Debt

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Debt

Debt

6. Debt

The Company’s outstanding debt was as follows (in thousands):

	June 30, 2025					December 31, 2024
	Outstanding Principal		Fair Value			Outstanding Principal		Fair Value
Convertible promissory notes:
2024 convertible promissory note	$	5,000	$	5,123		$	5,000	$	4,947
Borrowings:
KEB Hana Bank		6,635		6,635			6,122		6,122
IBK Industrial Bank		6,783		6,783			6,259		6,259
Mujin Electronics Co., Ltd.		3,686		3,686			3,401		3,401
Anapass, Inc., related party		16,588		16,588			12,245		12,245
i Best Investment Co., Ltd		2,212		2,212			4,082		4,082
Kyeongho Lee, related party		10,771		10,771			5,517		5,517
Total debt	$	51,675		51,798		$	42,626		42,573
Less: current portion				(51,798	)				(37,626	)
Debt, net of current portion			$	—				$	4,947

Expected future minimum principal payments under the Company’s total debt are as follows as of June 30, 2025 (in thousands):

Years	Convertible Notes Payable		Borrowings		Total
2025, remainder	$	—	$	32,299	$	32,299
2026		5,000		14,376		19,376
Total debt	$	5,000	$	46,675	$	51,675

Convertible Promissory Notes

2024 Convertible Promissory Notes

In February 2024, the Company issued a convertible promissory note to a strategic investor for a principal amount of $5.0 million, which matures in February 2026 and bears an interest rate of 5.0% per annum. On or after the earlier of (i) six months from the issuance date of the convertible promissory note and (ii) the Closing of the Business Combination, the noteholder may demand that the Company convert all principal and interest due under the convertible promissory note into shares of Company’s common stock, at a conversion price of $10.00 per share. This note includes customary representations, warranties, and events of default, as well as a covenant relating to the performance of obligations by the Company related to the Company’s 5G activity. As of June 30, 2025, the remaining principal and interest amount of $5.3 million was outstanding.

Borrowings Pursuant to Term Loan and Security Agreements

The amounts in South Korean won (“KRW”) presented below were converted into U.S. dollars based on the applicable historical exchange rates.

KEB Hana Bank

In July 2016, the Company entered into an unsecured term loan agreement with KEB Hana Bank, pursuant to which it borrowed 9.0 billion in KRW ($6.7 million), bearing a variable interest rate (initial annual interest rate of 2.6% and annual interest rates ranging between 3.1% and 4.9% as of June 30, 2025), paid monthly, and maturing in July 2017. The terms of such unsecured term loan agreement have been extended annually for additional one-year terms since 2017, and the maturity date was July 2024. In April 2024, the Company executed an amendment to extend the maturity date to April 2025 for the principal amount of KRW 1.0 billion ($0.7 million) with an annual interest rate of 3.5%. In July 2024, the Company executed an amendment to extend the maturity date to July 2025 for the principal amount of KRW 8.0 billion ($6.0 million) with an annual interest rate of 4.9%. Anapass, Inc., a related party, provided certificates of deposit as collateral to KEB Hana Bank to secure the Company’s obligations under this loan (see Note 7). In April 2025, the Company executed an amendment to extend the maturity date to April 2026 for the principal amount of KRW 1.0 billion ($0.7 million) with an annual interest rate of 3.1%. In July 2025, the Company executed an amendment to extend the maturity date to July 2026 for the principal amount of KRW 8.0 billion ($5.9 million) with an annual interest rate of 4.0% (see Note 16).

IBK Industrial Bank

In January 2017, the Company entered into a term loan agreement with IBK Industrial Bank, pursuant to which the Company borrowed KRW 9.2 billion ($6.8 million). The term loan has a maturity date in November 2025 and bears an annual interest rate of 4.1%. In June 2025, the Company executed an amendment to change the annual interest rate from 4.1% to 4.0%, effective June 12, 2025.

M-Venture Investment, Inc.

