsidiaries in mainland China, the U.S. and elsewhere. Unless otherwise specified, in the context of describing business and operations, we are referring to the business and operations conducted by Hesai Technology;

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“IC” are to integrated circuit;

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“InGaAs” are to indium gallium arsenide;

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“IEC” are to the International Electrotechnical Commission;

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“IPC” are to the Association Connecting Electronics Industries;

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“ISO” are to the International Organization for Standardization;

•

“ISO/TS 16949” are to a standard based on ISO 9001, including specific requirements from the automotive sector for the design, development, production, installation and servicing of all automotive-related products;

•

“JEDEC” are to the Joint Electron Device Engineering Council;

•

“LiDAR” are to light detection and ranging, a remote sensing method that uses light to measure the distance or range of objects;

•

“MEMS” are to micro-electro-mechanical system;

•

“nm” are to nanometer;

•

“OEM” are to original equipment manufacturer;

•

“OPA” are to optical phased array, a technology enabling laser to emit towards a specific direction by adjusting the phase of each phase shifter in an array phase shifter based on the principle of interference of light;

•

“ordinary shares” are to our Class A and Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share;

•

“our WFOE” or “Shanghai Hesai” are to Hesai Technology Co., Ltd.;

13

•

“Performance” are to the explicit specifications of a LiDAR unit that directly reflect its performance, including detection range (for example, 200 meters or longer at 10% reflectivity), point density (number of points generated per second, which is horizontal resolution times vertical resolution, multiplied by frame rate), distance accuracy and precision, reflectivity accuracy, and interference rejection, among others;

•

“primary LiDAR solution” for an autonomous driving company are to the LiDARs whose vendor has the largest share by purchase dollar amount among all LiDARs used in the current fleet of the autonomous driving company;

•

“Quality” are to the implicit aspects of a LiDAR unit that represent its ability to perform consistently under a variety of circumstances over time, including robustness under extreme operating temperatures, different levels of humidity, waterproof levels, and mechanical shocks and stresses. Quality also represents a product’s manufacturing consistency, functional safety (typically ASIL-B), and viability as an automotive-grade component;

•

“RMB” and “Renminbi” are to the legal currency of mainland China;

•

“Robotics” are to last-mile delivery robot, street sweeping robot, and logistics robot in restricted areas;

•

“RX” are to laser receiver;

•

“SAE” are to the Society of Automotive Engineers;

•

“SiPM” are to a receiver combining signals from multiple SPADs;

•

“SoC” are to system on a chip;

•

“SPAD” are to single photon avalanche diode;

•

“ToF” are to Time of Flight, which is a method for measuring the distance between a sensor and an object, based on the time difference between the emission of the laser pulse and its return to the sensor, after being reflected by an object;

•

“TX” are to laser transmitter;

•

“US$,” “U.S. dollars,” “$,” and “dollars” are to the legal currency of the United States;

•

“V2X” are to vehicle to everything, a technology enabling vehicles to interact with external traffic environment, including vehicles, infrastructure, internet and pedestrians; and

•

“VCSEL” are to vertical cavity surface emitting laser.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, all information in this prospectus assumes no exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional ADSs. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to Renminbi in this prospectus are made at a rate of RMB7.1135 to US$1.0000, the exchange rate in effect as of September 30, 2022 as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. We make no representation that any Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate, or at all.

14

THE OFFERING

Offering price

We currently estimate that the initial public offering price will be between US$17.00 and US$19.00 per ADS.

ADSs offered by us

9,000,000 ADSs (or 10,350,000 ADSs if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs in full).

ADSs outstanding immediately after this offering

9,000,000 ADSs (or 10,350,000 ADSs if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs in full).

Ordinary shares outstanding immediately after this offering

30,033,379 Class A ordinary shares and 94,501,214 Class B ordinary shares (or 95,851,214 Class B ordinary shares if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs in full).

The ADSs

Each ADS represents one Class B ordinary share, par value US$0.0001 per share.

The depositary will hold Class B ordinary shares underlying your ADSs. You will have rights as provided in the deposit agreement among us, the depositary and holders and beneficial owners of ADSs from time to time.

We do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. If, however, we declare dividends on our Class B ordinary shares, the depositary will pay you the cash dividends and other distributions it receives on our Class B ordinary shares after deducting its fees and expenses in accordance with the terms set forth in the deposit agreement.

You may surrender your ADSs to the depositary in exchange for Class B ordinary shares. The depositary will charge you fees for any exchange.

We may amend or terminate the deposit agreement without your consent. If you continue to hold your ADSs after an amendment to the deposit agreement, you agree to be bound by the deposit agreement as amended.

To better understand the terms of the ADSs, you should carefully read the “Description of American Depositary Shares” section of this prospectus. You should also read the deposit agreement, which is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement that includes this prospectus.

Indication of Interest

Our founders and global chief financial officer have indicated their interest in subscribing for an aggregate of up to US$2.0 million of the ADSs being offered in this offering. The subscriptions for ADSs are at the initial public offering price and on the same terms as the other ADSs being offered in this offering. Assuming an initial public offering price of US$18.00 per ADS, the midpoint of the estimated initial public offering price range, the number of ADSs to be purchased by these officers would be up to 111,111 ADSs, representing approximately 1.2% of the ADSs being offered in this offering. However, because the indications of interest are not binding agreements or commitments to purchase, such officers may determine to purchase more, fewer or no ADSs in this

15

offering, and we and the underwriters are under no obligation to sell ADSs to them. The underwriters will receive the same underwriting discounts and commissions on any ADSs purchased by such officers as they will on any other ADSs sold to the public in this offering. For additional information, see “Underwriting.”

Option to purchase additional
ADSs

We have granted to the underwriters an option, exercisable within 30 days from the date of this prospectus, to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,350,000 additional ADSs.

Use of proceeds

We expect that we will receive net proceeds of approximately US$145.4 million from this offering, assuming an initial public offering price of US$18.00 per ADS, which is the midpoint of the estimated range of the initial public offering price shown on the front cover of this prospectus, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, assuming the underwriters do not exercise their over-allotment option to purchase additional ADS.

We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering for (i) investment in our manufacturing capabilities, including constructing new manufacturing facilities and purchasing new manufacturing and testing equipment; (ii) research and development, including development of our next-generation ASICs and further investment in our software solutions; and (iii) general corporate purposes, which may include potential strategic investments and acquisitions, although we have not identified any specific investments or acquisition opportunities at this time. See “Use of Proceeds” for more information.

Lock-up

We, our directors, executive officers and all of our existing shareholders have agreed with the underwriters not to sell, transfer or dispose of any ADSs, Class B ordinary shares or any other securities so owned convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for the ADSs or Class B ordinary shares for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus. The foregoing lock-up period shall be equally applicable to any issuer-directed ADSs our officers may purchase in the offering. See “Shares Eligible for Future Sale” and “Underwriting.”

Listing

We have submitted an application to have the ADSs listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market under the symbol “HSAI.” The ADSs and our Class B ordinary shares will not be listed on any other stock exchange or traded on any automated quotation system.

Payment and settlement

The underwriters expect to deliver the ADSs against payment therefor through the facilities of the Depository Trust Company on      , 2023.

Depositary

Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas

16

The number of ordinary shares that will be outstanding immediately after this offering:

•

is based on 115,534,593 ordinary shares issued and outstanding as of the date of this prospectus;

•

includes 9,000,000 ordinary shares in the form of ADSs that we will issue and sell in this offering, assuming the underwriters do not exercise their over-allotment option to purchase additional ADSs; and

•

excludes all ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of our outstanding options and ordinary shares reserved for future issuances under our share incentive plan.

17

SUMMARY COMBINED AND CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

The following summary combined and consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, summary combined and consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 and summary combined and consolidated cash flows data for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 have been derived from our audited combined and consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. The following summary consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2022, summary consolidated balance sheets data as of September 30, 2022 and summary consolidated cash flows data for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2022 are derived from our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Our combined and consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of results expected for future periods. You should read this Summary Combined and Consolidated Financial Data section together with our combined and consolidated financial statements and the related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere in this prospectus.

The following table presents our summary combined and consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss data for the periods indicated:

​	For the Year Ended December 31,								For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
​	2019		2020		2021				2021		2022
​	RMB		RMB		RMB		US$		RMB		RMB		US$
​	(in thousands, except for share amount and per share data)
Summary Combined and Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​		​		​
Net revenues	​	348,084	​	415,514	​	720,768	​	101,324	​	459,442	​	793,485	​	111,546
Cost of revenues	​	(103,377)	​	(176,600)	​	(338,972)	​	(47,652)	​	(214,671)	​	(444,339)	​	(62,464)
Gross profit	​	244,707	​	238,914	​	381,796	​	53,672	​	244,771	​	349,146	​	49,082
Operating expenses:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​		​		​
Sales and marketing expenses	​	(38,740)	​	(49,904)	​	(69,266)	​	(9,737)	​	(48,072)	​	(63,473)	​	(8,924)
General and administrative expenses	​	(55,112)	​	(76,553)	​	(236,713)	​	(33,277)	​	(185,184)	​	(153,380)	​	(21,562)
Research and development expenses	​	(149,817)	​	(229,653)	​	(368,435)	​	(51,794)	​	(210,627)	​	(376,362)	​	(52,908)
Litigation settlement expense	​	(160,098)	​	—	​	—	​	—	​	—	​	—	​	—
Other operating income, net	​	11,009	​	15,384	​	27,333	​	3,842	​	18,741	​	5,948	​	836
Total operating expenses	​	(392,758)	​	(340,726)	​	(647,081)	​	(90,966)	​	(425,142)	​	(587,267)	​	(82,558)
Loss from operations	​	(148,051)	​	(101,812)	​	(265,285)	​	(37,294)	​	(180,371)	​	(238,121)	​	(33,476)
Interest income	​	19,107	​	20,925	​	32,584	​	4,581	​	14,203	​	49,284	​	6,928
Foreign exchange gain/(loss)	​	9,619	​	(25,696)	​	(13,275)	​	(1,866)	​	(9,805)	​	25,430	​	3,575
Other income/(loss), net	​	31	​	(832)	​	34	​	5	​	62	​	(2,116)	​	(297)
Net loss before income tax	​	(119,294)	​	(107,415)	​	(245,942)	​	(34,574)	​	(175,911)	​	(165,523)	​	(23,270)
Income tax (expenses)/benefit	​	(930)	​	199	​	1,115	​	157	​	1,113	​	44	​	6
Net loss	​	(120,224)	​	(107,216)	​	(244,827)	​	(34,417)	​	(174,798)	​	(165,479)	​	(23,264)
Deemed dividend	​	(55,247)	​	—	​	(2,211,330)	​	(310,864)	​	(2,206,731)	​	(446,022)	​	(62,701)
Net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders	​	(175,471)	​	(107,216)	​	(2,456,157)	​	(345,281)	​	(2,381,529)	​	(611,501)	​	(85,965)
Net loss per share:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​		​		​
Basic and diluted	​	(2.20)	​	(1.19)	​	(23.39)	​	(3.29)	​	(23.48)	​	(5.29)	​	(0.74)

18

​

For the Year Ended December 31,

For the Nine Months Ended September 30,

​

2019

2020

2021

2021

2022

​

RMB

RMB

RMB

US$

RMB

RMB

US$

​

(in thousands, except for share amount and per share data)

Weighted average shares used in calculating net loss per ordinary share:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Basic and diluted

​

79,899,201

​

89,895,471

​

104,987,478

​

104,987,478

​

101,433,139

​

115,534,593

​

115,534,593

Pro forma net loss per share(1):

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Basic and diluted

​

​

​

(24.27)

​

(3.41)

​

​

​

​

​

​

Pro forma weighted average shares used in calculating net loss per ordinary share(1):

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Basic and diluted

​

​

​

104,987,478

​

104,987,478

​

​

​

​

​

​

Note:

(1)

Assume the IPO effective date will be February 8, 2023, the pro forma net loss per share for the year ended December 31, 2021 was presented to include a corresponding share-based compensation impact amounting to RMB92.0 million, assuming the initial public offering condition was met on January 1, 2021, and the service vesting condition as of February 8, 2023 was also met on January 1, 2021. In addition, nil options have been exercised due to the effectiveness of the initial public offering condition in 2021.

The following table presents our summary combined and consolidated balance sheets data as of the dates indicated:

​	As of December 31,								As of September 30,
​	2019		2020		2021				2022
​	RMB		RMB		RMB		US$		RMB		US$
​	(in thousands)
Summary Combined and Consolidated Balance Sheets Data:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​		​
Cash and cash equivalents	​	112,737	​	256,688	​	449,352	​	63,169	​	750,561	​	105,512
Short-term investments	​	910,972	​	638,981	​	2,342,743	​	329,338	​	1,317,564	​	185,220
Accounts receivable (net of allowance for doubtful accounts of RMB2,257, RMB5,270, RMB7,294 and RMB7,254 as of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 and September 30, 2022, respectively)	​	36,511	​	56,319	​	85,821	​	12,065	​	362,944	​	51,022
Inventories	​	70,243	​	149,925	​	376,244	​	52,892	​	567,887	​	79,832
Prepayments and other current assets	​	31,835	​	40,658	​	89,119	​	12,528	​	111,005	​	15,605
Total current assets	​	1,170,260	​	1,209,239	​	3,493,359	​	491,090	​	3,115,459	​	437,964
Total assets	​	1,242,362	​	1,312,125	​	3,952,369	​	555,617	​	3,803,302	​	534,659
Accounts payable	​	18,608	​	55,437	​	77,271	​	10,863	​	181,380	​	25,498
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	​	229,091	​	91,895	​	370,854	​	52,134	​	247,358	​	34,773
Total current liabilities	​	271,168	​	166,740	​	892,158	​	125,418	​	824,746	​	115,940
Total liabilities	​	313,150	​	174,932	​	902,548	​	126,879	​	853,783	​	120,021
Total mezzanine equity	​	1,098,639	​	—	​	5,540,491	​	778,870	​	5,986,513	​	841,571
Total shareholders’ (deficit)/equity	​	(169,427)	​	1,137,193	​	(2,490,670)	​	(350,132)	​	(3,036,994)	​	(426,933)
Total liabilities, mezzanine equity and shareholders’ (deficit)/equity	​	1,242,362	​	1,312,125	​	3,952,369	​	555,617	​	3,803,302	​	534,659

19

The following table presents our summary combined and consolidated statements of cash flows data for the periods indicated:

​

For the Year Ended December 31,

For the Nine Months Ended September 30,

​

2019

2020

2021

2021

2022

​

RMB

RMB

RMB

US$

RMB

RMB

US$

​

(in thousands)

Summary Combined and Consolidated Cash Flows Data:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities

​

46,166

​

(352,015)

​

(228,386)

​

(32,104)

​

(114,090)

​

(505,667)

​

(71,086)

Net cash (used in)/provided by investing activities

​

(779,497)

​

179,027

​

(1,980,237)

​

(278,377)

​

(1,168,823)

​

769,607

​

108,190

Net cash provided by financing activities

​

739,741

​

323,437

​

2,403,726

​

337,908

​

1,950,083

​

—

​

—

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents

​

6,410

​

150,449

​

195,103

​

27,427

​

667,170

​

263,940

​

37,104

Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year/period

​

104,336

​

112,737

​

256,688

​

36,085

​

256,688

​

449,352

​

63,169

Effect of foreign currency exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents

​

1,991

​

(6,498)

​

(2,439)

​

(343)

​

22,114

​

37,269

​

5,239

Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year/period

​

112,737

​

256,688

​

449,352

​

63,169

​

945,972

​

750,561

​

105,512

20

RISK FACTORS

An investment in our ADSs involves significant risks. You should consider carefully all of the information in this prospectus, including the risks and uncertainties described below, before making an investment in our ADSs. Any of the following risks could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In any such case, the market price of our ADSs could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We are an early stage company with a history of losses, and we may not be able to achieve profitability in the future.

We have a history of net losses. We incurred net losses of RMB120.2 million, RMB107.2 million, RMB244.8 million (US$34.4 million), RMB174.8 million and RMB165.5 million (US$23.3 million) in 2019, 2020, 2021 and the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2022, respectively. We may continue to incur operating and net losses in the foreseeable future. Our potential profitability is dependent upon continued increase in customer needs for our LiDAR products and our success in competing against other participants in the markets in which we operate, which may not occur.

Our revenues may not grow sufficiently to offset the increase in our expenses as we:

•

continue to invest in the design and upgrading of our LiDAR products;

•

expand our production capabilities to produce our LiDAR products, including constructing new manufacturing facilities;

•

enhance our efforts to develop and commercialize LiDAR products for Robotics and other emerging markets;

•

expand our design, development, installation and servicing capabilities;

•

continue to build up inventories of parts and components for our LiDAR products;

•

hire additional engineers and other personnel as we expand our business; and

•

increase our sales and marketing activities and develop our distribution infrastructure.

Because we will incur the costs and expenses from these efforts before we receive incremental revenues with respect thereto, our losses in future periods could be significant. In addition, we may find that these efforts are more expensive than we currently anticipate or that these efforts may not result in revenues, which would further increase our losses. Such losses may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and the price of our ADSs.

Our limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and the risks and challenges we may encounter.

We have been focused on developing our LiDAR products since 2016. This relatively limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and the risks and challenges we may encounter. Risks and challenges we have faced or expect to face include our ability to:

•

produce and deliver LiDAR and software products of acceptable performance;

•

develop and commercialize our in-house ASICs;

•

forecast our revenue and budget for and manage our expenses;

•

attract new customers and retain existing customers;

•

comply with existing and new or modified laws and regulations applicable to our business;

•

plan for and manage capital expenditures for our current and future products, and manage our supply chain and supplier relationships related to our current and future products;

•

anticipate and respond to macroeconomic changes and changes in the markets in which we operate;

21

•

maintain and enhance the value of our reputation and brand;

•

effectively manage our growth and business operations, including the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business;

•

develop and protect intellectual property;

•

hire, integrate and retain talented people at all levels of our organization; and

•

successfully develop new solutions to enhance the experience of customers.

If we fail to address the risks and difficulties that we face, including those associated with the challenges listed above as well as those described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. Further, because we have limited historical financial data and operate in a rapidly evolving market, any predictions about our future revenue and expenses may not be as accurate as they would be if we had a longer operating history or operated in a more predictable market. We have encountered in the past, and will encounter in the future, risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies with limited operating histories in rapidly changing industries. If our assumptions regarding these risks and uncertainties, which we use to plan and operate our business, are incorrect or change, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our results of operations could differ materially from our expectations and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our LiDAR products used on vehicles are highly complex and may contain defects or otherwise fail to perform in line with expectations, which could reduce the market adoption of our new products, damage our reputation with current or prospective customers, expose us to product liability and other claims and adversely affect our operating results.

We sell the majority of our LiDAR products to Autonomous Mobility companies to be installed on vehicles. Those products are highly technical and very complex and require high standards to manufacture and have in the past and will likely in the future experience defects, errors or reliability issues at various stages of development. We may be unable to timely release new products, manufacture existing products, correct problems that have arisen or correct such problems to our customers’ satisfaction. Additionally, undetected errors, defects or security vulnerabilities, especially as new products are introduced or as new versions are released, could result in serious injury or even death to the end users of technology incorporating our products, or those in the surrounding area, litigation against us, negative publicity and other consequences. These risks are particularly prevalent in the highly competitive Autonomous Mobility and ADAS markets. Some errors or defects in our products may only be discovered after they have been tested, commercialized and deployed by customers, in which case we may incur significant additional development costs and product recall, repair or replacement costs. These problems may also result in claims, including class actions, against us by our customers or others. Our reputation or brand may be damaged as a result of these problems and customers may be reluctant to buy our products, which could adversely affect our ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers and could adversely affect our financial results.

