10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2026

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ___________________ to ___________________

Commission File Number: 001-39871

SAB BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware	85-3899721
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
777 W 41st St, Suite 401 Miami Beach, Florida	33140
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (605) 679-6980

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, $0.0001 par value per share	SABS	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Warrants, each exercisable for one share of Common Stock	SABSW	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of May 6, 2026, the registrant had 76,464,094 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents

		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	2
Item 1.	Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	2
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes In Stockholders’ Equity	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	6
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	30
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	37
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	37
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION	38
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	38
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	38
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	38
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	38
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	38
Item 5.	Other Information	38
Item 6.	Exhibits	39
Signatures		40

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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited).

SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

	March 31, 2026			December 31, 2025
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	20,519,724		$	10,502,680
Short-term investments		86,871,857			86,089,779
Accrued interest receivable		1,555,061			946,781
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		3,835,400			3,513,384
Total current assets		112,782,042			101,052,624
Deferred issuance costs		—			150,145
Long-term prepaid assets		5,279,709			5,309,345
Long-term investments		110,235,540			46,892,882
Operating lease right-of-use assets		2,885,331			2,603,059
Financing lease right-of-use assets		3,474,306			3,496,012
Property, plant and equipment, net		13,813,570			13,305,902
Total assets	$	248,470,498		$	172,809,969
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$	3,544,958		$	3,145,805
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		5,386,530			6,583,996
Operating lease liabilities, current portion		763,705			797,402
Finance lease liabilities, current portion		156,958			153,967
Total current liabilities		9,852,151			10,681,170
Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent		2,170,887			1,877,360
Finance lease liabilities, noncurrent		3,081,573			3,121,952
Warrant liabilities		6,117,586			5,635,112
Total liabilities		21,222,197			21,315,594
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)
Stockholders’ equity
Series A Preferred stock; $0.0001 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized, 28,380 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively		3			3
Series B Preferred stock; $0.0001 par value; 2,928,570 shares authorized, 587,879 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2026 and 638,558 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025		59			64
Common stock; $0.0001 par value; 800,000,000 shares authorized at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025; 75,799,241 and 47,664,564 shares issued at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, and 75,744,576 and 47,609,899 outstanding at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively		7,580			4,766
Treasury stock, at cost; 54,665 shares held at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively		(5,521,246	)		(5,521,246	)
Additional paid-in capital		362,748,721			267,719,445
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		(222,764	)		186,510
Accumulated deficit		(129,764,052	)		(110,895,167	)
Total stockholders’ equity		227,248,301			151,494,375
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	248,470,498		$	172,809,969

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements

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SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(Unaudited)

	For The Three Months Ended March 31,
	2026			2025
Operating expenses
Research and development		13,397,977			7,657,321
General and administrative		6,599,759			3,114,781
Total operating expenses		19,997,736			10,772,102
Loss from operations		(19,997,736	)		(10,772,102	)
Other income (expense)
Changes in fair value of warrant liabilities		(482,474	)		5,035,769
Interest expense		(62,745	)		(69,565	)
Interest income		1,047,197			62,498
Other income		626,873			546,627
Total other income		1,128,851			5,575,329
Net loss	$	(18,868,885	)	$	(5,196,773	)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized loss, change in fair value of available-for-sale securities, net of reclassification adjustment and tax	$	(546,791	)	$	(975	)
Foreign currency translation gain		137,517			24,792
Total comprehensive loss	$	(19,278,159	)	$	(5,172,956	)
Loss per common share attributable to the Company’s shareholders
Basic and diluted loss per common share	$	(0.35	)	$	(0.56	)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic and diluted		53,558,639			9,291,641

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements

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SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes In Stockholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

	Common stock				Series B Preferred Stock						Series A Preferred Stock							Treasury Stock
	Shares		Amount		Shares			Amount			Shares		Amount		Additional Paid-In Capital			Shares			Amount			Accumulated Deficit			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance at December 31, 2025		47,664,564	$	4,766		638,558		$	64			28,380	$	3	$	267,719,445			(54,665	)	$	(5,521,246	)	$	(110,895,167	)	$	186,510		$	151,494,375
Stock-based compensation		—		—		—			—			—		—		5,459,911			—			—			—			—			5,459,911
Issuance of common stock for exercise of stock options		39,083		4								—		—		113,112		—			—			—			—				113,116
Issuance of common stock pursuant to vesting of restricted stock units		3,017		1		—			—			—		—		(1	)		—			—			—			—			—
Payment of taxes withheld on issuance of restricted stock units		—		—		—			—			—		—		(4,571	)		—			—			—			—			(4,571	)
Conversion of Series B Preferred Stock into common shares		6,767,900		677		(67,679	)		(7	)		—		—		(670	)		—			—			—			—			—
Conversion of Enrollment Warrants into Series B Preferred Stock		—		—		17,000			2			—		—		2,974,998			—			—			—			—			2,975,000
Issuance of common stock and prefunded warrants under the March 2026 Public Offering, net of issuance costs		19,324,677		1,932		—			—			—		—		79,248,697			—			—			—			—			79,250,629
Issuance of common stock under the March 2026 Public Offering Underwriters Option, net of issuance costs		2,000,000		200		—			—			—		—		7,237,800			—			—			—			—			7,238,000
Net loss		—		—		—			—			—		—		—			—			—			(18,868,885	)		—			(18,868,885	)
Foreign currency translation		—		—		—			—			—		—		—			—			—			—			137,517			137,517
Unrealized loss, change in fair value of available-for-sale securities, net of reclassification adjustment		—		—		—			—			—		—		—			—			—			—			(546,791	)		(546,791	)
Balance at March 31, 2026		75,799,241	$	7,580		587,879		$	59			28,380	$	3	$	362,748,721			(54,665	)	$	(5,521,246	)	$	(129,764,052	)	$	(222,764	)	$	227,248,301

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes In Stockholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

	Common stock				Series B Preferred Stock				Series A Preferred Stock							Treasury Stock
	Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount		Additional Paid-In Capital			Shares			Amount			Accumulated Deficit			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance at December 31, 2024		9,343,533	$	935		—	$	—		42,019	$	5	$	155,794,142			(54,665	)	$	(5,521,246	)	$	(124,168,850	)	$	(135,410	)	$	25,969,576
Stock-based compensation		—		—		—		—		—		—		612,951			—			—			—			—			612,951
Issuance of common stock pursuant to vesting of restricted stock units		2,829		1		—		—		—		—		(1	)		—			—			—			—			—
Payment of taxes withheld on issuance of restricted stock units		—		—		—		—		—		—		(2,072	)		—			—			—			—			(2,072	)
Net loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—			—			—			(5,196,773	)		—			(5,196,773	)
Foreign currency translation		—		—		—		—		—		—		—			—			—			—			24,792			24,792
Unrealized loss, change in fair value of available-for-sale securities		—		—		—		—		—		—		—			—			—			—			(975	)		(975	)
Balance at March 31, 2025		9,346,362	$	936		—	$	—		42,019	$	5	$	156,405,020			(54,665	)	$	(5,521,246	)	$	(129,365,623	)	$	(111,593	)	$	21,407,499

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2026			2025
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(18,868,885	)	$	(5,196,773	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		730,965			756,595
Amortization of finance right-of-use assets		21,705			21,706
Stock-based compensation expense		5,459,911			612,951
Gain on the sale of equipment		(2,217	)		—
Net realized and unrealized (gain) loss on equity securities		9,587			(961	)
Net realized gain on debt securities		(47,089	)		—
Changes in fair value of warrant liabilities		482,474			(5,035,769	)
Accretion of discounts on investments		10,075			(19,489	)
Gain in early termination of lease liability		(7,042	)		—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
Accrued interest receivable		(608,280	)		33,569
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(297,263	)		(291,075	)
Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities, net		(74,224	)		54,785
Accounts payable		114,119			684,171
Accrued expense and other current liabilities		(1,194,966	)		583,073
Net cash used in operating activities		(14,271,130	)		(7,797,217	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from the sale of equipment		2,217			500
Purchases of equipment		(983,257	)		—
Purchases of investments		(139,262,781	)		(70,905	)
Proceeds from sales and maturities of investments		74,596,145			4,741,508
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		(65,647,676	)		4,671,103
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from the March 2026 Public Offering, net of issuance costs		79,636,964			—
Proceeds from the March 2026 Public Offering Underwriters Option, net of issuance costs		7,238,000			—
Proceeds from exercised warrants		2,975,000			—
Principal payments on financed director and officer insurance		—			(137,295	)
Principal payments on finance leases		(37,388	)		(34,618	)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		113,116			—
Tax payments for share settlement of restricted stock units		(4,571	)		(2,072	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		89,921,121			(173,985	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		14,729			42,500
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		10,017,044			(3,257,599	)
Cash and cash equivalents
Beginning of period		10,502,680			8,897,966
End of period	$	20,519,724		$	5,640,367
Supplemental cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	$	62,986		$	70,011
Supplemental information on non-cash investing and finance activities:
Right-of-use asset written off due to early termination of lease	$	368,425		$	—
Operating lease liability written off due to early termination of lease		280,415			—
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities		775,143			2,422,191
March 2026 Public Offering Issuance Costs included in accrued expenses		386,335			—
Purchases of equipment included in accounts payable		255,376			—

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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SAb Biotherapeutics, Inc. and subsidiaries

Notes to condensed consolidated FINANCIAL statements (Unaudited)

(1) Nature of Business

SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“SAB” or “SAB Biotherapeutics”, and together with its subsidiaries, the “Company”), is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development of human polyclonal immunotherapeutic antibodies, or human immunoglobulins (“hIgG”), to address immune system disorders and infectious diseases. The Company’s antibodies are both target-specific and polyclonal, meaning they are comprised of multiple hIgGs and can bind to multiple sites on specific immunogens, making them ideally suited to address the complexities associated with many immune-mediated disorders. The Company’s lead candidate, SAB-142 is a human anti-thymocyte globulin (“ATG”) focused on preventing or delaying the progression of type 1 diabetes (“T1D”).

Australian Research and Development Tax Credit

In June 2023, the Company formed a new subsidiary in Australia, SAB BIO PTY LTD, a proprietary limited company (“SAB Australia”), primarily to conduct preclinical and clinical activities for product candidates. SAB Australia’s research and development activities qualify for the Australian government’s tax credit program, which provides a 48.5% credit for qualifying research and development expenses.

Liquidity

As of March 31, 2026, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $129.8 million. The Company anticipates that it will continue to generate losses for the foreseeable future and expects the losses to increase as the Company continues the development of, or seeks regulatory approvals for product candidates, and begins commercialization of products. As a result, the Company will require additional capital to fund operations in order to support long-term plans.

Based on the Company’s current level of operating expenses, existing resources will be sufficient to cover operating cash needs through at least the twelve months following the date of this report. In the future, the Company may seek additional funding through a combination of equity or debt financings, or other third-party financing, collaborative or other funding arrangements.

(2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

A summary of the significant accounting policies applied in preparation of the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements is set forth below.

Basis of presentation

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial statements and the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) applicable to interim financial statements. Certain information or footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC for interim financial reporting. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes necessary for a complete presentation of financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared by management without audit and should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto, appearing in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025. In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the consolidated financial position, consolidated results of operations and other comprehensive loss and consolidated cash flows, for the periods indicated, have been made. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2026 are not necessarily indicative of operating results that may be achieved over the course of the full year.

Emerging growth company status

The Company is an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), as modified by the Jumpstart our Business Startups Act of 2012, (the “JOBS Act”), and it may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in its periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

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Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. The Company has elected not to opt out of such extended transition period which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, the Company, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of the Company’s financial statements with another public company which is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company which has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

Principles of consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the results of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries, SAB Sciences, Inc., Diversity Therapeutics, Inc., SAB LLC, SAB Capra, LLC, Aurochs, LLC, and SAB Australia. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Significant risks and uncertainties

The Company’s operations are subject to a number of factors that can affect its operating results and financial condition. Such factors include, but are not limited to, the results of research and development efforts, clinical trial activities of the Company’s product candidates, the Company’s ability to obtain regulatory approval to market its product candidates, competition from products manufactured and sold or being developed by other companies, and the Company’s ability to raise capital.

The Company currently has no commercially approved products and there can be no assurance that the Company’s research and development will be successfully commercialized. Developing and commercializing a product requires significant time and capital and is subject to regulatory review and approval as well as competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. The Company operates in an environment of rapid change and is dependent upon the continued services of its employees and obtaining and protecting intellectual property.

