EX-2.1 3 exhibit_2-1.htm EXHIBIT 2.1

Exhibit 2.1

NEXXEN INTERNATIONAL LTD.
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE REGISTRANT’S SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 12 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
Nexxen International Ltd. (the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our”) has one class of securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company’s ordinary shares, par value NIS per share.
 
Share Capital
 
The authorized share capital of the Company is NIS 5,000,000, divided into 500,000,000 ordinary shares with a par value of NIS 0.01 per share.
 
Our board of directors may determine the issue prices and terms for such shares or other securities, and may further determine any other provision relating to such issue of shares or securities.  We may also issue and redeem redeemable securities on such terms and in such manner as our board of directors shall determine.
 
All of our outstanding ordinary shares are validly issued, fully paid and non- assessable.  Our ordinary shares are not redeemable.
 
Registration Number and Purposes of the Company
 
We are registered with the Israeli Registrar of Companies.  Our registration number is 51-3956060.  Our affairs are governed by our amended and restated articles of association, applicable Israeli law and the Israeli Companies Law, 5759-1999, as amended from time to time, including any regulations promulgated thereunder (the “Companies Law”).  Our purpose as set forth in our amended and restated articles of association is to engage in any lawful act or activity.
 
Voting Rights
 
All ordinary shares will have identical voting and other rights in all respects.
 
Preemptive Rights
 
As is customary for companies whose shares are traded on AIM, our amended and restated articles of association provides that if our board of directors wishes to issue any additional ordinary shares or grant rights over ordinary shares (other than pursuant to an equity incentive plan and other specific events listed in the articles), it must first offer them to existing shareholders in proportion to their holdings.  However, the articles also provide, that the shareholders by special resolution, may exclude preemptive rights generally or in respect of a specified share issuance.
 
Transfer of Shares
 
Our fully paid ordinary shares are issued in registered form and may be freely transferred under our amended and restated articles of association, unless the transfer is restricted or prohibited by another instrument, applicable law or the rules of Nasdaq.  The ownership or voting of our ordinary shares by non-residents of Israel is not restricted in any way by our amended and restated articles of association or the laws of the State of Israel, except for ownership by nationals of some countries that are, or have been, in a state of war with Israel.
 

Election of Directors
 
Under our amended and restated articles of association, our board of directors must consist of not less than four but no more than eleven directors.  Pursuant to our amended and restated articles of association, each of our directors will be appointed pursuant to a method chosen by our board of directors, which may include the following methods: (i) election of competing slates of director nominees (determined in a manner approved by the board of directors) by a majority of the voting power represented at the annual meeting in person or by proxy and voting on such competing slates; (ii) election of individual directors by a plurality of the voting power represented at the annual meeting in person or by proxy and voting on the election of directors (which shall mean that the nominees receiving the largest number of “for” votes will be elected in the case of a contested election); (iii) election of each nominee by a majority of the voting power represented at the annual meeting in person or by proxy and voting on the election of directors, provided that if the number of such nominees exceeds the number of directors to be elected, then as among such nominees the election shall be by plurality of the voting power as described above, and (iv) such other method of voting as the board of directors deems appropriate, including use of a “universal proxy card” listing all nominees.  In the event that our board of directors does not or is unable to make a determination on such matter, then the method described in clause (ii) above shall apply.  In addition, our amended and restated articles of association provide that vacancies on our board of directors may be filled by a vote of a simple majority of the directors then in office.
 
Dividend and Liquidation Rights
 
We may declare a dividend to be paid to the holders of our ordinary shares in proportion to their respective shareholdings.  Under the Companies Law, dividend distributions are determined by the board of directors and do not require the approval of the shareholders of a company unless the company’s articles of association provide otherwise.  Our amended and restated articles of association do not require shareholder approval of a dividend distribution and provide that dividend distributions may be determined by our board of directors.
 
Pursuant to the Companies Law, the distribution amount is limited to the greater of retained earnings or earnings generated over the previous two years, according to our then last reviewed or audited financial statements (less the amount of previously distributed dividends, if not reduced from the earnings), provided that the end of the period to which the financial statements relate is not more than six months prior to the date of the distribution.  If we do not meet such criteria, then we may distribute dividends only with court approval.  In each case, we are only permitted to distribute a dividend if our board of directors and, if applicable, the court determines that there is no reasonable concern that payment of the dividend will prevent us from satisfying our existing and foreseeable obligations as they become due.
 
In the event of our liquidation, after satisfaction of liabilities to creditors, our assets will be distributed to the holders of our ordinary shares in proportion to their shareholdings.  This right, as well as the right to receive dividends, may be affected by the grant of preferential dividend or distribution rights to the holders of a class of shares with preferential rights that may be authorized in the future.
 
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Exchange Controls
 
There are currently no Israeli currency control restrictions on remittances of dividends on our ordinary shares, proceeds from the sale of the ordinary shares or interest or other payments to non-residents of Israel, except for shareholders who are subjects of countries that are, have been, or will be, in a state of war with Israel.
 
Registration Rights
 
None of our shareholders are entitled to registration rights.
 
Shareholder Meetings
 
Under Israeli law, we are required to hold an annual general meeting of our shareholders once every calendar year and no later than 15 months after the date of the previous annual general meeting.  All meetings other than the annual general meeting of shareholders are referred to in our amended and restated articles of association as special general meetings.  Our board of directors may call special general meetings of our shareholders whenever it sees fit, at such time and place, within or outside of Israel, as it may determine.  In addition, the Companies Law provides that our board of directors is required to convene a special general meeting of our shareholders upon the written request of (i) any two or more of our directors, (ii) one-quarter or more of the serving members of our board of directors or (iii) one or more shareholders holding, in the aggregate, either (a) 5% or more of our outstanding issued shares and 1% or more of our outstanding voting power or (b) 5% or more of our outstanding voting power.
 
Under Israeli law, one or more shareholders holding at least 1% of the voting rights at the general meeting of shareholders may request that the board of directors include a matter in the agenda of a general meeting of shareholders to be convened in the future, provided that it is appropriate to discuss such a matter at the general meeting.  Our amended and restated articles of association contain procedural guidelines and disclosure items with respect to the submission of shareholder proposals for general meetings.
 