In addition, we could face material legal claims for breach of contract, product liability, fraud, tort or breach of warranty as a result of these problems. Defending a lawsuit, regardless of its merit, could be costly and may divert management’s attention and adversely affect the market’s perception of us and our products. In addition, our insurance coverage could prove inadequate with respect to a claim and future coverage may be unavailable on acceptable terms or at all.

Furthermore, any defects in or significant malfunctioning of our LiDAR products may weaken customer confidence in LiDAR products. As the markets for LiDAR products are emerging and evolving, loss of customer confidence in LiDAR products could have a material adverse impact on the future of such markets in general and our business prospects in particular.

If our LiDAR products are not selected by automotive or robot OEMs or their suppliers, our business will be materially and adversely affected.

Automotive and robot OEMs and their suppliers typically design and develop ADAS, Autonomous Mobility, Robotics and other key technologies over several years. These OEMs and suppliers undertake

22

extensive testing or qualification processes prior to placing orders for large quantities of products such as our LiDAR products, because such products will function as part of a larger system or platform and must meet certain other specifications. We spend significant time and resources to have our products selected by automotive and robot OEMs and their suppliers. If our LiDAR products are not selected by an automotive or robot OEM with respect to a particular vehicle or robot model, we may not have an opportunity to supply our products to the OEM for that model for a period of many years. If our LiDAR products are not selected by an OEM or its suppliers for one vehicle or robot model or if our LiDAR products are not successful in that model, it is unlikely that our product will be deployed in other models of that OEM. If we fail to win a significant number of vehicle or robot models from one or more of automotive or robot OEMs or their suppliers, our business, results of operations and financial condition will be materially and adversely affected.

Furthermore, even if our products are selected and we enter into framework agreements with OEMs or their suppliers, as we have with many of our customers, we cannot assure you such framework agreements will always materialize into actual purchase orders, as in such agreements, our counterparties often retain the discretion as to whether and when to place orders for our products, and our supply of products may be subject to other conditions such as meeting certain development milestones.

We currently have and target many customers that are large corporations with substantial negotiating power, exacting product standards and potentially competitive internal solutions. If we are unable to sell our products to these customers or do so on terms acceptable to us, our prospects and results of operations will be adversely affected.

Many of our customers and potential customers are large, multinational corporations with substantial negotiating power relative to us and, in some instances, may have internal solutions that are competitive to our products. These large, multinational corporations also have significant development resources, which may allow them to acquire or develop independently, or in partnership with others, competitive technologies. Meeting the technical requirements of any of these companies and being selected by them for supplying LiDAR products will require a substantial investment of our time and resources. We cannot assure you that our LiDAR products will be selected by these or other companies or that we will generate meaningful revenue or profit from the sales of our products to these key potential customers. If our products are not selected by these large corporations or if these corporations develop or acquire competitive technology, it will have an adverse effect on our business.

Our ability to develop, manufacture, and deliver LiDAR products of high quality and appeal to customers, on schedule, and on a large scale is still evolving.

The sustainability of our business depends, in large part, on our ability to timely execute our plan to develop, manufacture, and deliver on a large scale LiDAR products of high quality and appeal to customers. Our current manufacturing facility, together with a transitional production line, supports an annual production capacity of 35,000 units for the non-AT series, plus a monthly production capacity of approximately 20,000 units for the AT series. To date we have limited LiDAR manufacturing experience to balance production volume and product quality and appeal, and therefore cannot assure you that we will be able to achieve our targeted production volume of commercially viable LiDAR products on a timely basis, or at all.

Our continued development, manufacturing, and delivery of LiDAR products of high quality to achieve our targeted production volume are and will be subject to risks, including with respect to:

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lack of necessary funding;

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delays or disruptions in our supply chain;

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quality control deficiencies;

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compliance with environmental, workplace safety, and relevant regulations; and

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cost overruns.

As we operate in highly competitive and rapidly evolving markets, to remain competitive, we may be required to introduce new LiDAR models earlier or more frequently than is originally planned. We cannot

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assure you that any future models we launch will appeal to the customers as we expect or that any introduction of new models will not affect the sales of existing models.

Furthermore, we rely on third-party suppliers for the provision and development of many of the key components and materials used in our LiDAR products. To the extent our suppliers experience any difficulties in providing us with or developing necessary components, we could experience delays in delivering products. Any delay in the development, manufacturing, and delivery of LiDAR products could subject us to customer complaints and materially and adversely affect our reputation, demand for our products, and our growth prospects.

We are early in our efforts to develop and commercialize our in-house ASICs, and we cannot assure you that such efforts will succeed.

We established a dedicated team within our organization to develop our in-house ASICs at the end of 2017. Since then, we have made significant progress in the development, production and application of our ASIC technology and products. Our current ASIC products are sophisticated and technologically advanced in many aspects. However, due to the short history, our in-house ASICs remain in a relatively early developmental and production stage and subject to significant technological and functional limitations. We cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to refine and upgrade our ASIC technology to achieve market-leading quality and functionality. In addition, we are early in our efforts to apply our ASIC technology to LiDAR products. We may fail in our efforts to commercialize our ASIC technology despite the significant research and development, or R&D, and sales and marketing costs we have incurred and expect to incur, in which case our financial performance and business prospects will suffer.

We operate in highly competitive markets and some market participants have substantially greater resources. We compete against a large number of both established competitors and new market entrants.

The markets for sensing technology applicable to autonomous solutions in the automobile and Robotics industries are highly competitive. Our future success will depend on our ability to remain a leader in our targeted markets by continuing to develop and protect from infringement advanced LiDAR technology in a timely manner and to stay ahead of existing and new competitors. Our competitors are numerous and they compete with us directly by offering LiDAR products and indirectly by attempting to solve some of the same challenges with different technology. We face competition from camera and radar companies, other developers of LiDAR products, and other technology and automotive and Robotics supply companies, some of which have significantly greater resources than we do. In the automotive market, our competitors have commercialized both LiDAR- and non-LiDAR-incorporated ADAS technology that has achieved market adoption, strong brand recognition and may continue to improve. Other competitors are working towards commercializing Autonomous Mobility technology and either by themselves, or with a partner, have substantial financial, marketing, R&D and other resources. Some of our customers in the ADAS and Autonomous Mobility markets have announced development efforts or made acquisitions directed at creating their own LiDAR-incorporated or other sensing technologies, which would compete with our solutions, although we do not know how close these competitors are to commercializing novel ADAS applications or Autonomous Mobility systems. In markets outside of the automotive industry, such as the Robotics industry, our competitors, like us, seek to develop new sensing applications. Even in these emerging markets, we face substantial competition from numerous competitors seeking to prove the value of their technology.

Additionally, increased competition may result in pricing pressure and reduced margins and may impede our ability to increase the sales of our products or cause us to lose market share, any of which will adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Although we believe that LiDAR is the industry standard for ADAS, Autonomous Mobility and certain other emerging markets, market adoption of LiDAR is uncertain. If market adoption of LiDAR does not continue to develop, or develops more slowly than we expect, our business will be adversely affected.

While our LiDAR products can be applied to different uses across end markets, a substantial part of our revenue is generated from automotive applications. Despite the fact that the automotive industry has engaged in considerable effort to research and test LiDAR products for ADAS and Autonomous Mobility applications, the automotive industry may not introduce LiDAR products in commercially available vehicles

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or do so on a large scale. We continually study emerging and competing sensing technologies and methodologies and we may add new sensing technologies. However, LiDAR products remain relatively new and it is possible that other sensing modalities, or a new disruptive modality based on new or existing technology, including a combination of technologies, will achieve acceptance or leadership in the ADAS and Autonomous Mobility industries. Even if LiDAR products are used in initial generations of certain ADAS products and Autonomous Mobility technology, we cannot guarantee that LiDAR products will be designed into or included in subsequent generations of such commercialized technology. In addition, we expect that initial generations of autonomous vehicles will be focused on limited applications, such as robotaxis, and that mass market adoption of autonomous technology may lag behind these initial applications significantly. The speed of market growth for ADAS or Autonomous Mobility is difficult if not impossible to predict, and it is more difficult to predict this market’s future growth in light of the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Although we currently believe we are a leader in LiDAR-incorporated systems for the autonomous vehicle market, by the time mass market adoption of autonomous vehicle technology is achieved, we expect competition among providers of sensing technology based on LiDAR and other modalities to increase substantially. If commercialization of LiDAR products is not successful, or not as successful as we or the market expects, or if other sensing modalities gain acceptance by developers of ADAS or Autonomous Mobility systems, automotive OEMs, regulators and safety organizations or other market participants by the time autonomous vehicle technology achieves mass market adoption, our business, results of operations and financial condition will be materially and adversely affected.

We are investing in and pursuing market opportunities outside of the automotive markets, including in the Robotics sector. We believe that our future revenue growth, if any, will depend in part on our ability to expand within new markets such as Robotics and to enter new markets as they emerge. Each of these markets presents distinct risks and, in many cases, requires us to address the particular requirements of that market.

Addressing these requirements can be time-consuming and costly. The market for LiDAR technology outside of automotive applications is relatively new, rapidly developing and unproven in many markets or industries. Some of our customers outside of the automotive industry are still in the testing and development phases and we cannot be certain that they will commercialize products or systems with our LiDAR products or at all. We cannot be certain that LiDAR will be sold into these markets, or any market outside of the automotive market, at scale. Adoption of LiDAR products, including our products, outside of the automotive industry will depend on numerous factors, including: whether the technological capabilities of LiDAR and LiDAR-incorporated products meet users’ current or anticipated needs, whether the benefits of designing LiDAR into larger sensing systems outweigh the costs, complexity and time needed to deploy such technology or replace or modify existing systems that may have used other modalities such as cameras and radar, whether users in other applications can move beyond the testing and development phases and proceed to commercializing systems supported by LiDAR technology and whether LiDAR developers such as us can keep pace with rapid technological change in certain developing markets and the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the length of any associated work stoppages. If LiDAR technology does not achieve commercial success outside of the automotive industry, or if the market develops at a pace slower than we expect, our business, results of operation and financial condition will be materially and adversely affected.

Because LiDAR is new in most of the markets we are seeking to enter, forecasts of market growth in this prospectus may not be accurate.

Market opportunity estimates and growth forecasts included in this prospectus are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may not prove to be accurate. The forecasts and estimates in this prospectus relating to the expected size and growth of the markets for LiDAR-incorporated technology may prove to be inaccurate. Even if these markets experience the forecasted growth described in this prospectus, we may not grow our business at similar rates, or at all. Our future growth is subject to many factors, including market adoption of our products, which is subject to many risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, the forecasts and estimates of market size and growth described in this prospectus should not be taken as indicative of our future growth. In addition, these forecasts do not take into

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account the impact of the current global COVID-19 pandemic, and we cannot assure you that these forecasts will not be materially and adversely affected as a result.

We continue to implement strategic initiatives designed to grow our business, including developing new technologies and products. We cannot assure you that our choices of technologies and products to focus on will prove correct, or that our initiatives will succeed and bring sufficient growth in revenue to offset the costs.

We continue to make investments and implement initiatives designed to grow our business. In particular, we have formulated plans to focus our R&D efforts on certain new technologies and products which we believe will be essential to our future growth. For example, for the ADAS market, we are seeking to pack more laser/detector channels in the AT series at lower cost. Similar upgrades may happen to other product lines to enhance performance while lowering the cost. See “Business — Our Solutions and Products — Product Roadmap” for more details. However, as the LiDAR markets are new and rapidly evolving and we have a short operating history and limited experience, we cannot assure you that our choices of technologies and products to focus on will prove correct. In the event that our new technologies and products fail to be adopted by the market, our business prospects and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, our strategic initiatives may prove more expensive than we currently anticipate, and we may not succeed in increasing our revenue, if at all, in an amount sufficient to offset these higher expenses and to achieve and maintain profitability. The market opportunities we are pursuing are at an early stage of development, and it is difficult to predict the size and growth rate of our target markets, customer demand for our products, commercialization timelines, developments in autonomous sensing and related technology, the entry of competitive products, or the success of existing competitive products and services. If our revenue does not grow over the long term, our ability to achieve and maintain profitability may be adversely affected, and the value of our business may significantly decrease.

We have been and may continue to be negatively impacted by the ongoing global chip shortage.

As we are early in our efforts to develop and apply our in-house ASICs, we remain dependent on third-party chips for our LiDAR products. The COVID-19 pandemic caused disruptions in supply chains and logistics, which in turn impacted the production and supply of chips around the globe. The increase in global demand for products such as personal computers owing to some countries’ shift to a stay-at-home economy has further increased the demand for chips and exacerbated the shortage. As of the date of this prospectus, the global chip shortage is still ongoing and it remains uncertain when it will ease or whether it will worsen. The shortage in chip supplies has led to increases in the prices of chips and has caused chip producers to allocate available chips more selectively among their customers across these industries. We have experienced difficulty in securing sufficient and prompt chip supplies, including automotive grade receivers and FPGA (field-programmable gate array) chips, due to the ongoing global chip shortage, and our business operation and financial performance have suffered as a result. As the shortage continues or even worsens, we may not be able to obtain adequate supplies of chips on commercially acceptable terms or at all, and as a result we may fail to fulfill our customers’ orders. Any failure to fulfill our customers’ orders could cause us to record lower sales and lose customers. We may also need to increase the prices of our products in response to the higher chip costs, which could have a negative impact on our competitiveness.

We rely on third-party suppliers and because some of the raw materials and key components in our products come from limited or single source suppliers, we are susceptible to supply shortages, long lead times for components, and supply changes, any of which could disrupt our supply chain and could delay deliveries of our products to customers.

Some of the components that go into the manufacture of our LiDAR products are sourced from third-party suppliers. Our future success will depend in part on our ability to manage our supply chain to manufacture and deliver our products at scale. We are dependent on certain major suppliers. One supplier accounted for more than 10% of our purchases for each of 2019, 2020 and 2021 and the nine months ended September 30, 2022. We are therefore subject to the risk of shortages and long lead times in the supply of components that come from limited or single source suppliers and the risk that our suppliers discontinue or modify components used in our products. We have a global supply chain, and the COVID-19 pandemic

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and other health epidemics and outbreaks may adversely affect our ability to source components in a timely or cost effective manner from our third-party suppliers due to, among other things, work stoppages or interruptions. For example, our products depend on lasers and we currently consume a substantial portion of the available market. Any shortage of these lasers could materially and adversely affect our ability to manufacture our LiDAR products. In addition, the lead times associated with certain components are lengthy and preclude rapid changes in quantities and delivery schedules. We have in the past experienced and may in the future experience component shortages and price fluctuations of certain key components and materials, and the predictability of the availability and pricing of these components may be limited. Component shortages or pricing fluctuations could be material in the future. In the event of a component shortage, supply interruption or material pricing change from suppliers of these components, we may not be able to develop alternate sources in a timely manner or at all in the case of sole or limited sources. Developing alternate sources of supply for these components may be time-consuming, difficult, and costly and we may not be able to source these components on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all, which may undermine our ability to meet our requirements or to fill customer orders in a timely manner. Any interruption or delay in the supply of any of these parts or components, or the inability to obtain these parts or components from alternate sources at acceptable prices and within a reasonable amount of time, would adversely affect our ability to meet our scheduled product deliveries to our customers. This could adversely affect our relationships with our customers and channel partners and could cause delays in shipment of our products and adversely affect our operating results. In addition, increased component costs could result in lower gross margins. Even where we are able to pass increased component costs along to our customers, there may be a lapse of time before we are able to do so such that we must absorb the increased cost. If we are unable to buy these components in quantities sufficient to meet our requirements on a timely basis, we will not be able to deliver products to our customers, which may result in such customers using competitive products instead of ours.

We may be unable to adequately control the costs associated with our operations.

We have devoted significant capital to developing and growing our business, including developing and manufacturing our LiDAR products, our in-house ASICs, purchasing equipment, constructing our manufacturing facilities, procuring required raw materials, and building our sales and servicing infrastructure. We expect to further incur significant costs that will impact our profitability, including R&D expenses as we roll out new LiDAR and ASIC models and improve existing models, expenditures in the expansion of our manufacturing capacities, additional operating costs and expenses for production ramp-up, raw material and key component procurement costs, and selling and distribution expenses as we build our brand and market our products. In particular, the prices for raw materials and components fluctuate upon factors beyond our control, and could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Substantial increases in the prices for key raw materials or components such as automotive grade chips would increase our cost of revenue and our operating expenses, and could reduce our margins. Furthermore, currency fluctuations, tariffs and other economic or political conditions may result in significant increases in freight charges and raw material costs. In addition, we may lose control over the increase of costs in connection with our services including after-sale services. Our ability to become profitable in the future will not only depend on our ability to successfully market our LiDAR products and other products and services but also our ability to control our costs. If we are unable to design, develop, manufacture, market, sell, and service our products and provide services in a cost-efficient manner, our margins, profitability, and prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

We expect to incur substantial R&D costs and devote significant resources to identifying and commercializing new products, which could significantly reduce our profitability and may never result in revenue to us.

Our future growth depends on penetrating new markets, adapting existing products to new applications and customer requirements, and introducing new products that achieve market acceptance. We plan to incur substantial, and potentially increasing, R&D costs as part of our efforts to design, develop, manufacture and commercialize new products and enhance existing products. Our R&D expenses were RMB149.8 million, RMB229.7 million, RMB368.4 million (US$51.8 million), RMB210.6 million and RMB376.4 million (US$52.9 million) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 and the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2022, respectively, and are likely to grow in the future. Because we account for R&D as an operating expense, these expenditures will adversely affect our results of operations in the future.

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Further, our R&D program may not produce successful results, and our new products may not achieve market acceptance, create additional revenue or become profitable.

The markets in which we compete are characterized by rapid technological change, which requires us to continue to develop new products and product innovations and could adversely affect market adoption of our products.

While we intend to invest substantial resources to remain on the forefront of technological development, continuing technological changes in sensing technology, LiDAR and the markets for these products, including the ADAS, Autonomous Mobility and Robotics industries, could adversely affect adoption of LiDAR and/or our products, either generally or for particular applications. Our future success will depend upon our ability to develop and introduce a variety of new capabilities and innovations to our existing product offerings, as well as introduce a variety of new product offerings, to address the changing needs of the markets in which we offer our products. For example, we cannot guarantee that the new products we are currently working on will be released in a timely manner, or at all, or will achieve market acceptance. Delays in delivering new products that meet customer requirements could damage our relationships with customers and lead them to seek alternative sources of supply. In addition, our success to date has been based on the delivery of our products to R&D programs in which developers are investing substantial capital to develop new systems. Our continued success relies on the success of the R&D phase of these customers as they expand into commercialized projects. As autonomous technology reaches the stage of large-scale commercialization, we will be required to develop and deliver solutions at price points that enable wider and ultimately mass-market adoption. Delays in introducing products and innovations, failure to choose correctly among technical alternatives or failure to offer innovative products or configurations at competitive prices may cause existing and potential customers to purchase our competitors’ products or turn to alternative sensing technology.

If we are unable to devote adequate resources to developing products or cannot otherwise successfully develop products or system configurations that meet customer requirements on a timely basis or that remain competitive with technological alternatives, our products could lose market share, our revenue will decline, we may experience operating losses and our business and prospects will be adversely affected.

We may experience difficulties in managing our growth and expanding our operations.

We have expanded our operations, and as we ramp up our development, production and sales, significant expansion will be required. Our future operating results depend to a large extent on our ability to manage this expansion and growth successfully. Risks that we face in undertaking this expansion include, among others:

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managing our supply chain to support fast business growth;

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managing a larger organization with a greater number of employees in different divisions;

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controlling expenses and investments in anticipation of expanded operations;

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establishing or expanding new product development, manufacturing, sales, and service facilities;

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implementing and enhancing administrative infrastructure, systems, and processes;

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improving our operational, financial and management controls, compliance programs and reporting systems; and

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addressing new markets and potentially unforeseen challenges as they arise.

