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Revenue from Contracts with Customers
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2021
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]  
Revenue from Contracts with Customers Revenue from Contracts with CustomersThe Company recognizes revenue for each separately identifiable performance obligation in a contract representing an obligation to transfer a distinct good or service to a customer. In most cases, goods and services provided under the Company’s contracts are accounted for as single performance obligations due to the complex and integrated nature of our products and services. These contracts generally require significant integration of a group of goods and/or services to deliver a combined output. In some contracts, the Company provides multiple distinct goods or services to a customer. In those cases, the Company accounts for the distinct contract deliverables as separate performance obligations and allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price, which is generally estimated using cost plus a reasonable margin. We classify revenues as products or services on our Consolidated Statements of Earnings based on the predominant attributes of the performance obligations. While the Company provides warranties on certain contracts, we typically do not provide for services beyond standard assurances and therefore do not consider warranties to be separate performance obligations. Typically we enter into three types of contracts: fixed-price contracts, cost-plus contracts and T&M contracts (cost-plus contracts and T&M contracts are aggregated below as flexibly priced contracts). The majority of our total revenues are derived from fixed-price contracts; refer to the revenue disaggregation disclosures that follow.
For fixed-price contracts, customers agree to pay a fixed amount, negotiated in advanced for a specified scope of work.
For cost-plus contracts typically we are reimbursed for allowable or otherwise defined total costs (defined as cost of revenues plus allowable general and administrative expenses) incurred, plus a fee. The contracts may also include incentives for various performance criteria, including quality, timeliness and cost-effectiveness. In addition, costs are generally subject to review by clients and regulatory audit agencies, and such reviews could result in costs being disputed as non-reimbursable under the terms of the contract.
T&M contracts provide for reimbursement of labor hours expended at a contractual fixed labor rate per hour, plus the actual costs of material and other direct non-labor costs. The fixed labor rates on T&M contracts include amounts for the cost of direct labor, indirect contract costs and profit.
Estimating the transaction price for an arrangement requires judgment and is based on expected results which are determined using the Company’s historical data. We estimate that the revenue that we expect to be entitled to receive from a customer to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur.
Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized when the performance obligations are satisfied through the transfer of control over the good or service to the customer, which may occur either over time or at a point in time.
Revenues for the majority of our contracts are measured as determined by the ratio of cumulative costs incurred to date to estimated total contract costs at completion (the "cost-to-cost method"). We believe this is an appropriate measure of progress toward satisfaction of performance obligations as this measure most accurately depicts the progress of our work and transfer of control to our customers. Due to the long-term nature of many of our contracts, developing the estimated total cost at completion and total transaction price often requires judgment. Factors that must be considered in estimating the cost of the work to be completed include the nature and complexity of the work to be performed, subcontractor performance and the risk and impact of delayed performance.
After establishing the estimated total cost at completion, we follow a standard Estimate at Completion (“EAC”) process in which we review the progress and performance on our ongoing contracts at least quarterly. Adjustments to original estimates for a contract's revenue, estimated costs at completion and estimated profit or loss often are required as work progresses under a contract, as experience is gained and as more information is obtained, even though the scope of work required under the contract may not change and are also required if contract modifications occur. When adjustments in estimated total costs at completion or in estimated total transaction price are determined, the related impact on revenue and operating income are recognized using the cumulative catch-up method, which recognizes in the current period the cumulative effect of such adjustments for all prior periods. Any anticipated losses on these contracts are fully recognized in the period in which the losses become evident.
EAC adjustments had the following impacts to revenue for the periods presented:
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)2021202020212020
Revenue$(11)$(30)$(20)$(63)
Total % of Revenue1.6 %4.2 %1.0 %3.2 %

The impacts noted above are attributed primarily to changes in our firm-fixed-price development type programs. As changes happen in the design required to achieve contractual specifications, those changes often result in the programs’ estimate and related profitability. The reduction to revenue for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2021 and September 30, 2020 was attributed primarily to certain submarine electric propulsion programs within our IMS segment.
Conversely, if the requirements for the recognition of contracts over time are not met, revenue is recognized at a point in time when control transfers to the customer, which is generally upon transfer of title. In such cases, the production that is in progress and costs that will be recognized at a future point in time are reported within "inventories".
Costs to obtain a contract are incremental direct costs incurred to obtain a contract with a customer, including sales commissions and dealer fees, and are capitalized if material. Costs to fulfill a contract include costs directly related to a contract or specific anticipated contract (e.g., certain design costs) that generate or enhance our ability to satisfy our performance obligations under these contracts. These costs are capitalized to the extent they are expected to be recovered from the associated contract.
Contract Assets and Liabilities
The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable, unbilled receivables (contract assets), and customer advances and deposits (contract liabilities) on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Amounts are billed as work progresses in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms, either at periodic intervals (e.g., biweekly or monthly) or upon achievement of contractual milestones. Generally, billing occurs subsequent to revenue recognition, resulting in contract assets. However, we sometimes receive advances or deposits from our customers before revenue is recognized, resulting in contract liabilities.
(Dollars in millions)September 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Contract assets$788 $672 
Contract liabilities160 177 
Net contract assets$628 $495 
Revenue recognized in the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2021 that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of each period was $11 million and $100 million, respectively. Revenue recognized in the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of each period was $19 million and $101 million, respectively.
The change in the balances of the Company’s contract assets and liabilities primarily results from timing differences between revenue recognition and customer billings and/or payments.
Contract assets related to amounts withheld by customers until contract completion are not considered a significant financing component of our contracts because the intent is to protect the customers from our failure to satisfactorily complete our performance obligations. Payments received from customers in advance of revenue recognition (contract liabilities) are not considered a significant financing component of our contracts because they are utilized to pay for contract costs within a one-year period or are requested by us to ensure the customers meet their payment obligations.
Value of Remaining Performance Obligations
The value of remaining performance obligations, which we also refer to as total backlog, includes the following components:
•Funded - Funded backlog represents the revenue value of orders for services under existing contracts for which funding is appropriated or otherwise authorized less revenue previously recognized on these contracts.
•Unfunded - Unfunded backlog represents the revenue value of firm orders for products and services under existing contracts for which funding has not yet been appropriated less funding previously recognized on these contracts.
The following table summarizes the value of our total backlog as of September 30, 2021, incorporating both funded and unfunded components:
Backlog:September 30, 2021
(Dollars in millions)
Total Backlog$3,152 
We expect to recognize approximately 28% of our September 30, 2021 backlog as revenue over the next three months, with the remainder to be recognized thereafter.
Disaggregation of Revenue
AST: AST revenue is primarily derived from U.S. government development and production contracts and is generally recognized over time using the cost-to-cost method. We disaggregate AST revenue by geographical region, customer relationship and contract type. We believe these categories best depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of AST revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors:
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)2021202020212020
Revenue by Geographical Region
United States$258 $230 $678 $585 
International19 31 60 73 
Intersegment Sales2 2 5 10 
Total$279 $263 $743 $668 
Revenue by Customer Relationship
Prime contractor$127 $125 $356 $311 
Subcontractor150 136 382 347 
Intersegment Sales2 2 5 10 
Total$279 $263 $743 $668 
Revenue by Contract Type
Firm Fixed Price
$241 $230 $633 $573 
Flexibly Priced(1)
36 31 105 85 
Intersegment Sales2 2 5 10 
Total$279 $263 $743 $668 
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(1)Includes revenue derived from time-and-materials contracts.
NC&C: NC&C revenue is primarily derived from U.S. government development and production contracts and is generally recognized over time using the cost-to-cost method. We disaggregate NC&C revenue by geographical
region, customer relationship and contract type. We believe these categories best depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of NC&C revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors:
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)2021202020212020
Revenue by Geographical Region
United States$226 $248 $707 $686 
International8 17 30 56 
Intersegment Sales5 2 10 7 
Total$239 $267 $747 $749 
Revenue by Customer Relationship
Prime contractor$219 $168 $545 $441 
Subcontractor15 97 192 301 
Intersegment Sales5 2 10 7 
Total$239 $267 $747 $749 
Revenue by Contract Type
Firm Fixed Price
$197 $226 $650 $658 
Flexibly Priced(1)
37 39 87 84 
Intersegment Sales5 2 10 7 
Total$239 $267 $747 $749 
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(1)Includes revenue derived from time-and-materials contracts.
IMS: IMS revenue is primarily derived from U.S. government development and production contracts and is generally recognized over time using the cost-to-cost method. We disaggregate IMS revenue by geographical region, customer relationship and contract type. We believe these categories best depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of IMS revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors:
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)2021202020212020
Revenue by Geographical Region
United States$198 $188 $547 $532 
International11 6 37 20 
Intersegment Sales— — — 1 
Total$209 $194 $584 $553 
Revenue by Customer Relationship
Prime contractor$41 $69 $127 $195 
Subcontractor168 125 457 357 
Intersegment Sales— — — 1 
Total$209 $194 $584 $553 
Revenue by Contract Type
Firm Fixed Price
$179 $151 $495 $448 
Flexibly Priced(1)
30 43 89 104 
Intersegment Sales— — — 1 
Total$209 $194 $584 $553 
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(1)Includes revenue derived from time-and-materials contracts.