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in the financial statements. The Company has used significant estimates in its determination of stock-based compensation assumptions, determination of the fair value of the Private Placement Warrant liabilities, determination of the incremental borrowing rate (“IBR”) used in the calculation of the Company’s right of use assets and lease liabilities, estimation of clinical and other accruals and the valuation allowance on deferred tax assets. Actual amounts realized may differ from these estimates.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The following fair value hierarchy classifies the inputs to valuation techniques that would be used to measure fair value into one of three levels:

Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions.

Certain of the Company’s financial instruments are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis but are recorded at amounts that approximate their fair value due to the short-term nature of their maturities, such as cash and cash equivalents, accrued interest receivable, accounts payable, notes payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities.

The Company accounts for warrants to purchase its common stock par value of $0.0001 per share (its “common stock”) pursuant to Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 470, Debt (“ASC 470”), and ASC Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”), and classifies warrants for common stock as liabilities or equity. The warrants classified as liabilities are reported at their estimated fair value (see Note 11, Fair Value Measurements) and any changes in fair value are reflected in other income

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(expense). The warrants classified as equity are reported at their estimated relative fair value with no subsequent remeasurement. The Company’s outstanding warrants are discussed in more detail in Note 10, Warrants.

Deferred Issuance Costs

The Company capitalizes certain legal, professional accounting and other third-party fees that are directly associated with in-process equity financings as deferred issuance costs until such financings are consummated. After consummation of the equity financing, these costs are recorded in shareholders’ equity as a reduction of additional paid-in capital generated as a result of the issuance.

The Company did not have any deferred issuance costs as of March 31, 2026. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had $150 thousand of deferred issuance costs, related to the Company’s sales agreement with UBS Securities LLC. The sales agreement is discussed further in Note 8, Stockholders’ Equity.

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash

Cash and cash equivalents are comprised of cash and highly liquid investments with original maturities of 90 days or less at the date of purchase. Cash equivalents consist primarily of exchange-traded money market funds and U.S. treasury securities.

The Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of default by the financial institutions or the issuers of these investments to the extent the amounts on deposit or invested are in excess of amounts that are insured.

Short-term and long-term investments

The Company accounts for investments in accordance with ASC Topic 320, Investments - Debt and Equity Securities. Management determines the appropriate classification of its investments at the time of purchase and reevaluates such determinations at each reporting period.

At March 31, 2026, the Company’s short-term and long-term investments consisted of U.S. treasury securities with original maturity exceeding 90 days, and investments in exchange traded mutual funds. The Company classifies these securities as current and non-current. The Company considers all of its securities for which there is a determinable fair market value, and there are no restrictions on the Company’s ability to sell within the next twelve months, as available-for-sale securities.

The Company recognizes the change in fair value of available-for-sale equity securities within other income in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, and available-for-sale debt securities are measured at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Company reviews its investments at each reporting date to identify and evaluate whether a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis of available-for-sale debt securities is due to credit-related factors and determines if such unrealized losses are the result of credit losses that require impairment. The Company records an allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities when a decline in fair value is determined to be credit-related, rather than recording a direct write-down of the investment's amortized cost. Factors considered in determining whether an unrealized loss is the result of credit-related factors include the extent to which the fair value is less than the cost basis, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, any historical failure of the issuer to make scheduled interest or principal payments, any adverse legal or regulatory events affecting the issuer or issuer’s industry, any significant deterioration in economic condition and the Company’s intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value.

The Company did not recognize any credit losses on its short-term and long-term investments during the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025.

Concentration of credit risk

The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalent balances in the form of business checking accounts and money market accounts, the balances of which, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. Although the Company currently believes that the financial institutions with whom it does business will be able to fulfill their commitments to the Company, there is no assurance that those institutions will be able to continue to do so. The Company has not experienced any credit losses associated with its balances in such accounts for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025.

Lease liabilities and right-of-use assets

The Company is party to certain contractual arrangements for equipment, lab space, and an animal facility, which meet the definition of leases under Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”). In accordance with ASC 842, the Company recorded right-of-use assets and related lease liabilities for the present value of the lease payments over the lease terms. The Company’s IBR was used in the calculation of its right-of-use assets and lease liabilities.

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The Company elected not to apply the recognition requirements of ASC 842 to short-term leases, which are deemed to be leases with a lease term of twelve months or less. Instead, the Company recognizes lease payments in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term and variable payments in the period in which the obligation for these payments was incurred. The Company elected this policy for all classes of underlying assets.

Research and development expenses

Expenses incurred in connection with research and development activities are expensed as incurred. These include licensing fees to use certain technology in the Company’s research and development projects, fees paid to consultants and various entities that perform certain research and testing on behalf of the Company, and expenses related to animal care, research-use equipment depreciation, salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation granted to employees in research and development functions.

During the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company had contracts with multiple contract research organizations (“CRO”) to complete studies as part of research grant agreements. These costs include upfront, milestone and monthly expenses as well as reimbursement for pass through costs. All research and development costs are expensed as incurred except when the Company is accounting for nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services to be used in future research and development activities. In these cases, these payments are capitalized at the time of payment and expensed in the period the research and development activity is performed. As actual costs become known, the Company will adjust the accrual; such changes in estimate may result in material changes in the Company’s clinical study accrual, which could also materially affect reported results of operations. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, there were no material adjustments to the Company’s prior period estimates of accrued expenses for clinical trials.

Property, Plant and Equipment

The Company records property, plant, and equipment at cost less depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is calculated using straight-line methods over the following estimated useful lives:

Animal facility equipment	7 years
Laboratory equipment	7 years
Leasehold improvements	Shorter of asset life or lease term
Office furniture and equipment	5 years
Vehicles	5 years

Repairs and maintenance expenses are expensed as incurred.

Impairment of long-lived assets

The Company reviews the recoverability of long-lived assets, including the related useful lives, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of a long-lived asset may not be recoverable. If necessary, the Company compares the estimated undiscounted future net cash flows to the related asset’s carrying value to determine whether there has been an impairment. If an asset is considered impaired, the asset is written down to fair value, which is based either on discounted cash flows or appraised values in the period the impairment becomes known. The Company believes that long-lived assets are recoverable, and no impairment was deemed necessary, during the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025.

Stock-based compensation

FASB ASC Topic 718, Compensation– Stock Compensation, prescribes accounting and reporting standards for all share-based payment transactions in which employee and non-employee services are acquired. The Company recognizes compensation cost relating to stock-based payment transactions using a fair-value measurement method, which requires all stock-based payments to employees, directors, and non-employee consultants, including grants of stock options, to be recognized in operating results as compensation expense based on fair value over the requisite service period of the awards. The Company determines the fair value of common stock based on the closing market price at closing on the date of the grant.

In determining the fair value of stock-based awards, the Company utilizes the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which uses both historical and current market data to estimate fair value. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model incorporates various assumptions, such as the value of the underlying common stock, the risk-free interest rate, expected volatility, expected dividend yield, and expected life of the options. For awards with performance-based vesting criteria, the Company estimates the probability of achievement of the performance criteria and recognizes compensation expense related to those awards expected to vest. No awards may have a term in excess of ten years. Forfeitures are recorded when they occur. Stock-based compensation expense is classified in the condensed consolidated statements of operations based on the function to which the related services are provided. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense over the vesting period.

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Income taxes

Deferred income taxes reflect future tax effects of temporary differences between the tax and financial reporting basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities measured using enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates applicable to the periods when the temporary differences will affect taxable income. When necessary, deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance, to reflect realizable value, and all deferred tax balances are reported as long-term on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Accruals are maintained for uncertain tax positions, as necessary.

The Company uses a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken, or expected to be taken, in a tax return. The Company has elected to treat interest and penalties related to income taxes, to the extent they arise, as a component of income taxes.

Foreign Currency Translations and Transactions

Assets and liabilities of the Company's foreign subsidiary are translated at the period-end exchange rate. Operating results of the Company's foreign subsidiary are translated at average exchange rates during the period. Translation adjustments have no effect on net income (loss) and are included in “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)” in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Comprehensive loss

Comprehensive loss includes net loss as well as other changes in stockholders’ equity that result from transactions and economic events other than those with stockholders. The components of comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 consist of foreign currency translation adjustments from its subsidiaries not using the U.S. dollar as their functional currency, and unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale debt securities. During the three months ended March 31, 2026, $47 thousand of net realized gains was reclassified from accumulated comprehensive income (loss) to other income. The Company did not reclassify any realized gains or losses for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Litigation

From time to time, the Company is involved in legal proceedings, investigations and claims generally incidental to its normal business activities. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, the Company accrues for loss contingencies when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred.

Earnings per share

In accordance with ASC 260, Earnings per Share (“ASC 260”), basic net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the diluted net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common stock outstanding for the period including potential dilutive common shares such as stock options and convertible preferred stock. See Note 4, Earnings per share, for further details.

Segment reporting

In accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting, the Company’s business activities are organized into one reportable segment, as only the Company’s operating results in their entirety are regularly reviewed by the Company’s chief operating decision maker to make decisions about resources to be allocated and to assess performance.

Australian Research and Development Tax Credit

The Company recognizes other income from Australian research and development incentives when there is reasonable assurance that the income will be received, the relevant expenditure has been incurred, and the consideration can be reliably measured. The research and development incentive is one of the key elements of the Australian Government’s support for Australia’s innovation system and is supported by legislative law primarily in the form of the Australian Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, as long as eligibility criteria are met. Under the program, a percentage of eligible research and development expenses incurred by the Company through its subsidiary in Australia are reimbursed. The Company recognized $0.1 million and $0.4 million in tax credit income for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

Management has assessed the Company’s research and development activities and expenditures to determine which activities and expenditures are likely to be eligible under the research and development incentive regime described above. At each period end,

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management estimates the refundable tax offset available to the Company based on available information at the time and it is included in other income in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

(3) New accounting standards

Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Topic 220)”. ASU 2024-03 requires additional disclosure in the notes to financial statements of specified information about certain expenses such as purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, intangible asset amortization, and depreciation and other expenses which are presented in the face of the income statement within continuing operations. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU on its condensed consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

(4) Earnings per share

Since the Company reported a net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, it was required by ASC 260 to use basic weighted-average shares outstanding when calculating diluted net loss per share for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, as the potential dilutive securities are anti-dilutive.

The following is a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used to calculate basic earnings per share and diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025:

	For The Three Months Ended March 31,
	2026			2025
Calculation of basic loss per share attributable to the Company’s shareholders
Net loss attributable to common stockholders		(18,868,885	)		(5,196,773	)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted		53,558,639			9,291,641
Earnings per share - basic and diluted	$	(0.35	)	$	(0.56	)

Included within weighted average common shares outstanding for the three months ended March 31, 2026, are 2,753,246 common shares issuable upon the exercise of pre-funded warrants, as the warrants are exercisable at any time for nominal consideration, and, as such, the shares are considered outstanding for the purpose of calculating basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders.

The Company’s other potentially dilutive securities, which include stock options, restricted stock awards, common stock warrants, earnout shares, and contingently issuable earnout shares have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share as the effect would be to reduce the net loss per share. Therefore, the weighted average number of common shares outstanding used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is the same. The Company excluded the following potential common shares, presented based on amounts outstanding at each period end, from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the periods indicated because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:

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	For The Three Months Ended March 31,
	2026		2025
Stock options and awards		38,970,396		2,983,234
Common Stock Warrants (1)		2,233,407		2,233,407
Series A Preferred Stock (2)		4,504,824		6,669,742
Preferred Stock Warrants (3)		17,002,381		17,002,381
Enrollment Warrants (4)		98,300,000		—
Release Date Warrants (4)		50,000,000		—
Contingently issuable Earnout Shares from unexercised Rollover    Options		150,806		150,806
Total		211,161,814		29,039,570

(1)Contained within common stock warrants are the 575,000 shares of common stock underlying public warrants (the “Public Warrants”), 20,860 shares of common stock underlying warrants held by assignees of Big Cypress Holdings, LLC (the “Private Placement Warrants”), 30,000 shares underlying warrants held by Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. (the “Ladenburg Warrants”), 736,337 shares underlying warrants issued to the investors in the December 2022 Private Placement (the “the PIPE Warrants”), 21,091 shares underlying warrants issued to the placement agent in the December 2022 Private Placement (the “PIPE Placement Agent Warrants”), and 850,119 shares underlying the Preferred PIPE Placement Agent Warrants issued to the placement agent in the September 2023 Offering. See Note 10, Warrants for further details on the Company’s outstanding warrants.