Any failure to manage our growth effectively could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Continued pricing pressures may result in lower than anticipated margins, or losses, which may adversely affect our business.

Cost-cutting initiatives adopted by our customers often result in increased downward pressure on pricing. In addition, many of our customers, particularly automotive OEMs, possess significant leverage

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over their suppliers, including us, because they are large multinational companies with substantial negotiating power and the automotive component supply industry is inherently highly competitive, serves a limited number of customers and has a high fixed cost base. The growing competition among both established players and new market entrants in the industry further exacerbates the pricing pressures we face.

Accordingly, we expect to be subject to substantial continuing pressure from automotive OEMs and other major customers to reduce the price of our products. It is possible that pricing pressures beyond our expectations could intensify as customers including automotive OEMs pursue restructuring, consolidation and cost-cutting initiatives. If we are unable to generate sufficient production cost savings in the future to offset price reductions, our gross margin and profitability would be adversely affected.

Our business has been and may continue to be adversely affected by the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic or other health epidemics and outbreaks.

Since late 2019, the outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus named COVID-19 has materially and adversely affected the global economy. In response, China imposed widespread lockdowns, closure of work places and restrictions on mobility and travel to contain the spread of the virus. After the initial outbreak in late 2019, from time to time, some instances of COVID-19 infections have emerged in various regions of China, including infections caused by the Omicron variant. For example, a wave of infections caused by the Omicron variant emerged in Shanghai in early 2022, and a series of restrictions and quarantines were implemented to contain the spread. Our self-built manufacturing facility was not producing at full capacity for approximately two months when these restrictive measures were in force, which negatively affected our operational and financial results. China began to modify its zero-COVID policy at the end of 2022, and most of the travel restrictions and quarantine requirements were lifted in December. There were surges of cases in many cities during this time, and there remains uncertainty as to the future impact of the virus, especially in light of this change in policy. We cannot be assured that more lockdowns and other restrictive measures will not be implemented in the future. Some other countries, including the U.S., also introduced various restrictions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Our business has been affected by the COVID-19 outbreak. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic caused disruptions in supply chains and logistics, which in turn impacted the production and supply of chips around the globe and resulted in the continued global chip shortage that has negatively impacted our business operation and financial performance. See “— We have been and may continue to be negatively impacted by the ongoing global chip shortage.” In addition, the COVID-19 outbreak has caused companies in China and elsewhere, including us and our suppliers and customers, to implement temporary adjustment of work schedules and travel plans, mandating employees to work from home and collaborate remotely. As a result, we have experienced lower efficiency and productivity, internally and externally, which adversely affected our business operation.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic as well as other possible health epidemics and outbreaks could continue to have a material adverse impact on our or our customers’ business operations including reduction or suspension of operations in China, the U.S. or certain parts of the world. Our engineering and manufacturing operations, among others, cannot all be conducted in a remote working structure and often require on-site access to materials and equipment. We have customers with international operations in varying industries. We also depend on suppliers and manufacturers worldwide. Depending upon the duration of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the associated business interruptions, our customers, suppliers, manufacturers and partners may suspend or delay their engagement with us, which could result in a material adverse effect on our financial condition. Our response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may prove to be inadequate and we may be unable to continue our operations in the manner we had prior to the outbreak, and may endure interruptions, reputational harm, delays in our product development and shipments, all of which could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. In addition, when the pandemic subsides, we cannot assure you as to the timing of any economic recovery, which could continue to have a material adverse effect on our target markets and our business.

The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work.

Our auditor, the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included elsewhere in this prospectus, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a

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firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. The auditor is located in mainland China, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB was historically unable to conduct inspections and investigations completely before 2022. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China in the past has made it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our independent registered public accounting firm’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to the PCAOB inspections. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB issued a report that vacated its December 16, 2021 determination and removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. However, if the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, and we use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the SEC, we and investors in our ADSs would be deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections, which could cause investors and potential investors in the ADSs to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements.

Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.

Pursuant to the HFCAA, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the PCAOB for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares or ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States.

On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and our auditor was subject to that determination. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms.

Each year, the PCAOB will determine whether it can inspect and investigate completely audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, among other jurisdictions. If the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong and we use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the SEC, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer following the filing of the annual report on Form 20-F for the relevant fiscal year. In accordance with the HFCAA, our securities would be prohibited from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States if we are identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for two consecutive years in the future. If our shares and ADSs are prohibited from trading in the United States, there is no certainty that we will be able to list on a non-U.S. exchange or that a market for our shares will develop outside of the United States. A prohibition of being able to trade in the United States would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our ADSs when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our ADSs. Also, such a prohibition would significantly affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and prospects.

The current tensions in international trade and rising political tensions, particularly between the United States and China, may adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Although we are a primarily China-based company, we have operations in the U.S. and many of our major customers and suppliers are located in the U.S. and other countries outside of China. In addition, certain of our technologies, such as technologies relating to autonomous driving applications, could be subject to restrictions by the U.S. government in the future. Therefore, government policies restricting international trade and investment, such as capital controls, economic or trade sanctions, export controls, tariffs or foreign investment filings and approvals, may affect the demand for our products and services, impact the competitive position of our products, or prevent us from being able to sell products in certain

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countries. If any new tariffs, legislation, or regulations are implemented (including those imposing economic or trade sanctions, export control restrictions or outbound investments restrictions), or if existing trade agreements are renegotiated, such changes could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Recently, there have been heightened tensions in international economic relations, such as that between the United States and China, but also as a result of the conflict in Ukraine and sanctions on Russia. More recently, the U.S. Department of Commerce published an interim final rule that introduces novel restrictions related to semiconductor, semiconductor manufacturing, supercomputer, and advanced computing items and end uses in China. These sanctions and export controls could adversely affect us and/or our supply chain, business partners, or customers.

The U.S. government has imposed, and has proposed to impose additional, new, or higher tariffs on certain products imported from China to penalize China for what it characterizes as unfair trade practices. China has responded by imposing, and proposing to impose additional, new, or higher tariffs on certain products imported from the United States. Following mutual retaliatory actions for months, on January 15, 2020, the United States and China entered into the Economic and Trade Agreement between the United States of America and the People’s Republic of China as a phase one trade deal, effective on February 14, 2020. In addition, the U.S. government has issued new rules that expanded the definition of military end use and eliminated the applicability of certain license exceptions for exports to countries including China, thereby expanding the export license requirements for U.S. companies to sell certain items to companies in China that have operations that could support military end uses. The U.S. government has also broadened the restrictions on the sale of goods manufactured outside the United States that are produced using certain controlled U.S.-origin technology or software to companies on a special list, or the Entity List, and the restrictions on the use of U.S.-origin semiconductor manufacturing equipment that produces semiconductor devices for companies on the Entity List.

In addition, political tensions between the United States and China have escalated due to, among other things, trade disputes, the COVID-19 outbreak, tensions over Taiwan sanctions imposed by the U.S. Department of Treasury on certain officials of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the PRC central government, the executive orders issued by former U.S. President Donald J. Trump in August 2020 that prohibit certain transactions with certain Chinese companies, and various restrictions related to the Chinese semiconductor industry imposed by the U.S. government. Against this backdrop, China has implemented, and may further implement, measures in response to the changing trade policies, treaties, tariffs and sanctions and restrictions against Chinese companies initiated by the U.S. government.

On September 19, 2020, the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China (“MOFCOM”) promulgated the Regulations on the List of Unreliable Entities, or MOFCOM Order No. 4 of 2020. A working mechanism composed of relevant government agencies will be established to administer the regime of the List of Unreliable Entities. A foreign entity that is designated onto the List of Unreliable Entities may be subject to several measures, including but not limited to: (i) being restricted or prohibited from engaging in import or export activities related to China; and (ii) being restricted or prohibited from investing in China. When an enterprise, organization, or individual of China must conduct business with a designated foreign entity in special circumstances, the enterprise, organization, or individual shall submit an application to the working mechanism for approval, and only when approval is granted may such enterprise, organization, or individual conduct the corresponding transaction.

On January 9, 2021, the MOFCOM promulgated the Rules on Counteracting Unjustified Extra-Territorial Application of Foreign Legislation and Other Measures, or MOFCOM Order No. 1 of 2021. Pursuant to MOFCOM Order No. 1 of 2021, where a citizen, legal person or other organization of China is prohibited or restricted by foreign legislation and other measures from engaging in normal economic, trade and related activities with a third nation (or region) or its citizens, legal persons or other organizations, they shall truthfully report such matters to the competent department of commerce of the State Council within 30 days. The working mechanism, with the participation of relevant departments of central government authorities, will take the following factors into account when assessing whether there exists unjustified extra-territorial application of foreign legislation and other measures: (i) whether international law or the basic principles of international relations are violated; (ii) potential impact on China’s national sovereignty, security and development interests; (iii) potential impact on the legitimate rights and interests of the citizens, legal persons or other organizations of China; and (iv) other factors that shall be taken into account. If it is

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determined that there exists unjustified extra-territorial application of foreign legislation and other measures, MOFCOM may issue an injunction that the relevant foreign legislation and other measures shall not be accepted, executed, or observed. A citizen, legal person or other organization in China may apply for exemption from compliance with an injunction.

On June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of National People’s Congress, or the SCNPC passed the Countering Foreign Sanctions Law, which became effective immediately. The Countering Foreign Sanctions Law provides a legal basis not only for the Chinese government to take action in response to foreign sanctions, but also for Chinese citizens and organizations to bring civil actions for injunctive relief or damages. Under the Countering Foreign Sanctions Law, the competent department of the State Council may place any individuals and organizations that are directly or indirectly involved in making, determining, or implementing the discriminatory restrictive measures as provided therein on the Countermeasure List. A foreign individual or organization on the Countermeasure List may be subject to one or several countermeasures, including but not limited to prohibitions or restrictions on commercial transactions, cooperation or such other activities with organizations and individuals within the territory of China. Furthermore, pursuant to the Countering Foreign Sanctions Law, any organization and individual within the territory of China shall comply with the countermeasures. Any organization or individual who fails to comply or cooperate in implementing the countermeasures may be held liable in accordance with law.

Since the MOFCOM Order No. 4 of 2020, the MOFCOM Order No. 1 of 2021 and the Countering Foreign Sanctions Law are newly enacted, there is a high degree of uncertainty with respect to how they will be interpreted and implemented.

Rising political tensions could reduce levels of trade, investment, technological exchange, and other economic activities between the two major economies, which would have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our and our customers’ business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

As our business depends on markets and supplies located overseas, tariffs and export control measures taken by the PRC, U.S. or any other government or other trade tensions or unfavorable trade policies may affect the costs and/or marketability of our products. Currently, exports of our LiDAR products to the U.S. are subject to 25% tariffs imposed pursuant to Section 301 of Trade Act of 1974. The current international trade tensions and political tensions between the United States and China, and any escalation of such tensions, may have a material negative impact on our ability to secure the supply of raw materials and key components necessary for our operations and our ability to continue to sell to global customers and further grow our customer base. For example, while we are not currently affected by the Entity List or other U.S. export control laws or regulations in any material respect, as the Entity List and other U.S. export control laws and regulations continue to expand and evolve, future U.S. export controls may materially affect or target some of our significant suppliers or customers, in which event our business may be affected if we fail to promptly secure alternative sources of supply or demand on terms acceptable to us. While certain of our items manufactured in China contain a small number of components subject to the U.S. Export Administration Regulations (EAR), our items manufactured in China are not themselves subject to the EAR. Our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be significantly affected by the continued international trade and political tensions.

Our international operations require us to comply with trade restrictions, such as economic sanctions and export controls.

We are subject to trade restrictions, including economic sanctions and export controls, such as those administered and enforced by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, the U.S. Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Department of Commerce, the United Nations Security Council and other relevant authorities. Our global operations expose us to the risk of violating, or being accused of violating economic and trade sanctions and export control laws and regulations. Despite our compliance efforts and activities, there is no assurance that such efforts and activities are effective and we cannot assure compliance by our employees or representatives for which we may be held responsible. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations may expose us to reputational harm as well as significant penalties, including criminal fines, imprisonment,

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civil fines, disgorgement of profits, injunctions and debarment from government contracts, as well as other remedial measures. Investigations of alleged violations can be expensive and disruptive. Any such violation could materially adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

The conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, is based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China. Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. The value of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by changes in China’s political and economic conditions and actions by mainland China’s foreign exchange policies, among other things. We cannot assure you that Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or mainland China or U.S. government policies may impact the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

There remains significant international pressure on the mainland China government to adopt a more flexible currency policy. Any significant appreciation or depreciation of Renminbi may materially and adversely affect our revenues, earnings and financial position, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, our ADSs in U.S. dollars. As a significant portion of our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments are denominated in U.S. dollars, fluctuations in exchange rates between Renminbi and U.S. dollars may result in foreign exchange gains or losses. Furthermore, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive from this offering into Renminbi to pay our operating expenses, appreciation of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, a significant depreciation of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar may significantly reduce the U.S. dollar equivalent of our earnings, which in turn could adversely affect the price of our ADSs.

Very limited hedging options are available in mainland China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by mainland China exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency. As a result, fluctuations in exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on your investment.

Changes in PRC government policies relevant to us or our customers could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

The growth of our business benefits from PRC government policies at central and local levels. Such policies include not only those relevant to us, such as the preferential tax policy for “high and new technology enterprises,” but also those that support the development of new energy vehicles, or NEVs, and domestically manufactured vehicles, which apply to many of our domestic automotive customers. Adverse changes in relevant PRC government policies may materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, the statutory enterprise income tax rate is 25%, but certain “high and new technology enterprises” are qualified for a preferential enterprise income tax rate subject to certain qualification criteria. A “high and new technology enterprise,” which qualification is reassessed every three years, is entitled to a favorable income tax rate of 15%. Our WFOE obtained the high and new technology enterprise accreditation in 2019, which qualification was renewed in 2022 for another three years, and currently enjoys the preferential tax treatment. However, our WFOE may fail to renew its status as a high and new technology enterprise when such qualification expires in 2025. In addition, the relevant government authorities may decide to cancel or modify such preferential treatment for high and new technology enterprises. Therefore, we cannot assure you of the continued availability of such tax preference which we currently enjoy. In the event that our WFOE fails to maintain its qualified status, experiences any increase in the enterprise income tax rate, or faces any discontinuation, retroactive or future reduction or refund of any of the preferential tax treatments currently enjoyed, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

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Many of our customers in China focus on the development and production of NEVs and have been entitled to certain government incentives or subsidies. For example, producers of extended-range electric vehicles enjoy certain favorable government incentives and subsidies, including exemption from vehicle purchase tax, one-time government subsidies, exemption from license plate restrictions in certain cities, exemption from driving restrictions in certain cities, and preferential utility rates for charging facilities. However, China’s central and local governments have begun to phase out such incentives and subsidies. In April 2020, the PRC Ministry of Finance and other national regulatory authorities issued a circular to extend the original end date of subsidies for NEV purchasers to the end of 2022 and reduce the amount of subsidies in 10% increments each year commencing from 2020. However, only certain NEVs are eligible for such subsidies starting from July 2020. On December 31, 2021, the PRC Ministry of Finance and other national regulatory authorities issued another circular that became effective on January 1, 2022, which further reduced the national subsidies for NEVs by 30% in 2022 compared with that of 2021 and also clarified that such subsidies will be eliminated after December 31, 2022 and that NEV purchasers will not be eligible for the subsidies if the NEVs they purchase are licensed after December 31, 2022. Any reduction, elimination or discriminatory application of government subsidies and economic incentives because of policy changes, the reduced need for such subsidies and incentives due to the perceived success of NEVs, fiscal tightening or other factors may affect government incentives or subsides and result in diminished competitiveness of the NEV industry generally. The business of our Chinese NEV customers may suffer as a result, which in turn may have a material and negative impact on us as a LiDAR supplier.

If we fail to obtain and maintain the requisite licenses, permits, registrations and filings applicable to our business, or fail to obtain additional licenses, permits, registrations or filings that become necessary as a result of new enactment or promulgation of government policies, laws or regulations or the expansion of our business, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Under mainland China laws and regulations, we are required to obtain or complete a number of licenses, approvals, registrations, filings and other permissions for our operation, including without limitation, the Customs Import And Export Goods Consignee or Consignor Record Return Receipt for our import and export business, the Fixed Source Discharge Registration Return Receipt for the pollutant emissions from our production process, and Type Approval Certificate for Radio Transmitting Equipment and Record-filing of Sale of Radio Transmitting Equipment for certain of our products. As of the date of this prospectus, we have obtained all the required permission for our current operation. As a fast growing company that is continuously exploring new approaches to conduct our business and capture growth opportunities, we may become subject to additional license, approval and other requirements as we develop and expand our business scope and engage in different business activities. We may fail to meet such requirements timely or at all, in which case we may be subject to administrative penalties and our ability to expand our business and sustain our growth may be materially affected.

In addition, certain licenses, permits or registrations we hold are subject to periodic renewal. If we fail to maintain or renew one or more of our licenses and certificates when their current term expires, or obtain such renewals on a timely manner, our operations could be disrupted. Furthermore, due to uncertainties of interpretation and implementation of existing laws and the adoption of additional laws and regulations, the licenses, permits, registrations or filings we hold may be deemed insufficient by the PRC government, which may restrain our ability to expand our business scope and may subject us to fines or other regulatory actions. If any of these risks materializes, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

The expansion of our manufacturing facilities may be subject to delays, disruptions, cost overruns, or may not produce expected benefits.

Although our existing manufacturing capacity is sufficient for our current and near-term demand, we plan to construct a new manufacturing facility in Jiading, Shanghai to prepare for further production ramp-up of our existing and future LiDAR products. The new facility is expected to commence manufacturing in 2023. In addition, in September 2022, we entered into a project investment agreement under which we will cooperate with the management committee of Xiaoshan Economic and Technological Development Zone of Zhejiang Province in connection with the construction of another manufacturing facility. Our expansion plans could experience delays or other difficulties, and will require significant capital. Any failure

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to complete the expansion on schedule and within budget could adversely affect our financial condition, production capacity, and results of operations. Moreover, we could encounter similar or additional risks if we were to establish new manufacturing facilities in addition to the Jiading and Xiaoshan ones.

Under mainland China laws, construction projects are subject to broad and strict government supervision and approval procedures, including but not limited to project approvals and filings, construction land and project planning approvals, construction permits, occupational disease control approvals, environment protection approvals, the pollution discharge permits, drainage license, work safety approvals, fire protection approvals, and the completion of inspection and acceptance by relevant authorities. We have received the regulatory approvals needed at the current stage for the expansion project of our manufacturing facility in Jiading, and we intend to apply for any regulatory approvals that may be required for the Xiaoshan facility. To the extent additional approvals or permits are needed for our construction work and we fail to secure such approvals or permits, our expansion plan may be disrupted or discontinued. In addition, any potential violation of laws and regulations related to construction may subject us to fines, suspension of construction, and other administrative penalties. Any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our business operations.

If we fail to comply with environmental protection, fire protection, drainage or health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.

We are subject to numerous environmental protection, fire protection, drainage or health and safety laws and regulations, including but not limited to those governing the emission of hazardous gas, the use of radioisotopes and radiation-emitting devices, the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials, drainage and wastes discharge of stationary pollution sources. We have been compliant with such laws and regulations in all material aspects. However, the cost of compliance with such laws and regulations is substantial. In addition, as we continue to expand our manufacturing facilities and capabilities, we cannot assure you that there will not be violations or suspected violations in our facilities that result in us becoming subject to governmental investigations or penalties, which may include cessation of operation, fines, and confiscation of illegal gains. Furthermore, although we believe we take adequate precautions in compliance with relevant regulations with respect to the hazardous gas generated from the welding activities in our manufacturing facilities, we cannot eliminate the risk of such hazardous gas having a negative impact on the health of our employees at the facilities. Any potential failure to comply with environmental, fire protection, drainage or health and safety laws and regulations and/or failure to adequately protect the health of our employees could have a material adverse impact on our business operations and financial performance.