Subject to the provisions of the Companies Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder, shareholders entitled to participate and vote at general meetings of shareholders are the shareholders of record on a date to be decided by the board of directors, which, as a company listed on an exchange outside Israel, may be between four and 40 days prior to the date of the meeting.  Furthermore, the Companies Law requires that resolutions regarding the following matters must be passed at a general meeting of shareholders:
 

amendments to our articles of association;
 

appointment, terms of service or and termination of service of our auditors;
 
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appointment of directors, including external directors (if applicable);
 

approval of certain related party transactions;
 

increases or reductions of our authorized share capital;
 

a merger; and
 

the exercise of our board of directors’ powers by a general meeting, if our board of directors is unable to exercise its powers and the exercise of any of its powers is required for our proper management
 
The Companies Law requires that a notice of any annual general meeting or special general meeting be provided to shareholders at least 21 days prior to the meeting and, if the agenda of the meeting includes (among other things) the appointment or removal of directors, the approval of transactions with office holders or interested or related parties, or an approval of a merger, notice must be provided at least 35 days prior to the meeting.  Under the Companies Law and our amended and restated articles of association, shareholders are not permitted to take action by way of written consent in lieu of a meeting.
 
Quorum
 
Pursuant to our amended and restated articles of association, holders of our ordinary shares have one vote for each ordinary share held on all matters submitted to a vote before the shareholders at a general meeting of shareholders.  The quorum required for our general meetings of shareholders consists of at least two shareholders present in person, by proxy or written ballot who hold or represent between them at least 25% of the total outstanding voting rights, within half an hour of the time fixed for the commencement of the general meeting.  A general meeting adjourned for lack of a quorum shall be adjourned either to the same day in the next week, at the same time and place, to such day and at such time and place as indicated in the notice to such meeting, or to such day and at such time and place as the chairperson of the meeting shall determine.  At the reconvened meeting, any number of shareholders present in person or by proxy shall constitute a quorum, unless a meeting was called pursuant to a request by our shareholders, in which case the quorum required is one or more shareholders, present in person or by proxy and holding the number of shares required to call the meeting as described above.
 
Vote Requirements
 
Our amended and restated articles of association provide that all resolutions of our shareholders require a simple majority vote, unless otherwise required by the Companies Law or by our amended and restated articles of association.  Under the Companies Law, certain actions require the approval of a special majority, including: (i) an extraordinary transaction with a controlling shareholder or in which the controlling shareholder has a personal interest, (ii) the terms of employment or other engagement of a controlling shareholder of the company or a controlling shareholder’s relative (even if such terms are not extraordinary) and (iii) certain compensation-related matters described in Item 6.C. our Form 20-F “Directors, Senior Management and Employees – Board Practices – Compensation Policy under the Companies Law”. Under our amended and restated articles of association, the alteration of the rights, privileges, preferences or obligations of any class of our shares (to the extent there are classes other than ordinary shares) requires the approval of a simple majority of the class so affected (or such other percentage of the relevant class that may be set forth in the governing documents relevant to such class), in addition to a majority of all classes of shares voting together as a single class at a shareholder meeting.
 
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Under our amended and restated articles of association, the approval of the holders of at least 65% of the total voting power of our shareholders is generally required to remove any of our directors from office, to amend the provision requiring the approval of at least 65% of the total voting power of our shareholders to remove any of our directors from office, or certain other provisions regarding the size of our board and plurality voting in contested elections.  Another exception to the simple majority vote requirement is a resolution for the voluntary winding up, or an approval of a scheme of arrangement or reorganization, of the company pursuant to Section 350 of the Companies Law, which requires the approval of a majority of the number of shareholders represented at the meeting and voting on the resolution, who hold at least 75% of the voting rights represented at the meeting and voting on the resolution.
 
Access to Corporate Records
 
Under the Companies Law, all shareholders generally have the right to review minutes of our general meetings, our shareholder register (including with respect to material shareholders), our articles of association, our financial statements, other documents as provided in the Companies Law, and any document we are required by law to file publicly with the Israeli Registrar of Companies or the Israeli Securities Authority.  Any shareholder who specifies the purpose of its request may request to review any document in our possession that relates to any action or transaction with a related party which requires shareholder approval under the Companies Law.  We may deny a request to review a document if we determine that the request was not made in good faith, that the document contains a trade secret or a patent or that the document’s disclosure may otherwise impair our interests.
 
Acquisitions under Israeli Law
 
Full Tender Offer
 
A person wishing to acquire shares of a public Israeli company who would, as a result, hold over 90% of the target company’s voting rights or the target company’s issued and outstanding share capital (or of a class thereof), is required by the Companies Law to make a tender offer to all of the company’s shareholders for the purchase of all of the issued and outstanding shares of the company (or the applicable class).  If (a) the shareholders who do not accept the offer hold less than 5% of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company (or the applicable class) and the shareholders who accept the offer constitute a majority of the offerees that do not have a personal interest in the acceptance of the tender offer or (b) the shareholders who did not accept the tender offer hold less than 2% of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company (or of the applicable class), all of the shares that the acquirer offered to purchase will be transferred to the acquirer by operation of law.  A shareholder who had its shares so transferred may petition an Israeli court within six months from the date of acceptance of the full tender offer, regardless of whether such shareholder agreed to the offer, to determine whether the tender offer was for less than fair value and whether the fair value should be paid as determined by the court.  However, an offeror may provide in the offer that a shareholder who accepted the offer will not be entitled to petition the court for appraisal rights as described in the preceding sentence, as long as the offeror and the company disclosed the information required by law in connection with the full tender offer.  If the full tender offer was not accepted in accordance with any of the above alternatives, the acquirer may not acquire shares of the company that will increase its holdings to more than 90% of the company’s voting rights or the company’s issued and outstanding share capital (or of the applicable class) from shareholders who accepted the tender offer.  Shares purchased in contradiction to the full tender offer rules under the Companies Law will have no rights and will become dormant shares.
 