(2)Represents 4,504,824 and 6,669,742 shares of common stock underlying 28,380 and 42,019 issued and outstanding shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock, for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. See Note 8, Stockholders’ Equity for further details on the Company’s preferred stock.

(3)Represents 17,002,381 shares of common stock underlying 107,115 outstanding Preferred Tranche C Warrants (as defined below) for the three months ended March 31, 2026. See Note 10, Warrants for further details on the Company’s outstanding warrants.

(4)Represents 50,000,000 and 98,300,000 shares of common stock underlying the Release Date Warrants and Enrollment Warrants, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2026.

(5) Property, plant and equipment

As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company’s property, plant and equipment was as follows:

	March 31, 2026			December 31, 2025
Laboratory equipment	$	11,521,555		$	11,339,840
Animal facility leasehold improvements		8,400,580			8,400,580
Animal facility equipment		1,267,529			1,278,123
Construction-in-progress		1,435,480			759,279
Leasehold improvements		7,166,839			7,064,721
Vehicles		201,590			201,590
Office furniture and equipment		1,943,751			1,778,231
Total Property, plant and equipment, gross		31,937,324			30,822,364
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(18,123,754	)		(17,516,462	)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	13,813,570		$	13,305,902

Depreciation and amortization expense was $0.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

(6) Leases

The Company has an operating lease for lab space from Sanford Health, under a lease that started in June 2014 and initially ended in June 2019, at which time the lease was extended through August 2024. This lease was renewed in January 2025 for a five-year-term ending on December 31, 2029. This lease can be terminated with one-year advance written notice and does not include an option to extend beyond the life of the current term. The lease costs are approximately $50 thousand per month through 2025, with an annual

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increase of 2% through 2029. The lease does not provide an implicit rate, and, therefore, the Company used an IBR of 9.90% as the discount rate when measuring the operating lease liability. The Company estimated the IBR based upon comparing interest rates available in the market for similar borrowings and the credit quality of the Company.

The Company entered into a lease for office, laboratory, and warehouse space in November 2020, as amended in July 2022, and renewed in November 2023. This renewed lease has a 3-year term, with options to extend for 3 additional periods of 3 years each. The options were not included in the right of use calculation as it was unclear as to whether or not the location will meet the Company’s requirements beyond the next three years. The lease costs are $31 thousand per month for the November 2023 lease renewal. The Company used an IBR of 8.14% as the discount rate when measuring the operating lease liability for the November 2023 lease renewal. The Company estimated the IBR based upon comparing interest rates available in the market for similar borrowings and the credit quality of the Company.

In April 2024, the Company entered into a lease for 1,272 square feet of office space in Miami Beach, Florida. The initial term was 62 months, with monthly payments of approximately $7 thousand through 2024 and annual escalations of 4% through 2029. The lease liability was measured using an IBR of 7.12%. In September 2025, the Company terminated this lease and entered into a new lease for expanded space totaling 3,099 square feet in the same location. The new lease commenced in January 2026 with a 60-month term, monthly payments of approximately $17 thousand through 2026, and annual escalations of 3% through 2030. The new lease liability was measured using an IBR of 14.90%. The Company estimated the IBR based upon comparing interest rates available in the market for similar borrowings and the credit quality of the Company.

The Company has the following finance leases:

•In December 2018, the Company entered into a finance lease with Dakota Ag Properties for a new animal facility which includes the surrounding land. The facility and the land have been accounted for as separate lease components. The lease is based upon payback of $4 million in construction costs, with a 20-year term at an interest rate of 8%. The monthly payment for this lease is $34 thousand. The Company has the option to purchase the asset at any time during the term of the lease for the balance of the unamortized lease payments.

The lease agreements do not require material variable lease payments, residual value guarantees or restrictive covenants.

The amortizable lives of the operating lease assets are limited by their expected lease terms. The amortizable lives of the finance lease assets are limited by their expected lives, as the Company intends to exercise the purchase options at the end of the leases. The following is the estimated useful lives of the finance lease assets:

Animal Facility	40 years
Equipment	3–7 years
Land	Indefinite

The Company’s weighted-average remaining lease term and weighted-average discount rate for operating and finance leases as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 are:

	March 31, 2026						December 31, 2025
2026 - remaining	Operating			Finance			Operating			Finance
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)	3.77			12.67			3.62			12.92
Weighted-average discount rate (percentage)		11.20	%		7.72	%		9.45	%		7.72	%

The table below reconciles the undiscounted future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable leases with terms of more than one year to the total lease liabilities recognized on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2026:

	Operating			Finance
2026 - remaining	$	830,626		$	301,122
2027		836,602			401,496
2028		855,450			401,496
2029		874,728			401,496
2030		211,021			401,496
Thereafter		—			3,178,510
Undiscounted future minimum lease payments		3,608,427			5,085,616
Less: Amount representing interest payments		(673,835	)		(1,847,085	)
Total lease liabilities		2,934,592			3,238,531
Less current portion		(763,705	)		(156,958	)
Noncurrent lease liabilities	$	2,170,887		$	3,081,573

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Operating lease expense was approximately $301 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2026, and $268 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2025. Operating lease costs are included within research and development expenses on the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Finance lease costs for the three months ended March 31, 2026 included approximately $22 thousand in right-of-use asset amortization and approximately $63 thousand of interest expense.

Finance lease costs for the three months ended March 31, 2025 included approximately $22 thousand in right-of-use asset amortization and approximately $66 thousand of interest expense. Finance lease costs are included within research and development expenses on the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Cash payments under operating leases were approximately $280 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2026. Cash payments under finance leases were approximately $100 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2026.

Cash payments under operating leases were approximately $213 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2025. Cash payments under finance leases were approximately $100 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

(7) Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following:

	March 31, 2026		December 31, 2025
Payroll and employee-related costs	$	2,894,637	$	5,036,039
Accrued research and development expenses		1,008,218		322,743
Accrued financing fees payable		386,335		—
Accrued business consulting		547,740		354,361
Accrued legal fees		188,050		—
Accrued interest		20,835		21,075
Other accrued expenses		340,715		849,778
	$	5,386,530	$	6,583,996

(8) Stockholders’ Equity

Authorized and Outstanding Capital Stock

The total number of shares of the Company’s authorized capital stock is 810,000,000. The total amount of authorized capital stock consists of 800,000,000 shares of common stock and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock. As of March 31, 2026, 75,744,576 shares of common stock, 28,380 shares of Series A Preferred Stock and 587,879 shares of Series B Preferred Stock were outstanding.

Series A Preferred Stock and Warrants

On September 29, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “September 2023 Purchase Agreement”) with certain accredited investors, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement (the “September 2023 Offering”), (i) 7,500 shares of Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Series A-1 Preferred Stock”), (ii) tranche A warrants (the “Preferred Tranche A Warrants”) to acquire shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock or Series A-3 Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, (iii) tranche B warrants to acquire shares of Series A-3 Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Preferred Tranche B Warrants”), and (iv) tranche C warrants to purchase Series A-3 Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Preferred Tranche C Warrants” and together with the Preferred Tranche A Warrants, and Preferred Tranche B Warrants, the “Preferred Warrants”). The Series A-1 Preferred Stock, Series A-2 Preferred Stock, and Series A-3 Preferred Stock are collectively referred to in this section as the “Series A Preferred Stock.”

During the fourth quarter of 2023, holders exercised Preferred Tranche A Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 59,654 shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock for gross proceeds of approximately $59.65 million. Unexercised Preferred Tranche A Warrants, together with the associated Tranche B Warrants, were forfeited or cancelled in accordance with the terms of the September 2023 Purchase Agreement. Preferred Tranche C Warrants remain outstanding and exercisable until the five (5) year anniversary of their exercisability date.

The Company issued an aggregate of 67,154 shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock in connection with the September 2023 Offering and the exercise of the Preferred Tranche A Warrants.

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Following receipt of required stockholder approval, 24,918 shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock were automatically converted into an aggregate of 3,954,674 shares of common stock at a conversion price of $6.30 per share (approximately 158.8 shares of common stock for each share of Series A-1 Preferred Stock). The remaining 42,236 shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock were converted into an equal number of shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock, which are convertible into common stock at the same conversion price of $6.30 per share, subject to certain beneficial ownership limitations as set forth in the Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of the Series A Convertible Voting Preferred Stock (the “Certificate of Designation”). There were no Series A-2 Preferred stock converted for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 13,639 shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock were converted into 2,164,918 shares of common stock during the twelve months ended December 31, 2025.

Holders of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends on an as-converted-to-common-stock basis and to vote together with holders of common stock, subject to a beneficial ownership blocker of either 4.99% or 9.99%, as elected by each holder. The shares of Series A Preferred Stock are convertible into common stock at a conversion price of $6.30 per share.

For additional information regarding the Company’s outstanding warrants, refer to Note 10, Warrants.

Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and Warrants

On July 21, 2025, the Company entered into the July 2025 Purchase Agreement with certain accredited investors, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement, (i) 1,000,000 Series B Shares convertible into 100,000,000 shares of Common Stock, (ii) Release Date Warrants to purchase up to 500,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock, and (iii) Enrollment Date Warrants to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock. The closing of the Series B Offering occurred on July 22, 2025.

The aggregate gross proceeds to the Company from the issuance and sale of the Series B Shares, Release Date Warrants, and Enrollment Date Warrants was $175 million, before deducting fees to be paid to the placement agents and financial advisors of the Company and other estimated offering expenses payable by the Company. The Company incurred $11.1 million in offering costs resulting in net proceeds of $163.9 million. The aggregate exercise price of the Warrants is approximately $284 million.

The Release Date Warrants and Enrollment Date Warrants were initially recorded at fair value of $152.7 million as these instruments were considered to be liability classified at issuance because the underlying preferred shares were redeemable, requiring the Company to settle the instruments in cash under certain conditions. The remaining gross proceeds of $22.3 million was allocated to the Series B Preferred Stock. The Company allocated the offering costs to each of the instruments utilizing the relative fair value method. As a result, total offering costs of $11.1 million were allocated, with $4.9 million allocated to the warrants and expensed in the period ending September 30, 2025 and $6.2 million allocated to the Series B Preferred Stock and treated as a reduction in proceeds.

At the Company’s special meeting of stockholders held on September 26, 2025 (the “2025 Special Meeting”), the stockholders approved, among other things, the issuance of all shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Series B Preferred Stock. Following such approval, the Series B Preferred Stock automatically converted into the Conversion Shares subject to a conversion cap that limits the conversion of the Series B Preferred Stock such that a holder may not beneficially own more than 4.99% of the shares of Common Stock that would be issued and outstanding following such conversion. This resulted in 361,442 shares of Series B Preferred Stock converting into 36,144,200 shares of Common Stock.

The Series B Preferred Stock is entitled to receive dividends on an as-converted-to-common-stock basis when and if declared by the Board of Directors and converts to common stock at a ratio of one-for-one hundred, subject to certain potential adjustments. From the date of issuance until the requisite approval, the Series B Preferred Shares contained a redemption right that was outside of the Company’s control. Following the requisite approval, there is no liquidation preference or redemption rights and the shares are considered to be equity classified. After Requisite Approval at the option of the holder they can convert the Series B Preferred Stock shares to shares of the Company’s Common Stock subject to certain ownership limitations. Following stockholder approval, each share of Series B Preferred Stock, is convertible into Conversion Shares at a conversion price of $1.75 per share. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 there were 67,679 shares of Series B Preferred stock converted into 6,767,900 shares of common stock.

The Release Date and Enrollment Date Warrants provide for the purchase of up to 500,000 and 1,000,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock, respectively. The Release Date Warrants and Enrollment Date Warrants have an exercise price of $218.75 and $175.00 per share, respectively. The Release Date Warrants have an expiration of the earlier of five years from the issuance date or the Phase II Release Date (as defined in the warrant). The Enrollment Warrants have an expiration date of the earlier of five years from the issuance date or the Phase II Enrollment Date (as defined in the warrant). There were 17,000 Enrollment Warrants exercised for 17,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock during the three months ended March 31, 2026.

The Release Date and Enrollment Date Warrants were initially classified as liabilities because the underlying preferred shares were redeemable, requiring the Company to settle the instruments in cash under certain conditions. Upon receiving the requisite approval on September 26, 2025, the preferred stock was no longer redeemable, and the Release Date Warrants and Enrollment Date Warrants were reclassified from liabilities to stockholders’ equity.

For additional information regarding the Company’s outstanding warrants, refer to Note 10, Warrants.