Our leased property interests and title to certain land and buildings we own may be defective and our right to lease and use the properties may be challenged, or we may fail to extend or renew our current leases or locate desirable alternatives for our facilities on commercially acceptable terms, which could materially and adversely affect our business.

We presently lease several premises in China. Some of the lessors of these leases have not provided us with sufficient documents to prove their ownership of the premises or their rights to lease the premises to us for our intended use. Therefore, we cannot assure you that such lessors are entitled to lease the relevant real properties to us. If the lessors are not entitled to lease the real properties to us and the owners of such real properties decline to ratify the lease agreements between us and the respective lessors, we may not be able to enforce our rights to lease such properties under the respective lease agreements against the owners. If our lease agreements are claimed as null and void by third parties who are the real owners of such leased real properties, we could be required to vacate the properties and have limited recourse. Furthermore, under mainland China laws, all lease agreements are required to be registered with the local housing authorities. Currently our lease agreements have not been registered with the relevant authorities. Failure to complete these required registrations may expose us to potential monetary fines.

When our current leases expire, we may fail to extend or renew our leases for reasons such as unavailability of the relevant premises for a new lease term or substantially higher rent demanded by the

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owners. We cannot assure you that suitable alternative locations will be readily available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and if we are unable to relocate our operations in a timely manner, our operations may be adversely affected.

In addition, our use of the land and buildings we lease or own may not be consistent with their approved usage, and some approvals, licenses and permits may not have been obtained for the construction and continuous use of such buildings. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully remedy the defects or obtain all the requisite approvals, licenses or permits. Failure to do so could disrupt our operations and result in significant relocation expenses, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We and our suppliers may rely on complex machinery for our production, which involves a significant degree of risk and uncertainty in terms of operational performance and costs.

We, our manufacturing partners and our suppliers may rely on complex machinery for the production, assembly and installation of our LiDAR products, which will involve a significant degree of uncertainty and risk in terms of operational performance and costs. Our production facilities and the facilities of our manufacturing partners and suppliers consist of large-scale machinery combining many components. These components may suffer unexpected malfunctions from time to time and will depend on repairs and spare parts to resume operations, which may not be available when needed. Unexpected malfunctions of these components may significantly affect the intended operational efficiency. Operational performance and costs can be difficult to predict and are often influenced by factors outside of our control, such as, but not limited to, scarcity of natural resources, environmental hazards and remediation, costs associated with decommissioning of machines, labor disputes and strikes, difficulty or delays in obtaining governmental permits, damages or defects in electronic systems, industrial accidents, fire, seismic activity and natural disasters. Should operational risks materialize, they may result in the personal injury or death of workers, the loss of production equipment, damage to production facilities, monetary losses, delays and unanticipated fluctuations in production, environmental damage, administrative fines, increased insurance costs and potential legal liabilities, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition or operating results.

Our sales and operations in international markets outside of China expose us to operational, financial and regulatory risks.

International sales beyond China comprise a substantial amount of our overall revenue. Sales to international customers accounted for 63.9%, 55.4%, 51.0% and 43.9% of our revenue in 2019, 2020, 2021 and the nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. We are committed to growing our international sales. While we have committed resources, and are working closely with OEMs and other collaborators outside China, to expand our international operations and sales channels, these efforts may not be successful. International operations are subject to a number of other risks, including:

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exchange rate fluctuations;

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political and economic instability, international terrorism and anti-China sentiment;

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global or regional health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic or other health epidemics and outbreaks;

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potential for violations of anti-corruption laws and regulations, such as those related to bribery and fraud;

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preference for locally branded products, and laws and business practices favoring local competition;

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increased difficulty in managing inventory;

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delayed revenue recognition;

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less effective protection of intellectual property;

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stringent regulation of the autonomous or other systems or products using our products and stringent consumer protection and product compliance regulations;

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difficulties and costs of staffing and managing foreign operations;

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import and export laws and the impact of tariffs; and

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changes in local tax and customs duty laws or changes in the enforcement, application or interpretation of such laws.

The occurrence of any of these risks could negatively affect our international business and consequently our business, operating results and financial condition.

We may be subject to product liability or warranty claims that could result in significant direct or indirect costs, which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

Our customers use our products in ADAS and Autonomous Mobility applications, which present the risk of significant injury, including fatalities. We may be subject to claims if a product using our LiDAR technology is involved in an accident and persons are injured or purport to be injured. Similarly, our customers could be subjected to claims as a result of such accidents and bring legal claims against us to attempt to hold us liable. In addition, if lawmakers or governmental agencies were to determine that the use of our products or certain ADAS applications or Autonomous Mobility increased the risk of injury to all or a subset of our customers, they may pass laws or adopt regulations that limit the use of our products or increase our liability associated with the use of our products or that regulate the use of or delay the deployment of ADAS and Autonomous Mobility technology. Any of these events could adversely affect our brand, relationships with customers, operating results or financial condition.

We offer a standard limited-time warranty on our products. The occurrence of any material defects in our products could make us liable for damages and warranty claims. In addition, we could incur significant costs to correct any defects, warranty claims or other problems, including costs related to product recalls. Any negative publicity related to the perceived quality of our products could affect our brand image, partner and customer demand, and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. Also, warranty, recall and product liability claims may result in litigation, including class actions, the occurrence of which could be costly, lengthy and distracting and adversely affect our business and operating results.

If we do not maintain sufficient inventory or if we do not adequately manage our inventory, we could lose sales or incur higher inventory-related expenses, which could negatively affect our operating results.

To ensure adequate inventory supply, we must forecast inventory needs and expenses, place orders sufficiently in advance with our suppliers and manufacturing partners and manufacture products based on our estimates of future demand for particular products. Fluctuations in the adoption of LiDAR products may affect our ability to forecast our future operating results, including revenue, gross margins, cash flows and profitability. Our ability to accurately forecast demand for our products could be affected by many factors, including the rapidly changing nature of the ADAS and Autonomous Mobility markets in which we operate, the uncertainty surrounding the market acceptance and commercialization of LiDAR technology, the emergence of new markets, an increase or decrease in customer demand for our products or for products and services of our competitors, product introductions by competitors, the COVID-19 pandemic, other health epidemics and outbreaks, and any associated work stoppages or interruptions, unanticipated changes in general market conditions and the weakening of economic conditions or consumer confidence in future economic conditions. As our LiDAR products become or continue to be commercialized in ADAS and Autonomous Mobility applications, both of which are experiencing rapid growth in demand, we may face challenges in acquiring adequate supplies to manufacture our products and we and our manufacturing partners may not be able to manufacture our products at a rate necessary to satisfy the levels of demand, which would negatively affect our revenue. This risk may be exacerbated by the fact that we may not carry or be able to obtain for our manufacturers a significant amount of inventory to satisfy short-term demand increases. If we fail to accurately forecast customer demand, we may experience excess inventory levels or a shortage of products available for sale.

Inventory levels in excess of customer demand may result in inventory write-downs or write-offs and the sale of excess inventory at discounted prices, which would adversely affect our financial results, including our gross margin, and have a negative effect on our brand. Conversely, if we underestimate customer

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demand for our products, we, or our manufacturing partners, may not be able to deliver products to meet our requirements, and this could result in damage to our brand and customer relationships and adversely affect our revenue and operating results.

Our business plans require a significant amount of capital. In addition, our future capital needs may require us to issue additional equity or debt securities that may dilute our shareholders or introduce covenants that may restrict our operations or our ability to pay dividends.

We will need significant capital to, among other things, conduct R&D, expand our production capacity, and increase our sales and marketing efforts. As we ramp up our production capacity and operations, we may also require significant capital to maintain our property, plant, and equipment and such costs may be greater than what we currently anticipate. We expect that our level of capital expenditures will be significantly affected by customer demand for our products and services. The fact that we have a limited operating history means we have limited historical data on the demand for our products and services. As a result, our future capital requirements may be uncertain and actual capital requirements may be different from what we currently anticipate. We may seek equity or debt financing to finance a portion of our capital expenditures. Such financing might not be available to us in a timely manner or on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If we cannot obtain sufficient capital on acceptable terms, our business, financial condition, and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

Our ability to obtain the necessary financing to carry out our business plan is subject to a number of factors, including general market conditions and investor acceptance of our business plan. These factors may make the timing, amount, terms and conditions of such financing unattractive or unavailable to us. If we are unable to raise sufficient funds, we will have to significantly reduce our spending, delay or cancel our planned activities, or substantially change our corporate structure. We might not be able to obtain any funding or service any of the debts we incurred, and we might not have sufficient resources to conduct our business as projected, either of which could mean that we would be forced to curtail or discontinue our operations.

In addition, our future capital needs could require us to issue additional equity or debt securities or obtain a credit facility. The issuance of additional equity or equity-linked securities could dilute our shareholders. On November 18, 2022, we entered into an agreement with a commercial bank in China for a credit facility of RMB700 million (US$98.4 million), which will be available in full until November 18, 2024, for the purchasing of property and equipment related to the new manufacturing facility under construction in Jiading, Shanghai. The credit facility is secured by the land-use rights of the new manufacturing facility, including any ongoing and completed constructions thereon. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in an increase in debt service obligations and could result in operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations or our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders and/or disruptions to our operations as a result of certain lenders’ enforcement of mortgages or other security interests on our properties.

Our future growth depends on the successful commercialization of ADAS, Autonomous Mobility and Robotics technologies and products, which may not materialize.

Our LiDAR products serve primarily the ADAS, Autonomous Mobility and Robotics fields, all of which are new and evolving. While we have seen and continue to see rapid and substantial progress made in these fields, how they will continue to evolve, particularly whether and how ADAS, Autonomous Mobility and Robotics technologies and products can be successfully commercialized, remains largely uncertain. Various factors such as technological development, manufacturing costs, market acceptance, regulatory environment, and general economic conditions can affect the future of these new and evolving fields. In the event that any of ADAS, Autonomous Mobility and Robotics fails to develop and mature as expected, and we fail to find additional commercial applications for our LiDAR products, the potential markets for our products could be significantly reduced and our business and prospects may suffer as a result.

Adverse conditions in the automotive industry or the global economy more generally could have adverse effects on our results of operations.

While we make our strategic planning decisions based on the assumption that the markets we are targeting will grow, our business is dependent, in large part on, and directly affected by, business cycles and

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other factors affecting the global automobile industry and global economy generally. Automotive production and sales are highly cyclical and depend on general economic conditions and other factors, including consumer spending and preferences, changes in interest rates and credit availability, consumer confidence, fuel costs, fuel availability, environmental impact, governmental incentives and regulatory requirements, and political volatility, especially in energy-producing countries and growth markets. Furthermore, the conflict in Ukraine and the imposition of broad economic sanctions on Russia could raise energy prices and disrupt global markets, which could affect automotive industry. In addition, automotive production and sales can be affected by our automotive OEM customers’ ability to continue operating in response to challenging economic conditions, labor relations issues, regulatory requirements, trade agreements and other factors. The volume of automotive production in China, the U.S. and the rest of the world has fluctuated, sometimes significantly, from year to year, and we expect such fluctuations to give rise to fluctuations in the demand for our products. Any significant adverse change in any of these factors may result in a reduction in automotive sales and production by our automotive OEM customers and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The discontinuation, lack of commercial success, or loss of business with respect to a particular vehicle model or technology package for which we are a significant supplier could reduce our sales and adversely affect our profitability.

If we succeed in having our LiDAR products selected, we expect to enter into supply agreements with the relevant customers. Market practice dictates that these supply agreements typically require us to supply for a particular model of ADAS or Autonomous Mobility product. These contracts can be short-term and/or subject to renegotiation, sometimes as frequently as annually, all of which may affect product pricing, and may be terminated by our customers at any time. Therefore, even if we are successful in having our LiDAR products selected and the systems into which our products are built are commercialized, the discontinuation of, the loss of business with respect to, or a lack of commercial success of a particular vehicle model or technology package for which we are a significant supplier could mean that the expected sales of our products will not materialize, materially and adversely affecting our business.

Since many of the markets in which we compete are new and rapidly evolving, it is difficult to forecast long-term end-customer adoption rates and demand for our products.

We are pursuing opportunities in markets that are undergoing rapid changes, including technological and regulatory changes, and it is difficult to predict the timing and size of the opportunities. For example, LiDAR-incorporated ADAS and Autonomous Mobility applications require complex technology. Because these automotive systems depend on technology from many companies, commercialization of ADAS or Autonomous Mobility products could be delayed or impaired due to certain technological components not being ready to be deployed in vehicles or other applications. The commercial partners with whom we currently have contracts may not be able to commercialize our technology immediately, or at all. Regulatory, safety or reliability developments, many of which are outside of our control, could also cause delays or otherwise impair commercial adoption of these new technologies, which will adversely affect our growth. Our future financial performance will depend on our ability to make timely investments in the correct market opportunities. If one or more of these markets experience a shift in customer or prospective customer demand, our products may not compete as effectively, if at all, and they may not be designed into commercialized products. For instance, if a new regulation or industry standard permits only LiDAR with certain wavelengths to be used on public roads, and our products fall outside that scope, the adoption of and customer demand for our products will be significiantly affected. Given the evolving nature of the markets in which we operate, it is difficult to predict customer demand or adoption rates for our products or the future growth of the markets in which we operate. As a result, the financial projections in this prospectus necessarily reflect various estimates and assumptions that may not prove accurate and these projections could differ materially from actual results due to the risks included in this “Risk Factors” section, among others. If demand does not develop or if we cannot accurately forecast customer demand, the size of our markets, or inventory requirements, our business, results of operations and financial condition will be adversely affected.

Our results of operations may vary significantly from period to period due to the seasonality of our business and fluctuations in our operating costs.

Our results of operations may vary significantly from period to period due to many factors, including seasonal factors that may affect the demand for our LiDAR products. The sales volume of our LiDAR

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products is typically higher in the second half of the year than that of the first half. Our limited operating history makes it difficult for us to judge the exact nature or extent of the seasonality of our business. Our results of operations could also suffer if we do not achieve revenue consistent with our expectations for this seasonal demand because many of our expenses are based on anticipated levels of annual revenue.

We also expect our period-to-period results of operations to vary based on our operating costs, which we anticipate will increase significantly in future periods as we, among other things, invest more resources to design, develop, and manufacture our LiDAR products, build new manufacturing facilities, increase our sales and marketing activities, and increase our general and administrative functions to support our growing operations.

As a result of these factors, we believe that period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations are not necessarily meaningful and that these comparisons cannot be relied upon as indicators of future performance. Moreover, our results of operations may not meet expectations of equity research analysts or investors. If this occurs, the trading price of our ADSs could fall substantially either suddenly or over time.

We generate a substantial portion of our revenue from a limited number of customers and products, and the loss of, or a significant reduction in, revenue from such customers or products could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

Although we have and continue to pursue a broad customer base, we are dependent on a collection of large customers with strong purchasing power. In 2019, 2020, 2021 and the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2022, one customer, a leading global OEM headquartered in the United States, accounted for 23.6%, 10.4%, 17.5%, 10.7% and 10.1% of our revenue, respectively. We directly receive purchase orders from this customer. The purchase orders generally provide volumes and prices of the LiDAR products, packaging and delivery arrangements, payment arrangements, inspection requirements and warranty period. In addition, the purchase orders provide that the purchase agreements may be terminated by the customer if we materially breach the agreement or become insolvent, or other events occur that may adversely affect our ability to perform our contractual obligations. If our purchase agreements are otherwise terminated by the customer, we will still be paid an amount calculated based on (i) the price for all goods and services that have been completed in accordance with the purchase agreement and not previously paid for; and (ii) the actual costs of work-in-process and raw materials incurred by us in furnishing the goods or services under the purchase agreement, subject to certain conditions and exceptions. In addition, a leading autonomous driving company with fleets and operations in both the United States and China accounted for 12.7% and 10.7% of our revenue in 2021 and the nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, and a leading new energy vehicle manufacturer headquartered in China accounted for 13.4% of our revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

A few customers accounted for more than 10% of our balances of accounts receivable, contract assets and amount due from related parties as of December 31, 2019, 2020, 2021 and September 30, 2022, respectively. The loss of business from any of our major customers (whether by lower overall demand for our products, cancellation of existing contracts or product orders or the failure to award us new business) could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. There is also a risk that one or more of our major customers could be unable to pay our invoices as they become due or that a customer will simply refuse to make such payments if it experiences financial difficulties. If a major customer were to enter into bankruptcy proceedings or similar proceedings whereby contractual commitments are subject to stay of execution and the possibility of legal or other modification, we could be forced to record a substantial loss.

Furthermore, we have been dependent on a limited number of products to generate a substantial portion of our revenue. In 2019, 2020, 2021 and the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we had three, five, six and six major products, respectively, that generated a substantial portion of our revenues. For example, Pandar64, a popular LiDAR product launched in January 2019, accounted for 64.2%, 44.9%, 29.8% and 15.9% of our revenue in 2019, 2020, 2021 and the nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, and Pandar128, one of the most advanced mechanical LiDAR products available in the world, according to the Frost & Sullivan Report, accounted for 30.0% and 34.1% of our revenue in 2021 and the nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. The markets for LiDAR products and customers’ needs and preferences are rapidly evolving. We, as well as many of our competitors, are constantly upgrading LiDAR

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products and rolling out new products with higher performance and better quality. To the extent any of our major products loses its appeal to customers and in turn its market share, whether due to competition from our competitors’ products or our own alternative products or overall lower demand for LiDAR products, among other things, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

If we are unable to establish and maintain confidence in our long-term business prospects among customers and other third parties within our industry or are subject to negative publicity, then our financial condition, operating results, business prospects and access to capital may suffer materially.

Customers may be less likely to purchase our LiDAR products if they are not convinced that our business will succeed or that our service and support and other operations will continue in the long term.

Similarly, suppliers and other third parties will be less likely to invest time and resources in developing business relationships with us if they are not convinced that our business will succeed. Accordingly, in order to build and maintain our business, we must maintain confidence among customers, suppliers, analysts, ratings agencies and other parties in our products, long-term financial viability and business prospects. Maintaining such confidence may in particular be complicated by certain factors including those that are largely outside of our control, such as our limited operating history, customer unfamiliarity with our LiDAR products, any delays in scaled production, delivery and service operations to meet demand, competition and uncertainty regarding the future of autonomous vehicles or other potential markets and our production and sales performance compared with market expectations.

Developments in alternative technology may adversely affect the demand for our LiDAR technology.

Significant developments in alternative technologies, such as cameras and radar, may materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results in ways we do not currently anticipate. Existing and other camera and radar technologies may emerge as customers’ preferred alternatives to our products. Any failure by us to develop new or enhanced technologies or processes, or to react to changes in existing technologies, could materially delay our development and introduction of new and enhanced products in the autonomous vehicle industry, which could result in the loss of competitiveness of our LiDAR products, decreased revenue and a loss of market share to competitors. Our R&D efforts may not be sufficient to adapt to changes in technology. As technologies change, we plan to upgrade or adapt our LiDAR products with the latest technology. However, our products may not compete effectively with alternative systems if we are not able to source and integrate the latest technology into our existing LiDAR products.

We may need to defend ourselves against intellectual property right infringement claims, which may be time-consuming and would cause us to incur substantial costs.