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Special Tender Offer
 
The Companies Law provides that an acquisition of shares of an Israeli public company must be made by means of a special tender offer if as a result of the acquisition the purchaser would become a holder of 25% or more of the voting rights in the company.  This requirement does not apply if there is already another holder of 25% or more of the voting rights in the company.  Similarly, the Companies Law provides that an acquisition of shares of an Israeli public company must be made by means of a special tender offer if as a result of the acquisition the purchaser would become a holder of more than 45% of the voting rights in the company, if there is no other shareholder of the company who holds more than 45% of the voting rights in the company.  These requirements do not apply if (i) the acquisition occurs in the context of a private placement by the company that received shareholder approval as a private placement whose purpose is to give the purchaser 25% or more of the voting rights in the company, if there is no person who holds 25% or more of the voting rights in the company or as a private placement whose purpose is to give the purchaser 45% of the voting rights in the company, if there is no person who holds 45% of the voting rights in the company, (ii) the acquisition was from a shareholder holding 25% or more of the voting rights in the company and resulted in the purchaser becoming a holder of 25% or more of the voting rights in the company, or (iii) the acquisition was from a shareholder holding more than 45% of the voting rights in the company and resulted in the purchaser becoming a holder of more than 45% of the voting rights in the company.  A special tender offer must be extended to all shareholders of a company.  A special tender offer may be consummated only if (i) at least 5% of the voting power attached to the company’s outstanding shares will be acquired by the offeror and (ii) the number of shares tendered in the offer exceeds the number of shares whose holders objected to the offer (excluding the purchaser, its controlling shareholders, holders of 25% or more of the voting rights in the company and any person having a personal interest in the acceptance of the tender offer, or anyone on their behalf, including any such person’s relatives and entities under their control).
 
In the event that a special tender offer is made, a company’s board of directors is required to express its opinion on the advisability of the offer, or shall abstain from expressing any opinion if it is unable to do so, provided that it gives the reasons for its abstention.  The board of directors shall also disclose any personal interest that any of the directors has with respect to the special tender offer or in connection therewith.  An office holder in a target company who, in his or her capacity as an office holder, performs an action the purpose of which is to cause the failure of an existing or foreseeable special tender offer or is to impair the chances of its acceptance, is liable to the potential purchaser and shareholders for damages, unless such office holder acted in good faith and had reasonable grounds to believe he or she was acting for the benefit of the company.  However, office holders of the target company may negotiate with the potential purchaser in order to improve the terms of the special tender offer, and may further negotiate with third-parties in order to obtain a competing offer.
 
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If a special tender offer is accepted, then shareholders who did not respond to or that had objected the offer may accept the offer within four days of the last day set for the acceptance of the offer and they will be considered to have accepted the offer from the first day it was made.
 
In the event that a special tender offer is accepted, then the purchaser or any person or entity controlling it or under common control with the purchaser or such controlling person or entity at the time of the offer may not make a subsequent tender offer for the purchase of shares of the target company and may not enter into a merger with the target company for a period of one year from the date of the offer, unless the purchaser or such person or entity undertook to effect such an offer or merger in the initial special tender offer.  Shares purchased in contradiction to the special tender offer rules under the Companies Law will have no rights and will become dormant shares.
 
Merger
 
The Companies Law permits merger transactions if approved by each party’s board of directors and, unless certain conditions described under the Companies Law are met, a simple majority of the outstanding shares of each party to the merger that are represented and voting on the merger.  The board of directors of a merging company is required pursuant to the Companies Law to discuss and determine whether in its opinion there exists a reasonable concern that as a result of a proposed merger, the surviving company will not be able to satisfy its obligations towards its creditors, such determination taking into account the financial status of the merging companies.  If the board of directors determines that such a concern exists, it may not approve a proposed merger.  Following the approval of the board of directors of each of the merging companies, the boards of directors must jointly prepare a merger proposal for submission to the Israeli Registrar of Companies.
 
For purposes of the shareholder vote of a merging company whose shares are held by the other merging company, or by a person or entity holding 25% or more of the voting rights at the general meeting of shareholders of the other merging company, or by a person or entity holding the right to appoint 25% or more of the directors of the other merging company, unless a court rules otherwise, the merger will not be deemed approved if a majority of the shares voted on the matter at the general meeting of shareholders (excluding abstentions) that are held by shareholders other than the other party to the merger, or by any person or entity who holds 25% or more of the voting rights of the other party or the right to appoint 25% or more of the directors of the other party, or any one on their behalf including their relatives or corporations controlled by any of them, vote against the merger.  In addition, if the non-surviving entity of the merger has more than one class of shares, the merger must be approved by each class of shareholders.  If the transaction would have been approved but for the separate approval of each class or the exclusion of the votes of certain shareholders as provided above, a court may still approve the merger upon the request of holders of at least 25% of the voting rights of a company, if the court holds that the merger is fair and reasonable, taking into account the valuation of the merging companies and the consideration offered to the shareholders.  If a merger is with a company’s controlling shareholder or if the controlling shareholder has a personal interest in the merger, then the merger is instead subject to the same special majority approval that governs all extraordinary transactions with controlling shareholders.
 
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Under the Companies Law, each merging company must deliver to its secured creditors the merger proposal and inform its unsecured creditors of the merger proposal and its content.  Upon the request of a creditor of either party to the proposed merger, the court may delay or prevent the merger if it concludes that there exists a reasonable concern that, as a result of the merger, the surviving company will be unable to satisfy the obligations of the merging company, and may further give instructions to secure the rights of creditors.
 
In addition, a merger may not be completed unless at least 50 days have passed from the date that a proposal for approval of the merger is filed with the Israeli Registrar of Companies and 30 days from the date that shareholder approval of both merging companies is obtained.
 
