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Segment Information
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Segment Reporting [Abstract]  
Segment Information Segment Information
Prior to 2022, the Company operated as a single reportable segment. In the first quarter of 2022, the Company reorganized its operations into two operating and reportable segments: Cell Engineering and Biosecurity. The reorganization reflects changes made to the Company's internal management structure and how the Company's chief operating decision makers (“CODMs”) evaluate operating results and make decisions on how to allocate resources. All prior-period comparative segment information was recast to reflect the current reportable segments in accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting. The Company's reportable segments are described as follows:
•Cell Engineering consists of research and development services performed under collaboration and license agreements relating to the Company’s cell programming platform. The Company’s cell programming platform includes two core assets: the Foundry, highly efficient biology lab facilities, enabled by investment in proprietary workflows, custom software, robotic automation, and data science and analytics, which is paired with the Company’s Codebase, a collection of biological “parts” and a database of biological data used to program cells. The Cell Engineering segment includes costs incurred for the development, operation, expansion and enhancement of the Foundry and Codebase. Cell Engineering revenue is derived from service fees and downstream value share in the form of milestone payments, royalties or equity interests.
•Biosecurity consists of the Company's end-to-end biomonitoring and bioinformatic support services primarily provided to public health authorities. Biosecurity revenue is derived from fees for data, analytics, and services. Before the fourth quarter of 2023, Biosecurity revenue was also derived from sales of test kits.
The reportable segments are the segments of the Company for which discrete financial information is available and for which segment results are regularly reviewed by the Company's CODMs, comprised of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Operating Officer, for purposes of allocating resources and assessing financial performance. The Company’s CODMs evaluate the financial performance of the Company’s segments based upon segment revenues and operating income. The Company’s measure of segment operating income for management reporting purposes excludes the impact of stock-based compensation expense, depreciation and amortization and changes in fair value of certain contingent liabilities. The Company’s CODMs do not evaluate operating segments using asset information. The accounting policies used in the preparation of reportable segments financial information are the same as those used in the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
The following table presents summary results of the Company’s reportable segments for the periods indicated (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Revenue:
Cell Engineering
$143,531 $143,666 $112,989 
Biosecurity107,924 334,040 200,848 
Total revenue251,455 477,706 313,837 
Segment cost of revenue:
Biosecurity54,005 204,216 129,690 
Segment research and development expense:
Cell Engineering353,493 273,356 160,634 
Biosecurity1,599 1,937 31,035 
Total segment research and development expense355,092 275,293 191,669 
Segment general and administrative expense:
Cell Engineering215,263 168,586 74,407 
Biosecurity55,514 56,353 31,039 
Total segment general and administrative expense270,777 224,939 105,446 
Segment operating (loss) income:
Cell Engineering(425,225)(298,276)(122,052)
Biosecurity(3,194)71,534 9,084 
Total segment operating loss(428,419)(226,742)(112,968)
Operating expenses not allocated to segments:
Stock-based compensation (1)
234,908 1,940,920 1,687,607 
Impairment of long-lived assets121,404 — — 
Depreciation and amortization70,507 42,552 28,185 
Change in fair value of contingent consideration liability9,168 (1,262)(293)
Loss from operations$(864,406)$(2,208,952)$(1,828,467)
(1)Includes $5.0 million, $10.3 million, and $5.0 million in related employer payroll taxes for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.