Entities or individuals, including our competitors, may hold or obtain patents, copyrights, trademarks, or other proprietary rights that would prevent, limit, or interfere with our ability to make, use, develop, sell or market our LiDAR products or components, which could make it more difficult for us to operate our business. From time to time, we may receive communications from intellectual property right holders regarding their proprietary rights. Companies holding patents or other intellectual property rights may bring suits alleging infringement of such rights or otherwise assert their rights and urge us to take licenses, whether such allegations are true or not. For example, in 2019, Velodyne Lidar, Inc. filed a lawsuit against us with the U.S. Federal District Court for the Northern District of California and the U.S. International Trade Commission for alleged infringement of its patents for mechanical rotational LiDAR registered in the United States. See “Business — Legal Proceedings.” Our applications and uses of trademarks relating to our design, software, or artificial intelligence technology could also be found to infringe upon existing trademark ownership and rights. In addition, if we are determined to have infringed upon a third party’s intellectual property rights, we may be required to do one or more of the following:

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cease selling, incorporating certain components into, or using products or offering services that incorporate or use the challenged intellectual property;

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pay substantial damages;

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seek a license from the holder of the infringed intellectual property right, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all;

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redesign our products or services; or

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establish and maintain alternative branding for our products and services.

In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us and our failure or inability to obtain a license to the infringed technology or other intellectual property right, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, any litigation or claims, whether or not valid, could result in substantial costs, negative publicity, and diversion of resources and management attention.

We may not be able to prevent others from unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position.

We regard our trademarks, patents, domain names, trade secrets, proprietary technologies, and similar intellectual property as critical to our success. We rely on trademark and patent law, trade secret protection and confidentiality and license agreements with our employees and others to protect our proprietary rights.

We have invested significant resources to develop our own intellectual property. Failure to maintain or protect these rights could harm our business. In addition, any unauthorized use of our intellectual property by third parties may adversely affect our current and future revenues and our reputation.

Implementation and enforcement of mainland China laws relating to intellectual property have historically been deficient and ineffective. Accordingly, protection of intellectual property rights in mainland China may not be as effective as in the United States or other developed countries. Furthermore, policing unauthorized use of proprietary technology is difficult and expensive. We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret laws and restrictions on disclosure to protect our intellectual property rights. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, third parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our intellectual property or seek court declarations that they do not infringe upon our intellectual property rights. Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly, and we cannot assure you that the steps we have taken or will take will prevent misappropriation of our intellectual property. From time to time, we may have to resort to litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources.

As our patents may expire and may not be extended, our patent applications may not be granted, and our patent rights may be contested, circumvented, invalidated, or limited in scope, our patent rights may not protect us effectively. In particular, we may not be able to prevent others from developing or exploiting competing technologies, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

As of December 31, 2022, we had 321 patents granted and 483 pending patent applications in mainland China, and 29 patents granted and 230 pending patent applications in other jurisdictions, such as the United States and Europe. We cannot assure you that all our pending patent applications will result in issued patents. Even if our patent applications succeed and we are issued patents accordingly, it is still uncertain whether these patents will be contested, circumvented, or invalidated in the future. In addition, the rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with meaningful protection or competitive advantages. The claims under any patents may not be broad enough to prevent others from developing technologies that are similar or that achieve results similar to ours. It is also possible that the intellectual property rights of others could bar us from licensing and exploiting our patents. Numerous patents and pending patent applications owned by others exist in the fields where we have developed and are developing our technology. These patents and patent applications might have priority over our patent applications and could subject our patent applications to invalidation. Finally, in addition to those who may claim priority, any of our existing patents or pending patent applications may also be challenged by others on the basis that they are otherwise invalid or unenforceable.

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We are subject to risks associated with strategic alliances or acquisitions.

We have entered into and may in the future enter into strategic alliances, including joint ventures or minority equity investments, with various third parties to further our business purpose from time to time. These alliances could subject us to a number of risks, including risks associated with sharing proprietary information, non-performance by third parties, and increases in expenses in establishing new strategic alliances, any of which may materially and adversely affect our business. We may have limited ability to monitor or control the actions of these third parties and, to the extent any of these third parties suffers negative publicity or harm to their reputation from events relating to their businesses, we may also suffer negative publicity or harm to our reputation by virtue of our association with any such third party.

In addition, if appropriate opportunities arise, we may acquire additional assets, products, technologies, or businesses that are complementary to our existing business. In addition to possible shareholder approval, we may have to obtain approvals and licenses from relevant government authorities for the acquisitions and to comply with any applicable laws and regulations of mainland China or other jurisdictions, which could result in increasing delay and costs, and may derail our business strategy if we fail to do so. Moreover, the costs of identifying and consummating acquisitions may be significant. Furthermore, past and future acquisitions and the subsequent integration of new assets and businesses into our own require significant attention from our management and could result in a diversion of resources from our existing business, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our operations. Acquired assets or businesses may not generate the financial results we expect. Acquisitions could result in the use of substantial amounts of cash, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, the occurrence of significant goodwill impairment charges, amortization expenses for other intangible assets, and exposure to potential unknown liabilities of the acquired business. Any acquired business may be involved in legal proceedings originating from historical periods prior to the acquisition, and we may not be fully indemnified, or at all, for any damage to us resulting from such legal proceedings, which could materially and adversely affect our financial position and results of operations.

We plan to grant options and other types of awards under our share incentive plan, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses.

We adopted a share incentive plan, or the 2021 Plan, in June 2021 for the purpose of granting share-based compensation awards to employees, directors, and consultants to incentivize their performance and align their interests with ours. Under the 2021 Plan, we are authorized to grant options and other types of awards. The maximum number of ordinary shares that may be issued pursuant to all awards under the 2021 Plan is initially 16,365,047 shares, subject to annual increases. See “Management — Share Incentive Plan.” As of the date of this prospectus, awards to purchase an aggregate amount of 9,642,625 Class B ordinary shares had been granted and were outstanding under the 2021 Plan.

We believe the granting of share-based awards is of significant importance to our ability to attract and retain key personnel and employees, and we plan to grant share-based compensation to employees in the future. As a result, our expenses associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

Furthermore, perspective candidates and existing employees often consider the value of the equity awards they receive in connection with their employment. Thus, our ability to attract or retain highly skilled employees may be adversely affected by declines in the perceived value of our equity or equity awards. Furthermore, there are no assurances that the number of shares reserved for issuance under our share incentive plans will be sufficient to grant equity awards adequate to recruit new employees and to compensate existing employees.

Our business depends substantially on the efforts of our founders, executive officers and highly skilled personnel, and our operations may be severely disrupted if we lost their services.

We are highly dependent on Dr. Yifan Li, our co-founder and chief executive officer, Dr. Kai Sun, our co-founder and chief scientist, and Mr. Shaoqing Xiang, our co-founder and chief technology officer. Each of the three co-founders leads different aspects of our business. The loss of any of our co-founders would adversely affect our business because such loss could make it more difficult to, among other things, compete

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with other market participants, manage our R&D activities and retain existing customers or cultivate new ones. Our other executive officers also play key roles in our business operations, and we rely on their efforts to manage and grow our business.

Our business depends on a variety of other highly skilled personnel as well. Competition for highly skilled personnel is often intense, and we may incur significant costs to attract highly skilled personnel. We may not be successful in attracting, integrating, or retaining qualified personnel to fulfill our current or future needs. We have, from time to time, experienced, and we expect to continue to experience, difficulty in hiring and retaining highly skilled employees with appropriate qualifications. In addition, job candidates and existing employees often consider the value of the equity awards they receive in connection with their employment. If the perceived value of our equity or equity awards declines, it may adversely affect our ability to retain highly skilled employees. If we fail to attract new personnel or fail to retain and motivate our existing personnel, our business and future growth prospects could be adversely affected.

Our management team has limited experience managing a public company.

Most of the members of our management team have limited experience managing a publicly traded company, interacting with public company investors, and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies. Additionally, some members of our management team were recently hired. Our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage their new roles and responsibilities. Our transition to being a public company will subject us to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the U.S. federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors. These new obligations and constituents will require significant attention from our senior management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results.

We have identified a material weakness in our internal controls. If we are unable to develop and maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results in a timely manner, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

Prior to this offering, we have been a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources with which to address our internal control and procedures. Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and, together with adequate disclosure control and procedures, are designed to prevent fraud. In the course of preparing and auditing our combined and consolidated financial statements, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified one material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. As defined in the standards established by the PCAOB, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The material weakness identified relates to lack of sufficient skilled staff with U.S. GAAP knowledge for the purpose of financial reporting to comply with U.S. GAAP and SEC requirements. The material weakness, if not remediated timely, may lead to material misstatements in our combined and consolidated financial statements in the future. Following the identification of the material weakness, we have taken and plan to continue to take remedial measures. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Internal Control over Financial Reporting.” We cannot assure you, however, that these measures may fully address this material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting or that we may not identify additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in the future.

After we become a public company in the United States, we will be subject to the reporting requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, will require us to include a report from management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F beginning with the fiscal year ending December 31, 2023. In addition, once we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as such term is defined in the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over

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financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal control or the level at which our control is documented, designed, operated, or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, after we become a public company, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational, and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation in a timely manner.

During the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404, we may identify other weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, if we fail to maintain adequate and effective internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented, or amended from time to time, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404. If we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations, and lead to a decline in the trading price of our ADSs. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increasing risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list, regulatory investigations, and civil or criminal sanctions. We may also be required to restate our financial statements from prior periods.

We may be subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, financial and economic sanctions, and similar laws, and noncompliance with such laws can subject us to administrative, civil, and criminal penalties, collateral consequences, remedial measures, and legal expenses, all of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and reputation.

We may be subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, financial and economic sanctions, and similar laws and regulations in various jurisdictions in which we conduct activities, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the FCPA, and other anti-corruption laws and regulations. The FCPA prohibits us and our officers, directors, employees, and business partners acting on our behalf, including agents, from corruptly offering, promising, authorizing, or providing anything of value to a “foreign official” for the purposes of influencing official decisions or obtaining or retaining business or otherwise obtaining favorable treatment. The FCPA also requires companies to make and keep books, records, and accounts that accurately reflect transactions and dispositions of assets and to maintain a system of adequate internal accounting controls. A violation of these laws or regulations could adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition, and results of operations.

We have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies and state-owned affiliated entities in the ordinary course of business. We also have business collaborations with government agencies and state-owned affiliated entities. These interactions subject us to an increasing level of compliance-related concerns. We have adopted and implemented certain policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance by us and our directors, officers, employees, and business partners with applicable anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, financial and economic sanctions, and similar laws and regulations. However, our policies and procedures may not be sufficient and our directors, officers, employees, and business partners could engage in improper conduct for which we may be held responsible.

Non-compliance with anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, or financial and economic sanctions laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, and severe administrative, civil and criminal sanctions, collateral consequences, remedial measures, and legal expenses, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may be subject to legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our business. If the outcomes of these proceedings are adverse to us, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We may be subject to legal proceedings from time to time in the ordinary course of our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Claims

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arising out of actual or alleged violations of law could be asserted against us by our customers, our competitors, governmental entities in civil or criminal investigations and proceedings, or other entities. These claims could be asserted under a variety of laws, including but not limited to product liability laws, intellectual property laws, labor and employment laws, securities laws, tort laws, contract laws, property laws, and employee benefit laws. There is no guarantee that we will be successful in defending ourselves in legal and administrative actions or in asserting our rights under various laws. Even if we are successful in our attempt to defend ourselves in legal and administrative actions or to assert our rights under various laws, enforcing our rights against the various parties involved may be expensive, time-consuming, and ultimately futile. These actions could expose us to negative publicity and to substantial monetary damages and legal defense costs, injunctive relief, and criminal, civil, and administrative fines and penalties.

We have limited insurance coverage, which could expose us to significant costs and business disruption.

We have limited liability insurance coverage for our products and business operations. A successful liability claim against us, regardless of whether due to injuries suffered by our customers could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and reputation. In addition, we do not have any business disruption insurance. Any business disruption event could result in substantial cost to us and diversion of our resources.

Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fire, floods and other natural catastrophic events, global pandemics, and interruptions by man-made problems, such as terrorism. Material disruptions of our business or information systems resulting from these events could adversely affect our operating results.

A significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire, flood, hurricane or significant power outage or other similar events, such as infectious disease outbreaks or pandemic events, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, could have an adverse effect on our business and operating results. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section, such as the demand for our products, our ability to achieve or maintain profitability and our ability to raise additional capital in the future. See “— Our business has been and may continue to be adversely affected by the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic or other health epidemics and outbreaks.” In addition, natural disasters, acts of terrorism or war could cause disruptions in our manufacturing operations, our delivery of products and other aspects of our business, our customers’ or channel partners’ businesses, our suppliers’ businesses, or the economy as a whole. We also rely on information technology systems to communicate among our workforce and with third parties. Any disruption to our communications, whether caused by a natural disaster or by man-made problems, such as power disruptions, could adversely affect our business. We do not have a formal disaster recovery plan or policy in place and do not currently require that our suppliers’ partners have such plans or policies in place. To the extent that any such disruptions result in delays or cancellations of orders or impede our suppliers’ ability to timely deliver product components, or the deployment of our products, our business, operating results and financial condition would be adversely affected.

Interruption or failure of our information technology and communications systems could impact our availability and effectiveness of our software systems.

Our LiDAR hardware works with our software systems to fully function. The availability and effectiveness of such systems depend on the continued operation of information technology and communications systems. Our systems will be vulnerable to damage or interruption from, among others, physical theft, fire, terrorist attacks, natural disasters, power loss, war, telecommunications failures, viruses, denial or degradation of service attacks, ransomware, social engineering schemes, insider theft or misuse or other attempts to harm our systems. We utilize reputable third-party service providers or vendors for our data, and these providers could also be vulnerable to harms similar to those that could damage our systems, including sabotage and intentional acts of vandalism causing potential disruptions. Our disaster recovery planning cannot account for all eventualities. Any problems with our third-party cloud hosting providers could result in lengthy interruptions in our business. In addition, our software systems are highly technical and complex technology which may contain errors or vulnerabilities that could result in interruptions in our business or the failure of our systems.

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We are subject to cybersecurity risks with respect to operational systems, security systems, infrastructure, integrated software in our LiDAR products and customer data processed by us or third-party vendors or suppliers and any material failure, weakness, interruption, cyber event, incident or breach of security could prevent us from effectively operating our business.

We are at risk for interruptions, outages and breaches of operational systems, including business, financial, accounting, product development, data processing or production processes, owned by us or our third-party vendors or suppliers; facility security systems, owned by us or our third-party vendors or suppliers; in-product technology owned by us or our third-party vendors or suppliers; the integrated software in our LiDAR products; or customer data that we process or our third-party vendors or suppliers process on our behalf. Such cyber incidents could materially disrupt operational systems; result in loss of intellectual property, trade secrets or other proprietary or competitively sensitive information; compromise certain information of customers, employees, suppliers, or others; jeopardize the security of our facilities; or affect the performance of in-product technology and the integrated software in our LiDAR products. A cyber incident could be caused by disasters, insiders (through inadvertence or with malicious intent) or malicious third parties (including nation-states or nation-state supported actors) using sophisticated, targeted methods to circumvent firewalls, encryption and other security defenses, including hacking, fraud, trickery or other forms of deception. The techniques used by cyber attackers change frequently and may be difficult to detect for long periods of time. Although we maintain information technology measures designed to protect us against intellectual property theft, data breaches and other cyber incidents, such measures will require updates and improvements, and we cannot guarantee that such measures will be adequate to detect, prevent or mitigate cyber incidents. The implementation, maintenance, segregation and improvement of these systems requires significant management time, support and cost. Moreover, there are inherent risks associated with developing, improving, expanding and updating current systems, including the disruption of our data management, procurement, production execution, finance, supply chain and sales and service processes. These risks may affect our ability to manage our data and inventory, procure parts or supplies or produce, sell, deliver and service our products, adequately protect our intellectual property or achieve and maintain compliance with, or realize available benefits under, applicable laws, regulations and contracts. We cannot be sure that the systems upon which we rely, including those of our third-party vendors or suppliers, will be effectively implemented, maintained or expanded as planned. If we do not successfully implement, maintain or expand these systems as planned, our operations may be disrupted, our ability to accurately and timely report our financial results could be impaired, and deficiencies may arise in our internal control over financial reporting, which may impact our ability to certify our financial results. Moreover, our proprietary information or intellectual property could be compromised or misappropriated and our reputation may be adversely affected. If these systems do not operate as we expect them to, we may be required to expend significant resources to make corrections or find alternative sources for performing these functions.

A significant cyber incident could impact production capability, harm our reputation, cause us to breach our contracts with other parties or subject us to regulatory actions or litigation, any of which could materially affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

The PRC government has significant oversight and discretion over our business operation, and it may influence or intervene in our operations at any time as part of its efforts to enforce mainland China law, which could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.

We conduct our business primarily in China. Our operations in China are governed by mainland China laws and regulations. The PRC government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business, and may intervene or influence our operations at any time. The PRC government has recently published new policies that significantly affected certain industries and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies that directly or indirectly affect our industry or require us to seek additional permission to continue our operations, which could result in a material adverse change in our operation and/or the value of our ADSs. Therefore, investors of our company and our business face potential uncertainty from actions taken by the PRC government affecting our business. The Chinese government has exerted more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and foreign investment in China-based issuers. Such actions could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to

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offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our ADSs to significantly decline or be worthless. For more details, see “— The approval and/or other requirements of the CSRC or other mainland China governmental authorities may be required in connection with this offering under mainland China rules, regulations or policies, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining the requisite governmental approval for this offering, or a rescission of such approval, would subject us to sanctions imposed by the relevant mainland China governmental authority.”

Uncertainties exist with respect to how the PRC Foreign Investment Law may impact the viability of our current corporate structure and operations.

Laws regulating foreign investment in China include the PRC Foreign Investment Law, or the PRC FIL, effective from January 1, 2020, and the Regulation on Implementing the PRC Foreign Investment Law, or the Implementation Regulations, effective from January 1, 2020. The PRC FIL specifies that foreign investments shall be conducted in line with the “negative list” to be issued or approved to be issued by the State Council. The “negative list” proscribes special administrative measures for foreign investment in specific fields or industries, and foreign investments in businesses not included in the negative list will be granted national treatment. While our current businesses are not included in the currently effective negative list and are not otherwise restricted to foreign investment by mainland China laws and regulations, it is uncertain whether our industry will be named in an updated “negative list” to be issued in the future. If our industry is added to the “negative list” or if the mainland China regulatory authorities otherwise decide to limit foreign ownership in our industry, there could be a risk that we would be unable to do business in China as we are currently structured. If any new laws and/or regulations on foreign investments in China are promulgated and implemented, such changes could have a significant impact on our current corporate structure, which in turn could have a material adverse impact on our business and operations, our ability to raise capital and the market price of our ADSs. In such event, despite our efforts to restructure to comply with the then applicable mainland China laws and regulations in order to continue our operations in China, we may experience material changes in our business and results of operations, our attempts may prove to be futile due to factors beyond our control, and the value of the ADSs you invest in may significantly decline or become worthless.

Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

We expect that most of our operations will continue to be conducted in China. Accordingly, our results of operations, financial condition and prospects are influenced by economic, political and legal developments in China. China’s economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including with respect to the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the PRC government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the government. The PRC government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through strategically allocating resources, controlling the payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. While the PRC economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, that growth has been uneven across different regions and between economic sectors and may not continue, as evidenced by the slowing of the growth of the Chinese economy since 2012. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the Chinese government or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could adversely affect our business and operating results, leading to reduction in demand for our products and services and adversely affect our competitive position.

The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us. In addition, in the past the Chinese government has implemented certain measures, including interest rate adjustment, to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity in China, which may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

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Uncertainties with respect to the mainland China legal system could materially and adversely affect us.

