Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Taxes

Note 7. Taxes

Biomea Fusion is subject to U.S. federal and state income taxes as a corporation. There was zero income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. The following is a reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2022
Federal statutory income tax rate		21.0	%		21.0	%		21.0	%
State income tax rate		6.0	%		11.1	%		0.5	%
Tax credits		2.9	%		4.1	%		1.1	%
Stock-based compensation		(1.0	)%		(1.0	)%		(1.1	)%
Change in valuation allowance		(28.8	)%		(34.6	)%		(21.5	)%
Other		(0.1	)%		(0.6	)%		—
Effective income tax rate		0.0	%		0.0	%		0.0	%

Deferred tax assets and liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2024			2023
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	48,853		$	31,469
Capitalized research and development		41,642			25,055
Accrued liabilities and reserves		—			1,562
Stock-based compensation		7,830			4,602
Intangible assets		1,927			1,607
Operating lease liabilities		2,431			2,857
Research and development credits		13,222			7,400
Gross deferred tax assets		115,905			74,552
Valuation allowance		(113,866	)		(71,512	)
Total deferred tax assets		2,039			3,040
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property and equipment		(139	)		(344	)
Operating lease right-of-use assets		(1,900	)		(2,696	)
Total deferred tax liabilities		(2,039	)		(3,040	)
Net deferred tax assets	$	—		$	—

The provisions of ASC Topic 740, Accounting for Income Taxes (ASC 740), require an assessment of both positive and negative evidence when determining whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets are recoverable. For the years

ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, based on all available objective evidence, including the existence of cumulative losses, the Company determined that it was not more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets were fully realizable. Accordingly, the Company established a full valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets. The Company intends to maintain a full valuation allowance on net deferred tax assets until sufficient positive evidence exists to support reversal of the valuation allowance. The Company’s valuation allowance increased by $42.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily because of an increase to the Company's credits, stock compensation and capitalization of research and experimental expenses. In addition the Company was granted approval from the California Franchise Tax Board to utilize an alternative apportionment method to calculate the Company's California net operating losses which increased the Company's state net operating loss carryforward. The Company’s valuation allowance increased by $44.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily because of an increase to the Company's net operating losses, credits, stock compensation and the capitalization of research and development expenses.

At December 31, 2024, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards available to reduce future taxable income, if any, for federal and state income tax purposes of approximately $128.7 million and $313.4 million, respectively. The federal net operating loss carryforwards at December 31, 2024 can be carried forward indefinitely, subject to an annual limitation of 80% of taxable income. The state net operating loss carryforward are subject to expiration in various tax years.

At December 31, 2024, the Company also had federal and California research and development tax credit carryforwards of $12.4 million and $5.6 million, respectively, available to offset future income tax, if any. The federal credit carryforwards begins expiring in 2040, and the California credits can be carried forward indefinitely.

Under Section 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” the corporation's ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change attributes, such as research tax credits, to offset its post-change income may be limited. In general, an “ownership change” will occur if there is a cumulative change in the Company's ownership by “5-percent shareholders” that exceeds 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. Therefore, certain of the Company's carryforward tax attributes may be subject to an annual limitation regarding their utilization against taxable income in future periods. The Company has performed a Section 382 study and has concluded that ownership changes have occurred. As a result, the federal and state NOL carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards may be subject to annual limitations before being applied to reduce future income tax liabilities.

Uncertain Tax Positions

The Company adopted the provisions of ASC 740, which requires companies to determine whether it is “more likely than not” that a tax position will be sustained upon examination by the appropriate taxing authorities before any tax benefit can be recorded in the financial statements. It also provides guidance on the recognition, measurement, classification and interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions.

The following table summarizes the activity related to the Company’s gross unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	2,216		$	624	$	112
Increases for tax provisions related to prior year		84			227		133
Decreases for tax provision related to prior year		(104	)		—		—
Increases for tax provisions related to current year		1,718			1,365		379
Ending balance	$	3,914		$	2,216	$	624

The unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, would not affect the effective income tax rate due to the valuation allowance that currently offsets deferred tax assets. Interest and penalties were zero. The Company does not expect the unrecognized tax benefits to change significantly over the next twelve months.

The Company files federal and state income tax returns. All periods since inception are subject to examination by federal and state authorities, where applicable. There are currently no pending income tax examinations.