Anti-Takeover Measures
 
The Companies Law allows us to create and issue shares having rights different from those attached to our ordinary shares, including shares providing certain preferred rights with respect to voting, distributions or other matters.  No preferred shares are authorized under our amended and restated articles of association.  In the future, if we do authorize, create and issue a specific class of preferred shares, such class of shares, depending on the specific rights that may be attached to it, may have the ability to frustrate or prevent a takeover or otherwise prevent our shareholders from realizing a potential premium over the market value of their ordinary shares.  The authorization and designation of a class of preferred shares will require an amendment to our amended and restated articles of association, which requires the prior approval of the holders of a majority of the voting power attached to our issued and outstanding shares at a general meeting of our shareholders.  The convening of the meeting, the shareholders entitled to participate and the vote required to be obtained at such a meeting will be subject to the requirements set forth in the Companies Law and our amended articles of association, as described above in ”—Shareholder Meetings.”
 
Borrowing Powers
 
Pursuant to the Companies Law and our amended and restated articles of association, our board of directors may exercise all powers and take all actions that are not required under law or under our amended and restated articles of association to be exercised or taken by our shareholders, including the power to borrow money for company purposes.
 
Changes in Capital
 
Our amended and restated articles of association enable us to increase or reduce our share capital.  Any such changes are subject to Israeli law and must be approved by a resolution duly passed by our shareholders at a general meeting of shareholders.  In addition, transactions that have the effect of reducing capital, such as the declaration and payment of dividends in the absence of sufficient retained earnings or profits, require the approval of both our board of directors and an Israeli court.
 
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Exclusive Forum
 
Our amended and restated articles of association provide that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act.  Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all such Securities Act actions, and accordingly, both state and federal courts have jurisdiction to entertain such claims.  While the federal forum provision in our amended and restated articles of association does not restrict the ability of our shareholders to bring claims under the Securities Act, we recognize that it may limit shareholders’ ability to bring a claim in the judicial forum that they find favorable and may increase certain litigation costs, which may discourage the filing of claims under the Securities Act against the Company, its directors and officers.  However, the enforceability of similar forum provisions (including exclusive federal forum provisions for actions, suits or proceedings asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act) in other companies’ organizational documents has been challenged in legal proceedings, and there is uncertainty as to whether courts would enforce the exclusive forum provisions in our amended and restated articles of association.  If a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our amended and restated articles of association to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.  We note that investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers.
 
American Depositary Shares
 
Citibank, N.A. (“Citibank”), is our depositary bank for the American Depositary Shares representing our ordinary shares.  Citibank’s depositary offices are located at 388 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10013.  American Depositary Shares are frequently referred to as “ADSs” and represent ownership interests in securities that are on deposit with the depositary bank.  ADSs may be represented by certificates that are commonly known as “American Depositary Receipts” or “ADRs.”  The depositary bank typically appoints a custodian to safekeep the securities on deposit.  In this case, the custodian is Citibank N.A. (London Branch), located at 25 Canada Square, Canary Wharf, London, E14 5LB, United Kingdom.  References to our ordinary shares in this Description of American Depositary Shares shall mean the depositary interests representing the right to receive our ordinary shares.  For more information on the depositary interests representing our ordinary shares, please review the deposit agreement.
 
Citibank was appointed as depositary bank pursuant to a deposit agreement.  The form of the deposit agreement will be filed with the SEC under cover of a Registration Statement on Form F-6.  You may obtain a copy of the deposit agreement from the SEC’s website (www.sec.gov).  Please refer to Registration Number 333- 256452 when retrieving such copy.
 
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This is a summary description of the material terms of the ADSs and of material rights as an owner of ADSs. Please remember that summaries by their nature lack the precision of the information summarized and that the rights and obligations of an owner of ADSs will be determined by reference to the terms of the deposit agreement and not by this summary.  We urge you to review the deposit agreement in its entirety.  The portions of this summary description that are italicized describe matters that may be relevant to the ownership of ADSs but that may not be contained in the deposit agreement.
 
Each ADS represents the right to receive, and to exercise the beneficial ownership interests in, two ordinary shares that are on deposit with the depositary bank and/or custodian.  An ADS also represents the right to receive, and to exercise the beneficial interests in, any other property received by the depositary bank or the custodian on behalf of the owner of the ADS but that has not been distributed to the owners of ADSs because of legal restrictions or practical considerations.  We and the depositary bank may agree to change the ADS-to-Share ratio by amending the deposit agreement.  This amendment may give rise to, or change, the depositary fees payable by ADS owners.  The custodian, the depositary bank and their respective nominees will hold all deposited property for the benefit of the holders and beneficial owners of ADSs. The deposited property does not constitute the proprietary assets of the depositary bank, the custodian or their nominees.  Beneficial ownership in the deposited property will under the terms of the deposit agreement be vested in the beneficial owners of the ADSs. The depositary bank, the custodian and their respective nominees will be the record holders of the deposited property represented by the ADSs for the benefit of the holders and beneficial owners of the corresponding ADSs. A beneficial owner of ADSs may or may not be the holder of ADSs. Beneficial owners of ADSs will be able to receive, and to exercise beneficial ownership interests in, the deposited property only through the registered holders of the ADSs, the registered holders of the ADSs (on behalf of the applicable ADS owners) only through the depositary bank, and the depositary bank (on behalf of the owners of the corresponding ADSs) directly, or indirectly, through the custodian or their respective nominees, in each case upon the terms of the deposit agreement.
 
If you become an owner of ADSs, you will become a party to the deposit agreement and therefore will be bound to its terms and to the terms of any ADR that represents your ADSs. The deposit agreement and the ADR specify our rights and obligations as well as your rights and obligations as an owner of ADSs and those of the depositary bank.  As an ADS holder you appoint the depositary bank to act on your behalf in certain circumstances.  The deposit agreement and the ADRs are governed by New York law.  However, our obligations to the holders of ordinary shares will continue to be governed by the laws of the State of Israel and, to the extent applicable, the laws of England and Wales, which may be different from the laws in the United States.
 
In addition, applicable laws and regulations may require you to satisfy reporting requirements and obtain regulatory approvals in certain circumstances.  You are solely responsible for complying with such reporting requirements and obtaining such approvals.  None of the depositary bank, the custodian, us or any of their or our respective agents or affiliates shall be required to take any actions whatsoever on your behalf to satisfy such reporting requirements or obtain such regulatory approvals under applicable laws and regulations.  You agree to comply with information requests from us pursuant to applicable laws, stock exchange rules and our articles of association.  We may restrict transfers of ADSs and take other actions necessary to comply with any applicable ownership restrictions.
 