The mainland China legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions under the civil law system may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. The overall effect of legislation over the past four decades has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in mainland China. However, mainland China has not developed a fully integrated legal system, and recently enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in mainland China. Since these laws and regulations are relatively new and may be amended from time to time, and the mainland China legal system continues to rapidly evolve, and because of the limited number of published decisions and the nonbinding nature of such decisions, and because the laws and regulations often give the relevant regulator significant discretion in how to enforce them, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules may not be uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties. These uncertainties may affect our judgment on the relevance of legal requirements and our ability to enforce our contractual rights or tort claims. Besides, mainland China is geographically large and divided into various provinces and municipalities and, as such, different laws, rules, regulations and policies may have different and varying applications and interpretations in different parts of mainland China. Legislation or regulations, particularly in local applications, may be enacted without sufficient prior notice or announcement to the public. In addition, the regulatory uncertainties may be exploited through unmerited or frivolous legal actions or threats in attempts to extract payments or benefits from us. Furthermore, the mainland China legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis, or at all, and may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of any of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Agreements that are governed by mainland China laws may be more difficult to enforce by legal or arbitral proceedings in mainland China than that in other countries with different legal systems. In addition, any administrative and court proceedings in mainland China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention.

The approval and other requirements of the CSRC or other mainland China governmental authorities may be required in connection with this offering under mainland China rules, regulations or policies, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining the requisite governmental approval for this offering, or a rescission of such approval, would subject us to sanctions imposed by the relevant mainland China governmental authority.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, purport to require offshore special purpose vehicles that are controlled by mainland China companies or individuals and that have been formed for the purpose of seeking a public listing on an overseas stock exchange through acquisitions of mainland China domestic companies or assets to obtain CSRC approval prior to publicly listing their securities on an overseas stock exchange. The interpretation and application of the regulations remain unclear. If CSRC approval is required, it is uncertain how long it will take for us to obtain such approval, and, even if we obtain such CSRC approval, the approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or a delay in obtaining CSRC approval for this offering may subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC and other mainland China regulatory agencies, which could include fines and penalties on our operations in mainland China, restrictions or limitations on our ability to pay dividends outside of mainland China, and other forms of sanctions that may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Although (i) the CSRC currently has not issued any definitive rule or interpretation concerning whether offerings like ours under this prospectus are subject to the M&A Rules; and (ii) when our Company set up its offshore holding structure, Shanghai Hesai was a then existing foreign invested entity and not a mainland China domestic company as defined under the M&A Rules, and the acquisition by Hesai Hong Kong of the equity interest in Shanghai Hesai was not subject to the M&A Rules, the interpretation and application of the regulations remain unclear, and this offering may ultimately require approval from the CSRC. If CSRC approval is required, it is uncertain whether it would be possible for us to obtain the approval and any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining CSRC approval for this offering would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC and other mainland China regulatory agencies.

Furthermore, on July 6, 2021, the PRC government promulgated the July 6 Opinions, which, among other things, called for enhanced administration and supervision of overseas-listed mainland China-based

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companies, proposed to strengthen the supervision of the overseas issuance and listing of shares by mainland China-based companies and clarified the responsibilities of competent domestic industry regulators and government authorities. We do not believe that any provision in the July 6 Opinions had a material adverse impact on our business or offshore listing plan. On December 28, 2021, the CAC, together with other relevant administrative departments, jointly released the Cybersecurity Review Measures, which took effect on February 15, 2022. Pursuant to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, network platform operators with personal information of over one million users shall apply with the Cybersecurity Review Office for a cybersecurity review before going to list abroad. See “— Any failure to comply with the various applicable laws and regulations related to data security and cybersecurity could affect our offshore listing and lead to liabilities, penalties or other regulatory actions, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.” On March 17, 2022, the CCRC confirmed to us in writing that we would not be required to apply for a cybersecurity review in connection with this offering and our proposed listing if we do not possess over one million users’ personal information prior to the completion of this offering and our proposed listing. As a result, based on the fact that we are not in possession of more than one million users’ personal information, we are not subject to cybersecurity review by the CAC for this offering and our proposed listing.

On December 24, 2021, the Draft Overseas Listing Administration Provisions and the Administrative Measures on Filing of Overseas Issuance and Listing of Securities by Domestic Enterprises (Draft for Public Comments) were released for public comments by the CSRC, and such public comment period has ended. Pursuant to these drafts, mainland China domestic companies that directly or indirectly offer or list their securities in an overseas market, which include (i) any mainland China company limited by shares, and (ii) any offshore company that conducts its business operations primarily in mainland China and contemplates to offer or list its securities in an overseas market based on its onshore equities, assets or similar interests, are required to file with the CSRC within three business days after submitting their listing application documents to the relevant regulator in the place of intended listing. The drafts, among others, further stipulate that when determining whether an offering and listing shall be deemed as an “indirect overseas offering and listing by a Chinese company”, the principle of “substance over form” shall be followed, and if the issuer meets the following conditions, its offering and listing shall be determined as an “indirect overseas offering and listing by a Chinese company” and is therefore subject to the filing requirement: (1) the revenues, profits, total assets or net assets of the Chinese operating entities in the most recent financial year account for more than 50% of the corresponding data in the issuer’s audited consolidated financial statements for the same period; or (2) the majority of senior management in charge of business operations are Chinese citizens or have domicile in mainland China, and its principal place of business is located in mainland China or main business activities are conducted in mainland China. Failure to complete such filing may subject a mainland China domestic company to a warning or a fine between RMB1 million and RMB10 million. If the circumstances are serious, mainland China domestic company may be ordered to suspend its business or suspend its operation for rectification, or its permits or businesses license may be revoked. However, as of the date of this prospectus, uncertainties exist regarding the final form of these regulations as well as the interpretation and implementation thereof after promulgation. Pursuant to these regulations, a domestic enterprise applying for listing abroad shall, among others, complete record-filing procedures and report relevant information to the securities regulatory authority as required. We plan to comply with the filing procedures of the CSRC with respect to this offering, if and when such procedures are adopted by the CSRC.

On April 2, 2022, the CSRC, together with the MOF, the NAPSS and the SAAC, issued the Draft Archives Rules for public comment. The Draft Archives Rules reiterate that working papers produced in mainland China by securities companies and securities service providers for direct and indirect overseas offering and listing by domestic companies, should be retained in mainland China, and, without prior approval by competent authorities of mainland China, such working papers shall not be brought, mailed or otherwise transferred to recipients outside of mainland China. Furthermore, the Draft Archives Rules establish a cross-border regulatory cooperation mechanism as prescribed in the PRC Securities Law and strengthen cross-border regulatory cooperation as prescribed in the Draft Overseas Listing Administration Provisions, which shifts the overall direction of cross-border supervision of overseas offering and listing from a “dominated by domestic regulators or depend on the conclusions of inspections by domestic regulators”

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approach to a “cross-border regulatory cooperation” mechanism. The Draft Archives Rules were released only for soliciting public comments at this stage and their final form, interpretation and implementation remain substantially uncertain.

Any failure to comply with the various applicable laws and regulations related to data security and cybersecurity could affect our offshore listing and lead to liabilities, penalties or other regulatory actions, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

On November 14, 2021, the CAC issued the Administrative Regulations of Cyber Data Security (Draft for Comments), or the Draft Cyber Data Security Regulations, which provide that data processors conducting the following activities shall apply for cybersecurity review: (i) merger, reorganization or spin-off of Internet platform operators that have acquired a large number of data resources related to national security, economic development or public interests affects or may affect national security; (ii) listing abroad of data processors processing over one million users’ personal information; (iii) listing in Hong Kong which affects or may affect national security; (iv) other data processing activities that affect or may affect national security. As of the date of the prospectus, no detailed rules or implementation has been issue by any Protection Departments. On December 28, 2021, the CAC, together with other relevant administrative departments, jointly promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures which took effect on February 15, 2022. According to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, an internet platform operator who possesses personal information of more than one million users shall apply for a cybersecurity review before listing in a foreign country, and the relevant governmental authorities may initiate a cybersecurity review if they consider relevant network products or services affect or data processing activities may affect national security.

The mainland China regulatory and enforcement regime with regard to data security and data protection is evolving and may be subject to different interpretations or significant changes. Moreover, different PRC regulatory bodies, including the SCNPC, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or the MIIT, the CAC, the Ministry of Public Security and the State Administration for Market Regulation, or the SAMR, have enforced data privacy and protections laws and regulations with varying standards and applications. See “Regulation — Regulations on Internet Information Security and Privacy Protection.”

Our business generally does not involve the collection or processing of personal information or data that may affect national security. On March 17, 2022, the CCRC confirmed to us in writing that we would not be required to apply for a cybersecurity review in connection with this offering and our proposed listing if we do not possess over one million users’ personal information prior to the completion of this offering and our proposed listing. As a result, based on the fact that we are not in possession of more than one million users’ personal information, we are not subject to cybersecurity review by the CAC for this offering and our proposed listing. We have not been designated by the relevant mainland China authorities as a CIIO, have not been involved in any cybersecurity-related investigation initiated by the CAC or any other mainland China authority, and have not received any cybersecurity-related warning or sanction from the mainland China government, or any notice from relevant authorities specifying us to file for the cybersecurity review. As the definitions for terms such as internet platform operator and national security are broad, and the government will likely retain significant discretion as to the interpretation and enforcement of the Cybersecurity Review Measures and any implementation rules, we may be subject to related rules. We cannot preclude the possibility that the Cybersecurity Review Measures will subject us to the cybersecurity review by the CAC in relation to our operations or require us to adjust our business practices, in which case our business, financial condition and prospects and the price of our ADSs may be materially and negatively affected.

In the event that we are subject to the cybersecurity review by the CAC in relation to our operations, we may experience disruptions of our business. Such review could also result in negative publicity with respect to our company and diversion of our managerial and financial resources. Furthermore, if we were found to be in violation of applicable laws and regulations of mainland China during such review, we may be subject to administrative penalties, including fines and service suspension, which could have a material and adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition and the value of our ADSs. We also cannot rule out the possibility that certain of our customers may be deemed CIIOs, in which case our products or services, if deemed related to national security, will be submitted for cybersecurity review before we can enter into agreements with such customers. If the reviewing authority considers that the use of our

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products and services by certain of our customers who are CIIOs involves risks of disruption, is vulnerable to external attacks, or may negatively affect, compromise, or weaken the protection of national security, we may not be able to provide our products or services to such customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and business prospects.

In addition to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, the mainland China government has introduced a wide range of laws and regulations on cybersecurity and data security in recent years. For example, the PRC Cyber Security Law came into effect on June 1, 2017 and requires network constructors, network operators, and service providers that provide services via network to perform certain functions related to cyber security protection and the strengthening of network information management through taking technical and other necessary measures to safeguard the operation of networks, responding to network security effectively, preventing illegal and criminal activities, and maintaining the integrity and confidentiality and usability of network data. In addition, the law imposes certain additional requirements on CIIOs, including that during their operations in mainland China, CIIOs should generally store the personal information and important data collected and produced within the territory of mainland China and perform certain security obligations. On September 12, 2022, the CAC proposed a series of draft amendments to the PRC Cyber Security Law, imposing more stringent legal liabilities for certain violations. Such draft amendments were released for soliciting public comments until September 29, 2022 and their final form, interpretation and implementation remain substantially uncertain. The PRC Data Security Law, on the other hand, was promulgated on June 10, 2021 and took effect in September 2021, and provides for data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals carrying out data processing activities, including but not limited to the collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, provision, and public disclosure of data. The PRC Data Security Law also requires a national security review procedure for those data activities which may affect national security and imposes export restrictions on certain data and information. On August 16, 2021, the CAC, jointly with other PRC authorities, issued the Provisions on Management of Automotive Data Security (Trial), which took effect on October 1, 2021, or the Automotive Data Provisions. The Automotive Data Provisions regulate, among other things, the processing of auto data that include both personal information and important data involved in the process of automotive design, production, sales, use, operation and maintenance. Since the PRC Data Security Law, the Automotive Data Provisions and other applicable laws and rules are newly issued, there exists great uncertainty with respect to their interpretations and implementations. As of the date of this prospectus, we are in compliance with the currently effective and applicable mainland China laws on cybersecurity and data security in all material respects and those laws do not have a material adverse impact on our business or offshore listing plan. However, we cannot preclude the possibility that new laws, regulations or rules promulgated in the future will impose additional compliance requirements on us, will subject us to the cybersecurity or national security review in relation to our operations, or will require us to change our business practices or incur additional operating expenses, which may have material and negative impacts on our business, financial condition and prospects and the value of our ADSs.

We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our mainland China subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our mainland China subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

We are a Cayman Islands holding company and rely on dividends and other distributions on equity from our mainland China subsidiaries for our cash requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt we may incur outside of mainland China. Current mainland China regulations permit our mainland China subsidiaries to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated after-tax profits upon satisfaction of relevant statutory conditions and procedures, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our mainland China subsidiaries is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds until the total amount set aside reaches 50% of its registered capital. These reserves, together with the registered capital, are not distributable as cash dividends. Additionally, if our mainland China subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us.

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Any limitation on the ability of our mainland China subsidiaries to distribute dividends or other payments to their respective shareholders could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our businesses, pay dividends or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

Mainland China regulation of loans to and direct investment in mainland China entities by offshore holding companies may delay us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our mainland China subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Any funds we transfer to our mainland China subsidiaries, either as a shareholder loan or as an increase in registered capital, are subject to approval by or registration with relevant governmental authorities in mainland China. According to the relevant mainland China regulations on foreign-invested enterprises, or FIEs, in mainland China, capital contributions to our mainland China subsidiaries are subject to the registration with the State Administration for Market Regulation, or SAMR, or its local counterpart, reporting of foreign investment information with the MOFCOM and registration with a local bank authorized by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or the SAFE.

SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming the Administration of Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or Circular 19, effective on June 1, 2015 and amended on December 30, 2019. According to Circular 19, the flow and use of the RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company is regulated such that RMB capital may not be used for the issuance of RMB entrusted loans, the repayment of inter-enterprise loans or the repayment of banks loans that have been transferred to a third party. Although Circular 19 allows RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise to be used for equity investments within mainland China, it also reiterates the principle that RMB converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital of a foreign-invested company may not be directly or indirectly used for purposes beyond its business scope. SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Standardizing the Foreign Exchange Settlement Management Policy of Capital Account, or Circular 16, effective on June 9, 2016, which reiterates some of the rules set forth in Circular 19, but changes the prohibition against using RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company to issue RMB entrusted loans to a prohibition against using such capital to issue loans to non-associated enterprises. Violations of SAFE Circular 19 and Circular 16 could result in administrative penalties. Circular 19 and Circular 16 may significantly limit our ability to transfer any foreign currency we hold, including the net proceeds from this offering, to our mainland China subsidiaries, which may adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business in mainland China. On October 23, 2019, SAFE promulgated the Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Promoting the Facilitation of Cross-border Trade and Investment, or SAFE Circular 28, which permits non-investment FIEs to use their capital funds to make equity investments in mainland China, with genuine investment projects and in compliance with effective foreign investment restrictions and other applicable laws.

In addition, (i) any foreign loan procured by our mainland China subsidiaries is required to be registered with the SAFE or its local branches and (ii) any of our mainland China subsidiaries may not procure loans that exceed the statutory limits, which is either the difference between its registered capital and the total investment amount or a multiple of its net assets in the previous year. We may not be able to obtain these government approvals or complete such registrations in a timely manner, or at all, with respect to future capital contributions or foreign loans by us to our mainland China subsidiaries. If we fail to receive such approvals or complete such registration or filing, our ability to use the proceeds of this offering to capitalize our mainland China operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

China’s M&A Rules and certain other mainland China regulations establish complex procedures for certain acquisitions of mainland China companies, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in mainland China.

A number of mainland China laws and regulations have established procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities in mainland China by foreign investors more time consuming

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and complex. In addition to the Anti-monopoly Law, which became effective on August 1, 2008, and was lately amended on June 24, 2022 and came into effect on August 1, 2022, these include the M&A Rules adopted by six mainland China regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, the Rules of the Ministry of Commerce on Implementation of Security Review System of Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors promulgated in 2011, or the Security Review Rules, and the Measures for the Security Review of Foreign Investment, or the Foreign Investment Security Review Measures, promulgated by NDRC and the MOFCOM in December 2020 and came into force on January 18, 2021. For example, the M&A Rules require that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a mainland China domestic enterprise when certain criteria are met. The approval from the MOFCOM shall be obtained in circumstances where overseas companies established or controlled by mainland China enterprises or residents acquire affiliated domestic companies. In addition, pursuant to relevant anti-monopoly laws and regulations, the SAMR should be notified in advance of any concentration of undertaking if certain thresholds are triggered. In light of the uncertainties relating to the interpretation, implementation and enforcement of the anti-monopoly laws and regulations of mainland China, we cannot assure you that the anti-monopoly law enforcement agency will not deem our future acquisitions or investments to have triggered filing requirement for anti-monopoly review. Moreover, the Security Review Rules specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control over domestic enterprises that raise “national security” concerns are subject to strict review by the MOFCOM, and prohibit any attempt to bypass a security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement. Furthermore, under the Foreign Investment Security Review Measures, investment in certain key areas which results in acquiring the actual control of the assets is required to obtain approval from designated governmental authorities in advance. As the Foreign Investment Security Review Measures are recently promulgated, there are great uncertainties with respect to its interpretation and implementation. In the future, we may grow our business by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the requirements of the relevant regulations to complete such transactions could be time consuming, and any required approval processes, including clearance from the SAMR and approval from the MOFCOM and other mainland China regulatory authorities, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

The custodians or authorized users of our controlling non-tangible assets, including chops and seals, may fail to fulfill their responsibilities, or misappropriate or misuse these assets.

Under mainland China laws, legal documents for corporate transactions are executed using the chop or seal of the signing entity and with the signature of a legal representative whose designation is registered and filed with the relevant branch of the SAMR. In order to secure the use of our chops and seals, we have established internal control procedures and rules for using these chops and seals. In any event that the chops and seals are intended to be used, the responsible personnel will submit the application which will then be verified and approved by authorized employees in accordance with our internal control procedures and rules. In addition, in order to maintain the physical security of our chops, we generally have them stored in secure locations accessible only to authorized employees. Although we monitor such authorized employees, the procedures may not be sufficient to prevent all instances of abuse or negligence. There is a risk that our employees could abuse their authority, for example, by entering into a contract not approved by us or seeking to gain control of any of our subsidiaries. If any employee obtains, misuses or misappropriates our chops and seals or other controlling non-tangible assets for whatever reason, we could experience disruption to our normal business operations. We may have to take corporate or legal action, which could involve significant time and resources to resolve and divert management from our operations. In addition, the affected entity may not be able to recover corporate assets that are sold or transferred out of our control in the event of such a misappropriation if a transferee relies on the apparent authority of the representative and acts in good faith.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.

The mainland China government imposes controls on the convertibility of Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of mainland China. We receive our revenues

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primarily in Renminbi. Under our current corporate structure, our Cayman Islands holding company primarily relies on dividend payments from our mainland China subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing mainland China foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments, trade, and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of the SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. Specifically, under the existing foreign exchange restrictions, without prior approval of the SAFE, cash generated from the operations of our mainland China subsidiaries in mainland China may be used to pay dividends to our company, subject to the condition that the remittance of such dividends outside of mainland China complies with certain procedures under mainland China foreign exchange regulation, such as the overseas investment registrations by our shareholders or the ultimate shareholders of our corporate shareholders who are mainland China residents. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities or designated banks is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of mainland China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, we need to obtain approval from SAFE or its designated banks to use cash generated from the operations of our mainland China subsidiaries to pay off their respective debt in a currency other than Renminbi owed to entities outside mainland China, or to make other capital expenditure payments outside mainland China in a currency other than Renminbi. The mainland China government may also at its discretion restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions in the future. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs.

Mainland China regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by mainland China residents may subject our mainland China resident beneficial owners or our mainland China subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our mainland China subsidiaries, limit our mainland China subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect us.