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March 2026 Public Offering

On March 17, 2026, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement (the “March 2026 Public Offering”) under which the Company agreed to issue and sell (i) 19,324,677 shares of the Company's common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the "Firm Shares"), at a public offering price of $3.85 per share, and (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 2,753,246 shares of common stock (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”), at a public offering price of $3.8499 per Pre-Funded Warrant, which represents the per share public offering price for the Firm Shares less the $0.0001 per share exercise price of each Pre-Funded Warrant. The Company also granted the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional 3,311,688 shares of common stock at the public offering price, less underwriting discounts and commissions (the “Optional Shares”). As of March 31, 2026, the underwriters partially exercised their option and purchased an additional 2,000,000 shares of common stock at the public offering price of $3.85 per share.

The Company received aggregate net proceeds from the offering, including the partial exercise of the underwriters’ option, of approximately $86.4 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by the Company. Issuance costs were allocated between the common stock and the pre-funded warrants on a relative fair value basis and charged to additional paid-in capital.

For additional information regarding the Company’s outstanding warrants, refer to Note 10, Warrants.

Earnout Shares

On October 22, 2021 (the “Closing Date”), the Company consummated the business combination (the “Business Combination”) contemplated by the agreement and plan of merger, dated as of June 21, 2021, as amended on August 12, 2021, made by and among Big Cypress Acquisition Corp., a Delaware corporation (“BCYP”), Big Cypress Merger Sub Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Merger Sub”), the Company, and Shareholder Representative Services LLC, a Colorado limited liability company, solely in its capacity as the representative, agent and attorney-in-fact of the SAB Stockholders (the “Business Combination Agreement ”). Upon closing of the Business Combination, Merger Sub merged with SAB Biotherapeutics, with SAB Biotherapeutics as the surviving company of the merger. Upon closing of the Business Combination, BCYP changed its name to “SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc.”

Additionally, the Business Combination Agreement included an earnout provision whereby the shareholders of SAB Biotherapeutics shall be entitled to receive additional consideration (“Earnout Shares”) if the Company meets certain Volume Weighted Average Price (“VWAP”) thresholds, or a change in control with a per share price exceeding the VWAP thresholds within a five-year period immediately following the Closing.

The Earnout Shares shall be released in four equal increments as follows:

(i)25% of the Earnout Shares shall be released if, at any time during the five (5)-year period immediately following the Closing Date, the VWAP of the Company’s publicly traded common stock is greater than or equal to $150.00 for any twenty (20) trading days within a period of thirty (30) consecutive trading days (the “First Earnout”).

(ii)25% of the Earnout Shares shall be released if, at any time during the five (5)-year period immediately following the Closing Date, the VWAP of the Company’s publicly traded common stock is greater than or equal to $200.00 for any twenty (20) trading days within a period of thirty (30) consecutive trading days (the “Second Earnout”).

(iii)25% of the Earnout Shares shall be released if, at any time during the five (5)-year period immediately following the Closing Date, the VWAP of the Company’s publicly traded common stock is greater than or equal to $250.00 for any twenty (20) trading days within a period of thirty (30) consecutive trading days (the “Third Earnout”).

(iv)25% of the Earnout Shares shall be released if, at any time during the five (5)-year period immediately following the Closing Date, the VWAP of the Company’s publicly traded common stock is greater than or equal to $300.00 for any twenty (20) trading days within a period of thirty (30) consecutive trading days (the “Fourth Earnout” and together with the First Earnout, the Second Earnout and the Third Earnout, the “Earnouts”).

Pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination Agreement, SAB Biotherapeutics’ securityholders (including vested option holders) who own SAB Biotherapeutics securities immediately prior to the Closing Date will have the contingent right to receive their pro rata portion of (i) an aggregate of 1,200,000 Earnout Shares, of which 150,806 are contingently issuable based upon future satisfaction of the aforementioned VWAP thresholds. The remaining 1,049,194 are legally issued and outstanding, if the Company does not meet the above VWAP thresholds, or a change in control with a per share price below the VWAP thresholds occurs within a five-year period immediately following the Closing Date, the 1,049,194 shares will be returned to the Company.

The Earnout Shares are indexed to the Company’s equity and meet the criteria for equity classification. On the Closing Date, the fair value of the 1,200,000 Earnout Shares was $101.3 million. The Company recorded the Earnout Shares as a stock dividend by reducing additional paid-in capital, which was offset by the increase in additional paid-in capital associated with the Business Combination.

Shelf Registration Statement

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On December 29, 2025 the Company filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 (Registration No. 333-292482) (the “Shelf Registration Statement”), declared effective on January 7, 2026 by the SEC, which includes a base prospectus that allows the Company to offer and sell, from time to time, in one or more offerings, common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, rights or units up to an aggregate public offering price of $300 million. The Shelf Registration Statement is intended to preserve the Company’s flexibility to raise capital from time to time, if and when needed.

(9) Stock Option Plans

On August 5, 2014, the Company approved a stock option grant plan (the “2014 Equity Incentive Plan”) for employees, directors, and non-employee consultants, which provides for the issuance of options to purchase common stock. As of March 31, 2026, there were 728,650 shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, with 534,290 shares of common stock available for grant and 194,360 shares of common stock underlying outstanding grants.

The Company adopted the 2021 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (as amended, the “2021 Equity Incentive Plan”, and collectively with the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, the “Equity Compensation Plans”), which reserved 1,100,000 shares of common stock for issuance. At the beginning of each calendar year, the shares reserved for future issuance shall increase by two percent (2%) of the total number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding on a fully-diluted basis as of the end of the Company’s immediately preceding fiscal year (or such lesser number of shares, including no shares, determined by the Board in its sole discretion); provided, however, that the aggregate number of additional shares available for issuance pursuant to this paragraph (b) shall not exceed a total of 500,000 shares (the “Annual Increase”). In June 2024, the Company held the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “2024 Annual Meeting”). At the 2024 Annual Meeting, the stockholders of the Company approved an amendment to the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan which, among other things, increased the number of shares of common stock available for grant under the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan by 3,900,000 and increased the Annual Increase from 2% to 5% (the “2021 Plan Amendment”). At the 2025 Special Meeting, the stockholders of the Company approved an amendment to the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan which, among other things, increased the number of shares of common stock available for grant under the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan by 24,180,000 and increased the maximum number of additional shares available pursuant to the Annual Increase from 10,000,000 shares to 73,750,000 shares. As of March 31, 2026, there were 47,624,055 shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, with 8,848,019 shares of common stock available for grant and 38,776,036 shares of common stock underlying outstanding grants.

The Company offers an Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) that allows eligible employees to purchase shares of common stock at a discount of up to 15% from the lower of the fair market value at the beginning or end of the offering period. Under ASC 718, the ESPP is classified as compensatory, and stock-based compensation expense is recognized for the fair value of the discount and any embedded option features. No shares were issued under the ESPP during either the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, and no stock-based compensation expense was recognized. As of March 31, 2026, 100,000 shares remained available for future issuance.

The expected term of the stock options was estimated using the “simplified” method, as defined by the SEC’s Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 107, Share-Based Payment. The volatility assumption was determined by examining the historical volatilities for industry peer companies, as the Company does not have sufficient trading history for its common stock. The risk-free interest rate assumption is based on the U.S. Treasury instruments whose term was consistent with the expected term of the options. The dividend assumption is based on the Company’s history and expectation of dividend payouts. The Company has never paid dividends on its common stock and does not anticipate paying dividends on its common stock in the foreseeable future. Therefore, the Company has assumed no dividend yield for purposes of estimating the fair value of the options.

Stock Options

Stock option activity for employees and non-employees under the Equity Compensation Plans for the three months ended March 31, 2026, was as follows:

	Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (periods)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding options, December 31, 2025		20,887,772		$	2.93		9.48	$	26,069,500
Granted		18,643,100		$	4.43
Forfeited		(522,997	)	$	3.52
Exercised		(39,083	)	$	2.89
Expired		(8,855	)	$	9.76
Outstanding options, March 31, 2026		38,959,937		$	3.64		9.53	$	27,556,141
Options vested and exercisable, March 31, 2026		1,555,511		$	8.65		7.19	$	506,292

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Total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options as of March 31, 2026, was approximately $97.4 million and is expected to be recognized within future operating results over a weighted-average period of 3.53 years.

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2026, was $3.61 per share. During the three months ended March 31, 2026, 150,849 options vested with a fair value totaling $0.5 million.

There were no stock options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2025. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, 281,812 options vested with a fair value totaling $1.1 million.

The estimated fair value of stock options granted to employees and consultants during the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, were calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model using the following assumptions:

	For The Three Months Ended March 31,
	2026			2025
Expected volatility	90.7 - 102.0		%	*	%
Weighted-average volatility		101.7	%	*	%
Expected dividends	—		%	*	%
Expected term (in periods)	6.00 - 6.08			*
Risk-free rate	3.81 - 3.94		%	*	%

* No options were granted during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Restricted Stock

Stock award activity for employees and non-employees under the Equity Compensation Plans for the three months ended March 31, 2026, was as follows:

	Number of shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2025		14,639		$	8.93
Vested and issued		(4,180	)	$	11.56
Unvested as of March 31, 2026		10,459		$	7.88

At March 31, 2026, the Company had an aggregate of $0.1 million of unrecognized equity-based compensation related to restricted stock units (“RSUs”) outstanding. During the three months ended March 31, 2026, a total of 4,180 RSUs vested. The aggregate fair value of RSUs vested during the three-month period was approximately $48 thousand. Of the 4,180 RSUs issued, 1,163 units were withheld and returned to the Company in satisfaction of employee payroll withholding tax obligations. For the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company issued a net total of 3,017 RSUs. The unrecognized expense for restricted stock units is expected to be recognized within future operating results over a weighted average period of 0.76 years.

Stock-based compensation expense

Stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, was as follows:

	For The Three Months Ended March 31,
	2026		2025
Research and development	$	2,861,910	$	332,289
General and administrative		2,598,001		280,662
Total	$	5,459,911	$	612,951

(10) Warrants

Public Warrants

Each whole Public Warrant entitles the holder to purchase one share of the Company's common stock at a price of $115.00 per share, subject to adjustment as discussed herein.

Once the warrants become exercisable, the Company may call the warrants for redemption:

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•in whole and not in part;

•at a price of $0.01 per warrant;

•upon not less than 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption (the “30-day redemption period”) to each warrant holder; and if, and only if, the reported last sale price of the common stock equals or exceeds $180.00 per share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period ending three business days before the Company sends the notice of redemption to the warrant holders.

If the Company calls the warrants for redemption as described above, management will have the option to require any holder that wishes to exercise its warrant to do so on a “cashless basis.” If management takes advantage of this option, all holders of warrants would pay the exercise price by surrendering their warrants for that number of shares of common stock equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the product of the number of shares of common stock underlying the warrants, multiplied by the excess of the “fair market value” (defined below) over the exercise price of the warrants by (y) the fair market value. The “fair market value” shall mean the average reported last sale price of the common stock for the 10 trading days ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which the notice of redemption is sent to the holders of warrants.

Each warrant will expire on the fifth anniversary of the Business Combination, which occurred on October 22, 2021. As a result, all outstanding warrants will expire on October 22, 2026, unless earlier exercised or redeemed in accordance with their terms. Once expired, the warrants will have no further value and will no longer be exercisable.

Private Placement Warrants

The Private Placement Warrants and the common stock issuable upon the exercise of the Private Placement Warrants were not transferable, assignable or saleable until after the completion of the Company's merger transaction in 2021. Additionally, the Private Placement Warrants are exercisable on a cashless basis and will be non-redeemable as long as they are held by the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees. If the Private Placement Warrants are held by someone other than the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees, the Private Placement Warrants will be redeemable by the Company and exercisable by such holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants.

Each warrant will expire on the fifth anniversary of the Business Combination, which occurred on October 22, 2021. As a result, all outstanding warrants will expire on October 22, 2026, unless earlier exercised or redeemed in accordance with their terms. Once expired, the warrants will have no further value and will no longer be exercisable.

PIPE Warrants and PIPE Placement Agent Warrants

In December 2022, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain institutional and accredited investors for the sale by the Company of 736,337 shares of common stock and the PIPE Warrants to purchase up to 736,337 shares of common stock, in a private placement offering. The combined purchase price of each share and accompanying PIPE Warrant was $10.80 (the “December 2022 Private Placement”). Three directors of the Company participated in the December 2022 Private Placement, each paying a $1.25 premium per share and accompanying PIPE Warrant. The PIPE Warrants, including those purchased by the participating directors of the Company, are exercisable at an exercise price equal to $10.80 per share, and are exercisable for five years from the date of issuance. The Company received gross proceeds of approximately $8.0 million before deducting transaction related fees and expenses. The Company paid Brookline Capital Markets, the placement agent, a cash fee equal to seven percent of the gross proceeds received by the Company in the December 2022 Private Placement. The Company also issued Brookline Capital Markets the PIPE Placement Agent Warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 21,091 shares of common stock, equal to 7% of the number of shares purchased by investors introduced to the Company by Brookline Capital Markets. The PIPE Placement Agent Warrants have an exercise price equal to $13.50 per share and are exercisable six months from the date of issuance and expire five years from the date of issuance.

2023 Ladenburg Agreement Warrants

On March 21, 2023, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. (“Ladenburg”), effective March 23, 2023 (the “2023 Ladenburg Agreement”, regarding the action brought by Ladenburg, the “Ladenburg Action”). In connection with the 2023 Ladenburg Agreement, on March 24, 2023, the Company (i) issued the Ladenburg Warrants to purchase up to 30,000 shares of common stock, exercisable for three years from the date of issuance at $5.424 per share; and (ii) furnished to Ladenburg a one-time cash payment of $500 thousand. Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the 2023 Ladenburg Agreement, the Company will (i) no later than June 30, 2023, pay $1.5 million to Ladenburg in cash or shares of common stock, at the Company’s option; and (ii) no later than December 31, 2023, pay $1.1 million to Ladenburg in cash or shares of common stock, at the Company’s option. Following the completion of the Company’s obligations under the 2023 Ladenburg Agreement, Ladenburg has agreed to dismiss the Ladenburg Action with prejudice and extinguish any and all obligations of the Company in connection therewith. On June 30, 2023, in accord with the terms of the agreement, the Company issued 191,689 shares of common

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stock to satisfy a portion of its obligations under the 2023 Ladenburg Agreement. Following the completion of the 2023 Private Placement, the Company settled the remaining $1.1 million due to Ladenburg in cash.

September 2023 Purchase Agreement Warrants

As of March 31, 2026, the Company had outstanding 107,115 Preferred Tranche C Warrants to purchase shares of Series A-3 Preferred Stock having an aggregate exercise price of approximately $107.1 million.

The Preferred Tranche C Warrants were classified as derivative liabilities because they are redeemable for cash upon occurrence of a Fundamental Transaction, (as defined in the Forms for such warrants), which may be outside the control of the Company.

For more information see Note 8, Stockholders’ Equity.

Preferred PIPE Placement Agent Warrant

On November 21, 2023, the Company issued to Chardan Capital Markets LLC, the placement agent for the September 2023 Offering, a warrant to purchase 850,119 shares (as adjusted following the Reverse Stock Split) of the Company’s common stock (“the Preferred PIPE Placement Agent Warrants”). The Preferred PIPE Placement Agent Warrants have an exercise price equal to $6.30 per share (subject to adjustment for stock dividends and splits) and are exercisable in whole or in part, at any time or times on or after the issuance date and on or before October 2, 2028. The Preferred PIPE Placement Agent Warrant was classified in equity in additional paid-in capital.

Preferred PIPE Series B Warrants

On July 21, 2025, the Company issued the Release Date Warrants and Enrollment Date Warrants to various investors as part of the Series B Offering. The Release Date Warrants and Enrollment Date Warrants provide for the purchase of up to 500,000 and 1,000,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock, respectively. The Release Date Warrants and Enrollment Date warrants have an exercise price of $218.75 and $175.00 per share, respectively. The Release Date Warrants have an expiration of the earlier of five years from the issuance date or the Phase II Release Date. The Enrollment Warrants have an expiration date of the earlier of five years from the issuance date or the Phase II Enrollment Date.

The Release Date Warrants and Enrollment Date Warrants were initially classified as liabilities because the underlying preferred shares were redeemable, requiring the Company to settle the instruments in cash under certain conditions; however, upon receiving the requisite approval on September 26, 2025, the preferred stock was no longer redeemable, and the Release Date Warrants and Enrollment Date Warrants were reclassified from liabilities to stockholders’ equity. There were 17,000 Enrollment Warrants exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2026.

Pre-Funded Warrants

In March 2026, the Company issued pre‑funded warrants to purchase up to 2,753,246 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $3.8499 per warrant, which represents the public offering price of $3.85 per share of common stock less the $0.0001 exercise price per share. The pre-funded warrants are indexed to the Company’s common stock and meet all other conditions for equity classification. The pre-funded warrants were classified as equity and accounted for as a component of additional-paid-in capital at the time of issuance.

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The following table summarizes warrant activity for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025:

	Outstanding December 31, 2025		Warrants Issued		Warrants Exercised			Warrants Forfeited		Outstanding March 31, 2026
Common Stock Warrants
Equity Classified
PIPE Placement Agent Warrants		21,091		—		—			—		21,091
Preferred PIPE Placement Agent Warrants		850,119		—		—			—		850,119
Ladenburg Warrants		30,000		—		—			—		30,000
PIPE Warrants		736,337		—		—			—		736,337
Pre-Funded Warrants		—		2,753,246		—			—		2,753,246
Liability Classified
Business Combination Public Warrants		575,000		—		—			—		575,000
Private Placement Warrants		20,860		—		—			—		20,860
Preferred Stock Warrants
Equity Classified
Preferred PIPE Series B Warrants		1,500,000		—		(17,000	)		—		1,483,000
Liability Classified
Preferred Tranche C Warrants		107,115		—		—			—		107,115

	Outstanding December 31, 2024		Warrants Issued		Warrants Exercised		Warrants Forfeited			Outstanding December 31, 2025
Common Stock Warrants
Equity Classified
PIPE Placement Agent Warrants		21,091		—		—		—			21,091
Preferred PIPE Placement Agent Warrants		850,119		—		—		—			850,119
Ladenburg Warrants		30,000		—		—		—			30,000
PIPE Warrants		736,337		—		—		—			736,337
Liability Classified
Business Combination Public Warrants		575,000		—		—		—			575,000
Private Placement Warrants		20,860		—		—		—			20,860
Preferred Stock Warrants
Equity Classified
Preferred PIPE Series B Warrants		—		1,500,000		—		—			1,500,000
Liability Classified
Preferred Tranche B Warrants (1)		42,846		—		—		(42,846	)		—
Preferred Tranche C Warrants		107,115		—		—		—			107,115

(1)On January 1, 2025, 42,846 Preferred Tranche B Warrants expired, unexercised. The Company recognized a gain of $3 thousand in other income in our condensed consolidated statement of operations, representing the fair value of the warrants at expiration. The valuation as of December 31, 2024, was based on a risk-free interest rate of 3.93%, an expected remaining term of 0.23 periods, implied volatility of 75%, and an underlying stock price of $309.37.

Presentation and Valuation of the Warrants

Liability Classified Warrants

Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants

The Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants are accounted for as liabilities in accordance with ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity and were presented within warrant liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025. The initial fair value of the warrant liabilities was measured at fair value at the Closing Date, and changes in the fair value of the warrant liabilities were presented within changes in fair value of warrant liabilities in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025.

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On the Closing Date, the Company established the fair value of the Private Placement Warrants utilizing both the Black-Scholes Merton formula and a Monte Carlo Simulation (the “MCS”) analysis. Specifically, the Company considered an MCS to derive the implied volatility in the publicly-listed price of the Public Warrants. The Company then considered this implied volatility in selecting the volatility for the application of a Black-Scholes Merton model for the Private Placement Warrants. The Company determined the fair value of the Public Warrants by reference to the quoted market price.

The Public Warrants were classified as a Level 1 fair value measurement, due to the use of the quoted market price, and the Private Placement Warrants held privately by assignees of Big Cypress Holdings LLC, were classified as a Level 3 fair value measurement, due to the use of unobservable inputs. See Note 11, Fair Value Measurements, for changes in fair value of the Private Placement Warrants.

The key inputs into the valuations as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, were as follows:

	March 31, 2026			December 31, 2025
Risk-free interest rate		3.75	%		3.83	%
Expected term remaining (periods)		0.56			0.81
Implied volatility		231.7	%		200.4	%
Closing common stock price on the measurement date	$	3.83		$	3.74

Series A Preferred Warrants

Should the Company enter into or be party to a fundamental transaction, the Company will be required to purchase all outstanding Warrants from the holders by paying cash in an amount equal to the Black Scholes Value of the unexercised portion of each Series A Preferred Warrant. As a result, the Series A Preferred Warrants are accounted for as derivative liabilities in accordance with ASC 480 and ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity and were presented within warrant liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025. The initial fair value of the warrant liabilities was measured at fair value at the Closing Date, and changes in the fair value of the warrant liabilities were presented within changes in fair value of warrant liabilities in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025.

The Company established the fair value of the Preferred Warrants utilizing the Black-Scholes Merton formula.

All tranches of the Preferred Warrants were classified as Level 3 fair value measurements, due to the use of unobservable inputs. See Note 11, Fair Value Measurements, for changes in fair value of the Preferred Warrants.

The key inputs utilized in determining the fair value of each Preferred Tranche C Warrant as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, were as follows:

	March 31, 2026			December 31, 2025
Risk-free interest rate (1)		3.80	%		3.54	%
Expected term remaining (periods) (1)		2.66			2.91
Implied volatility		102.5	%		105.0	%
Underlying Stock Price (Preferred Series A)	$	312.29		$	304.95

(1)Reflects a probability-weighted input derived from multiple Black-Scholes calculations. These calculations incorporate the Company’s estimated probability of dissolution, should SABS’ intellectual property fail to yield positive results in forthcoming clinical trials, potentially leading to dissolution before 2028. The probability was 47.5% as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

(11) Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The following fair value hierarchy classifies the inputs to valuation techniques that would be used to measure fair value into one of three levels:

Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions.

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The following tables present information about the Company's assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, and indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs the Company utilized to determine such fair value:

	As of March 31, 2026
	Total		Quoted Prices In Active Markets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets:
Cash equivalents
Money market funds	$	15,895,107	$	15,895,107	$	—	$	—
U.S. treasury securities		3,689,533		3,689,533		—		—
Short-term investments
Mutual funds		11,415,357		11,415,357		—		—
U.S. treasury securities		75,456,500		75,456,500		—		—
Long-term investments
U.S. treasury securities		110,235,540		110,235,540		—		—
Liabilities:
Public Warrant liability	$	150,074	$	150,074	$	—	$	—
Private Placement Warrant liability		5,445		—		—		5,445
Tranche C Preferred Warrants		5,962,067		—		—		5,962,067

	As of December 31, 2025
	Total		Quoted Prices In Active Markets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets:
Cash equivalents
Money market funds	$	9,128,243	$	9,128,243	$	—	$	—
U.S. treasury securities		—		—		—		—
Corporate Bonds		—		—		—		—
Short-term investments
Mutual funds		59,129,609		59,129,609		—		—
U.S. treasury securities		24,027,260		24,027,260		—		—
Corporate Bonds		2,932,910		—		2,932,910		—
Long-term investments
U.S. treasury securities		42,783,989		42,783,989		—		—
Corporate Bonds		4,108,893		—		4,108,893		—
Liabilities:
Public Warrant liability	$	179,400	$	179,400	$	—	$	—
Private Placement Warrant liability		6,508		—		—		6,508
Tranche C Preferred Warrants		5,449,204		—		—		5,449,204

The following table provides a summary of the changes in Level 3 fair value measurements for the Private Placement Warrant liability:

Balance, December 31, 2025	$	6,508
Change in fair value of Private Placement Warrant liability		(1,063	)
Balance, March 31, 2026	$	5,445

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The following table provides a summary of the changes in Level 3 fair value measurements for the Preferred Warrant liabilities:

Balance, December 31, 2025	$	5,449,204
Change in fair value of the Preferred Warrant liabilities		512,863
Balance, March 31, 2026	$	5,962,067

As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company did not have any other assets or liabilities that are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.

The Company believes that the carrying amounts of its cash and cash equivalents, accrued interest receivable, notes payable, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities approximate their fair values due to their near-term maturities.

(12) Investments

Available-For-Sale Debt Securities

At March 31, 2026, the fair value and amortized cost of the Company’s available-for-sale debt securities, summarized by type of security, consisted of the following:

	As of March 31, 2026
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Short-term:
U.S. treasury securities	$	75,470,377	$	18,342	$	(32,219	)	$	75,456,500
Long-term:
U.S. treasury securities	$	110,582,343	$	34,909	$	(381,712	)	$	110,235,540

At December 31, 2025, the fair value and amortized cost of the Company’s available-for-sale debt securities, summarized by type of security, consisted of the following:

	As of December 31, 2025
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Short-term:
U.S. treasury securities	$	23,993,821	$	33,439	$	—		$	24,027,260
Corporate Bonds		2,923,265		9,677		(32	)		2,932,910
Total		26,917,086		43,116		(32	)		26,960,170
Long-term:
U.S. treasury securities	$	42,651,824	$	143,223	$	(11,058	)	$	42,783,989
Corporate Bonds		4,098,031		11,698		(836	)		4,108,893
Total		46,749,855		154,921		(11,894	)		46,892,882

The amortized cost and estimated fair value by maturity or next repricing date of investment securities at March 31, 2026 are shown in the following table. Fixed rate securities are classified according to their contractual maturities without consideration of principal amortization, potential prepayments or call options. Accordingly, actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities.

	As of March 31, 2026
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Within one year or less	$	75,470,377	$	75,456,500
One through five years		110,582,343		110,235,540
Total	$	186,052,720	$	185,692,040

The following table shows gross unrealized losses and fair values of available-for-sale securities for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position as of March 31, 2026:

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	Unrealized losses less than 12 months						Unrealized losses 12 months or greater						Total
	Number of Individual Securities		Fair Value		Unrealized Loss		Number of Individual Securities		Fair Value		Unrealized Loss		Number of Individual Securities		Fair Value		Unrealized Loss
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. treasury securities		92	$	115,840,233	$	413,931		—	$	—	$	—		92	$	115,840,233	$	413,931
Total		92	$	115,840,233	$	413,931		—	$	—	$	—		92	$	115,840,233	$	413,931

The following table shows gross unrealized losses and fair values of available-for-sale securities for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position as of December 31, 2025:

	Unrealized losses less than 12 months						Unrealized losses 12 months or greater						Total
	Number of Individual Securities		Fair Value		Unrealized Loss		Number of Individual Securities		Fair Value		Unrealized Loss		Number of Individual Securities		Fair Value		Unrealized Loss
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. treasury securities		4	$	7,802,140	$	11,058		—	$	—	$	—		4	$	7,802,140	$	11,058
Corporate Bonds		8		771,767		868		—		—		—		8		771,767		868
Total		12	$	8,573,907	$	11,926		—	$	—	$	—		12	$	8,573,907	$	11,926

The unrealized losses on the Company’s available-for-sale debt securities as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 were caused by fluctuations in market value and interest rates as a result of the economic environment. The Company concluded that an allowance for credit losses was unnecessary as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 because the decline in the market value was attributable to changes in market conditions and not credit quality, and that it is neither management’s intention to sell nor is it more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell these investments prior to recovery.

Gross realized gains and losses on the sale of short-term and long-term investments are included in other income in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Net realized gains for the three months ended March 31, 2026, include $47 thousand reclassified from accumulated comprehensive income (loss), representing unrealized gains previously recognized in other comprehensive income that were realized upon the sale of available-for-sale debt securities. The following table summarizes the Company’s gross realized gains and losses on the sale of available-for-sale debt securities:

	For The Three Months Ended March 31,
	2026			2025
Gross realized gains	$	49,652		$	—
Gross realized losses		(2,563	)		—
Net realized gains	$	47,089		$	—

Accrued interest receivable related to the above investment securities was $1.6 million and $0.9 million at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, and is included within accrued interest receivable on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Equity Securities

The Company holds investments in mutual funds that are classified as equity securities, primarily representing diversified portfolios of publicly traded equity instruments managed by third-party investment advisors. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had $11.4 million and $59.1 million, respectively, of equity securities included within short-term investments on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The following is a summary of unrealized and realized gains (losses) recognized on equity securities included in other income (expense) in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

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	For The Three Months Ended March 31,
	2026			2025
Net gains (losses) recognized during the period	$	(9,587	)	$	961
Less: Realized net gains (losses) recognized on equity securities sold		2,549			(6,934	)
Unrealized net gains (losses) recognized on equity securities held	$	(12,136	)	$	7,895

(13) Income Taxes

Due to current and prior year losses the Company does not expect to have any Income Tax Provision.

The Company continues to record a valuation allowance on its net deferred tax assets. The valuation increased by approximately $4.0 million during the three months ended March 31, 2026. The Company has not recognized any reserves for uncertain tax positions.

(14) Employee Benefit Plan

The Company sponsors a defined contribution retirement plan. All the Company’s employees are eligible to be enrolled in the employer-sponsored contributory retirement savings plan, which include features under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and provides for Company matching contributions. The Company’s contributions to the plan are determined by its Board of Directors, subject to certain minimum requirements specified in the plan. The Company has historically made matching contributions of 100% on 3% of the employee contributions, with an additional 50% match on the next 2% of employee contributions. The Company made contributions of approximately $0.2 million during the three months ended March 31, 2026, and $0.1 million, during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

(15) Commitments and Contingencies

The Company is not a party to any litigation, and, to its best knowledge, no action, suit, or proceeding has been threatened against the Company which are expected to have a material adverse effect on its financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

Fortrea Inc.

In October 2024, the Company entered into a clinical master services agreement and work orders with Fortrea Holdings Inc. (“Fortrea”) to act as the contract research organization (“CRO”) overseeing the Company’s Phase 2b efficacy and safety study for SAB-142. Approximately $2.4 million and $0.8 million was expensed with respect to the Fortrea agreements during the period ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, which amounts are included in research and development expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company expects to make ongoing payments to Fortrea over the next 12 to 18 months in connection with services provided by Fortrea, as well as clinical trial site and other pass-through costs relating to the Phase 2b efficacy and safety study for SAB-142.

(16) Segment Reporting

Operating segments are defined as components of the entity for which separate financial information is made available and that is regularly evaluated by the chief operating decision maker (CODM) in making decisions regarding resource allocation and assessing performance. The Company's CODM is its chief executive officer and the Company manages its operations as a single segment for the purposes of assessing performance and making operating decisions. The Company is focused on the development of a human anti-thymocyte globulin focused on preventing or delaying the progression of T1D.

The CODM assesses the Company's performance by reviewing GAAP operating expense and significant expenses by function along with the annual budget. The chief operating decision maker considers budget-to-actual variances on a quarterly basis when making decisions about the allocation of operating and capital resources.

The following table is representative of the significant expense categories regularly provided to the CODM when managing the Company's single reporting segment. A reconciliation to condensed consolidated operating expenses as our single segment operating loss for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, is included in the table below:

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	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2026		2025
Direct research and development expenses
Research and development salaries and benefits	$	3,769,049	$	2,651,894
Clinical trial expense		3,196,835		1,927,208
Lab supplies and animal care		1,094,645		556,421
Lab services, consulting, and other direct research costs		1,002,618		942,704
Total direct research and development expenses		9,063,147		6,078,227
Indirect research and development expenses		1,472,920		1,246,805
Share based compensation (research and development)		2,861,910		332,289
Total research and development expense		13,397,977		7,657,321
General and administrative expense
Administrative payroll		1,818,302		1,352,628
Professional fees and travel		717,451		425,638
Insurance, office expense, and other administrative expenses		1,466,004		1,055,853
Share based compensation (general and administrative)		2,598,002		280,662
Total general and administrative expenses		6,599,759		3,114,781
Total operating expense	$	19,997,736	$	10,772,102

The measure of segment assets is reported on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as Cash and cash equivalents and Short-term and Long-term investments.

Long-lived assets are reported on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and these assets are held in the U.S.

(17) Subsequent Events

Exercise of Underwriters’ Option

In April 2026, in connection with the March 2026 Public Offering, the underwriters partially exercised their option to purchase an additional 610,188 shares of common stock at the public offering price of $3.85 per share, less underwriting discounts and commissions, resulting in additional net proceeds to the Company of approximately $2.2 million. As of April 20, 2026, the remaining Optional Shares of 701,500 expired without exercise.

Manufacturing Services Agreement

On April 28, 2026 (the “MSA Effective Date”), the Company entered into a Master Manufacturing Services Agreement (the “MSA”) with Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc. (“Emergent”). Pursuant to the MSA, Emergent will perform clinical and commercial manufacturing and related services for the Company with respect to SAB-142 (the “Product”) at Emergent’s facility in Canada. The MSA commences on the MSA Effective Date and would continue for a period of five (5) years from the date the Product obtains approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), with a minimum aggregate spend following any FDA approval equal to $36 million. The parties may mutually agree to extend the term by execution of an amendment at any time prior to its expiration. The MSA may be terminated: (i) by either party immediately upon an insolvency or bankruptcy event; (ii) by Emergent immediately if the Company fails to pay undisputed amounts within thirty (30) days after written notice; (iii) by either party for material breach, subject to a cure period of thirty (30) days (or up to ninety (90) days if diligently pursued); (iv) by mutual written agreement; or (v) by either party upon thirty (30) days’ notice if a force majeure event prevents performance for ninety (90) consecutive calendar days. Upon termination by Emergent for the Company’s insolvency, non-payment, or material breach, the Company must pay Emergent an amount equal to the minimum annual aggregate spend for each remaining calendar year of the term, less saved costs. The applicable batch price and fees for commercial manufacturing services will be agreed upon in a subsequent amendment to the MSA. Development services pricing will be set forth in individual statements of work executed by the parties. Pricing is subject to annual adjustments. Emergent has the sole and exclusive right to manufacture the Product during the term of the MSA. The Company may contract with a third party to establish an alternative manufacturing source. The Company may purchase from an alternative source in limited circumstances and in all cases, only in quantities that Emergent is unable or declines to manufacture. The MSA includes customary mutual confidentiality obligations.

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Sanford Lease Amendment

On April 1, 2026, the Company entered into a lease amendment for its operating lease with Sanford Health, which reduced the lease square footage to 13,492 and decreased the monthly lease payments to approximately $33 thousand.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. As a result of many factors, including those factors set forth in the section titled “Risk Factors,” our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in or implied by these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors.” Please also refer to the section titled “Special Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements.”

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Quarterly Report” or “Form 10-Q”) includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), that are not historical facts and involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expected and projected. All statements, other than statements of historical fact included in this Form 10-Q including, without limitation, statements in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” regarding our financial position, business strategy and the plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. Words such as “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “seek” and variations and similar words and expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, relate to future events or future performance, but reflect management’s current beliefs, based on information currently available. A number of factors could cause actual events, performance or results to differ materially from the events, performance and results discussed in the forward-looking statements. In addition, historic results, including but not limited to those related to IND enabling GLP safety/toxicology of SAB-142; and Phase 1 & Phase 2a results of SAB-176; do not guarantee that future research or trials will suggest the same conclusions, nor that historic results referred to herein will be interpreted in the same manner due to future preclinical and clinical trial results or otherwise. For information identifying important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements, please refer to the sections entitled “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report, our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and other periodic reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and available at https://www.sec.gov/. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. Except as expressly required by applicable law, we disclaim any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements.

Company Overview

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing multi-specific, high-potency, human immunoglobulin G (hIgG) to treat and prevent immune and autoimmune disorders. Our programs are based on mechanisms of action that have achieved proof-of-concept in clinical trials in indications with significant unmet medical needs. We are focused on developing product candidates for disease targets where a differentiated approach has the greatest potential to be either first-in-class against novel targets or best-in-class against complex targets to treat diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D) and other autoimmune disorders. The Company’s lead candidate, SAB-142, targets autoimmune T1D with a disease-modifying therapeutic approach that aims to change the T1D treatment paradigm by delaying onset and potentially preventing disease progression of Stage 3 T1D patients.

Using advanced genetic engineering and antibody science, we developed a proprietary technology which holds the potential to generate additional novel therapeutic candidates utilizing the human immune response, without the need for human donors or convalescent plasma. We believe it is the only technology capable of producing disease-targeted, hIgG in large quantities without human plasma donors.

We have optimized genetic engineering in the development of transchromosomic cattle, or Tc-Bovine™, to produce hIgG. Our engineering of our production platform drives IgG1 production across our pipeline. In addition, this differentiated approach using polyclonal antibodies has no biosimilar pathway, which provides a significant barrier to competitive polyclonal approaches.

Our proprietary platform holds the potential to generate additional novel therapeutic candidates to expand our pipeline, utilizing the human immune response to generate the optimal repertoire of hIgG for drug targets of interest. Our drug development production system is able to generate a diverse repertoire of specifically targeted, high-potency, hIgGs that can bind to multiple sites on targeted immunogens, making them ideally suited to address the complexities associated with many immune-mediated disorders and address a wide range of serious unmet needs in human diseases.

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SAB-142: Our Lead Product Candidate

Our wholly owned lead product candidate, SAB-142 is a potentially disease-modifying, redosable immunotherapy in clinical development for the treatment of autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D). SAB-142 is a multi-specific, fully human anti-thymocyte globulin (hATG) with a mechanism of action analogous to that of rabbit ATG (rATG). rATG has demonstrated in multiple clinical trials the ability to slow disease progression in patients with new- or recent-onset of Stage 3 T1D. SAB-142, like rATG, directly targets multiple immune cells involved in destroying pancreatic beta cells, including modulation of “bad acting” T-lymphocytes. By stopping immune cells from attacking beta cells, this treatment has the potential to preserve insulin-producing beta cells. The mechanism of action of SAB-142 has been clinically validated in numerous clinical trials with a rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (rATG). In addition, data from more than 800 human subjects have been treated with antibodies produced by our platform, including in the Phase 1 study of SAB-142, and we have seen no serum sickness rate and no incidence of neutralizing anti-drug antibodies (ADA). We expect this finding to continue through the clinical development of SAB-142.

There is an established regulatory path for T1D indications using the SAB-142 modality. Our regulatory pathway has also been established with the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the United Kingdom Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), and the Therapeutic Good Administration (TGA) in Australia. The FDA regulates polyclonal hIgG and mAbs differently, as mAbs are regulated through the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) while pAbs are regulated by the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER). CBER has approved more than 30 immunoglobulin products from both human- and animal-derived plasma. Further, CBER is very familiar with our production platform and pAb products. We have navigated three SAB drug products through seven clinical trials with one product having advanced to Phase 3, building our safety database as well as positive efficacy data. As our lead program SAB-142 advances, we intend to expand our pipeline in complementary indications through strategic utilization of our platform.

We received an Investigational New Drug (IND) clearance from the FDA in May 2024 and announced positive topline data from our Phase 1 clinical trial of SAB-142 in January 2025, and December 2025. We initiated our pivotal Phase 2b clinical trial, called the SAFEGUARD study, in Q3 2025 and dosed the first patient in December 2025 with enrollment ongoing across multiple clinical trial sites in U.S., Australia, New Zealand, U.K. and European Union. Further, we are planning an additional clinical study of SAB-142 in individuals with T1D beyond 100 days of diagnosis.

In March 2026, we announced additional Phase 1 data demonstrating early signals of C-peptide preservation in adult patients with established autoimmune T1D, consistent with SAB-142's anticipated mechanism of action. In April 2026, we presented additional clinical and mechanistic data from our Phase 1 clinical trial of SAB-142 in adult patients with established autoimmune T1D. The Phase 1 T1D cohort included six adult participants (n=6), with four receiving SAB-142 at 2.5 mg/kg (n=4) and two receiving placebo (n=2). Participants ranged in age from 19 to 40 years. All participants with established T1D (Stage 3 T1D diagnosis within 28-40 months at the time of randomization) had residual beta cell function (C-peptide >0.2 nmol/L) and at least one T1D autoantibody at baseline. Phase 1 exploratory efficacy endpoints were measured at the End of Study Day 120 post SAB-142 administration. One placebo participant (n=1) completed through Day 120 as the other placebo participant discontinued early due to personal reasons. The results for SAB-142 highlighted C-peptide preservation, correlated with evidence of T cell exhaustion. Of the four SAB-142-treated participants, three demonstrated a super responder profile with C-peptide levels at or above baseline at Day 120. SAB-142 treated participants showed improved glycemic control, with mean time in range increasing from 73% at baseline to 85% at Day 120, without an associated increase in exogenous insulin use.In May 2025, SAB confirmed its intent with the FDA to utilize the data from the SAFEGUARD study as supportive evidence for future regulatory approval. In April 2026, we received written correspondence from the FDA confirming that C-peptide area under the curve (AUC) may serve as a surrogate endpoint for accelerated approval.

In May 2025, we confirmed our intent with the FDA to utilize the data from the SAFEGUARD study as supportive evidence for future regulatory approval. In April 2026, we received written correspondence from the FDA confirming that C-peptide area under the curve (AUC) may serve as a surrogate endpoint for accelerated approval.

Other Immunology Indications

T- and B-cells are multifunctional lymphocytes whose dysregulation was shown to have a central role in the pathogenesis of more than 80 autoimmune diseases, including T1D, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS) and celiac disease. The therapeutic success to date of lymphocyte-mediating therapies in a variety of autoimmune diseases and our in vivo and in vitro pre-clinical and Phase 1 work from SAB-142 in T1D support direct progression into Phase 2 in other autoimmune indications.

Since the commencement of our operations, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to research and development activities, organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, establishing and maintaining our intellectual property portfolio, conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, and providing general and administrative support for these operations.

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Components of Results of Operations

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses primarily consist of salaries, benefits, incentive compensation, stock-based compensation, laboratory supplies and materials for employees and contractors engaged in research and product development, licensing fees to use certain technology in our research and development projects, fees paid to consultants and various entities that perform certain research and testing on our behalf. Research and development expenses are tracked by target/project code. Indirect general and administrative costs are allocated based upon a percentage of direct costs. We expense all research and development costs in the period in which they are incurred.

Research and development activities consist of discovery research for our platform development and the indications we are working on. For SAB-142, Avance Clinical PTY, Ltd (“Avance”), acts as the contract research organization (“CRO”) overseeing our Phase 1 safety study. This study started in December 2023 and the terms of that agreement are subject to confidentiality and the status of the agreement is that it is current. Pursuant to an agreement between the Company and Fortrea Holdings Inc. (“Fortrea”). Fortrea is acting as the CRO overseeing our Phase 2b efficacy and safety study for SAB-142. The study began enrolling patients in December 2025.

For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, we continued to incur costs to advance our progress towards commercialization of SAB-142. We expect to continue to incur substantial research and development expenses as we conduct discovery research to enhance our platform and work on our indications. We expect to hire additional employees and continue research and development and manufacturing activities. As a result, we expect that our research and development expenses will continue to increase in the future and vary from period to period.

Research and development expenses by component for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2026		2025
Salaries & benefits	$	6,967,964	$	3,245,785
Laboratory supplies		400,338		228,803
Animal care		357,300		64,481
Contract manufacturing		—		1,534
Clinical trial expense		3,196,835		1,927,208
Outside laboratory services		863,826		718,272
Project consulting		96,088		181,265
Facility expense		1,295,065		1,154,549
Other expenses		220,561		135,424
Total research and development expenses	$	13,397,977	$	7,657,321

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses primarily consist of salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation costs for employees in our executive, accounting and finance, project management, corporate development, office administration, legal and human resources functions as well as professional services fees, such as consulting, audit, tax and legal fees, general corporate costs and allocated overhead expenses. General and administrative expenses also include rent and facilities expenses allocated based upon total direct costs. We anticipate that general and administrative expenses will increase as we expand our workforce and invest in the advancement of our lead therapeutic candidate in preparation for potential commercialization. Additionally, as our operations grow in complexity and we progress toward commercialization, we may incur higher costs related to accounting, audit, legal, regulatory compliance, director and officer insurance, and investor relations. We expect these expenses to vary from period to period in absolute terms and as a percentage of revenue.

Nonoperating Income (Expense)

Gain (loss) on change in fair value of warrant liabilities

Gain (loss) on change in fair value of warrant liabilities consists of the changes in the fair value of the warrant liabilities.

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Other Income (expense)

Other income primarily consists of income associated with the refundable portion of Australian research and development tax credits and dividend income from non-interest bearing short-term investments.

Interest income

Interest income consists of interest earned on our investments in debt securities, cash, and cash equivalents.

Interest expense

Interest expense consists primarily of interest related to abated rent and insurance financing.

Results of Operations

The following tables set forth our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2026			2025
Operating expenses
Research and development		13,397,977			7,657,321
General and administrative		6,599,759			3,114,781
Total operating expenses		19,997,736			10,772,102
Loss from operations		(19,997,736	)		(10,772,102	)
Other income (expense)
Changes in fair value of warrant liabilities		(482,474	)		5,035,769
Interest expense		(62,745	)		(69,565	)
Interest income		1,047,197			62,498
Other income		626,873			546,627
Total other income (expense)		1,128,851			5,575,329
Loss before income taxes		(18,868,885	)		(5,196,773	)
Net loss	$	(18,868,885	)	$	(5,196,773	)

Comparison of the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025

Research and Development

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2026		2025		Change		% Change
Research and development	$	13,397,977	$	7,657,321	$	5,740,656		75.0	%
Total research and development expenses	$	13,397,977	$	7,657,321

Research and development expenses increased by $5.7 million, or 75.0%, for the three months ended March 31, 2026, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025. The year-over-year change includes an increase in salaries and benefits (year-over-year increase of $3.7 million, 114.7%) and clinical trial costs (year-over-year increase of $1.3 million, 65.9%), outside lab services (year-over-year increase of $0.1 million, 20.3%), overhead and facility expense (year-over-year increase of $0.2 million, 17.5%), animal care (year-over-year increase of $0.3 million, 441.2%), and laboratory supplies (year-over-year increase of $0.2 million, 75.0%), offset by a decrease in project consulting (year-over-year decrease of $0.1 million, 47.0%). We expect research and development expenses to increase in future years as we advance our lead therapeutic candidate through Phase 2 clinical trials and invest in the necessary foundation to support potential commercialization.

General and Administrative

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2026		2025		Change		% Change
General and administrative	$	6,599,759	$	3,114,781	$	3,484,978		111.9	%
Total general and administrative expenses	$	6,599,759	$	3,114,781

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General and administrative expenses increased by $3.5 million, or 111.9%, in the three months ended March 31, 2026, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025, primarily due to an increase in salaries and benefits (year-over-year increase of $2.8 million, 170.4%), project consulting (year-over-year increase of $0.2 million, 65.3%), and other immaterial administrative support fees relating to IT and human resources (year-over-year increase of $0.6 million, 53.7%), offset by a decrease in insurance costs (year-over-year decrease of $0.1 million, 10.3%). As our operations grow in complexity and we progress toward commercialization, we may incur higher costs related to accounting, audit, legal, regulatory compliance, director and officer insurance, and investor relations.

Non-operating Income (Expense)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2026			2025		Change			% Change
Changes in fair value of warrant liabilities	$	(482,474	)	$	5,035,769	$	(5,518,243	)		(109.58	)%
Other income		626,873			546,627		80,246			14.68	%
Total other non-operating income (expense)	$	144,399		$	5,582,396

Total other non-operating income, not including interest income and interest expense, decreased by $5.4 million, or (97.41)%, in the three months ended March 31, 2026, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025. This decrease was primarily driven by the change in fair value of warrant liabilities (year-over-year decrease of $5.5 million, (109.58)%). Total other income increased by $0.1 million, primarily driven by an increase in dividend income (year-over-year increase of $0.4 million, 361.0%), offset by a decrease in the Australian research and development tax credit (year-over-year decrease of $0.3 million, 76.4%).

Interest Expense

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2026		2025		Change			% Change
Interest expense	$	62,745	$	69,565	$	(6,820	)		(9.80	)%
Total interest expense	$	62,745	$	69,565

Interest expense in the three months ended March 31, 2026 was consistent with interest expense in the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Interest Income

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2026		2025		Change		% Change
Interest income	$	1,047,197	$	62,498	$	984,699		1,575.57	%
Total interest income	$	1,047,197	$	62,498

Interest income increased by $1.0 million, or 1,575.57%, during the three months ended March 31, 2026, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025, primarily due to interest earned on our investments in debt securities, and higher interest earning cash, and cash equivalent balances.

Future interest income will be largely dependent on our total liquid cash and investment balances, which are in turn influenced by our capital resources and future fundraising activities.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of March 31, 2026, we had an accumulated deficit of $129.8 million. We anticipate that we will continue to generate losses for the foreseeable future, and expect the losses to increase as we continue the development of, or seeks regulatory approvals for product candidates, and begin commercialization of products. As a result, we will require additional capital to fund operations in order to support long-term plans.

On July 21, 2025, we entered into the July 2025 Purchase Agreement with certain accredited investors, pursuant to which we agreed to issue and sell, in the Series B Offering, (i) 1,000,000 Series B Shares, convertible into 100,000,000 Series B Conversion Shares, (ii) the Release Date Warrants to purchase up to 500,000 the Release Date Warrant Shares, and (iii) the Enrollment Date Warrants to purchase up to 1,000,000 Enrollment Date Warrant Shares. We generated approximately $175 million in gross proceeds, before fees and expenses, from the Series B Offering. The Series B Preferred Stock is convertible into common stock, subject to stockholder approval.