In October 2021, the Company entered into a term loan and security agreement with M-Venture Investment, Inc. pursuant to which the Company borrowed KRW 5.0 billion ($3.7 million) and repaid KRW 0.6 billion ($0.4 million) and KRW 0.4 billion ($0.3 million) in 2021 and 2022, respectively, such that KRW 4.0 billion ($3.0 million) remained outstanding. The term loan bears an annual interest rate of 6.5%. In April 2024, the Company executed an amendment with M-Venture Investment, Inc., pursuant to which the Company repaid KRW 2.0 billion ($1.5 million) in April 2024. In May 2024, the Company repaid the term loan in full.

In April 2022, the Company entered into a term loan and security agreement with M-Venture Investment, Inc., pursuant to which the Company borrowed amounts in two draws of KRW 1.0 billion ($0.7 million) and KRW 5.0 billion ($3.7 million), respectively. The term loan had a maturity date in April 2024, and each respective draw bears an annual interest rate of 6.5% and 8.7%. In April 2024, the Company executed an amendment with M-Venture Investment, Inc., pursuant to which the maturity date for both draws were amended. The maturity date for the principal amount of KRW 1.0 billion ($0.7 million) was extended from April 2024 to June 2024. The maturity date for the principal amount of KRW 5.0 billion ($3.7 million) was extended from April 2024 to July 2024. In July 2024, the Company partially repaid the loan of KRW 1.0 billion ($0.7 million) and assigned the remaining balance (“M-Venture Loan”) to Mujin Electronics Co. Ltd. as further discussed below.

Mujin Electronics Co., Ltd.

In July 2024, the Company executed agreement with M-Venture Investment, Inc. and Mujin Electronics Co., Ltd., in which Mujin Electronics Co., Ltd. fully assumed the remaining M-Venture Loan with the same principal amount of KRW 5.0 billion ($3.7 million). The maturity date of assumed loan at the time of the assignment was January 2025, with an annual interest rate of 6.8%. In October

2024, the Company executed an amendment to extend the maturity date to June 2025. In June 2025, the Company executed an amendment to further extend the maturity date to October, 2025.

Anapass, Inc., Related Party

In July 2016, the Company entered into a loan agreement with Anapass, Inc. pursuant to which the Company borrowed KRW 6.0 billion ($4.5 million) in a term loan. Interest-only payments are due monthly at 5.5% per annum and the principal amount of the term loan is due on the maturity date of July 2024. In July 2024, the Company and Anapass, Inc. amended the loan agreement to extend the maturity date from July 2024 to July 2025. The loan is collateralized by the Company’s assets as described under the Assets Pledged as Collateral (see Note 7). In July 2025, the Company entered into an amendment to extend the maturity date from July 2025 to July 2026 (see Note 16).

In May and September 2022, the Company entered into two term loan agreements with Anapass, Inc. pursuant to which the Company borrowed KRW 3.0 billion ($2.2 million) and KRW 4.0 billion ($3.0 million). The term loans had respective maturity dates in May 2024 and September 2024 and both bear an annual interest rate of 5.5%. In May 2024, the Company executed an amendment with Anapass, Inc., to extend the maturity date from May 2024 to May 2025 for the term loan entered in May 2022. In September 2024, the Company executed an amendment with Anapass, Inc., to extend the maturity date from September 2024 to September 2025 for the term loan entered in September 2022. In May 2025, the Company executed an amendment with Anapass, Inc., to extend the maturity date for the term loan entered into in May 2022 from May 2025 to November 2025.

In December 2024, the Company entered into a new term loan agreement with Anapass, Inc. pursuant to which the Company borrowed KRW 5.0 billion ($3.4 million). The term loan has a maturity date in December 2025 and bears an annual interest rate of 6.5%.

In March 2025, the Company entered into a term loan agreement with Anapass, Inc. pursuant to which the Company borrowed KRW 4.5 billion ($3.1 million). The term loan has a maturity date in March 2026 and bears an annual interest rate of 6.5%.

In July 2025, the Company entered into a term loan agreement with Anapass, Inc. pursuant to which the Company borrowed KRW 3.0 billion ($2.2 million). The term loan has a maturity date in July 2026 and bears an annual interest rate of 6.5% (see Note 16).