In July 2014, the SAFE promulgated the Notice on Issues Relating to Foreign Exchange Administration over the Overseas Investment and Financing and Round-trip Investment by Domestic Residents via Special Purpose Vehicles, or the SAFE Circular 37, to replace the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Residents’ Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 75, which ceased to be effective upon the promulgation of SAFE Circular 37. SAFE Circular 37 requires mainland China residents (including mainland China individuals and mainland China corporate entities) to register with the SAFE or its local branches in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing with such mainland China residents’ legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests. The term “control” under SAFE Circular 37 is broadly defined as the operation rights, beneficiary rights or decision-making rights acquired by mainland China residents in the offshore special purpose vehicles, or SPVs, by means of acquisition, trust, proxy, voting rights, repurchase, convertible bonds or other arrangements. SAFE Circular 37 is applicable to our shareholders who are mainland China residents and may be applicable to any offshore acquisitions that we make in the future. In addition, such mainland China residents must update their SAFE registrations when the offshore special purpose vehicle undergoes material events relating to any change of basic information (such as change of such mainland China citizens or residents, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, or mergers or divisions. According to the Circular on Further Simplifying and Improving Foreign Exchange Administration Policy on Direct Investment, which became effective on June 1, 2015, local banks will examine and handle foreign exchange registration for overseas direct investment, including the initial foreign exchange registration and amendment registration, under SAFE Circular 37 from June 1, 2015. If any mainland China shareholder of such SPVs fails to make the required registration or to update the previously filed registration, the subsidiary of such SPVs in mainland China may be prohibited from distributing theirs profits or the proceeds from any capital reduction, share transfer or liquidation to the SPVs, and the SPVs may also be prohibited from making additional capital contributions into their subsidiary in mainland China. Moreover, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under mainland China law for evasion of foreign exchange controls.

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Our co-founders Dr. Yifan Li, Dr. Kai Sun, and Mr. Shaoqing Xiang, who indirectly hold shares in our Cayman Islands holding company and are known to us as mainland China residents, have completed the foreign exchange registrations in respect of their respective holding companies as required by SAFE regulations. However, we may not be informed of the identities of all the mainland China individuals or entities holding direct or indirect interest in our company, nor can we compel our beneficial owners to comply with the SAFE registration requirements. As a result, we cannot assure you that all of our shareholders or beneficial owners who are mainland China residents have complied with, and will in the future make, obtain or update any applicable registrations or approvals required by SAFE regulations. Failure by such shareholders or beneficial owners to comply with SAFE regulations, or failure by us to amend the foreign exchange registrations of our mainland China subsidiaries, could subject us to fines or legal sanctions, restrict our overseas or cross-border investment activities, limit our mainland China subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions or pay dividends to us or affect our ownership structure, which could adversely affect our business and prospects.

Any failure to comply with mainland China regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee stock incentive plans may subject the mainland China plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

Pursuant to SAFE Circular 37, mainland China residents who participate in share incentive plans in overseas non-publicly-listed companies due to their position as director, senior management or employees of the mainland China subsidiaries of the overseas companies may submit applications to SAFE or its local branches for the foreign exchange registration with respect to offshore special purpose companies before they obtain the incentive shares or exercise the share options. In addition, in February 2012, the SAFE promulgated the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly Listed Company, replacing earlier rules promulgated in 2007. Pursuant to these rules, mainland China citizens and non-mainland China citizens who reside in mainland China for a continuous period of not less than one year who participate in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company, subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with the SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be the mainland China subsidiaries of such overseas-listed company, and complete certain other procedures. See “Regulation — Regulations Relating to Stock Incentive Plans.” We and our executive officers and other employees who are mainland China citizens or who reside in mainland China for a continuous period of not less than one year and who have been or will be granted incentive shares or options are subject to these regulations. Failure to complete the SAFE registrations may subject us or them to fines and legal sanctions. We also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional incentive plans for our directors, executive officers and employees under mainland China law. See “Regulation — Regulation Related to Stock Incentive Plans.”

If we are classified as a mainland China resident enterprise for mainland China enterprise income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-mainland China shareholders and ADS holders.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the mainland China with its “de facto management body” within the mainland China is considered a “resident enterprise” and will be subject to the enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In 2009, the State Administration of Taxation, or the SAT, issued a circular, known as SAT Circular 82, on April 22, 2009, with retroactive effect from January 1, 2008, which was most recently amended on December 29, 2017, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a mainland China-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in mainland China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by mainland China enterprises or mainland China enterprise groups, not those controlled by mainland China individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” text should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a mainland China enterprise or a mainland China enterprise group will be regarded as a mainland China tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in mainland China, and will be subject to mainland

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China enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in mainland China; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in mainland China; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions are located or maintained in mainland China; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in mainland China.

We believe none of our entities outside of mainland China is a mainland China resident enterprise for mainland China tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by mainland China tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” If the mainland China tax authorities determine that we are a mainland China resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we will be subject to mainland China enterprise income on our worldwide income at the rate of 25% and we will be required to withhold a 10% withholding tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are non-resident enterprises, including the holders of our ADSs, unless any such foreign investor's jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty or similar agreement with mainland China that provides for a different withholding arrangement. In addition, gains realized on the sale or other disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares may be subject to mainland China tax, at a rate of 10% in the case of non-mainland China enterprises or 20% in the case of non-mainland China individuals (in each case, subject to the clauses of any applicable tax treaty), if such gains are deemed to be from mainland China. It is unclear whether non-mainland China shareholders of our company would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their jurisdiction of tax residence and mainland China in the event that we are treated as a mainland China resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in the ADSs.

We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in mainland China resident enterprises by their non-mainland China holding companies, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

On February 3, 2015, the SAT issued the Public Notice Regarding Certain Corporate Income Tax Matters on Indirect Transfer of Properties by Non-Tax Resident Enterprises, or SAT Bulletin 7, as amended in 2017. SAT Bulletin 7 extends its tax jurisdiction to transactions involving the transfer of mainland China taxable assets through offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. In addition, SAT Bulletin 7 provides certain criteria on how to assess reasonable commercial purposes and has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market. SAT Bulletin 7 also brings challenges to both foreign transferor and transferee (or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of taxable assets. On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or SAT Bulletin 37, which came into effect on December 1, 2017, and was most recently amended on June 15, 2018. SAT Bulletin 37 further clarifies the practice and procedure of the withholding of non-resident enterprise income tax.

Where a non-resident enterprise transfers mainland China taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, which is an Indirect Transfer, the non-resident enterprise as either transferor or transferee, or the mainland China entity that directly owns the taxable assets, may report such Indirect Transfer to the relevant tax authority. Using a “substance over form” principle, the mainland China tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring mainland China tax. As a result, gains derived from such Indirect Transfer may be subject to mainland China enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a mainland China resident enterprise.

We face uncertainties as to the reporting and other implications of certain past and future transactions where mainland China taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries and investments. For transfer of shares in our company by investors who are non-mainland China resident enterprises, our mainland China subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources

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to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37, or to establish that we and our non-mainland China resident investors should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in mainland China against us or our management named in this prospectus based on foreign laws.

We are a company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, we conduct most of our operations in China, and substantially all of our assets are located in mainland China. In addition, most of our senior executive officers reside within mainland China for a significant portion of the time and most of them are mainland China nationals. In addition, mainland China does not have treaties providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments of courts with the Cayman Islands and many other countries and regions. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, mainland China laws may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. For more information regarding the relevant mainland China laws, see “Enforceability of Civil Liabilities.”

It may be difficult for overseas regulators to conduct investigation or collect evidence within mainland China.

Shareholder claims or regulatory investigation that are common in the United States generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in mainland China. For example, in mainland China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigations initiated outside mainland China. Although the authorities in mainland China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States may not be efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, or Article 177, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of mainland China. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under Article 177 have yet to be promulgated, the inability for an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within mainland China may further increase difficulties faced by you in protecting your interests. See also “— General Risks Related to Our ADSs and This Offering — You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.” for risks associated with investing in us as a Cayman Islands company.

General Risks Related to Our ADSs and This Offering

An active trading market for our ordinary shares or our ADSs may not develop and the trading price for our ADSs may fluctuate significantly.

We have submitted an application to list our ADSs on the Nasdaq Stock Market. Prior to the completion of this offering, there has been no public market for our ADSs or our ordinary shares, and we cannot assure you that a liquid public market for our ADSs will develop. If an active public market for our ADSs does not develop following the completion of this offering, the market price and liquidity of our ADSs may be materially and adversely affected. The initial public offering price for our ADSs is determined by negotiation between us and the underwriters based upon several factors, and the trading price of our ADSs after this offering could decline below the initial public offering price. As a result, investors in our securities may experience a significant decrease in the value of their ADSs.

Our founders and global chief financial officer have indicated their interest in subscribing for an aggregate of up to US$2.0 million of the ADSs being offered in this offering. The subscriptions for ADSs are at the initial public offering price and on the same terms as the other ADSs being offered in this offering. Assuming an initial public offering price of US$18.00 per ADS, the midpoint of the estimated initial public offering price range, the number of ADSs to be purchased by these officers would be up to 111,111 ADSs, representing approximately 1.2% of the ADSs being offered in this offering. However, because the indications of interest are not binding agreements or commitments to purchase, such officers may determine to purchase more, fewer or no ADSs in this offering, and we and the underwriters are under no obligation to

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sell ADSs to them. Such subscriptions may reduce the available public float for our ADSs, which may consequently reduce the liquidity of our ADSs relative to what it would have been had these ADSs been subscribed by the public.

We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act and may take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, most significantly, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for so long as we remain an emerging growth company. As a result, if we elect not to comply with such auditor attestation requirements, our investors may not have access to certain information they may deem important.

The JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards. This election allows us to delay the adoption of new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until those standards apply to private companies, and as a result of this election our financial statements may not be comparable to those of companies that comply with public company effective dates, including other emerging growth companies that have not made this election.

Our dual-class share structure with different voting rights will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class B ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.

We expect to have a dual-class share structure after the completion of this offering such that our ordinary shares will consist of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. In respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, holders of Class B ordinary shares will be entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class A ordinary shares will be entitled to 10 votes per share based on our proposed dual-class share structure. We will sell Class B ordinary shares represented by our ADSs in this offering. Each Class A ordinary share is convertible into one Class B ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof, while Class B ordinary shares are not convertible into Class A ordinary shares under any circumstances.

Upon the completion of this offering, our founders will together beneficially own all of our issued Class A ordinary shares. These Class A ordinary shares will constitute approximately 24.1% of our total issued and outstanding share capital immediately after the completion of this offering and 76.1% of the aggregate voting power of our total issued and outstanding share capital due to the disparate voting powers associated with our dual-class share structure, assuming the underwriters do not exercise their over-allotment option. As a result of the dual-class share structure and the concentration of ownership, holders of our Class A ordinary shares will have considerable influence over matters such as decisions regarding mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. They may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could have the effect of depriving our other shareholders of the opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and may reduce the price of our ADSs. This concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions that holders of Class B ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.

Our dual-class voting structure may render the ADSs representing our Class B ordinary shares ineligible for inclusion in certain stock market indices, and thus adversely affect the trading price and liquidity of the ADSs.

We cannot predict whether our dual-class share structure with different voting rights will result in a lower or more volatile market price of the ADSs, adverse publicity, or other adverse consequences. Certain index providers have announced restrictions on including companies with multi-class share structures in certain of their indices. For example, S&P Dow Jones and FTSE Russell have changed their eligibility criteria for inclusion of shares of public companies on certain indices, including the S&P 500, to exclude

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companies with multiple classes of shares and companies whose public shareholders hold no more than 5% of total voting power from being added to such indices. As a result, our dual-class voting structure may prevent the inclusion of the ADSs representing our Class B ordinary shares in such indices, which could adversely affect the trading price and liquidity of the ADSs representing our Class B ordinary shares. In addition, several shareholder advisory firms have announced their opposition to the use of multiple class structure and our dual-class structure may cause shareholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance, in which case the market price and liquidity of the ADSs could be adversely affected.

If securities or industry analysts cease to publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding the ADSs, the market price for the ADSs and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for the ADSs will be influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our business. If one or more analysts who cover us downgrade the ADSs, the market price for the ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for the ADSs to decline.

We currently do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future after this offering and you must rely on price appreciation of our ADSs for return on your investment.

We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings after this offering to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our ADSs as a source for any future dividend income.

Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to declare dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Our post-offering amended and restated articles of association provide that dividends may be declared and paid out of the profits of our company, realized or unrealized, or from any reserve set aside from profits which the directors determine is no longer needed. Dividends may also be declared and paid out of share premium account or any other fund or account which can be authorized for this purpose in accordance with the Companies Act. Under the Companies Act, no distribution or dividend may be paid out of the share premium account unless, immediately following the date on which the distribution or dividend is proposed to be paid, the company shall be able to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on our future results of operations and cash flows, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in our ADSs will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our ADSs. There is no guarantee that our ADSs will appreciate in value after this offering or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ADSs. You may not realize a return on your investment in our ADSs and you may even lose your entire investment in our ADSs.

Because our initial public offering price is substantially higher than our net tangible book value per share, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution.

If you purchase ADSs in this offering, you will pay more for your ADSs than the amount paid by our existing shareholders for their ordinary shares on a per ADS basis. As a result, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution, representing the difference between the initial public offering price per ADS, and our net tangible book value per ADS, after giving effect to the net proceeds to us from this offering. In addition, you may experience further dilution in connection with the issuance of ordinary shares upon the exercise or vesting, as the case may be, of our share incentive awards. See “Dilution” for a more complete description of how the value of your investment in our ADSs will be diluted upon completion of this offering.

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We have not determined a specific use for a portion of the net proceeds from this offering and we may use these proceeds in ways with which you may not agree.

We have not determined a specific use for a portion of the net proceeds of this offering, and our management will have considerable discretion in deciding how to apply these proceeds. You will not have the opportunity to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately before you make your investment decision. You must rely on the judgment of our management regarding the application of the net proceeds of this offering. We cannot assure you that the net proceeds will be used in a manner that would improve our results of operations or increase the ADS price, nor that these net proceeds will be placed only in investments that generate income or appreciate in value.

Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of our ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

Sales of our ADSs in the public market after this offering, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our ADSs to decline. All ADSs sold in this offering will be freely transferable without restriction or additional registration under the Securities Act, except for the ADSs our officers may purchase in the offering. For additional information, see “Underwriting.” The remaining ordinary shares outstanding after this offering will be available for sale, upon the expiration of the 180-day lock-up period beginning from the date of this prospectus, subject to volume and other restrictions as applicable under Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act. Any or all of these shares may be released prior to the expiration of the lock-up period at the discretion of the representatives of the underwriters of this offering. To the extent shares are released before the expiration of the lock-up period and sold into the market, the market price of our ADSs could decline.

Our post-offering memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our ordinary shares and the ADSs.

We will adopt our second amended and restated memorandum and articles of association that will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering. Our post-offering memorandum and articles of association contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. Our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our ordinary shares, including ordinary shares represented by ADSs. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of the ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our ordinary shares and the ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

Our post-offering memorandum and articles of association and the deposit agreement provide that the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or, if the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a particular dispute, the state courts in New York County, New York) is the exclusive judicial forum within the U.S. for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising out of or relating in any way to the federal securities laws of the United States, and any suit, action or proceeding arising out of or relating in any way to the ADSs or the deposit agreement, which could limit the ability of holders of our ordinary shares, the ADSs or other securities to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us, our directors and officers, the depositary, and potentially others.

Our post-offering memorandum and articles of association provide that the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or, if the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a particular dispute, the state courts in New

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York County, New York) is the exclusive forum within the United States for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising out of or relating in any way to the federal securities laws of the United States, regardless of whether such legal suit, action, or proceeding also involves parties other than our company. The deposit agreement provides that, subject to the depositary’s right to require a claim to be submitted to arbitration, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or, if the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a particular dispute, the state courts in New York County, New York) shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine any suit, action or proceeding and to settle any dispute between us and the depositary that may arise out of or relate in any way to the deposit agreement including without limitation claims under the Securities Act. The enforceability of similar federal court choice of forum provisions in other companies’ organizational documents has been challenged in legal proceedings in the United States, and it is possible that a court could find this type of provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable. If a court were to find the federal choice of forum provision contained in our post-offering memorandum and articles of association or the deposit agreement to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions. If upheld, the forum selection clause in our post-offering memorandum and articles of association, as well as the forum selection provision in the deposit agreement, may limit a security-holder’s ability to bring a claim against us, our directors and officers, the depositary, and potentially others in his or her preferred judicial forum, and this limitation may discourage such lawsuits. Holders of our shares or the ADSs will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the regulations promulgated thereunder pursuant to the exclusive forum provision in the post-offering memorandum and articles of association and deposit agreement. In addition, the forum selection provision of the deposit agreement does not affect the right of the depositary to require any claim arising directly or indirectly from the relationship created by the deposit agreement to be submitted to arbitration or to commence an action in any court in aid of that arbitration provision or to enter judgment upon or enforce any arbitration award.

The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to direct the voting of the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs.

Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights as our registered shareholders. As a holder of ADSs, you will not have any direct right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. You will only be able to exercise the voting rights attached to the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs indirectly by giving voting instructions to the depositary in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Where any matter is to be put to a vote at a general meeting, then upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will try, as far as is practicable, to vote the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs as follows:

•

In the event of voting by show of hands, the depositary bank will vote (or cause the custodian to vote) all ordinary shares held on deposit at that time in accordance with the voting instructions received from a majority of holders of ADSs who provide timely voting instructions.

•

In the event of voting by poll, the depository bank will vote (or cause the custodian to vote) the ordinary shares held on deposit in accordance with the voting instructions received from the holders of ADSs.

You will not be able to directly exercise your right to vote with respect to the underlying ordinary shares unless you withdraw the shares represented by the ADSs and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting.

When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice of the meeting to withdraw the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs and become the registered holder of such shares to allow you to attend the general meeting and to vote directly with respect to any specific matter or resolution to be considered and voted upon at the general meeting. In addition, under our post-offering memorandum and articles of association that will become effective immediately prior to completion of this offering, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members and/or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent you from withdrawing the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs and from becoming the registered

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holder of such shares prior to the record date, so that you would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. Where any matter is to be put to a vote at a general meeting, upon our instruction the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs.

In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to direct how the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs are voted and you may have no legal remedy if the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs are not voted as you requested. In addition, in your capacity as an ADS holder, you will not be able to call a shareholders’ meeting.

Under the deposit agreement, if voting is by poll and the depositary does not timely receive voting instructions from you, the depositary may give us a discretionary proxy to vote the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs at shareholders’ meetings if we have timely provided the depositary with notice of meeting and related voting materials and (i) we have instructed the depositary that we wish a discretionary proxy to be given, (ii) we have informed the depositary that there is no substantial opposition as to a matter to be voted on at the meeting, and (iii) a matter to be voted on at the meeting would not have a material adverse impact on shareholders.

The effect of this discretionary proxy is that you cannot prevent the underlying ordinary shares represented by the ADSs from being voted, except under the circumstances described above. This may make it more difficult for ADS holders to influence the management of the company. Holders of ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy.

An ADS holder’s right to pursue claims against the depositary is limited by the terms of the deposit agreement.

Under the deposit agreement, any legal suit, action or proceeding against or involving us or the depositary, arising out of or relating in any way to the deposit agreement or the transactions contemplated thereby or by virtue of owning the ADSs may only be instituted in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or, if the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a particular dispute, in the state courts in New York County, New York), and a holder of our ADSs, will have irrevocably waived any objection which such holder may have to the laying of venue of any such proceeding, and irrevocably submitted to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts in any such action or proceeding. Accepting or consenting to this forum selection provision does not represent you are waiving compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. Furthermore, investors cannot waive compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

The deposit agreement provides that the depositary may, in its sole discretion, require any dispute or difference arising from the relationship created by the deposit agreement to be referred to and finally settled by an arbitration conducted under the terms described in the deposit agreement, although the arbitration provisions do not preclude you from pursuing any claim under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act in state or federal courts. See “Description of American Depositary Shares” for more information.