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On March 17, 2026, we entered into the March 2026 Public Offering with the underwriters, pursuant to which we agreed to issue and sell, in the March 2026 Public Offering, (i) 19,324,677 Firm Shares at a public offering price of $3.85 per share and (ii) Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase up to 2,753,246 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $3.8499 per Pre-Funded Warrant. We also granted the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional 3,311,688 Optional Shares, which the underwriters partially exercised as of March 31, 2026 to purchase 2,000,000 Optional Shares. We generated aggregate net proceeds of approximately $86.4 million from the March 2026 Public Offering and an additional $7.2 million of net proceeds from the underwriters’ purchase of additional shares, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. The net proceeds are intended to fund the Phase 2b SAFEGUARD study of SAB-142 and for general corporate purposes.

See Note 8, Stockholders’ Equity, in our condensed consolidated financial statements for more information about the Series B Offering and March 2026 Public Offering.

Based on our current level of operating expenses, existing resources will be sufficient to cover operating cash needs through the twelve months following the date of this report. In the future, we may seek additional funding through a combination of equity or debt financings, or other third-party financing, collaborative or other funding arrangements.

Shelf Registration Statement

On December 29, 2025 we filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 (Registration No. 333-292482) (the “Shelf Registration Statement”), declared effective on January 7, 2026 by the SEC, which includes a base prospectus that allows us to offer and sell, from time to time, in one or more offerings, common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, rights or units up to an aggregate public offering price of $300 million. The Shelf Registration Statement is intended to preserve our flexibility to raise capital from time to time, if and when needed.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2026			2025
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(14,271,130	)	$	(7,797,217	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		(65,647,676	)		4,671,103
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		89,921,121			(173,985	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		14,729			42,500
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	10,017,044		$	(3,257,599	)

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities increased by $6.5 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025. This increase was primarily driven by a $3.3 million increase in net cash used before changes in operating assets and liabilities, reflecting a higher net loss due to increased research and development expenses, with higher non-cash adjustments, including stock-based compensation and changes in fair value of warrant liabilities. In addition, cash used in operating activities increased by $3.2 million due to changes in operating assets and liabilities. The year-over-year increase in cash used reflects working capital fluctuations as we continue to invest in the development of our lead product candidate, SAB-142.

Investing Activities

Net cash used by investing activities increased by $70.3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025, primarily due to increased purchases of short-term investments and increase in capital expenditures. We anticipate to increase capital expenditures in the near term as we continue to invest in the development of our lead therapeutic candidate through Phase 2 clinical trials.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities increased by $90.1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025, primarily due to the March 2026 Public Offering.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with third parties, including contract research organizations (“CRO”).

35

As of March 31, 2026, there were no material changes outside of the ordinary course of business to our commitments and contractual obligations.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have, for the periods presented, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet financing arrangements or any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, including entities sometimes referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, that were established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We have prepared our condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and related disclosures. We evaluate our estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could therefore differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Our most critical accounting estimates and assumptions are included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 filed with the SEC on March 9, 2026. There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies during the three months ended March 31, 2026. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further details.

JOBS Act Accounting Election

The Jumpstart Our Business Startups (“JOBS”) Act, enacted in April 2012, permits an “emerging growth company” such as us to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have and intend to continue to take advantage of all of the reduced reporting requirements and exemptions, including the longer phase-in periods for the adoption of new or revised financial accounting standards, for an emerging growth company under Section 107 of the JOBS Act.

We may use these provisions until the last day of our fiscal year in which the fifth anniversary of the completion of our initial public offering occurred. However, if certain events occur prior to the end of such five-year period, including if we become a “large accelerated filer,” our annual gross revenue exceeds $1.235 billion, or we issue more than $1.07 billion of non-convertible debt in any three-year period, we will cease to be an emerging growth company prior to the end of such five-year period.

We have elected to take advantage of certain of the reduced disclosure obligations in this Form 10-Q and may elect to take advantage of other reduced reporting requirements in future filings. As a result, the information that we provide to our shareholders may be different than the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold stock.

The JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards, until those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period and, therefore, we will not be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. Our financial statements may therefore not be comparable to those of companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards. Until the date that we are no longer an emerging growth company or affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the exemption provided by Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act upon issuance of a new or revised accounting standard that applies to our financial statements and that has a different effective date for public and private companies, we will disclose the date on which we will adopt the recently issued accounting standard.

36

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Concentration of Credit Risk

The Company recognized no revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2026. To date, no receivables have been written off.

Interest Rate Risk

As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents, U.S. treasury securities, corporate bonds, investments in exchange traded mutual funds, and money market funds of $217.6 million and $143.5 million, respectively, all of which was maintained in bank accounts, money market funds, mutual funds, and U.S. treasury securities. Our primary exposure to market risk is to interest income volatility, which is affected by changes in the general level of interest rates. A 10% change in the market interest rates would not have a material effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Foreign Currency Risk

We conduct materially all of our business in U.S. dollars. We do not have any foreign currency or other derivative financial instruments. Our primary exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates relates mainly to SAB Australia. We do not currently hedge our foreign currency exchange rate risk. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, our liabilities denominated in foreign currencies were not material. Accordingly, we do not believe a 10% increase or decrease in current exchange rates would have a material effect on our financial results.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation as of March 31, 2026, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2026.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2026, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

37

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

We are not currently a party to any material litigation, nor are we aware of any pending or threatened litigation against us that we believe would materially affect our business, operating results, financial condition, or cash flows. Participants in our industry face frequent claims and litigation, including securities litigation, claims regarding patent and other intellectual property rights, and other liability claims. As a result, we may be involved in various legal proceedings from time to time in the future.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Our business is subject to various risks, including those described in Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, filed with the SEC on March 9, 2026, which we strongly encourage you to review (the “2025 Annual Report”). There have been no material changes from the risk factors described in our 2025 Annual Report.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not Applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans

During the three months ended March 31, 2026, none of the Company’s directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) adopted, terminated or modified a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as such terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K of the Securities Act.).

38

Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit Number	Description	Schedule/ Form	File No.	Exhibit	Filing Date
4.1	Form of Pre-Funded Warrant	8-K	001-39871	4.1	March 19,2026
10.1	Underwriting Agreement, dated March 17, 2026, by and between SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc. and Jefferies LLC, UBS Securities, LLC, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., and Barclays Capital Inc. as representatives of the several underwriters named therein.	8-K	001-39871	1.1	March 19, 2026
10.2*	Sanford Lease Amendment, dated April 1, 2026
31.1*	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2*	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1**	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2**	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

* Filed herewith.

** The certifications attached as Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 that accompany this Quarterly Report are not deemed filed with the SEC and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, whether made before or after the date of this Quarterly Report, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

¥ Denotes management contract or any compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.

39

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	SAB BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.
Date: May 12, 2026	By:	/s/ Samuel J. Reich
		Samuel J. Reich
		Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
	By:	/s/ Lucy To
		Lucy To
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

40

EX-10.2

Exhibit 10.2

FIRST AMENDMENT

TO

LEASE AGREEMENT

THIS FIRST AMENDMENT TO LEASE AGREEMENT (this “Amendment”) is made as of 1 April, 2026, by and between Sanford Health, a South Dakota non-profit corporation (“Landlord”), and SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Tenant”).

RECITALS

A.Landlord and Tenant are parties to that certain Lease Agreement dated as of 1 February 2025 (as the same may have been amended, the “Lease”).

B.Landlord and Tenant have agreed to enter into this Amendment for the purpose of reducing the square footage and modifying the space to be leased by Tenant.

AGREEMENTS

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants set forth in this Amendment and other good and valuable consideration, the sufficiency and receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, Landlord and Tenant hereby agree as follows:

1.Leased Premises. The Leased Premises as defined in Article 1 Section 1 of the Agreement and depicted in Exhibit A of the Agreement shall be amended. Upon execution of this amendment the Leased Space shall now equal thirteen thousand four hundred ninety-two square feet (13,492 sq ft) on the first floor of the Building as depicted on the new Exhibit A attached to this Amendment as Attachment 1. Exhibit A of the Agreement is hereby stricken and replaced with the Exhibit A attached to the Amendment as Attachment 1. Use of Common Area described in the Agreement shall not be affected by this Amendment.

2.Annual Rent. The Annual Rent described in Article 3 Section 1 shall be adjusted accordingly by multiplying the current per square foot rate by the new square footage. For clarity, no other conditions of the Annual Rent shall be affected by this Amendment, such as, but not limited to, the requirement of twelve (12) payments due on the first of each month and the annual inflation provision.

3.Entire Agreement. This Amendment constitutes all of the agreements among the parties relating to the matters set forth herein and supersedes all other prior or concurrent oral or written letters, agreements or understandings with respect to the matters set forth herein.

4.Counterparts. This Amendment may be signed in any number of counterparts by the parties hereto, all of which taken together shall constitute one and the same instrument.

5.Scope of Amendment. Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Amendment, the terms and provisions of the Lease are unmodified and in full force and effect and the same are ratified and confirmed hereby.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, Landlord and Tenant have executed this Amendment as of the day and year first above written.

LANDLORD:

SANFORD HEALTH

By: Name: Matt Hocks
Title: Chief Operating Officer

TENANT:

SAB BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

By: Name: Eddie Sullivan
Title: President & Co-Founder

ATTACHMENT 1

EXHIBIT A

Leased Premises

The drawing above summarizes the west bay on the first floor at the Sanford Center. Blue shaded

area indicates Leased Premises.

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Samuel J. Reich, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a–15(f) and 15d–15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 12, 2026	By:	/s/ Samuel J. Reich
		Samuel J. Reich
		Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Lucy To, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a–15(f) and 15d–15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 12, 2026	By:	/s/ Lucy To
		Lucy To Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ending March 31, 2026 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 12, 2026	By:	/s/ Samuel J. Reich
		Samuel J. Reich
		Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ending March 31, 2026 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 12, 2026	By:	/s/ Lucy To
		Lucy To
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

XML

Cover - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2026	May 06, 2026
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Amendment Flag	false
Document Transition Report	false
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2026
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2026
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Quarterly Report	true
Entity File Number	001-39871
Entity Registrant Name	SAB BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.
Entity Central Index Key	0001833214
Entity Tax Identification Number	85-3899721
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Address, Address Line One	777 W 41st St
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 401
Entity Address, City or Town	Miami Beach
Entity Address, State or Province	FL
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	33140
City Area Code	605
Local Phone Number	679-6980
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Elected Not To Use the Extended Transition Period	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		76,464,094
Common Stock [Member]
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Common stock, $0.0001 par value per share
Trading Symbol	SABS
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Warrants Each Exercisable for Common Stock [Member]
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Warrants, each exercisable for one share of Common Stock
Trading Symbol	SABSW
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ

XML

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2026	Dec. 31, 2025
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 20,519,724	$ 10,502,680
Short-term investments	86,871,857	86,089,779
Accrued interest receivable	1,555,061	946,781
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	3,835,400	3,513,384
Total current assets	112,782,042	101,052,624
Deferred issuance cost	0	150,145
Long-term prepaid assets	5,279,709	5,309,345
Long-term investments	110,235,540	46,892,882
Operating lease right-of-use assets	2,885,331	2,603,059
Financing lease right-of-use assets	3,474,306	3,496,012
Property, plant and equipment, net	13,813,570	13,305,902
Total assets	248,470,498	172,809,969
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	3,544,958	3,145,805
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	5,386,530	6,583,996
Operating lease liabilities, current portion	763,705	797,402
Finance lease liabilities, current portion	156,958	153,967
Total current liabilities	9,852,151	10,681,170
Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent	2,170,887	1,877,360
Finance lease liabilities, noncurrent	3,081,573	3,121,952
Warrant liabilities	6,117,586	5,635,112
Total liabilities	21,222,197	21,315,594
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)
Stockholders equity
Common stock; $0.0001 par value; 800,000,000 shares authorized at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025;75,799,241 and 47,664,564 shares issued at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, and 75,744,576 and 47,609,899 outstanding at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively	7,580	4,766
Treasury stock, at cost; 54,665 shares held at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively	(5,521,246)	(5,521,246)
Additional paid-in capital	362,748,721	267,719,445
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(222,764)	186,510
Accumulated deficit	(129,764,052)	(110,895,167)
Total stockholders' equity	227,248,301	151,494,375
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	248,470,498	172,809,969
Series A Preferred Stock [Member]
Stockholders equity
Preferred stock	3	3
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
Stockholders equity
Preferred stock	$ 59	$ 64