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Owners of ADSs, are not treated as one of our shareholders and will not have direct shareholder rights.  The depositary bank will hold on the owner’s behalf the shareholder rights attached to the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs. Owners of ADSs will be able to exercise the shareholders rights for the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs through the depositary bank only to the extent contemplated in the deposit agreement.  To exercise any shareholder rights not contemplated in the deposit agreement ADS owners will need to arrange for the cancellation of your ADSs and become a direct shareholder.
 
The manner in which the ADSs are owned (e.g., in a brokerage account vs.  as registered holder, or as holder of certificated vs.  uncertificated ADSs) may affect your rights and obligations, and the manner in which, and extent to which, the depositary bank’s services are made available to an owner.  Owners of ADSs may hold ADSs either by means of an ADR registered in your name, through a brokerage or safekeeping account, or through an account established by the depositary bank in the owner’s name reflecting the registration of uncertificated ADSs directly on the books of the depositary bank (commonly referred to as the “direct registration system” or “DRS”).  The direct registration system reflects the uncertificated (book-entry) registration of ownership of ADSs by the depositary bank.  Under the direct registration system, ownership of ADSs is evidenced by periodic statements issued by the depositary bank to the holders of the ADSs. The direct registration system includes automated transfers between the depositary bank and The Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), the central book-entry clearing and settlement system for equity securities in the United States.  If an owner decides to hold ADSs through your brokerage or safekeeping account, the owner must rely on the procedures of your broker or bank to assert your rights as ADS owner.  Banks and brokers typically hold securities such as the ADSs through clearing and settlement systems such as DTC.  The procedures of such clearing and settlement systems may limit the ability to exercise rights as an owner of ADSs. Owners should consult with a broker or bank if they have any questions concerning these limitations and procedures.  All ADSs held through DTC will be registered in the name of a nominee of DTC, which nominee will be the only “holder” of such ADSs for purposes of the deposit agreement and any applicable ADR.  This summary description assumes owners have opted to own the ADSs directly by means of an ADS registered in the owner’s name and, as such, we will refer to such as the “holder.”  When we refer to “you’ or “owner,” we assume the reader owns ADSs and will own ADSs at the relevant time.
 
The registration of the ordinary shares in the name of the depositary bank or the custodian shall, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, vest in the depositary bank or the custodian the record ownership in the applicable ordinary shares with the beneficial ownership rights and interests in such ordinary shares being at all times vested with the beneficial owners of the ADSs representing the ordinary shares.  The depositary bank or the custodian shall at all times be entitled to exercise the beneficial ownership rights in all deposited property, in each case only on behalf of the holders and beneficial owners of the ADSs representing the deposited property.
 
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Dividends and Distributions
 
As a holder of ADSs, owners generally have the right to receive the distributions we make on the securities deposited with the custodian.  An owner’s receipt of these distributions may be limited, however, by practical considerations and legal limitations.  Holders of ADSs will receive such distributions under the terms of the deposit agreement in proportion to the number of ADSs held as of the specified record date, after deduction of the applicable fees, taxes and expenses.
 
Distributions of Cash
 
Whenever we make a cash distribution for the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will deposit the funds with the custodian.  Upon receipt of confirmation of the deposit of the requisite funds, the depositary bank will arrange for the funds received in a currency other than
 
U.S. dollars to be converted into U.S. dollars and for the distribution of the U.S. dollars to the holders, subject to the laws and regulations of the State of Israel.
 
The conversion into U.S. dollars will take place only if practicable and if the U.S. dollars are transferable to the United States.  The depositary bank will apply the same method for distributing the proceeds of the sale of any property (such as undistributed rights) held by the custodian in respect of securities on deposit.
 
The distribution of cash will be made net of the fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement.  The depositary bank will hold any cash amounts it is unable to distribute in a non-interest bearing account for the benefit of the applicable holders and beneficial owners of ADSs until the distribution can be effected or the funds that the depositary bank holds must be escheated as unclaimed property in accordance with the laws of the relevant states of the United States.
 
Distributions of Shares
 
Whenever we make a free distribution of ordinary shares for the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will deposit the applicable number of ordinary shares with the custodian.  Upon receipt of confirmation of such deposit, the depositary bank will either distribute to holders new ADSs representing the ordinary shares deposited or modify the ADS-to-ordinary shares ratio, in which case each ADS you hold will represent rights and interests in the additional ordinary shares so deposited.  Only whole new ADSs will be distributed.  Fractional entitlements will be sold and the proceeds of such sale will be distributed as in the case of a cash distribution.
 
The distribution of new ADSs or the modification of the ADS-to-ordinary shares ratio upon a distribution of ordinary shares will be made net of the fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement.  In order to pay such taxes or governmental charges, the depositary bank may sell all or a portion of the new ordinary shares so distributed.
 
No such distribution of new ADSs will be made if it would violate a law (e.g., the U.S. securities laws) or if it is not operationally practicable.  If the depositary bank does not distribute new ADSs as described above, it may sell the ordinary shares received upon the terms described in the deposit agreement and will distribute the proceeds of the sale as in the case of a distribution of cash.
 
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Distributions of Rights
 
Whenever we intend to distribute rights to subscribe for additional ordinary shares, we will give prior notice to the depositary bank and we will assist the depositary bank in determining whether it is lawful and reasonably practicable to distribute rights to subscribe for additional ADSs to holders.
 
The depositary bank will establish procedures to distribute rights to subscribe for additional ADSs to holders and to enable such holders to exercise such rights if it is lawful and reasonably practicable to make the rights available to holders of ADSs, and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement (such as opinions to address the lawfulness of the transaction).  You may have to pay fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges to subscribe for the new ADSs upon the exercise of your rights.  The depositary bank is not obligated to establish procedures to facilitate the distribution and exercise by holders of rights to subscribe for new ordinary shares other than in the form of ADSs.
 