We are entitled to amend the deposit agreement and to change the rights of ADS holders under the terms of such agreement, or to terminate the deposit agreement, without the prior consent of the ADS holders.

We are entitled to amend the deposit agreement and to change the rights of the ADS holders under the terms of such agreement, without the prior consent of the ADS holders. We and the depositary may agree to amend the deposit agreement in any way we decide is necessary or advantageous to us. Amendments may reflect, among other things, operational changes in the ADS program, legal developments affecting ADSs or changes in the terms of our business relationship with the depositary. In the event that the terms of an amendment impose or increase fees or charges (other than taxes and other governmental charges, registration fees, cable (including SWIFT) or facsimile transmission costs, delivery costs or other such expenses) or that would otherwise prejudice any substantial existing right of the ADS holders, such amendment will not become effective as to outstanding ADSs until the expiration of 30 days after notice of that amendment has been disseminated to the ADS holders, but no prior consent of the ADS holders is required under the

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deposit agreement. Furthermore, we may decide to terminate the ADS facility at any time for any reason. For example, terminations may occur when the ADSs are delisted from the stock exchange in the United States on which the ADSs are listed and we do not list the ADSs on another stock exchange in the United States, nor is there a symbol available for over-the-counter trading of the ADSs in the United States. If the ADS facility will terminate, ADS holders will receive at least 90 days’ prior notice, but no prior consent is required from them. Under the circumstances that we decide to make an amendment to the deposit agreement that is disadvantageous to ADS holders or terminate the deposit agreement, the ADS holders may choose to sell their ADSs or surrender their ADSs and become direct holders of the underlying ordinary shares, but will have no right to any compensation whatsoever.

You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may close its books from time to time for a number of reasons, including in connection with corporate events such as a rights offering, during which time the depositary needs to maintain an exact number of ADS holders on its books for a specified period. The depositary may also close its books in emergencies, and on weekends and public holidays. The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of our ADSs generally when our share register or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary thinks it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

You may experience dilution of your holdings due to inability to participate in rights offerings.

We may, from time to time, distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire securities. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not distribute rights to holders of ADSs unless the distribution and sale of rights and the securities to which these rights relate are either exempt from registration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of ADSs, or are registered under the provisions of the Securities Act. The depositary may, but is not required to, attempt to sell these undistributed rights to third parties, and may allow the rights to lapse. We may be unable to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act, and we are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to these rights or underlying securities or to endeavor to have a registration statement declared effective. Accordingly, holders of ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution of their holdings as a result.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act, and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Under Cayman Islands law, the address of a Cayman company’s registered office in the Cayman Islands, and the name of its registered office provider, are matters of public record. A list of the names of the current directors and alternate directors (if applicable) are made available by the Registrar of Companies in the Cayman Islands for inspection by any person on payment of a fee. The register of mortgages is open

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to inspection by creditors and members. Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records (other than the company’s memorandum and articles of association, and any special resolutions subsequently passed by the shareholders of the company). Our directors have discretion under our post-offering amended and restated articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by our management, members of our board of directors or our controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Law of the Cayman Islands and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders, see the section of this prospectus captioned “Description of Share Capital — Differences in Corporate Law.”

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are a Cayman Islands company and all of our assets are located outside of the United States. Substantially all of our current operations are conducted in mainland China. In addition, a majority of our current directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. Substantially all of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of mainland China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. For more information regarding the relevant laws of the Cayman Islands and mainland China, see “Enforceability of Civil Liabilities.”

ADS holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our ordinary shares provides that, subject to the depositary’s right to require a claim to be submitted to arbitration, the federal or state courts in the City of New York have exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine claims arising under the deposit agreement and in that regard, to the fullest extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws.

If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable based on the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with the applicable state and federal law. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver in connection with claims arising under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by the U.S. Supreme Court. However, we believe that a pre-dispute contractual waiver of jury trial is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement, by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York or a state court in New York County, New York. In determining whether to enforce a pre-dispute contractual waiver of jury trial, courts will generally consider whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. It is advisable that you consult legal counsel regarding the jury waiver provision before entering into the deposit agreement.

If you or any other holders or beneficial owners of ADSs bring a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under federal securities laws, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against either or both of us and the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to

65

different civil procedures and may result in different outcomes than a trial by jury would have, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiffs in any such action.

Nevertheless, if this jury trial waiver provision is not enforced, to the extent a court action proceeds, it would proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs shall relieve us or the depositary from our respective obligations to comply with the Securities Act and the Exchange Act.

As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq Stock Market listing standards.

As a Cayman Islands company listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market, we are subject to the Nasdaq Stock Market listing standards, which requires listed companies to have, among other things, a majority of their board members to be independent and independent director oversight of executive compensation and nomination of directors. However, Nasdaq Stock Market rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the Nasdaq Stock Market listing standards.

We are permitted to elect to rely on home country practice to be exempted from the corporate governance requirements. If we choose to follow home country practice in the future, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they would otherwise enjoy if we complied fully with the Nasdaq Stock Market listing standards.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

Because we are a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

•

the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K with the SEC;

•

the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act;

•

the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time;

•

the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD; and

•

certain audit committee independence requirements in Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act.

We will, however, be required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a quarterly basis through press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information which would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

In addition, a foreign private issuer whose securities are listed on the Nasdaq Global Market, is permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices in lieu of the requirements of the Nasdaq Rules. If we rely on exemptions available to foreign private issuers, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

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There can be no assurance that we will not be classified as a passive foreign investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares.

A non-U.S. corporation, such as our company, will generally be classified as a “passive foreign investment company,” or “PFIC,” for U.S. federal income tax purposes, for any taxable year, if either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (ii) 50% or more of the value of its assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, royalties, rents, annuities, net gains from the sale or exchange of property producing such income and net foreign currency gains. For this purpose, cash and assets readily convertible into cash are categorized as passive assets and the company’s goodwill and other unbooked intangibles are generally taken into account when determining the value of its assets.

Based upon our current and projected income and assets, including the proceeds from this offering, and projections as to the value of our assets immediately following this offering, we do not expect to be a PFIC for the current taxable year or the foreseeable future. However, no assurance can be given in this regard because the determination of whether we will be or become a PFIC is a factual determination made annually that will depend, in part, upon the composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets. Fluctuations in the market price of the ADSs may cause us to be or become a PFIC for the current or future taxable years because the value of our assets for purposes of the asset test, including the value of our goodwill and unbooked intangibles, may be determined by reference to the market price of the ADSs from time to time (which may be volatile). If our market capitalization is less than anticipated or subsequently declines, we may be or become a PFIC for the current taxable year or future taxable years. Furthermore, the composition of our income and assets may also be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets and the cash raised in this offering. Under circumstances where our revenue from activities that produce passive income significantly increases relative to our revenue from activities that produce non-passive income, or where we determine not to deploy significant amounts of cash for active purposes, our risk of becoming a PFIC may substantially increase.

If we are classified as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Taxation — United States Federal Income Tax Considerations”) holds our ADSs or ordinary shares, the PFIC tax rules discussed under “Taxation — United States Federal Income Tax Considerations — Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules” will generally apply to such U.S. Holder for such taxable year and, unless the U.S. Holder makes a “mark-to-market” election, will apply in future years even if we cease to be a PFIC. See the discussion under “Taxation — United States Federal Income Tax Considerations — Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules” concerning the U.S. federal income tax considerations of an investment in our ADSs or ordinary shares if we are or become classified as a PFIC and the possibility of making such election.

We will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company.

Upon the completion of this offering, we will become a public company and expect to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq Stock Market, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some corporate activities more time-consuming and costly.

As a result of becoming a public company, we will need to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. We also expect that operating as a public company will make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance with acceptable policy limits and coverage, should we decide to purchase such insurance. In addition, we will incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

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In the past, shareholders of a public company often brought securities class action suits against companies following periods of instability in the market price of those companies’ securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations, which could harm our results of operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, after we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC.

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current expectations and views of future events. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in the sections entitled “Prospectus Summary,” “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Business.” Known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those listed under “Risk Factors,” may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

You can identify some of these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “is/are likely to,” “potential,” “continue” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include statements relating to:

•

our goals and strategies;

•

our future business development, financial condition and results of operations;

•

expected changes in our revenues, costs or expenditures;

•

the trends in, expected growth and the market size of the ADAS, Autonomous Mobility and Robotics industries;

•

the market for and adoption of LiDAR and related technology;

•

our ability to produce high-quality products with wide market acceptance;

•

the success of our customers in developing and commercializing products using our solutions, and the market acceptance of those products;

•

our ability to introduce new products that meet our customers’ requirement;

•

our expectation regarding the use of proceeds from this offering;

•

our expectations regarding the effectiveness of our marketing initiatives and the relationship with our third-party partners;

•

competition in our industry;

•

our ability to recruit and retain qualified personnel;

•

relevant government policies and regulations relating to our industry;

•

our ability to protect our systems and infrastructures from cyber-attacks;

•

general economic and business conditions globally and in China; and

•

assumptions underlying or related to any of the foregoing.

These forward-looking statements involve various risks and uncertainties. Although we believe that our expectations expressed in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, our expectations may later be found to be incorrect. Our actual results could be materially different from our expectations. Important risks and factors that could cause our actual results to be materially different from our expectations are generally set forth in “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Business,” “Regulation” and other sections in this prospectus. You should read thoroughly this prospectus and the documents that we refer to with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from and worse than what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

This prospectus contains certain data and information that we obtained from various government and private publications. Statistical data in these publications also include projections based on a number of assumptions. Our industry may not grow at the rate projected by market data, or at all. Failure of this market to grow at the projected rate may have a material and adverse effect on our business and the market price

69

of the ADSs. In addition, the rapidly evolving nature of this industry results in significant uncertainties for any projections or estimates relating to the growth prospects or future condition of our market. Furthermore, if any one or more of the assumptions underlying the market data are later found to be incorrect, actual results may differ from the projections based on these assumptions. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

The forward-looking statements made in this prospectus relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this prospectus. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. You should read this prospectus and the documents that we refer to in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

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USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that we will receive net proceeds from this offering of approximately US$145.4 million, or approximately US$168.0 million if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs in full, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and the estimated offering expenses payable by us. These estimates are based upon an assumed initial public offering price of US$18.00 per ADS, which is the midpoint of the price range shown on the front page of this prospectus. A US$1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of US$18.00 per ADS would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering by US$8.4 million, assuming the number of ADSs offered by us, as set forth on the front cover of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated expenses payable by us.

The primary purposes of this offering are to create a public market for our shares for the benefit of all shareholders, retain talented employees by providing them with equity incentives, and obtain additional capital. We plan to use the net proceeds of this offering as follows:

•

approximately 25% for investment in our manufacturing capabilities, including constructing new manufacturing facilities and purchasing new manufacturing and testing equipment;

•

approximately 35% for research and development, including development of our next-generation ASICs and further investment in our software solutions; and

•

approximately 40% for general corporate purposes, which may include potential strategic investments and acquisitions, although we have not identified any specific investments or acquisition opportunities at this time.

The foregoing represents our current intentions based upon our present plans and business conditions to use and allocate the net proceeds of this offering. Our management, however, will have significant flexibility and discretion to apply the net proceeds of this offering. If an unforeseen event occurs or business conditions change, we may use the proceeds of this offering differently than as described in this prospectus. See “Risk Factors — General Risks Related to Our ADSs and This Offering — We have not determined a specific use for a portion of the net proceeds from this offering and we may use these proceeds in ways with which you may not agree.”

Pending any use described above, we plan to invest the net proceeds in short-term, interest-bearing, debt instruments or demand deposits.

71

DIVIDEND POLICY

Our board of directors has discretion on whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. In either case, all dividends are subject to certain restrictions under Cayman Islands law, namely that our company may only pay dividends out of profits or share premium account, and provided always that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in our company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if we decide to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant.

We do not have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future after this offering. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We may rely on dividends from our subsidiary in mainland China for our cash requirements, including any payment of dividends to our shareholders. Mainland China regulations may restrict the ability of our mainland China subsidiary to pay dividends to us. See “Regulation — Regulations Relating to Dividend Distribution.”

If we pay any dividends on our ordinary shares, we will pay those dividends which are payable in respect of the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs to the depositary, as the registered holder of such ordinary shares, and the depositary then will pay such amounts to the ADS holders in proportion to the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs held by such ADS holders, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. See “Description of American Depositary Shares.” Cash dividends on our ordinary shares, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars.

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CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our capitalization as of September 30, 2022:

•

on an actual basis;

•

on a pro forma basis to reflect conversion of redeemable shares to Class B ordinary shares on a one-for-one-basis immediately prior to the completion of this offering; and

•

on a pro forma as adjusted basis to reflect (i) conversion of redeemable shares to Class B ordinary shares on a one-for-one-basis immediately prior to the completion of this offering, and (ii) the issuance and sale of 9,000,000 Class B ordinary shares in the form of ADSs by us in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of US$18.00 per ADS, the midpoint of the estimated range of the initial public offering price shown on the front cover of this prospectus, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, assuming the underwriters do not exercise the option to purchase additional ADSs.

You should read this table together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus and the information under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

​

As of September 30, 2022

​

Actual

Pro forma

Pro forma as adjusted(1)

​

RMB

US$

RMB

US$

RMB

US$

​

(in thousands)

Mezzanine equity

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Redeemable shares (US$0.0001 par value, 54,551,513 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2022 on an actual basis, and nil issued and outstanding on a pro forma basis and on a pro forma as adjusted basis)

​

5,986,513

​

841,571

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

Shareholders’ deficit

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Class A Ordinary shares (US$0.0001 par value, 35,000,000 shares authorized, 30,033,379 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2022, on an actual basis, on a pro forma basis and on a pro forma as adjusted basis)

​

19

​

3

​

19

​

3

​

19

​

3

Class B Ordinary shares (US$0.0001 par value, 150,000,000 shares authorized, 30,949,701 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2022 on an actual basis; 85,501,214 shares issued and outstanding on a pro forma basis, and 94,501,214 shares issued and outstanding on a pro forma as adjusted basis)

​

20

​

3

​

55

​

8

​

61

​

9

Additional paid-in capital(2)

​

—

​

—

​

5,986,478

​

841,566

​

7,020,490

​

986,925

Subscription receivables

​

(310,227)

​

(43,611)

​

(310,227)

​

(43,611)

​

(310,227)

​

(43,611)

Accumulated deficit

​

(2,720,508)

​

(382,443)

​

(2,720,508)

​

(382,443)

​

(2,720,508)

​

(382,443)

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​

As of September 30, 2022

​

Actual

Pro forma

Pro forma as adjusted(1)

​

RMB

US$

RMB

US$

RMB

US$

​

(in thousands)

Accumulated other comprehensive loss

​

(6,298)

​

(885)

​

(6,298)

​

(885)

​

(6,298)

​

(885)

Total Shareholders’ (deficit) equity(2)

​

(3,036,994)

​

(426,933)

​

2,949,519

​

414,638

​

3,983,537

​

559,998

Total Capitalization(2)

​

2,949,519

​

414,638

​

2,949,519

​

414,638

​

3,983,537

​

559,998

Notes:

(1)

The pro forma as adjusted information discussed above is illustrative only. Our additional paid-in capital, accumulative deficit, accumulative other comprehensive income, total shareholder’s deficit and total capitalization following the completion of this offering are subject to adjustment based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

(2)

A US$1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of US$18.00 per ADS, which is the midpoint of the estimated range of the initial public offering price shown on the front cover of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) each of additional paid-in capital, total shareholders’ equity, and total capitalization by US$8.4 million.

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DILUTION

If you invest in the ADSs, your interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per ADS and our net tangible book value per ADS after this offering. Dilution results from the fact that the initial public offering price per ordinary share is substantially in excess of the book value per ordinary share attributable to the existing shareholders for our presently outstanding ordinary shares on an as-converted basis.

Our net tangible book value as of September 30, 2022 was approximately US$411.3 million, or US$3.56 per ordinary share on an as-converted basis as of that date and US$3.56 per ADS. Net tangible book value represents the amount of our total consolidated tangible assets, less the amount of our total consolidated liabilities. Dilution is determined by subtracting net tangible book value per ordinary share on an as-converted basis, after giving effect to the additional proceeds we will receive from this offering, from the assumed initial public offering price of US$18.00 per ordinary share, which is the midpoint of the estimated initial public offering price range set forth on the front cover of this prospectus adjusted to reflect the ADS-to-ordinary share ratio, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

Without taking into account any other changes in net tangible book value after September 30, 2022, other than to give effect to our sale of the ADSs offered in this offering at the assumed initial public offering price of US$18.00 per ADS, which is the midpoint of the estimated initial public offering price range shown on the front cover of this prospectus, after deduction of the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of September 30, 2022 would have been US$556.7 million, or US$4.47 per ordinary share and US$4.47 per ADS. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of US$0.91 per ordinary share and US$0.91 per ADS to the existing shareholders and an immediate dilution in net tangible book value of US$13.53 per ordinary share and US$13.53 per ADS to investors purchasing ADSs in this offering. The following table illustrates such dilution:

​	Per Ordinary Share	Per ADS
Assumed initial public offering price	US$18.00	US$18.00
Net tangible book value as of September 30, 2022	US$3.56	US$3.56
Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value after giving effect (i) conversion of redeemable shares to Class B ordinary shares on a one-for-one-basis immediately prior to the completion of this offering, (ii) our sale of the ADSs offered in this offering at the assumed initial public offering price of US$ 18.00 per ADS, which is the midpoint of the estimated initial public offering price range set forth on the front cover of this prospectus	US$4.47	US$4.47
Amount of dilution in net tangible book value to new investors in this offering	US$13.53	US$13.53

A US$1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of US$18.00 per ADS would increase (decrease) our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value after giving effect to this offering by US$8.4 million, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per ordinary share and per ADS after giving effect to this offering by US$0.07 per ordinary share and US$0.07 per ADS, and the dilution in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per ordinary share and per ADS to new investors in this offering by US$0.93 per ordinary share and US$0.93 per ADS, assuming no change to the number of ADSs offered by us as set forth on the front cover of this prospectus, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The following table summarizes, on a pro forma as adjusted basis as of September 30, 2022, the differences between existing shareholders and the new investors with respect to the number of ordinary shares (in the form of ADSs or shares) purchased from us, the total consideration paid and the average price per ordinary share and per ADS paid before deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. The total number of ordinary shares does not include ordinary shares underlying the ADSs issuable upon the exercise of the option to purchase additional ADSs granted to the underwriters.

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​	Ordinary Shares Purchased				Total Consideration			Average Price Per Ordinary Share	Average Price Per ADS
​	Number		Percent		Amount (in thousands)	Percent
Existing shareholders	​	115,534,593	​	92.8%	US$566,656	​	77.8%	US$4.90	US$4.90
New investors	​	9,000,000	​	7.2%	US$162,000	​	22.2%	US$18.00	US$18.00
Total	​	124,534,593	​	100.0%	US$728,656	​	100.0%	​	​

The pro forma as adjusted information discussed above is illustrative only. Our net tangible book value following the completion of this offering is subject to adjustment based on the actual initial public offering price of the ADSs and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

The discussion and tables above assume no exercise of any outstanding share options as of the date of this prospectus. As of the date of this prospectus, there are 9,642,625 Class B ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding shares options at a weighted average exercise price of US$1.90 per share. To the extent that any of these options are exercised, there will be further dilution to new investors.

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ENFORCEABILITY OF CIVIL LIABILITIES

We are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability. We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands to take advantage of certain benefits associated with being a Cayman Islands exempted company, such as: