Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Notes to Financial Statements

Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block]

2. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP and with the rules and regulations for reporting the Annual Report on Form 10-K ("Form 10-K"), and are presented in U.S. dollars.  Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for annual consolidated financial statements.  Any reference in these Notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and as amended by Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).  The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Guerrilla RF.  All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Emerging Growth Company

The Company is an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”), and it  may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in its periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable.  The Company has elected not to opt out of the extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public and private companies, the Company, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard.  This  may make comparison of the Company’s financial statements with another public company which is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company which has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. In addition, the Company’s significant estimates and judgments involve the identification of performance obligations in revenue recognition and the valuation of share-based compensation, including the underlying fair value of the common stock. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates.

Segment Information

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker, or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance.  The Company views its operations and manages its business in one segment.

Concentrations of Credit Risk and Major Customers

Financial instruments at  December 31, 2022 and 2021 that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and accounts receivable.

The Company’s cash is deposited with major financial institutions in the U.S. At times, deposits in financial institutions located in the U.S. may be in excess of the amount of insurance provided on such deposits by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). To date, the Company has not experienced any losses on its cash deposits.

The Company’s accounts receivable are derived from revenue earned from customers located in and outside of the U.S. Major customers are defined as those generating revenue in excess of 10% of the Company’s annual product shipment revenue. The Company had one major customer during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Revenues from the major customer accounted for 81% of product shipment revenue for both the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.  Accounts receivable from our major customer represented 76% of accounts receivable at December 31, 2022, and 78% of accounts receivable at December 31, 2021.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable primarily relate to amounts due from customers, which are typically due within 30 to 45 days. Accounts receivable also include royalty revenue from our one royalty agreement. The Company provides credit to its customers in the ordinary course of business and evaluates the need for allowances for potential credit losses.  The Company does not require collateral or other security for accounts receivable. To reduce credit risk with accounts receivable, the Company performs ongoing evaluations of its customers’ financial condition.  The Company establishes an allowance for expected credit losses and other customer claims.  Historically, such losses have been immaterial and within management's expectations.  

The Company had a factoring agreement that provided advance payments on up to 85% of invoices issued to RFPD, its largest distributor, with receivables less than 90 days outstanding secured by the remaining 15%.  As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $0 of factored invoices.  The Company terminated this factoring agreement in the second quarter of 2022.

On  June 1, 2022,  the Company established a new loan facility (the Spectrum Loan Facility) with Spectrum.  The Spectrum Loan Facility provides for advance payments up to $3 million, calculated, in part, based on the value of eligible accounts receivable assigned to Spectrum as security for advances under the Spectrum Loan Facility.  As of December 31, 2022, there were $0.7 million of advances under the Spectrum Loan Facility.  At December 31, 2022, $0.1 million of excess collateral was due from Spectrum, which is included in accounts receivable on the consolidated balance sheets.  See Note 5 for additional discussion on the Spectrum Loan Facility.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. The Company depreciates computer hardware, software, production and computer equipment, and lab equipment using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, ranging from three to five years. The Company depreciates furniture and fixtures using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives of seven years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the asset’s useful life or the remaining lease term. Repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred by the Company.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company reviews its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The recoverability of assets held and used is measured by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets, less costs to sell. The Company evaluated its long-lived assets for impairment in the year ended December 31, 2022 and determined a small subset of its production mask sets and one laptop were impaired and recorded an asset impairment expense.  See Note 4 for further information. The Company did not record any expense related to asset impairment in 2021.

Deferred Offering Costs

The Company has not capitalized legal, professional, accounting, and other third-party fees directly associated with common equity financings as deferred offering costs as these acquisition costs are immaterial in relation to the financing and as a portion of our consolidated balance sheet.  Transaction costs consisting of legal, accounting, financial advisory, and other professional fees incurred as part of the Merger mentioned in Note 1, and the private placements mentioned in Note 6 were offset against the total proceeds from the Merger and private placements in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for both the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Convertible Preferred Stock Warrants

Accounting standards require that freestanding warrants and similar instruments, with certain settlement features of the financial instruments, should be accounted for as a preferred stock warrant liability even though the underlying shares of capital stock may be classified as equity. Such warrants would be measured and recognized at fair value and subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date.  All of the Company’s convertible preferred stock warrants were previously classified as equity (see Note 1 for further discussion of the equity conversion as part of the Merger).  The Company did not have any convertible preferred stock warrants as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes product revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a product or service to its customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those products and services. Sales and other taxes the Company collects concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue. Shipping and handling fees charged to customers are reported within revenue. The Company does not have any significant financing components as payment is received at or shortly after the point of sale. The Company provides an assurance-type warranty to its customers as part of its contracts' standard terms and conditions, which does not include a right of return for properly functioning products not deemed obsolete. These warranties do not provide an additional distinct service to the customer and are not deemed a separate performance obligation. Royalty revenue is recognized at the later of when the subsequent sale or usage occurs, or the performance obligation to which some or all the sales-based royalties have been allocated are satisfied.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had $250 thousand and $0, respectively, of revenue from contracts with customers to be recognized over time as the services are delivered to the customer.  Certain nonrecurring engineering service revenues are recognized over time as the services are delivered to the customer.  During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $0 of revenue that was deferred as of December 31, 2021.  As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not have any contract liabilities where performance obligations have not yet been satisfied.  During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, there was no revenue recognized from performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in previous periods.

The costs incurred by the Company for shipping and handling are classified as cost of revenue in the consolidated statements of operations. Any incidental items that are immaterial in the context of a sale to a customer are recognized as expense.

Direct Product Costs

The Company’s direct product costs consist primarily of salaries and related expenses, overhead, third-party services vendors, shipping and handling, and depreciation expense related to the equipment and information technology costs incurred directly in the Company’s revenue-generating activities.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company measures and recognizes compensation expense for all stock options awarded to employees and nonemployees based on the estimated fair market value of the award on the grant date. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to value its stock option awards. The Company recognizes compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the award's vesting period. In addition, the Company accounts for forfeitures of stock options as they occur.

Estimating the fair market value of options requires the input of subjective assumptions, including the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock, the expected life of the options, stock price volatility, the risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends. Therefore, the assumptions used in the Company’s Black-Scholes option-pricing model represent management’s best estimates and involve many variables, uncertainties, and assumptions, and the application of management’s judgment, as they are inherently subjective.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and consist primarily of personnel-related engineering and technical staff wages and benefits, prototype costs, and other direct expenses.

Advertising Costs

All advertising costs are expensed as incurred and included in sales and marketing expenses. Advertising expenses for the years ended  December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $39,219 and $18,108, respectively.

Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined by the first‐in, first‐out (FIFO) method.  The Company analyzes its product portfolio and inventory aging in determining whether an inventory allowance is needed.  Historically, such allowances have been immaterial and within management's expectations.  

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method as required by FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”). Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the consolidated financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period corresponding to the enactment date. Under ASC 740, a valuation allowance is required when it is more likely than not all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized through generating sufficient future taxable income.

FASB ASC Subtopic 740 10, Accounting for Uncertainty of Income Taxes, (“ASC 740 10”) defines the criterion upon which an individual tax position must meet for any part of the benefit of the tax position to be recognized in consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with GAAP. The Company may recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not such tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based solely on the technical merits of the respective tax position. The tax benefits recognized in the consolidated financial statements from such a tax position should be measured based on the largest benefit having a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the tax authority. In accordance with the disclosure requirements of ASC 740 10, the Company’s policy on the statement of operations classification of interest and penalties related to income tax obligations is to include such items as part of total income tax expense.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common stock outstanding during each period. Diluted net loss per common stock includes the effect, if any, from the potential exercise or conversion of securities, such as options and warrants, which would result in the issuance of incremental common stock. For periods prior to the Merger mentioned in Note 1, each of Guerrilla RF’s shares of capital stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the closing of the Merger was retrospectively converted into approximately 2.95 shares of the Company's common stock.  In computing basic and diluted net loss per share, the weighted average number of shares is the same for both calculations because a net loss existed for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. As such, all preferred stock, warrants, and options were excluded from the calculation of net loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The following potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding, as they would be anti-dilutive:

	2022		2021
Common stock warrants		2,855,101		331,580
Restricted stock units		873,820		-
Stock options		3,607,318		3,180,882
		7,336,239		3,512,462

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In  February 2016, the FASB issued ASC Topic 842, Leases. This standard requires all entities that lease assets with terms of more than 12 months to capitalize the assets and related liabilities on the balance sheet.  In  June 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-05, which delayed the effective date of Topic 842 until  January 1, 2022.  The Company adopted Topic 842 in the fiscal quarter ended  March 31, 2022.  See Note 8 for further information related to lease obligations on the consolidated balance sheet upon adopting ASC Topic 842.

In  June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, which requires financial assets measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected.  This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after  December 15, 2022, and early adoption is permitted.  The Company does not intend to adopt this standard early and is currently evaluating the impact of this standard.

In  August 2020, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2020-06, Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. The goal of the ASC is to simplify the complexity associated with applying GAAP for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity. More specifically, the amendments focus on the guidance for convertible instruments and derivative scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after  December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after  December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted this accounting guidance in the fiscal quarter ended  March 31, 2022, and it did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

Effective  January 1, 2022, the Company adopted ASU No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740) Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes.  The amendments in ASU 2019-12 eliminate certain exceptions related to the approach for intraperiod tax allocation, the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences.  ASU 2019-12 also clarifies and simplifies other aspects of the accounting for income taxes.  The amendments in ASU 2019-12 became effective for the Company as of the beginning of our 2022 fiscal year.  The Company adopted ASU 2019-12 on a prospective basis and the adoption did not have a material impact upon its financial condition or results of operations.

In  September 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-04, Liabilities - Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations.  This guidance requires annual and interim disclosures for entities that use supplier finance programs in connection with the purchase of goods and services.  These amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after  December 15, 2022, except for the amendment on rollforward information, which is effective for fiscal years beginning after  December 15, 2023.  The Company is currently assessing the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.