The depositary bank will not distribute the rights to you if:
 

we do not timely request that the rights be distributed to you or we request that the rights not be distributed to you; or
 

we fail to deliver satisfactory documents to the depositary bank; or
 

it is not reasonably practicable to distribute the rights.
 
The depositary bank will sell the rights that are not exercised or not distributed if such sale is lawful and reasonably practicable.  The proceeds of such sale will be distributed to holders as in the case of a cash distribution.  If the depositary bank is unable to sell the rights, it will allow the rights to lapse.
 
Elective Distributions
 
Whenever we intend to distribute a dividend payable at the election of shareholders either in cash or in additional shares, we will give prior notice thereof to the depositary bank and will indicate whether we wish the elective distribution to be made available to you.  In such case, we will assist the depositary bank in determining whether such distribution is lawful and reasonably practicable.
 
The depositary bank will make the election available to you only if it is reasonably practicable and if we have provided all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement.  In such case, the depositary bank will establish procedures to enable you to elect to receive either cash or additional ADSs, in each case as described in the deposit agreement.
 
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If the election is not made available to you, you will receive either cash or additional ADSs, depending on what a shareholder in the State of Israel would receive upon failing to make an election, as more fully described in the deposit agreement.
 
Other Distributions
 
Whenever we intend to distribute property other than cash, ordinary shares or rights to subscribe for additional ordinary shares, we will notify the depositary bank in advance and will indicate whether we wish such distribution to be made to you.  If so, we will assist the depositary bank in determining whether such distribution to holders is lawful and reasonably practicable.
 
If it is reasonably practicable to distribute such property to you and if we provide to the depositary bank all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement, the depositary bank will distribute the property to the holders in a manner it deems practicable.
 
The distribution will be made net of fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement.  In order to pay such taxes and governmental charges, the depositary bank may sell all or a portion of the property received.
 
The depositary bank will not distribute the property to you and will sell the property if:
 

we do not request that the property be distributed to you or if we request that the property not be distributed to you; or
 

we do not deliver satisfactory documents to the depositary bank; or
 

the depositary bank determines that all or a portion of the distribution to you is not reasonably practicable.
 
The proceeds of such a sale will be distributed to holders as in the case of a cash distribution.
 
Redemption
 
Whenever we decide to redeem any of the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will notify the depositary bank in advance.  If it is practicable and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement, the depositary bank will provide notice of the redemption to the holders.
 
The custodian will be instructed to surrender the shares being redeemed against payment of the applicable redemption price.  The depositary bank will convert into U.S. dollars upon the terms of the deposit agreement the redemption funds received in a currency other than
 
U.S. dollars and will establish procedures to enable holders to receive the net proceeds from the redemption upon surrender of their ADSs to the depositary bank.  You may have to pay fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges upon the redemption of your ADSs. If less than all ADSs are being redeemed, the ADSs to be retired will be selected by lot or on a pro rata basis, as the depositary bank may determine.
 
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Changes Affecting Ordinary Shares
 
The ordinary shares held on deposit for your ADSs may change from time to time.  For example, there may be a change in nominal or par value, split-up, cancellation, consolidation or any other reclassification of such ordinary shares or a recapitalization, reorganization, merger, consolidation or sale of assets of the Company.
 
If any such change were to occur, your ADSs would, to the extent permitted by law and the deposit agreement, represent the right to receive the property received or exchanged in respect of the ordinary shares held on deposit.  The depositary bank may in such circumstances deliver new ADSs to you, amend the deposit agreement, the ADRs and the applicable Registration Statement(s) on Form F-6, call for the exchange of your existing ADSs for new ADSs and take any other actions that are appropriate to reflect as to the ADSs the change affecting the ordinary shares.  If the depositary bank may not lawfully distribute such property to you, the depositary bank may sell such property and distribute the net proceeds to you as in the case of a cash distribution.
 
Issuance of ADSs Upon Deposit of Ordinary Shares
 
Upon completion of the IPO, the ordinary shares being offered pursuant to the IPO were deposited by us with the custodian and the depositary bank issued ADSs to the underwriters.
 
Following the IPO, the depositary bank may create ADSs on your behalf if you or your broker deposit ordinary shares with the custodian.  The depositary bank will deliver these ADSs to the person you indicate only after you pay any applicable issuance fees and any charges and taxes payable for the transfer of the ordinary shares to the custodian and provide such documentation as may be required pursuant to the deposit agreement.  Your ability to deposit ordinary shares and receive ADSs may be limited by legal considerations under the laws of the United States and the State of Israel applicable at the time of deposit.
 
The issuance of ADSs may be delayed until the depositary bank or the custodian receives confirmation that all required approvals have been given and that the ordinary shares have been duly transferred to the custodian.  The depositary bank will only issue ADSs in whole numbers.
 
When you make a deposit of ordinary shares, you will be responsible for transferring good and valid title to the depositary bank.  As such, you will be deemed to represent and warrant that:
 

The ordinary shares are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid, non-assessable and legally obtained.
 

All preemptive (and similar) rights, if any, with respect to such ordinary shares have been validly waived or exercised.
 

You are duly authorized to deposit the ordinary shares.
 
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The ordinary shares presented for deposit are free and clear of any lien, encumbrance, security interest, charge, mortgage or adverse claim, and are not, and the ADSs issuable upon such deposit will not be, “restricted securities” (as defined in the deposit agreement).
 

The ordinary shares presented for deposit have not been stripped of any rights or entitlements.
 
If any of the representations or warranties are incorrect in any way, we and the depositary bank may, at your cost and expense, take any and all actions necessary to correct the consequences of the misrepresentations.
 
Transfer, Combination and Split Up of ADRs
 
As an ADR holder, you are entitled to transfer, combine or split up your ADRs and the ADSs evidenced thereby.  For transfers of ADRs, you will have to surrender the ADRs to be transferred to the depositary bank and also must:
 

ensure that the surrendered ADR is properly endorsed or otherwise in proper form for transfer;
 

provide such proof of identity and genuineness of signatures as the depositary bank deems appropriate;
 

provide any transfer stamps required by the State of New York or the United States; and
 

pay all applicable fees, charges, expense, taxes and other government charges payable by ADR holders pursuant to the terms of the deposit agreement, upon the transfer of ADRs.
 
To have your ADRs either combined or split up, you must surrender the ADRs in question to the depositary bank with your request to have them combined or split up, and you must pay all applicable fees, charges and expenses payable by ADR holders, pursuant to the terms of the deposit agreement, upon a combination or split up of ADRs.
 
Withdrawal of Ordinary Shares Upon Cancellation of ADSs
 
As a holder, you will be entitled to present your ADSs to the depositary bank for cancellation and then receive the corresponding number of underlying ordinary shares at the custodian’s offices.  Your ability to withdraw the ordinary shares held in respect of the ADSs may be limited by legal considerations under the laws of the United States and the State of Israel applicable at the time of withdrawal.  In order to withdraw the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs, you will be required to pay to the depositary bank the fees for cancellation of ADSs and any charges and taxes payable upon the transfer of the ordinary shares.  You assume the risk for delivery of all funds and securities upon withdrawal.  Once canceled, the ADSs will not have any rights under the deposit agreement.
 
If you hold ADSs registered in your name, the depositary bank may ask you to provide proof of identity and genuineness of any signature and such other documents as the depositary bank may deem appropriate before it will cancel your ADSs. The withdrawal of the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs may be delayed until the depositary bank receives satisfactory evidence of compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.  Please keep in mind that the depositary bank will only accept ADSs for cancellation that represent a whole number of securities on deposit.
 
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You will have the right to withdraw the securities represented by your ADSs at any time except for:
 

Temporary delays that may arise because (i) the transfer books for the ordinary shares or ADSs are closed, or (ii) ordinary shares are immobilized on account of a shareholders’ meeting or a payment of dividends.
 

Obligations to pay fees, taxes and similar charges.
 

Restrictions imposed because of laws or regulations applicable to ADSs or the withdrawal of securities on deposit.
 
The deposit agreement may not be modified to impair your right to withdraw the securities represented by your ADSs except to comply with mandatory provisions of law.
 
Voting Rights
 
As a holder, you generally have the right under the deposit agreement to instruct the depositary bank to exercise the voting rights for the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs. The voting rights of holders of ordinary shares are described in the section titled “Description of Share Capital and Articles of Association” in.
 
At our request, the depositary bank will distribute to you any notice of shareholders’ meeting received from us together with information explaining how to instruct the depositary bank to exercise the voting rights of the securities represented by ADSs.
 
If the depositary bank timely receives voting instructions from a holder of ADSs, it will endeavor to vote the securities (in person or by proxy) represented by the holder’s ADSs in accordance with such voting instructions.
 
Securities for which no voting instructions have been received will not be voted (except as otherwise contemplated in the deposit agreement).  Please note that the ability of the depositary bank to carry out voting instructions may be limited by practical and legal limitations and the terms of the securities on deposit.  We cannot assure you that you will receive voting materials in time to enable you to return voting instructions to the depositary bank in a timely manner.
 
Amendments and Termination
 
We may agree with the depositary bank to modify the deposit agreement at any time without your consent.  We undertake to give holders 30 days’ prior notice of any modifications that would materially prejudice any of their substantial rights under the deposit agreement.  We will not consider to be materially prejudicial to your substantial rights any modifications or supplements that are reasonably necessary for the ADSs to be registered under the Securities Act or to be eligible for book-entry settlement, in each case without imposing or increasing the fees and charges you are required to pay.  In addition, we may not be able to provide you with prior notice of any modifications or supplements that are required to accommodate compliance with applicable provisions of law.
 
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You will be bound by the modifications to the deposit agreement if you continue to hold your ADSs after the modifications to the deposit agreement become effective.  The deposit agreement cannot be amended to prevent you from withdrawing the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs (except as permitted by law).
 
We have the right to direct the depositary bank to terminate the deposit agreement.  Similarly, the depositary bank may in certain circumstances on its own initiative terminate the deposit agreement.  In either case, the depositary bank must give notice to the holders at least 30 days before termination.  Until termination, your rights under the deposit agreement will be unaffected.
 
After termination, the depositary bank will continue to collect distributions received (but will not distribute any such property until you request the cancellation of your ADSs) and sell the securities held on deposit.  After the sale, the depositary bank will hold the proceeds from such sale and any other funds then held for the holders of ADSs in a non-interest bearing account.  At that point, the depositary bank will have no further obligations to holders other than to account for the funds then held for the holders of ADSs still outstanding (after deduction of applicable fees, taxes and expenses).
 
In connection with any termination of the deposit agreement, the depositary bank may, but shall not be obliged to, independently and without the need for any action by us, make available to owners of ADSs a means to withdraw the ordinary shares and other deposited securities represented by ADSs and to direct the depositary of such ordinary shares into an unsponsored American depositary share program established by the depositary bank, upon such terms and conditions as the depositary bank may deem reasonably appropriate, subject however, in each case, to satisfaction of the applicable registration requirements by the depositary bank.  The ability to receive unsponsored American depositary shares upon termination of the deposit agreement would be subject to satisfaction of certain U.S. regulatory requirements applicable to the creation of unsponsored American depositary shares and the payment of applicable depositary fees and charges of, and reimbursement of the applicable expenses incurred by, the depositary bank.
 
Books of Depositary
 
The depositary bank will maintain ADS holder records at its depositary office.  You may inspect such records at such office during regular business hours but solely for the purpose of communicating with other holders in the interest of business matters relating to the ADSs and the deposit agreement.
 
The depositary bank will maintain in New York facilities to record and process the issuance, cancellation, combination, split-up and transfer of ADSs. These facilities may be closed from time to time, to the extent not prohibited by law.
 
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Limitations on Obligations and Liabilities
 
The deposit agreement limits our obligations and the depositary bank’s obligations to you.  Please note the following:
 

We and the depositary bank are obligated only to take the actions specifically stated in the deposit agreement without negligence or bad faith.
 

The depositary bank disclaims any liability for any failure to carry out voting instructions, for any manner in which a vote is cast or for the effect of any vote, provided it acts in good faith and in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement.
 

The depositary bank disclaims any liability for any failure to determine the lawfulness or practicality of any action, for the content of any document forwarded to you on our behalf or for the accuracy of any translation of such a document, for the investment risks associated with investing in ordinary shares, for the validity or worth of the ordinary shares, for any tax consequences that result from the ownership of ADSs, for the credit-worthiness of any third party, for allowing any rights to lapse under the terms of the deposit agreement, for the timeliness of any of our notices or for our failure to give notice.
 

We and the depositary bank will not be obligated to perform any act that is inconsistent with the terms of the deposit agreement.
 

We and the depositary bank disclaim any liability if we or the depositary bank are prevented or forbidden from or subject to any civil or criminal penalty or restraint on account of, or delayed in, doing or performing any act or thing required by the terms of the deposit agreement, by reason of any provision, present or future of any law or regulation, or by reason of present or future provision of any provision of our articles of association, or any provision of or governing the securities on deposit, or by reason of any act of God or war or other circumstances beyond our control.
 

We and the depositary bank disclaim any liability by reason of any exercise of, or failure to exercise, any discretion provided for in the deposit agreement or in our articles of association or in any provisions of or governing the securities on deposit.
 
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We and the depositary bank further disclaim any liability for any action or inaction in reliance on the advice or information received from legal counsel, accountants, any person presenting Shares for deposit, any holder of ADSs or authorized representatives thereof, or any other person believed by either of us in good faith to be competent to give such advice or information.
 

We and the depositary bank also disclaim liability for the inability by a holder to benefit from any distribution, offering, right or other benefit that is made available to holders of ordinary shares but is not, under the terms of the deposit agreement, made available to you.
 

We and the depositary bank may rely without any liability upon any written notice, request or other document believed to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper parties.
 

We and the depositary bank also disclaim liability for any consequential or punitive damages for any breach of the terms of the deposit agreement.
 

No disclaimer of any Securities Act liability is intended by any provision of the deposit agreement.
 

Nothing in the deposit agreement gives rise to a partnership or joint venture, or establishes a fiduciary relationship, among us, the depositary bank and you as ADS holder.
 

Nothing in the deposit agreement precludes Citibank (or its affiliates) from engaging in transactions in which parties adverse to us or the ADS owners have interests, and nothing in the deposit agreement obligates Citibank to disclose those transactions, or any information obtained in the course of those transactions, to us or to the ADS owners, or to account for any payment received as part of those transactions.
 
As the above limitations relate to our obligations and the depositary bank’s obligations to you under the deposit agreement, we believe that, as a matter of construction of the clause, such limitations would likely to continue to apply to ADS holders who withdraw the ordinary shares from the ADS facility with respect to obligations or liabilities incurred under the deposit agreement before the cancellation of the ADSs and the withdrawal of the ordinary shares, and such limitations would most likely not apply to ADS holders who withdraw the ordinary shares from the ADS facility with respect to obligations or liabilities incurred after the cancellation of the ADSs and the withdrawal of the ordinary shares and not under the deposit agreement.
 
In any event, you will not be deemed, by agreeing to the terms of the deposit agreement, to have waived our or the depositary bank’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.  In fact, you cannot waive our or the depositary bank’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
 
Taxes
 
You will be responsible for the taxes and other governmental charges payable on the ADSs and the securities represented by the ADSs. We, the depositary bank and the custodian may deduct from any distribution the taxes and governmental charges payable by holders and may sell any and all property on deposit to pay the taxes and governmental charges payable by holders.  You will be liable for any deficiency if the sale proceeds do not cover the taxes that are due.
 
The depositary bank may refuse to issue ADSs, to deliver, transfer, split and combine ADRs or to release securities on deposit until all taxes and charges are paid by the applicable holder.  The depositary bank and the custodian may take reasonable administrative actions to obtain tax refunds and reduced tax withholding for any distributions on your behalf.  However, you may be required to provide to the depositary bank and to the custodian proof of taxpayer status and residence and such other information as the depositary bank and the custodian may require to fulfill legal obligations.  You are required to indemnify us, the depositary bank and the custodian for any claims with respect to taxes based on any tax benefit obtained for you.
 
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Foreign Currency Conversion
 
The depositary bank will arrange for the conversion of all foreign currency received into U.S. dollars if such conversion is practical, and it will distribute the U.S. dollars in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement.  You may have to pay fees and expenses incurred in converting foreign currency, such as fees and expenses incurred in complying with currency exchange controls and other governmental requirements.
 
If the conversion of foreign currency is not practical or lawful, or if any required approvals are denied or not obtainable at a reasonable cost or within a reasonable period, the depositary bank may take the following actions in its discretion:
 

Convert the foreign currency to the extent practical and lawful and distribute the U.S. dollars to the holders for whom the conversion and distribution is lawful and practical.
 

Distribute the foreign currency to holders for whom the distribution is lawful and practical.
 

Hold the foreign currency (without liability for interest) for the applicable holders.
 
Governing Law/Waiver of Jury Trial
 
The deposit agreement, the ADRs and the ADSs will be interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of New York.  The rights of holders of ordinary shares (including ordinary shares represented by ADSs) are governed by the laws of the State of Israel.
 
As an owner of ADSs, you irrevocably agree that any legal action arising out of the Deposit Agreement, the ADSs or the ADRs, involving the Company or the depositary bank, may only be instituted in a state or federal court in the city of New York and actions by ADS holders to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act, the Securities Act or the respective rule and regulations thereunder must be brought in a federal court in the city of New York.
 
AS A PARTY TO THE DEPOSIT AGREEMENT, YOU IRREVOCABLY WAIVE, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, YOUR RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING ARISING OUT OF THE DEPOSIT AGREEMENT OR THE ADRs AGAINST US AND/OR THE DEPOSITARY BANK.
 
The deposit agreement provides that, to the extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary bank arising out of or relating to our ordinary shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under U.S. federal securities laws.  If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable in the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with applicable case law.  However, you will not be deemed, by agreeing to the terms of the deposit agreement, to have waived our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
 
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