In August 2025, the Company entered into a term loan agreement with Anapass, Inc. pursuant to which the Company borrowed KRW 2.0 billion ($1.5 million). The term loan has a maturity date in August 2026 and bears an annual interest rate of 6.5% (see Note 16).

i Best Investment Co., Ltd

Between 2022 and 2023, the Company entered into multiple term loans and security agreements with i Best Investment Co., Ltd pursuant to which it borrowed principal amounts in six draws with an aggregate principal balance of KRW 14.0 billion ($10.3 million). All of the term loans had a maturity date in June 2024 and bear an annual interest rate of 6.5%. In June 2024, the Company executed an amendment with the I Best Investment Co., Ltd to extend the maturity date from June 2024 to August 2024 for its first draw, fifth draw and sixth draw. In December 2023, the Company made a $0.8 million repayment of the outstanding principal and interest on its second draw. In March 2024, the Company repaid $2.3 million of the outstanding principal and interest amount of its fourth draw. In June 2024, the Company repaid in full of the term loans with a principal amount of $1.4 million outstanding on its third draw. In July 2024, the Company executed an amendment with i Best Investment Co., Ltd. to extend the maturity date from August 2024 to February 2025 for its first draw, fifth draw and sixth draw. In October 2024, the Company executed an amendment with i Best Investment Co., Ltd. to extend the maturity date from February 2025 to May 2025 for its sixth draw.

In February 2025, the Company executed an amendment with i Best Co., Ltd. to extend the maturity date from February 2025 to May 2025 for its first draw and fifth draw. In May 2025, the Company executed an amendment with i Best Co., Ltd. to extend the maturity date from May 2025 to June 2025 for its first and fifth draw. In May 2025, the Company paid in full of the term loans with a principal amount of $1.5 million outstanding on its fifth and sixth draw. In June 2025, the Company made a $0.7 million repayment of the principal amount of its first draw and extended the maturity date from June 2025 to December 2025 for the remaining principal amount of $2.2 million for its first draw.

Kyeongho Lee, Related Party

Between 2017 and 2021, the Company entered into multiple promissory note and term loan agreements with Kyeongho Lee pursuant to which the Company borrowed (a) KRW 500.0 million ($0.4 million) and KRW 500.0 million ($0.4 million) in promissory notes, and (b) KRW 1.0 billion ($0.7 million) and KRW 110.0 million ($0.1 million) in term loans. The promissory notes have a maturity date in November 2024 and bear an annual interest rate varying from 7.5% and 9.0%. In March 2024, the Company repaid to Kyeongho Lee the term loan of KRW 1.0 billion ($0.7 million). The outstanding term loan had a maturity date in May 2024 and bears no interest. In

May 2024, the Company executed an amendment with Kyeongho Lee to extend the maturity date from May 2024 to November 2024 for its term loan. In November 2024, the Company executed two amendments with Kyeongho Lee to extend the maturity dates of two promissory notes from November 2024 to November 2025, and the maturity date of the term loan from November 2024 to May 2025. In May 2025, the Company executed an amendment with Kyeongho Lee to extend the maturity date of the term loan from May 2025 to August 2025.

In November 2024, the Company entered into a term loan agreement with Kyeongho Lee pursuant to which the Company borrowed KRW 4.0 billion ($2.9 million) at an annual interest rate of 12%. The term loan had a maturity date in December 2024 and remains outstanding as of the issuance date of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. In December 2024, the Company entered into two term loan agreements with Kyeongho Lee pursuant to which the Company borrowed KRW 1.0 billion ($0.7 million) and KRW 2.0 billion ($1.4 million). The term loans have maturity dates in January 2025, bear an annual interest rate of 12%, and remain outstanding as of the issuance date of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. In January 2025, the Company entered into a term loan agreement with Kyeongho Lee pursuant to which the Company borrowed KRW 6.5 billion ($4.4 million) with a maturity date in February 2025 and an annual interest rate of 12%, which remains outstanding as of the issuance date of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company incurs a penalty of 3% of principal per month on loans that are past maturity date, calculated daily until principal and accrued interest has been paid.